saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

filosofiuri Ziebani

{krebuli meTeqvsmete}

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS {SIXTEENTH COLLECTED ARTICLES}

Tbilisi — 2012 — Tbilisi

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ISSN 1512-2468

UDC (uak) 1 (479.22) (061.2) f. 562

`filosofiuri Ziebani~-s XVI krebuli, romelsac qarTvel mkiTxvels vTavazobT, asaxavs qarTveli fi-losofiuri mkvlevrebis didi nawilis mecnieruli mu-Saobis Sedegebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia maTTvis, visac filosofiuri problemebi ainteresebs.

redaqtori sergi avaliani

recenzentebi: tariel rexviaSvili mamuka doliZe

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis akademikosebi

saredaqcio kolegia: asaTiani guram bregaZe anzor goubari eS doliZe mamuka vekua giorgi kvaracxelia napo maxaraZe mixeil fanjikiZe Teimuraz qecbaia kaxa {redaqtoris moadgile} SuSanaSvili geronti xasaia zurab

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E_mail: universal@internet.ge

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redaqtoris winasityvaoba

`filosofiuri Ziebani~-s XV1 krebuli Tavisi amocanebi-

Ta da mimarTulebiT ar gansxvavdeba winamorbedi krebulebi-sagan. masSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi asaxavs qarTvel filo-sofosTa umravlesobis saqmianobasa da miRwevebs.

filosofiuri azrovnebis Znelbedobis Jams, romelmac ukanasknel xans uzomod imZlavra, kidev ufro saWiro da aq-tualuri gaxda TiToeli gamocemis — wignis Tu statiis — mniSvneloba da maTi avtorebis Rvawli mdidari tradiciebis mqone qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis gadasarCenad. mxed-velobaSi gvaqvs is barbarosuli aqti, rac oriode Tvis win ganxorcielda: daxures Cveni didi winaprebis — savle wereT-lis, Salva nucubiZis, kote baqraZis, sergi danelias, levan gokielisa da sxvaTa — mier didi SromiTa da rudunebiT Camo-yalibebuli filosofiis instituti, is instituti, romelmac komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi ideologiur Semotevebs ga-uZlo da arseboba SeinarCuna. XXI saukunis qarTvelma `xunve-ibinebma~ miitaces yvelaferi, rac am instituts ekuTvnoda: saxelfaso fondi, unikaluri filosofiuri biblioTeka, in-ventari, xolo xandazmuli, didi damsaxurebis mqone mecnie-rebi da niWieri, pespeqtiuli axalgazrda filosofosebi qu-CaSi gayares. Zneli ar aris vivaraudoT, rom filosofiuri azrovnebis centris moSlas Tan mohyveba qarTuli filoso-fiuri azrovnebis dekadansi, daknineba da gaufasureba.

aseTi mZime viTareba `filosofiuri Ziebani~-s redaqcias avalebs, rom kidev ufro metad iRvawos, erTi mxriv, respub-likis sxvadasxva umaRles saswavlebelSi gafantuli, xolo, meore mxriv, amJamad `quCaSi gayrili~ filosofosebis integ-raciisaTvis. SevTxovT ufals, rom didi warsulis mqone qar-Tulma filosofiam gauZlos am mZime gansacdels da kvlav izeimos mterze gamarjveba.

sergi avaliani

7 oqtomberi, 2011

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nawili pirveli

saqarTvelos filosofiur

mecnierebaTa akademiis cnobari

2011

FIRST PART

REFERENCE BOOK OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

2011

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saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosebi 1. avaliani sergi 2. asaTiani guram 3. balanCivaZe revaz 4. bregaZe anzor 5. bregvaZe baCana 6. burjaliani arsen 7. gaxokiZe ramaz 8. goleTiani robert 9. gordeziani revaz 10. goubari eS 11. dvaliSvili emanuel 12. doliZe mamuka 13. vekua giorgi 14. imedaZe irakli 15. kalandia irakli 16. kvaracxelia napo 17. lomaSvili farnaoz 18. maxaraZe mixeil 19. mTibelaSvili Teimuraz 20. naWyebia guram 21. rexviaSvili tariel 22. sarjvelaZe nodar 23. fanjikiZe Teimuraz 24. faCulia Teimuraz 25. qecbaia kaxa 26. Rlonti feliqs 27. SuSanaSvili geronti 28. CantlaZe raul 29. xasaia zurab 30. jaxaia leonide

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saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumi 1. prezidenti — sergi avaliani 2. vice-prezidenti — mixeil maxaraZe 3. akademikosi-mdivani — kaxa qecbaia 4. ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis ganyofilebis

akademikosi-mdivani — napo kvaracxelia 5. socialuri da politikuri filosofiis ganyofilebis

akademikosi-mdivani — guram asaTiani 6. filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebis akademikosi-

mdivani — anzor bregaZe 7. mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebis akademikosi-mdi-

vani giorgi vekua 8. eTikis ganyofilebis akademikosi-mdivani — geronti SuSa-

naSvili 9. esTetikis ganyofilebis akademikosi-mdivani — mamuka do-

liZe 10. religiis filosofiisa da religiaTmcodneobis ganyofi-

lebis akademikosi-mdivani — Teimuraz fanjikiZe 11. qarTuli filosofiis istoriis ganyofilebis akademiko-

si-mdivani mixeil maxaraZe 12. ucxoeTis filosofiis istoriis ganyofilebis akademi-

kosi- mdivani — zurab xasaia

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nawili meore

filosofiuri Ziebani

SECOND PART

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

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ontologia

ONTOLOGY

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sergi avaliani

(Tbilisi) sergi avaliani — filosofiis mecnie-rebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarT-velos mecnierebis damsaxurebuli mo-Rvawe, saqarTvelos erovnuli premiis laureati. muSaobs Teoriuli filo-sofiis, bunebismecnierebis filoso-fiisa da qarTuli filosofiis isto-riis sakiTxebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs 29 wigni da 200-ze meti samecniero

statia qarTul, rusul, germanulsa da inglisur enebze.

mecnieruli ontologiis SesaZleblobis

problema

§ 1. winaswari SeniSvnebi

Cveni Tvalsazrisi mecnieruli ontologiis, rogorc ZiriTadi filosofiuri disciplinis Sesaxeb, gadmoce-mulia wignSi `mecnieruli ontologia~ {1}. am statiaSi ki Cven mxolod erT sakiTxs SevexebiT, saxeldobr, mec-nieruli ontologiis SesaZleblobas, romlis dadebiTi gadawyveta specialurad iqneba damatebiT argumentire-buli. rasakvirvelia, ZiriTadi koncefciis raime prin-cipuli cvlilebis Sesaxeb laparaki zedmetia. saqme exe-ba mxolod zemoaRniSnul wignSi Camoyalibebuli idee-bis dasabuTebis ufro vrcelsa da maRal xarisxs. es gan-sakuTrebiT Seexeba gaSualebuli dakvirvebis SesaZleb-lobis problemis dadebiTad gadawyvetas, romelzec da-fuZnebulia mecnieruli ontologia. es problema ki uf-ro vrclad da argumentirebulad gaanalizebulia Cvens statiaSi `gaSualebuli dakvirvebis SesaZleblobis problema~ {2}. amitom rig SemTxvevaSi es statia imeo-

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rebs iq gamoTqmul zogierT mosazrebas, magram amasTa-nave ramdenime axal arguments gamoTqvams dasaxelebu-li problemis damatebiT dasabuTebisaTvis. ukanasknel xans gamoqveynda k. qecbaias statia amave problemaze {3}.

Cveni wignis `mecnieruli ontologiis~ gamoqveyneba am TxuTmetiode wlis win zogierTma filosofosma aRiqva rogorc `revolucia~, vinaidan ontologiis mecnieru-lobis mtkiceba ontologiis istoriaSi uprecedento SemTxvevaa. Cven ki vTvliT, rom es ar iyo araviTari `re-volucia~, araviTari `gadatrialeba~, aramed mxolod da mxolod ontologiis statusis, misi struqturisa da warmomavlobis dazusteba, misi gaTavisufleba uazro da TviTneburi spekulaciisagan da CarTva mecnieruli codnis sistemaSi. aqve igulisxmeba mecnieruli onto-logiis Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba specialuri mecnierebe-bisagan. ontologiis mecnierulobis ideas araferi sa-erTo ara aqvs scientizmTan. scientizmi xom yovelgvari ontologiis gauqmebas niSnavs!

§ 2. ontologiis sagani

ontologiis raobis gasaRebi mis saganSi unda veZioT. ontologiis cnebis pirveli gansazRvreba da mis sagan-zec pirveli miTiTeba aristoteles ekuTvnis. marTa-lia, mas ar hqonda arc ontologiisa da arc metafizikis terminebi, magram mTeli misi `pirveli filosofia~ sxva araferia, garda ontologiisa. aristotele ontologi-as mecnierebad Tvlida da mis sagans ase axasiaTebda: ~aris iseTi mecniereba, romelic ganixilavs arsebuls rogorc aseTs da imas, rac mas TavisTavad aqvs. igi ar aris arc erTi kerZo mecnierebis igiveobrivi. arc erTi sxva mecniereba ar ikvlevs arsebulis, rogorc aseTis, zogad bunebas, aramed yvela isini misi {arsebulis — s.a.}

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raime nawils gamoyofen da Semdeg am nawilis mimarT ga-nixilaven imas, rac misi kuTvnili aRmoCndeba~ {4, 1003- a, 21-32}. am mokle citatSi Camoyalibebulia aristoteles azri ontologiis ara mxolod sagnis, aramed agreTve misi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb specialur mecnierebeb-Tan. ontologia, rogorc mecniereba, swavlobs `arse-buls, rogorc aseTs~ anu `arsebulis, rogorc aseTis, zogad bunebas~. am SemTxvevaSi `arsebulis zogadi bune-ba~ imas niSnavs, rom arsebuli abstrahirebulia yovel-gvari konkretuli Sinaarsisagan, Camocilebuli aqvs em-piriuli gansazRvrulobani da, maSasadame, warmodgeni-lia `wminda~ saxiT, rogorc arseboba, arsi, romelic arc erT konkretul arsebuls ar gulisxmobs. mokled rom vTqvaT, aristoteles azriT, ontologiis sagania arsi saerTod, rogorc upirvelesi da uabstraqtulesi obieqti.

magram aristotelem isic kargad icis, rom arsis niSani movlenebsac miewereba, vinaidan movlenebic arsebobs. magram movlenaTa samyaro ar SeiZleba ontologiis sa-gani iyos, vinaidan movlenebi konkretulia, cvalebadia, aucileblobis niSans moklebulia; aucilebloba ki on-tologiis sagnis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania. magram, rac mTavaria, ontologiis sagani unda iyos ara nebismi-eri arsebuli, aramed uzogadesi da TavisTavad arsebu-li. aristotele am or niSans ontologiis cnebis gansaz-Rvrebisas principul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. movlenebi arc zogadia da arc TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli. isini damokidebulia arsebaze, romlis gamovlenasac warmo-adgens. arseba ki movlenebisagan damoukidebelia, Ta-visTavad arsebulia. swored amitom ontologiis sagnis gansazRvrebas ufro mivuaxlovdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom ontologiis sagania ara nebismieri arsi, aramed arseba, rogorc arsi.

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magram arsebas swavlobs ara mxolod ontologia, ara-med specialuri mecnierebanic. kanonebi, romelTac spe-cialuri mecnierebani ikvlevs, movlenaTa samyaros ar-sebaa. Tu ontologiis sagnis gansazRvrebisas aq SevCer-debiT, maSin ontologias, rogorc filosofiur mecnie-rebasa da specialur mecnierebebs erTmaneTisagan ver ganvasxvavebT, Sedegad ki miviRebT scientizms, rac ze-moT kategoriulad uarvyaviT.

am siZnelidan gamosavali kvlav arsebis cnebaSi unda ve-ZioT. arseba, rogorc jer kidev aristotele gvaswav-lis, TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli arsia, riTac igi mov-lenaTa samyarosagan gansxvavdeba. magram TavisTavado-bas, damoukideblobas garkveuli xarisxi, doneebi aqvs. specialur mecnierebaTa sagans specialuri arsebani warmoadgens. isini specialuria imitom, rom realuri arsis {movlenaTa samyaros} ama Tu im {specialuri} sfe-ros arsebaa da ara mTeli sinamdvilisa anu ar aris uzo-gadesi. magaliTad, msoflio mizidulobis kanoni mxo-lod vardnili sxeulebis arsebaa, maTi amxsnelia; gene-tikis kanonebi mxolod cocxali samyaros kanonebia; aseve meqanikis kanonebi mxolod meqanikuri moZraobis kanonebia da a.S. amaSi mdgomareobs maTi specialurobac da saSualo zogadobac. specialuri arsebani saSualo zogadobis arsebania.

specialuri arsebebisagan unda ganvasxvaoT absolutu-ri anu substanciuri arseba, romelic mTeli sinamdvi-lis arsebaa da, maSasadame, uzogadesia. ontologia swo-red substanciur arsebas swavlobs anu igi ikvlevs mTe-li sinamdvilis uzogades kanonzomierebas. aseTi ki Se-iZleba iyos erTaderTi da yvelafrisagan damoukidebe-li, absoluturad TavisTavadi arsi. ori an meti sub-stancia erTmaneTs gansazRvravs da, maSasadame, arc ab-soluturi da universaluri iqneba. aseTia monisturi

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Tvalsazrisi. ontologia monistur mecnierebas warmo-adgens.

§3. antiontologizmi

ontologiis SesaZleblobis uarmyofeli filosofose-bi ZiriTadad gnoseologistebi da fenomenalistebia, vinaidan isini uaryofen transcendenturi arsis Semec-nebis SesaZleblobas da Semecnebis sagnad martooden empiriul sinamdviles — realur arss {movlenaTa samya-ros} — Tvlian {realuri arsis cnebis qveS Cven, huser-lisa da n.hartmanis kvaldakval, vgulisxmobT droSi arsebul anu moZravsa da cvalebad sinamdviles. aseTia movlenaTa samyaro, empiriuli sinamdvile; idealuri arsi ki, misgan gansxvavebiT, zedroulia}. antiontolo-gisturi anu gnoseologisturi da fenomenalisturi Teoriebi, cxadia, mTlad erTgvarovani rodia. miuxeda-vad amisa, maT aerTianebT arsebis Semecnebis SesaZleb-lobis uaryofa da Semecnebis erTaderT sagnad movle-naTa samyaros — grZnobad-aRqmadi sinamdvilis — gamoc-xadeba. aqve igulisxmeba, rom antiontologistur Teo-riebs absoluturis cnebis mimarT uaryofiTi pozicia uWiravT, vinaidan absoluturi — upirobo — arsi tran-scendenturi da TavisTavadi realobis uzenaes sferos warmoadgens. absoluturis uaryofa ki garduvalad iw-vevs relativizms.

antiontologistur anu gnoseologistursa da fenome-nalistur TeoriaTa Soris kantis transcendentalur filosofias gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. Semecne-bis sagans, kantis mixedviT, transcendenturi arsi ki ar warmoadgens, aramed is sinamdvile, romelsac Semmecne-beli subieqti wminda mWvretelobis transcendentalu-ri formebis — sivrcisa da drois — saSualebiT ayali-bebs. es niSnavs, rom Semmecnebeli subieqti Semecnebis

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procesSi TviTon qmnis Semecnebis sagans. realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro, kantis mixedviT, Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan damoukidebeli realoba ki ar aris, ara-med mas subieqturi warmomavloba aqvs, SemecnebiTi moR-vaweobis produqtia. movlenaTa samyaro subieqturi si-namdvilea; igi ar aris arsebis gamovlena. am poziciidan ki mxolod da mxolod erTi nabijiRa rCeba solifsiz-mamde: varsebob mxolod me da Cemi Semecnebis sagans sxva araferi ar warmoadgens, garda Cemi Tavisa. swored ami-tom fixtes subieqtivisturi da solifsisturi filo-sofia kantis transcendentalizmis kanonieri memkvidre iyo.

nivTi TavisTavadi, rogorc damoukidebeli realoba, adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia. erTaderTi realoba aris is, rac gveZleva anu realoba iseTia, rogorc igi cdaSi gvaqvs mocemuli. cda ki subieqturia. Tu yvela adamiani wiTeli saTvaleebiT iyvnen Sobili, maSin yvelafers wi-Teli feri eqneboda da sxva ferebis arsebobis Sesaxeb araviTari warmodgena ar gveqneboda. erTi sityviT, sam-yaro aris iseTi, rogoric gvevlineba; sxva samyaro ada-mianisaTvis ar arsebobs. es aris fenomenalizmi da gno-seologizmi. adamiani cxovrobs fenomenebis — movlene-bis — samyaroSi da misi Semecnebis erTaderT obieqts swored es subieqturi sinamdvile warmoadgens.

antiontologiuri da, maSasadame, gnoseologisturi da fenomenalisturi Sexedulebani saTaves jer kidev Zvel berZnul sofistikaSi iRebs. protagoram arsebobis kri-teriumad calkeuli adamianebi gamoacxada, xolo misi mowafe prodike kidev ufro Sors wavida da amtkicebda, rom `rogoricaa is adamianebi, vinc nivTebiT sargeb-lobs, iseTivea TviT nivTebi~. arsebiTad amave tipis fi-losofiur Teoriebs miekuTvneba berklis, hiumesa da maT filosofiur ideebze aRmocenebuli pozitivizmi. vgulisxmobT ra iseT mkiTxvels, romelic sakmaod ic-

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nobs am filosofiur Teoriebs, maTi detaluri anali-zisagan Tavs SevikavebT.

zemodasaxelebuli antiontologiuri Teoriebis kri-tikuli analizi agreTve calke Temaa. amasTan dakavSi-rebiT gamovTqvamT mxolod oriode SeniSvnas. pirveli. is, vinc arsebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofs {miT umetes, Tu mis arsebobas saerTod gamoricxavs}, movle-nebis arsebobac unda uaryos, vinaidan movlena arsebis gamovlenaa, xolo Tu arseba ar arsebobs, maSin arc mov-lena iarsebebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi miviRebT srul onto-logiur nihilizms. es aris erT-erTi fundamenturi ar-gumenti fenomenalizmis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, kanti ar Tvlis movlenas arsebis gamovlenad, magram arc imas uaryofs, rom movlenebis, rogorc garkveulobis Camo-yalibebas, rac wminda mWvretelobis or apriorul for-masTan — sivrcesa da drosTan — aris dakavSirebuli, win uswrebs nivTi TavisTavadidan momdinare raRac uwesri-go SegrZnebaTa mravalsaxeobas. wminda mWvretelobis formebi swored SegrZnebaTa am mravalsaxeobas awesri-gebs da movlenis saxiT ayalibebs. magram isic faqtia, rom Tuki grZnobis organoebs garedan araferi ar aRi-zianebdes anu garedan momdinare SegrZnebaTa mravalsa-xeoba ar arsebobdes, maSin wminda mWvretelobis tran-scendentaluri formebi — dro da sivrce — veraviTar movlenas ver Seqmnida. es niSnavs, rom kantma subieqti-vizmi bolomde ver gaatara, ris gamoc fenomenalizmis winaaRmdeg zemogamoTqmuli argumenti kantis winaaR-mdegac Zalas inarCunebs.

meore. movlena arsebis, rogorc Sinaganis, arsebiTis ga-movlenaa; amitom movlenis sruli Semecneba imis Semec-nebas niSnavs, ris gamovlenasac igi warmoadgens. magram Tu arseba ar Seimecneba, maSin arc movlena Seimecneba. ase miviReT gnoseologiuri nihilizmi, rac absurdul viTarebas warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom gnoseologizmi

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{ontologiis, ontiuri realobis uaryofa} TviTon mi-dis Tavisi Tavis — gnoseologiis — uaryofamde.

mesame. arsebis uaryofa, rac antiontologizmis Ziri-Tadi niSania, absoluturi arsis uaryofasac niSnavs; ab-soluturis uaryofa ki relativizms warmoSobs. amri-gad, antiontologiuri Teoriebi relativisturi Teo-riebia. aristoteles droidan isic cnobilia, rom rela-tiuri mravalniSnaa, bundovania, gaurkvevelia. amitom mxolod relatiuris safuZvelze — absoluturis uar-yofis pirobebSi — Semecneba SeuZlebelia. swored Se-mecnebis SesaZleblobis dasasabuTeblad Semoitana aristotelem e.w. winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni {`SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive erTad ekuTvnodes da arc ekuTvnodes erTsa da imaves erTi da igive azriT~, (4. 1005 b. 18-34}, romelic arsebiTad niSnavs absolutu-ris dakanonebas, misi aucileblobis Cvenebas Semecnebis procesSi. antiontologiuri Teoriebi ki, maTi relati-visturi xasiaTis gamo, SeuZlebels xdis Semecnebis Se-saZleblobas; gnoseologizmis antignoseologiuri xa-siaTi am mimarTebaSic vlindeba.

meoTxe. antiontologiuri Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, ab-soluturis arsebobas uaryofs, vinaidan absoluturi arsi ontologiis sagans warmoadgens. magram, rogorc ukve vTqviT, absoluturis, erTniSnas uaryofa Semecne-bis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs, vinaidan Semecneba yo-velTvis absoluturs emyareba. marTalia, absoluturi, rogorc usasrulo, adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia, mag-ram raki mis gareSe Semecneba SeuZlebelia, amitom ada-miani xelovnurad qmnis mas, aabsoluturebs relatiurs anu qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs, erTniSnas, riTac garkve-uloba Seaqvs Semecnebis, azrovnebisa da azris gamoT-qmis {metyvelebis} procesSi. absoluturi, rogorc er-TniSna, SesaZlebels xdis Semecnebas. swored amitom, mi-uxedavad imisa, rom igi adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwvdo-

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melia, yovelTvis mowiwebas imsaxurebs. `Tundac misi si-namdvile ar mtkicdebodes — wers jeimzi — ase Tu ise igi unda gvwamdes. mxolod filosofiis mters SeuZlia mo-wiwebis gareSe mis Sesaxeb laparaki~ {5.gv. 21}.

§ 4. mecnieruli ontologiis uarmyofeli

Teoriebi ontologiuri sistemebi antikurobidan dRemde sxva-dasxva struqturis mqonea da xSirad maTi sagnebic gan-sxvavebulia. spekulaciuri ontologiuri Teoriebi {gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebSi} ontologiis sagnad principulad daukvirvebad sinamdviles Tvlidnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki, kantis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `SeiZleba yvelaferi ise moCmaxo, rom sicruis mxilebis ar geSino-des~. bevrad ukeTesi mdgomareoba arc axali epoqis on-tologiur TeoriebSi gvxvdeba. maTgan yvelaze zomieri n. hartmanis ontologiaa, romlis sagnad dasaxelebulia `arsebuli, rogorc arsebuli~ {~Seiende als Seiende~} , ro-melic Tavisi ukiduresi abstraqtulobis gamo nebismie-ri ontologiuri Teoriis agebis saSualebas iZleva. amas isic emateba, rom n.hartmani arsebis cnebaze uars ambobs; miT umetes, igi uaryofs substanciur arsebas. mecnieruli Semecneba ki arsebis Semecnebaa. swored ami-tom arsebis cnebis gareSe agebuli ontologia ar SeiZ-leba mecnieruli iyos.

Cveni azriT, saerTod ontologiis uaryofasa da sakuT-riv mecnieruli ontologiis uaryofas Soris principu-li gansxvaveba ar aris. Tu SeuZlebelia ontologiis ar-seboba, maSin is, vinc ontologiis SesaZleblobas uar-yofs, imave dros uaryofs mecnieruli ontologiis ar-sebobas.

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jer kidev aristoteles droidan ontologia cnobilia rogorc pirveli filosofiuri disciplina, xolo Sem-deg kr. volfma frazas `pirveli filosofia anu onto-logia~ {~Philosophia prima sive ontologia~] moqalaqeobrivi ufleba daumkvidra. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs sxva fi-losofiuri mecnierebanic, magram maT Soris ontolo-gias centraluri adgili uWiravs. rodesac filosofo-sebi filosofiis saganze msjeloben, maSin maTi umrav-lesoba ontologiis sagans gulisxmobs.

iqidan, rac zemoT vTqviT, gamomdinareobs, rom vinc mecnieruli ontologiis SesaZleblobas uaryofs, arc filosofias Tvlis mecnierebad, codnis sferod da, pi-riqiT, filosofiis mecnierulobis uaryofa mecnieru-li ontologiis uaryofasac niSnavs. swored amitom is argumentebi, romlebic mimarTulia maT winaaRmdeg, vinc uaryofs filosofias, rogorc mecnierebas, Zalas inarCunebs mecnieruli ontologiis mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarTac. es sakiTxi calke Temaa da amitom simoklis mizniT mxolod erTi SeniSvniT davkmayofildebiT. uf-ro vrclad ki am problemis kritikuli analizi mocemu-lia Cvens statiebSi: `filosofiuri codnis specifika~ {Jurn. `macne~, filosofiisa da fsiqologiis seria, N 1, 1983} da `filosofiis dasacavad~ {Jurn. `macne~, filo-sofiis seria, N 1, 1998}

filosofiis {da masTan erTad ontologiis} mecnieru-lobis uarmyofel argumentad asaxeleben filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa gansxvavebas. mecniereba, ma-Ti azriT, agur-agur Sendeba; nebismieri mecnieri kvle-vas iqidan ganagrZobs, sadac misma winamorbedma daam-Tavra. memkvidreobiT miRebuli codnis WeSmaritebaSi igi arc eWvobs. filosofosebi ki, maTi azriT, wina Tao-bis moazrovneebs ara marto ar emyarebian, aramed, piri-qiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi uaryofen da saqmes Tavidan iw-

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yeben. erTi sityviT, filosofiaSi ar arsebobs memkvid-reoba.

am argumentis avtorebi hipertrofiulad warmoidgenen filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa gansxvavebas. sinamdvileSi am mimarTebiT maT Soris principuli gan-sxvaveba ar aris. mecnierebaSic xSirad davoben, kamaTo-ben, erTmaneTs ar eTanxmebian da zogjer kidec uaryo-fen winamorbedTa miRwevebs. kopernikma uaryo ptole-mes geocentruli sistema; ainStainis relatiurobis Te-oriam uaryo klasikuri fizikis moZRvreba absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb; araevklidurma geometriam uaryo evkliduri geometriis universaluroba da unika-luroba da a.S. maSasadame, Semecnebis uwyvetoba arc spe-cialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi sufevs. meore mxriv arc isaa swori, rom TiTqos yvela filosofosi muSaobas Ta-vidan iwyebs. ase rom iyos, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda laparaki filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaze. filoso-fiuri codnis ganviTareba faqtia; Tanamedrove filo-sofia xom gacilebiT maRla dgas, vidre, magaliTad, mi-letis skolis filosofosebi? kidev metic, TviTon platonisa da aristoteles filosofiasac ZiriTadad istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs. marTalia, maTi ideebi dResac `cocxlobs~, magram `cocxlobs~ rogorc warsu-lis monapovari. erTi sityviT, filosofiasa da specia-lur mecnierebebs Soris ar arsebobs wyalgamyofi. maT, rogorc codnis sistemebs, saerTo kanonzomiereba aqvT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom zemoxsenebuli argumenti ver uaryofs filosofiis {ontologiis} mecnierulobis ideas.

magram, vimeorebT, rom filosofiis mecnieruloba ar niSnavs maT Soris sazRvris waSlas, gaigivebas, scien-tizms. maT sxvadasxva sagnebi aqvT da sxvadasxva donis codnas warmoadgens. specialuri mecnierebani specia-lur arsebaTa samyaros swavlobs, filosofiis, kerZod

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ki ontologiis sagans absoluturi arsi, substanciuri arseba warmoadgens. filosofiis mecnieruloba marto-oden imas niSnavs, rom igi codnis dargia, Semecnebis Se-degia da ara TviTneburi fantaziis nayofi, dausabuTe-beli Sexedulebebis sistema, rogorc amas adgili hqon-da zogierTi filosofosis naazrevSi.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom aristotele filosofias {meta-fizikas, ontologias} Tvlida mecnierebad, codnis dargad, kidev metic, umaRlesi donis codnad, vinaidan nebismieri Semecneba {maT Soris filosofiuric} grZno-badi dakvirvebidan iwyeba. `mecnierebasa da xelovnebas adamianebi cdis saSualebiT iReben~ {4, 981 a 14}. filo-sofia ki aris mecniereba {4. 1003 a 21-25}. magram Sua sau-kuneebSi filosofiis {metafizikis, ontologiis} cne-bam transformacia ganicada; igi gadaiqca moZRvrebad principulad daukvirvebadi sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc dakarga mecnieruli Rirebuleba da codnis sfe-rodan rwmenis sferoSi gadainacvla.

mecnieruli filosofiis uaryofa TviT Tanamedrove filosofiaSic gvxvdeba, magram rafinirebuli, moder-nizebuli saxiT. neokantianelebi {rikerti, vindelban-di} filosofiis sagnad Rirebulebas Tvlidnen da, maSa-sadame, filosofia aqsiologiaze dahyavdaT. Rirebule-ba ar aris codna, sinamdvilis asaxva. maSasadame, aqsio-logiasTan gaigivebuli filosofia ar aris mecniereba. filosofiis mecnierulobas uaryofs e.w. `sicocxlis filosofia~ {Sopenhaueri, nicSe}. amave poziciebze dga-nan iracionalistebi {bergsoni}, egzistencialistebi da sxv.

Tanamedrove ontologiur sistemebs Soris gansakuTre-buli adgili uWiravs n.hartmanis `kritikul ontolo-gias~. n.hartmani uaryofs Zvel metafizikur sistemebs imis gamo, rom isini realuri samyaros gverdiT aRiareb-

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dnen arsebaTa samyaros, rogorc maradiul realobas. mas ar moswons Zveli metafizikis `spekulaciur-meta-fizikuri midrekileba~, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom igi aprioruli principebidan amodioda. aseT pirobebSi mosalodneli iyo, rom n. hartmani mecnieruli ontolo-giis ideamde mividoda, magram es ase ar moxda. miuxeda-vad mTeli antispekulaciuri ganwyobilebebisa, n. har-tmanis ontologia, romelsac Tanamedrove ontologi-ur sistemebs Soris pirveli adgili uWiravs, mainc ar aris mecnieruli.

§ 5. ra argumentebiT uaryofen mecnieruli

ontologiis SesaZleblobas? mecnieruli ontologiis SesaZleblobas sxvadasxva fi-losofiuri mimarTuleba sxvadasxva argumentebiT uar-yofs. kerZod, mecnieruli ontologia miuRebelia ro-gorc empiristuli, aseve racionalisturi filosofiu-ri TeoriebisaTvis. maTi argumentebi, cxadia, erTmane-Tisagan gansxvavebulia. am argumentebidan Cven mxolod ramdenime ZiriTads gavaanalizebT, xolo maTi kritika momdevno paragrafSi iqneba mocemuli.

empiristebi, gansakuTrebiT pozitivistebi, Tvlian, rom nebismieri Teoriis mecnierulobis kriteriums uSualo grZnobad-aRqmaze dayvanis SesaZlebloba warmoadgens, romelsac empiriuli verifikaciis princips uwodeben. es principi, romelic empiristuli msoflmxedvelobis qvakuTxedia, ara mxolod sazrisis kriteriumia, aramed agreTvee codnisa, maT Soris mecnieruli codnisa, vina-idan codna sazrisis gareSe ar arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom codnas empiriuli warmomavloba aqvs; igi uSualo Seg-rZnebebs emyareba, misgan amodis;

marTalia, sazrisis cneba codnis cnebaze ufro farToa, vinaidan sazrisiani SeiZleba iyos rogorc WeSmariti,

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ise mcdari azri, magram codna yovelTvis sazrisiania. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom ontologiis Sina-arsis empiriuli verifikacia SeuZlebelia, vinaidan misi sagania adamianis cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli arsi, romlis Sesaxeb Cven araferi ar SegviZlia vicodeT — arc is, rom arsebobs da arc is, rom ar arsebobs. amis sa-fuZvelze vitgenStaini wers: `ris Sesaxeb laparaki Se-uZlebelia, masze unda vdumdeT~ {6, gv. 7}. amrigad, yve-la msjeloba, romlis empiriuli verifikacia SeuZlebe-lia, usazrisod cxaddeba, romelic mecnieruli azrov-nebidan unda gamoiricxos. cnobilma pozitivistma noi-ratma Seadgina `akrZalul sityvaTa indeqsic~ {~Index of prohibited words~}, iseTi sityvebisa, romlebic ar SeiZleba vixmaroT maTi usazrisobis gamo. ase gamoiricxa metafi-zikuri {ontologiuri} mtkicebani mecnieruli azrov-nebidan. adamians SeiZleba hqondes mxolod imis codna, rac mas uSualo grZnobad cdaSi eZleva, xolo rac aseTi ar aris, anu rac principulad daukvirvebadia, Cveni codnis sistemaSi ver moTavsdeba; amrigad, ontologia ar aris mecniereba; misi problemebi `moCvenebiTi prob-lemebia~ {Scheinprobleme~}, romlebzec, l. vitgenStainis sityvebi rom gavimeoroT, `masze unda vdumdeT~

karl poperma uaryo empiriuli verifikaciis principi misi induqciuri da albaTuri xasiaTis gamo da mis nac-vlad Semoitana falsifikaciis principi, riTac igi TiTqos gaemijna pozitivizms. falsifikaciis principis upiratesobas verifikaciis principTan SedarebiT k.po-peri imaSi xedavs, rom verifikaciis principi sazrisis dasadgenad `yvelas~ Semowmebas moiTxovs, rac SeuZle-belia misi usasrulobis gamo. SeuZlebelia, magaliTad, yvela gedis naxva, raTa davadginoT sazrisi debulebisa: `yvela gedi TeTria~. falsifikaciis principis mixedviT ki saqme gacilebiT iolia; raime zogadi debulebis fal-sificirebisaTvis erTi sawinaaRmdego faqtis naxvac

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kmara. Tu aRmoCndeba Tundac erTi Savi gedi {aseTi ge-debi marTlac arsebobs}, maSin zogadi debuleba: `yvela gedi TeTria~ falsificirebulia.

verifikaciisa da falsifikaciis principebis gansxvave-bas ontologiis mecnierulobis problemisaTvis aravi-Tari dadebiTi Sedegi ar moutania. ontologiuri debu-lebebis verifikaciac da falsifikaciac SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom orive maTgani cdidan amodis, uSualo cdaSi ki ontologiuri debulebebis Semowmeba SeuZle-belia. amitom orive SemTxvevaSi ontologiis mecnieru-lobis problema uaryofiTad wydeba.

aseTia pozitivizmis {da, saerTod, empirizmis} argumen-ti ontologiis mecnierulobis winaaRmdeg. Cven zemoT ramdenjerme vaxseneT sityva `uSualo mocemuloba~ anu uSualo dakvirvebadoba, rasac, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, principuli mniSvneloba aqvs pozitivisturi argumen-tis kritikisa da ontologiis mecnierulobis dasabu-TebisaTvis.

sul sxva — diametrulad gansxvavebuli — pozicia uWi-ravs spekulaciur filosofias, anu iseT filosofiur Teoriebs, romlebic transcendenturi, adamianis cno-bierebis gareSe da misgan damoukidebeli sinamdvilis Semecnebas mecnieruli codnisagan damoukideblad, wminda logikuri argumentebiT cdilobs. aseTi Teorie-bi filosofiis istoriaSi iSviaTi rodia. Sua saukunee-bis sqolastikur filosofiaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, igi axal filosofiaSic xSirad gvxvdeba. magaliTad, fixte wers: `CaRrmavdi Sens TavSi, ganaSore Seni mzera yvelafrisagan, rac garSemoa da mimarTe Tavis Tavisaken ...laparakia ara imaze, rac Sens gareSea, aramed mxolod TviTon Senze `{7, gv.413}. analogiur poziciebze dgas huserli, romlis fenomenologiuri reduqcia moiTxovs garegani samyaros realobis `frCxilebSi Casmas~, ab-

 24

strahirebas da wminda cnobierebis sferoSi yofnas. aseT SemTxvevaSic ontologiaze laparaki zedmetia, vi-naidan obieqturi realoba, romelic ontologiis sa-gans warmoadgens, `frCxilebSia Casmuli~, anu subieqtu-ri realobisagan ganridebulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom ontologia saerTod uaryofilia — rogorc mecnieru-li, ise aramecnieruli. movitanT kidev erT magaliTs; erT-erTi germaneli avtori p.heberlini wers: `filoso-fiuri miswrafeba mecnieruli Semecnebisagan sruliad damoukidebelia ... arc erT mecnierul Semecnebas ara aqvs filosofiuri mniSvneloba da, meore mxriv, arc fi-losofiuri gacnobiereba niSnavs mecnierul Semecnebas. ar SeiZleba laparaki mecnierebasTan filosofiis auci-lebeli kavSiris Sesaxeb~ {8, gv. 7}. aseTi filosofiuri pozicia, cxadia, gamoricxavs mecnieruli ontologiis SesaZleblobas.

Tu SevajamebT spekulaciuri filosofiis gansxvavebul mosazrebebs, maSin maTi argumentebi mecnieruli onto-logiis SesaZleblobis winaaRmdeg ase Camoyalibdeba: mecniereba Seiswavlis grZnobad-dakvirvebaSi mocemul samyaros, ontologiis sagans ki zegrZnobadi, principu-lad daukvirvebadi sinamdvile warmoadgens. swored amitom ontologia ar SeiZleba iyos mecnieruli.

mesame argumenti ontologiis mecnierulobis winaaR-mdeg wina argumentebisagan principulad ar gansxvavde-ba; arsebiTad igi imeorebs filosofiis istoriaSi kar-gad cnobil mosazrebas imanenturidan transcenden-turze gasvlis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. am mosazrebam axal filosofiaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina jer berklis, xolo Semdeg kantis filosofiasa da pozi-tivizmSi. am koncefciis mixedviT, samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, aris `Cveni samyaro~, Cveni cnobierebis prizmaSi gadamtydari sinamdvile. xolo sakiTxi imis Se-saxeb aris Tu ara igi Cvens gareSe arsebuli sinamdvilis

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asaxva, principulad gadauwyvetadia. Cven iseve ar Seg-viZlia gavideT Cveni cnobierebis farglebs gareT, ro-gorc ar SegviZlia sakuTari tyavidan amoxtoma —amtki-ceben subieqtivistebi da imanentebi. aqedan ki gamomdi-nareobs, rom ontologiuri problemebis Sesaxeb mecnie-ruli msjeloba SeuZlebelia.

imanenturidan transcendenturze gasvlis problema marTlac erT-erTi urTulesi problemaa. ris safuZ-velze SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom samyaro aris iseTi, rogorc igi Cvens cnobierebas eZleva? aris Tu ara Cveni SegrZnebani, azrebi Cvengan damoukidebeli sinamdvilis asaxva? Tu es sakiTxi dadebiTad gadawydeba, maSin SesaZ-lebelia ontologiaze saerTod da, kerZod, mecnierul ontologiaze laparaki, xolo uaryofiTad gadawyvetis SemTxvevaSi araviTar ontologiaze ar SeiZleba msje-loba.

arsebobs am problemis gadawyvetis ori ZiriTadi al-ternatiuli varianti: materialisturi da religiur-teleologiuri. materializmi Tvlis, rom adamiani, misi cnobiereba da TviT sicocxle materiis ganviTarebis produqtia. cnobiereba gare sinamdvilesTan urTier-Tobis procesSi Camoyalibda; amitom igi materialuri samyarosaTvis ucxo ki ar aris, aramed swored misi pro-duqtia, misi Semoqmedebaa. amitom ar SeiZleba, rom cno-biereba ar asaxavdes obieqtur samyaros anu Cvens cnobi-erebas ar hqondes misgan damoukidebeli samyaros asax-vis unari. am azriT SesaZlebelia ontiur, transcenden-tur sinamdvileze msjeloba. aseTia cnobierebis filo-genezi — imanenturidan transcendenturze gasvlis ma-terialisturi Teoria — rac TiTqos SesaZlebels xdis mecnieruli ontologiis arsebobas.

es Teoria, erTi SexedviT, logikurad mwyobri da uzado Cans Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT materialuri samyaros erT-erT fundamentur Taviseburebas, romelsac iner-

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ciis principi ewodeba da klasikuri meqanikis pirvel ka-nons warmoadgens. es kanoni amtkicebs, rom materialur sxeulebs TavisTavad — gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebis ga-reSe — ar SeuZlia arc amoZraveba {da Tu moZraobs} arc SeCereba. materia `mkvdaria’, `inertulia~ {kanti, hege-li}, ara aqvs TviTmoqmedebis unari. materiis es Tavise-bureba kargad cnobili iyo jer kidev antikur filoso-fiaSi. anaqsagoram materialuri narevis asamoZraveb-lad gonebas mimarTa; empedoklem oTxi stiqionis {cec-xli, wyali, miwa da haeri} asamoZraveblad siyvarulisa da siZulvilis Zalebi moixmara; aRarafers vambobT platonsa da aristoteleze, romlebic materiis iner-tulobaSi saerTod ar eWvobdnen. TviTon niutonic ki pirveli biZgis Teorias icavda. misi azriT, inertuli materia raRac sxva — aramaterialur — Zalebs unda ae-moZravebinaT, moZraobaSi moeyvanaT.

ar uweven ra angariSs materiis inertulobis ideas, dog-matikosi materialistebi miuTiTeben materiis aqtiu-robaze {miwisZvrebi, vulkanebi, afeTqebebi mzeze, ato-muri bombi da a.S.}. magram materiis aqtiurobis is for-mebi, romelTac isini asaxeleben, sruliadac ar uar-yofs materialuri samyaros inertulobas. materiis aq-tiuroba urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebis urTierTqme-debis Sedegia da meti araferi. quxils haerSi myofi da-debiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis Sejaxeba iwvevs; TviTon atomuri bombic ki amave principzea Seqmnili; igi bune-baSi ar arsebobs, aramed laboratoriebSi mzaddeba. urani-235, romelic atomuri bombis mTavar ingredients warmoadgens, miwaSi `mSvidad~ Zevs da araviTar reaqcias ar iZleva. amrigad, vimeorebT, materialuri samyaros aqtiuroba meoradia; igi ar uaryofs inertulobis prin-cips.

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aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom inertul, Semoqmedebis unars moklebul materias arc sicocxlis Seqmna SeuZ-lia da, miT umetes, arc cnobierebisa. dResdReobiT faqtia, rom sicocxlis warmoSobis materialisturma Teoriam {a.i.oparini da sxv.} marcxi ganicada. cnobiere-bis warmoSobis filogeneturi axsna mxolod da mxolod hipoTezaa da mas mecnierul Teorias ver vuwodebT.

aqedan cxadia, rom imanenturidan transcendenturze gadasvlis materialisturi koncefcia kritikas ver uZ-lebs. swored amitom materialisturi ontologia SeuZ-lebelia. SemTxveviTi arc is iyo, rom marqsistuli mate-rializmi ontologiis cnebas SeZlebisdagvarad Tavs aridebda.

dagvrCa imanenturidan transcendenturze gadasvlis mxolod erTaderTi — religiur-teleologiuri — axsna, romelic Tvlis, rom RmerTma Seqmna samyaroc, adamia-nic da misi cnobierebac. amitom samyaro adamianisaTvis ucxo ki ar aris, aramed, piriqiT, misTvis aris Seqmnili, mis miznebs emsaxureba. erTi sityviT, adamiani samyaros centrSi dgas. es aris anTropocentrizmis idea, romel-sac teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. sainteresoa is garemo-ebac, rom mecniereba sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdeba am ideas. cnobili bioqimikosebis kukis, hendersonisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi amtkicebs, rom samyaro `morgebu-lia~ adamians; igi `Riaa~ adamianisaTvis. aseT SemTxveva-Si imanenturidan transcendenturze gasvlis siZnelec ixsneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebels xdis mecnieruli ontologiis arsebobas.

is, rac axla vTqviT mecnieruli ontologiis SesaZleb-lobaze, cxadia, mkacr mecnierul moTxovnebs ver akma-yofilebs. igi mxolod zogadi Sesavalia, romlis logi-kur-filosofiuri dasabuTeba jer kidev win gvaqvs. es dasabuTeba unda moxdes Semecnebis genezisis logikuri

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analizis safuZvelze, romelic SemoTavazebuli iqneba momdevno paragrafSi.

§ 6. gaSualebuli dakvirveba, rogorc mecnieruli ontologiis safuZveli

udavoa, rom nebismieri codnis — rogorc aramecnieru-lis, aseve mecnierulis — amosavals grZnobadi dakvir-veba warmoadgens. cdebiT damtkicebulia, rom Tuki ada-mians ar hqondes araviTari grZnobadi STabeWdileba, ma-Sin mas arc araviTari azri, idea ar Camouyalibdeba. am-rigad, grZnobad dakvirvebas adamianis cnobierebis Ca-moyalibebis procesSi fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs.

magram am faqtobrivi viTarebis hipertrofirebis, anu adamianuri codnis umTavres {Tu ara erTaderT} wya-rod grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis miCnevis Sedegad Camo-yalibda sensualisturi, empiristuli, xolo ufro ra-finirebuli formiT, pozitivisturi mimarTuleba, ro-melic grZnobad dakvirvebas realobis kriteriumad Tvlis. am konefcias Cven dakvirvebadobis principis on-tologiuri interpretacia vuwodeT, vaCveneT misi usa-fuZvloba da mas dakvirvebadobis principis axali — gnoseologiuri interpretacia — davupirispireT, rom-lis mixedviT, dakvirvebadoba aris ara realobis, ara-med samyaros mecnieruli suraTis kriteriumi {9},{10}. {11}.

magram, rac mTavaria, Cven erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaveT uSualo da gaSualebuli dakvirveba da am gansxvavebaze, kerZod, uSualo dakvirvebis Cveneul gagebaze davafuZ-neT mecnieruli ontologiis cneba {3}. winamdebare sta-tiis mTavar mizans am ideis kidev erTxel da ufro mtki-ced dasabuTeba warmoadgens.

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pozitivizmis mTavar Secdomas imaSi vxedavT, rom man uSualo dakvirveba dakvirvebis erTaderT formad miiC-nia da masze scada Semecnebis Teoriis ageba. am Secdomis Sedegs fenomenalizmi da misgan gamomdinare obieqturi, transcendenturi sinamdvilis uaryofa da antionto-logisturi pozicia warmoadgens.

Tu uSualo dakvirvebas dakvirvebis erTaderT formad miviCnevT, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneba ara marto ontolo-giis, aramed agreTve specialur mecnierebaTa arsebobis faqtis axsnac, vinaidan uSualo dakvirvebaSi mxolod movlenebi gveZleva da ara am movlenebis arseba, maTi ka-noni. magram mecnierebas swored kanonebi ainteresebs, romlebic uSualod daukvirvebadia. aseT SemTxvevaSi rogor unda avxsnaT specialur mecnierebaTa arseboba? ai, ra absurdul siZneleebamde mivyavarT uSualo dak-virvebis erTaderTobis aRiarebas, anu gaSualebuli dakvirvebis SesaZleblobis uaryofas. meore mxriv cxa-di xdeba, rom ara marto ontologiis, aramed saerTod mecnieruli codnis faqtis asaxsnelad aucilebelia uSualo dakvirvebasTan erTad gaSualebuli dakvirve-bis aRiarebac. sxvagvarad es niSnavs ara mxolod uSua-lo dakvirvebis ukmarobas, aramed agreTve gaSualebu-li dakvirvebis aucileblobas grZnobadi Semecnebis procesSi.

uSualo dakvirvebis sagans movlenaTa samyaro warmoad-gens. magram yoveli movlena raRac Sinaganis, raRac fa-rulis arsebobis anu arsebis gamovlenaa. swored amitom movlenis siRmiseuli Semecneba misi arsebis Semecnebaa. vaSlis Camovardnis {movlena} mizezis namdvil Semecne-bas msoflio mizidulobis kanonis Semecneba warmoad-gens. vaSlis Camovardna niutonamde bevrs unaxavs, mag-ram am movlenis namdvili Semecneba mxolod niutonma SeZlo, romelmac misi arseba aRmoaCina, anu aRmoaCina is, rac vaSlis CamovardnaSi gamovlinda.

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es imasac niSnavs, rom arseba da movlena erTmaneTisagan ganuyrelia; platonma isini erTmaneTs mowyvita, ris ga-moc SeuZlebeli gaxda Semecnebis Teoriis ageba {swo-red amitom platonma mogonebis Teorias mimarTa, Semec-neba gaigo rogorc mogoneba]. marTalia, arseba uSualo grZnobad dakvirvebaSi ar Cans, magram igi arc mTlad fa-rulia, arc mTlad Caketilia; piriqiT, igi `Riaa~, misaw-vdomia damkvirveblisaTvis, magram ara uSualod, ara-med gaSualebiT. arseba rom principulad daukvirveba-di iyos, maSin Semecneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, vinaidan movlenebze uSualo dakvirveba imasac ki ver agvixsnida, Tu movlena risi gamovlenaa, ra Sinagani kanonzomiereba aqvs formiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul, magram struqturulad erTnair movlenebs {magaliTad, vaSlis, qvis, kometebis da a.S. vardnas}.

magram, sabednierod, es ase ar aris; hegeli gveubneba, rom arseba `brwyinavs~ movlenebSi; igi movlenebis saxiT gamovlindeba da, maSasadame, Semmecnebeli subieqtisaT-vis misawvdomia. misi gamovlena `Riaobis~ maCvenebelia. gamouvleneli arseba, amtkicebs hegeli, ar arsebobs. movlena arsebis gamovlenaa, xolo arseba movlenis ar-sebaa; maSasadame, isini erTmaneTis gareSe ar arseboben. arseba rom ar arsebobdes, maSin araferi ar gamovlinde-boda da, maSasadame, arc movlenebi iarsebebda, xolo, meore mxriv, movlena rom ar arsebobdes, maSin arsebac ar iarsebebda, vinaidan ar iqneboda is, ris arsebasac igi warmoadgens.

aqedan isic aucileblobiT gamomdinareobs, rom arseba movlenebis {gamovlenis] gziT Seimecneba. sxva gza arse-bis Semecnebisa ar arsebobs. igi xom uSualo dakvirveba-Si {SegrZnebaSi} ar gveZleva! es niSnavs, rom arsebis Se-mecneba mxolod da mxolod gaSualebuli dakvirvebiT SeiZleba. gamaSualebels uSualo dakvirveba warmoad-gens. aq aSkarad Cans uSualo da gaSualebuli dakvirve-

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bis aucilebeli kavSiri. movlenebi uSualod gveZleva, maTi arseba ki gaSualebulad. aqve isic saWiroa SevniS-noT, rom gaSualebul dakvirvebaSi arsebis Semecneba mxolod da mxolod mis mocemulobas niSnavs, romlis srulyofili Semecneba mxolod da mxolod racionalu-ri gziT xdeba.

gamovlenis gziT arsebis {gaSualebuli} Semecnebis idea gamoTqmulia `bibliaSi~. mama-RmerTi uSualo dak-virvebaSi ar gveZleva; igi aravis ar uxilavs. magram ma-ma-RmerTi gamovlinda Ze-RmerTis — ieso qristes — sa-xiT. amitom misi Semecneba mxolod da mxolod gaSuale-biT SeiZleba. gamaSualebels ieso qriste warmoadgens, romelsac misi mowafeebi uSualod xedavdnen, esaubre-bodnen, mis mier moxdenil saswaulebs aRiqvamdnen. yve-laferi es iyo mama-RmerTis gaSualebuli xedva. `uku-Tumca micnobdeT me, mamaicamca Cemi icodeT — eubneba ieso qriste Tavis mowafeebs — amieriTgan iciT igi da gixilavs igi. hrqua mas filipe: ufalo miCuene Cuen ma-mai Seni da kma ars Cuenda. hrqua mas iesu: esoden Jam Tquen Ta Tana var da ara mici me, filipe? romelman mixi-la me, ixila mamai Cemi da Sen viTar metyv me: miCuene Cuen mamai Seni?~ {ioan. 14, 7-9}. Tanamedrove qarTuliT: `Tuki me micnobT, mamasac Cemsas icnobT; xolo amieridan ic-nobT mas da gixilavT igi. uTxra mas filipem: ufalo, gviCvene mama da sakmarisia CvenTvis. uTxra mas iesom: am-denixania TqvenTan var da ar micnob, filipe?. vinc me mi-xila mama ixila. rogorRa ambob: mama gviCveneo?~ {xaz-gasma Cvenia — s. a.]. {12, gv. 1062}. aq, rogorc vxedavT, mokled da zustad gadmocemulia zemoRniSnuli Tval-sazrisi uSualo da gaSualebuli dakvirvebis {`xilvis~} Sesaxeb. mama-RmerTi Ze-RmerTSi gamovlindeba. igi `Cans~ Ze-RmerTSi gaSualebiT. RmerTis, rogorc uzena-esi arsebis, Semecneba mxolod da mxolod gaSualebiT SeiZleba.

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axla vnaxoT, Tu ras warmoadgens gaSualebuli dakvir-veba, ratom vuwodebT mas `dakvirvebas~, Tu igi uSualo grZnobad cdaSi ar gveZleva?

gaSualebuli dakvirveba swored dakvirvebaa da ara az-rovneba, vinaidan igi mocemulobis sferos ekuTvnis da am azriT empiriuli Sinaarsi aqvs. movlenebSi `Cans~ maTi arseba, magram `Cans~ ara rogorc uSualo grZnobad-aR-qmadi aqti, aramed rogorc gaSualebuli mocemuloba. arseba dakvirvebisaTvis `Riaa~, misi gamovlena swored amas adasturebs. amgvar dakvirvebas racionalurs ver vuwodebT, vinaidan igi gaSualebuli mocemulobaa da, rogorc mocemuloba, empiriulia. magram igi ar aris arc mxolod empiriuli {raki grZnobad cdaSi uSualod ar gveZleva}, aramed racionalur moments ziarebuli empiriuli. erTi sityviT, gaSualebuli dakvirveba dak-virvebis specifikuri formaa; igi arc mxolod empiriu-lia da arc mxolod racionaluri, aramed maTi nazavi — empiriul-racionaluri. arsebis {kanonis} aRmoCena mxo-lod am tipis {gaSualebuli} dakvirvrbiT SeiZleba. mag-ram mxolod aRmoCena da ara moazreba, vinaidan azrovne-ba logikuri procesia, gaSualebuli dakvirveba ki wina-logikuri aqtia, mocemulobis sferoa.

am ormagi bunebis gamo gaSualebuli dakvirveba erTgva-ri `xidia~ empiriulsa da racionalurs Soris; igi gar-damavali safexuria empiriulidan racionaluri Semec-nebisaken, Tumca srulyofilad arc erT maTgans ar ekuTvnis; igi scildeba empiriul Semecnebas, magram ra-cionalurs jer kidev ver aRwevs. amaSi mdgomareobs mi-si ormagi — empiriul-racionaluri — xasiaTi.

gaSualebul dakvirvebaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT empiriz-misa da racionalizmis mravalsaukunovani davis axsna. erTic da meorec damoukideblobisaken iltvoda da ur-TierTkavSiris SesaZleblobas gamoricxavda. ar iyo

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gaTvaliswinebuli is garemoeba, rom ar arsebobs wminda empiriuli an wminda racionaluri Semecneba. maTi er-TmaneTisagan mowyveta SeuZlebelia. grZnobadi Semecne-ba `racios~ monawileobis gareSe ar arsebobs. SegrZne-bebs naTels hfens azrovneba, xolo, meore mxriv, azri TviTon aris grZnobadi monacemebis logikuri gadamuSa-vebis Sedegi. amrigad, empirizmisa da racionalizmis da-pirispirebis mizezs TiToeuli maTganis calmxrioba, erTmaneTisagan abstrahireba warmoadgens. sinamdvile-Si ki orive maTgani erTi da igive erTiani Semecnebis ori urTierTaucilebeli safexuria. es erTianoba sawyis stadiaSi gaSualebul dakvirvebaSi vlindeba. uSualo dakvirvebis gziT gaSualeba racionaluris momentia dakvirvebis procesSi; Tumca, vimeorebT, am doneze ra-cionaluri Semecnebisagan jer kidev Sors varT.

empiriuli dakvirvebis cnebis qveS, rogorc wesi, uSua-lo {grZnobad} dakvirvebas gulisxmoben. misgan gansxva-vebiT gaSualebul dakvirvebas SeiZleba principuli dakvirvebadoba vuwodoT, rac imas niSnavs, rom, marTa-lia, arseba, miT umetes substanciuri arseba uSualod dakvirvebadi ar aris, magram igi principulad dakvirve-badia. misi `Riaoba~ swored amas niSnavs. amitom rodesac Cvens wignSi `mecnieruli ontologia~ principuli dak-virvebadobis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs gaSualebuli dakvirvebis SesaZlebloba.

axla saWiroa vaCvenoT gaSualebuli dakvirvebis speci-fika, misi gansxvaveba Semecnebis sxva formebisagan. ker-Zod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs logikuri {racionaluri} da intuiciuri Semecneba.

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§ 7. gaSualebuli dakvirvebis kvalifikacia uSualo da gaSualebuli dakvirvebis gansxvaveba did bWobas ar moiTxovs. mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani is aris, rom erTi uSualoa, meore ki gaSualebuli. maT mxolod is aerTianebT, rom orive dakvirvebaa, magram sxvadasxva donisa da sxvadasxva funqciis mqone. uSualo dakvirveba srulad Tavsdeba empiriuli dakvirvebis farglebSi, gaSualebuli ki am farglebidan gadis — ra-cionaluris niSnebs atarebs — Tumca mocemulobis far-glebs ar scildeba.

ufro met gonebriv daZabvas moiTxovs gaSualebuli dakvirvebisa da racionaluri azrovnebis erTmaneTisa-gan gansxvaveba. uSualo dakvirvebis sagania realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro, romelsac adamiani garega-ni grZnobis organoebiT aRiqvams. gaSualebuli dakvir-vebis sagans ki movlenaTa arseba warmoadgens, romelic uSualo dakvirvebaSi ar gveZleva, Tumca uSualo dak-virvebis daxmarebiT Seimecneba. movlenebSi `Cans~ maTi arseba; amitom movlenebis dakvirvebis procesSi maT ar-sebasac vakvirdebiT, magram vakvirdebiT ara uSualod — garegani grZnobis organoebis saSualebiT— aramed ra-cionalurad, `gonebis TvaliT~ {platonis termini rom vixmaroT}, `vxedavT~ movlenebSi maT arsebas. platoni amtkicebda, rom erTeulSi Cans zogadi, movlenebSi Cans maTi arseba. magaliTad, cxenobis idea konkretul cxen-Si gamovlindeba da visac `gonebis Tvali~ gaaCnia, is er-Teul cxenSi cxenobis ideas dainaxavs. es `danaxva~, erTi mxriv, empiriulia, raki uSualo dakvirvebis gziT xdeba, xolo, meore mxriv, racionaluria, vinaidan mas mxolod `gonebis TvaliT~ vxedavT. niutonma swored `gonebis TvaliT~ dainaxa vaSlis CamovardnaSi {movlena} msof-lio mizidulobis kanoni. es `gonebis TvaliT xedva~ or-magi bunebisaa: igi empiriulicaa {raki movlenebze dak-

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virvebis gziT sruldeba} da racionaluric, vinaidan uSualo dakvirvebiT ar Semoifargleba da raciona-lurs eziareba. magram igi ar aris racionaluri Semec-neba, vinaidan es ukanaskneli gansjis sferoa da logi-kur msjeloba-daskvna-dasabuTebas warmoadgens. gaSua-lebuli dakvirvebis doneze araferi amis msgavsi ar xde-ba; igi mocemulobaa da ara moazreba. swored es garemo-eba aqcevs mas dakvirvebad. igi, rogorc dakvirveba, em-piriuli Semecnebis farglebs ver gascilebia, Tumca TavisTavSi racionaluris momentsac Seicavs.

nebismieri Semecneba — aramecnierulic da mecnierulic — axsnas warmoadgens. magram mecnieruli axsna winamec-nierulisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi cnebebisa da ka-nonebis saSualebiT sruldeba. vaSlis Camovardnis mize-zi niutonma msoflio mizidulobis kanoniT axsna, ro-melsac cnebiseuli xasiaTi hqonda. winamecnieruli ax-sna ki warmodgenebis saSualebiT sruldeba. Tu Segve-kiTxebian: ratom aris mindori sveli? Cven vupasuxebT, rom yofila wvima an viRacas mourwyavs. eqsplanansi {am-xsneli} am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenaa; Cven gvinaxavs, rom wvima mindors asvelebs; aseve morwyvis dros mindori sveldeba. yovelive es uSualo dakvirvebis farglebSi Tavsdeba da Cveni codnis am {winamecnierul} doneze kmara. mecnieruli Semecneba ki amiT ver dakmayofilde-ba; man erTeuli movlena kanoniT unda axsnas. kanoni ki uSualo dakvirvebaSi ar gveZleva. misi aRmoCena mxolod gaSualebuli dakvirvebis dros xdeba. mecnierebas, ro-gorc wesi, realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro ki ar ainteresebs, aramed specialur arsebaTa samyaro, rome-lic realuri arsis saxiT gamovlindeba, xolo es gamov-lena gaSualebuli dakvirvebis saSuaalebas iZleva spe-cialur arsebaTa samyaros Sesamecneblad.

zemoTqmulidan, vfiqrobT, cxadi unda iyos, rom gaSua-lebuli dakvirveba Tumca racionaluris moments Sei-

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cavs, magram racionaluri ar aris; igi kvlav mocemulo-bis doneze rCeba da, maSasadame, empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs. mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba racionaluri Semecneba. niu-tonma vaSlis CamovardnaSi gamovlenili msoflio mizi-dulobis kanoni `dainaxa~, xolo Semdeg es mocemuloba cnebebiT moiazra, logikurad gaanaliza da msoflio mi-zidulobis kanoni Teoriis saxiT Camoayaliba. aq daax-loebiT igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs, rac kantis transcen-dentalur filosofiaSi; transcendentaluri esTetika Semecnebis sagans qmnis, romelic transcendentalur logikaSi gansjis aprioruli kategoriebiT moiazreba

gaSualebuli dakvirvebis statusis dasadgenad dagvrCa kidev erTi sakiTxi: gaSualebuli dakvirveba xom ar aris is, rasac intuicias — uSualod mocemulobas — vuwo-debT, kerZod, inteleqtualuri intuicia? am kiTxvas Cven uaryofiTad vpasuxobT da, ai, ratom: inteleqtuaa-luri intuicia SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu mas win uswrebs intensiuri logikuri az-rovneba. intuicias logikuri azrovneba amzadebs. Tu araferze ar gifiqria, verafers ver mixvdebi, verafers ver aRmoaCen. rodesac logikuri azrovneba `CixSi~ Se-dis — problemis gadawyveta ver xerxdeba — maSin saso-warkveTilebaSi myofi mecnieri wyvets problemaze fiqrs. am viTarebas SeiZleba `problemuri situacia~ vuwodoT, rogorc intuiciuri aRmoCenis aucilebeli winapiroba. unda vivaraudoT, rom amis Semdeg proble-mis kvleva cnobierebis sferodan aracnobieris sfero-Si gadainacvlebs da uceb, moulodnelad, sizmrad Tu cxadad problemis gadawyveta moiZebna. cnobierebis es uecari ganaTeba, es uSualo aqti aris inteleqtualuri intuicia. berZenma mecnierma arqimedem hidrostatikis kanoni abazanaSi myofma intuiciurad aRmoaCina. magram am aRmoCenas win uswrebda daZabuli inteleqtualuri muSaoba, ramac logikuris sferodan intuiciurSi gada-inacvla da aRmoCena moxerxda.

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gaSualebuli dakvirveba uTuod hgavs intiuiciur aR-moCenas, magram igi intuicia ar aris Tundac imitom, rom mas araviTari problemuri situacia win ar uswrebs. cxa-dia, rom rogorc gaSualebuli dakvirveba, ise inteleq-tualuri intuicia winaswar gulisxmobs garkveuli codnis maragsa da Sesabamis inteleqts. yvela adamians amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia. niutonamde vaSlis Camovardna bevrs unaxavs, magram msoflio mizidulobis kanoni ar aRmouCenia. aseve movlenebSi arsebis aRmoCena, misi `da-naxva~ mxolod rCeulTa xvedria. igi inteleqtis garkve-ul dones saWiroebs.

amrigad, gaSualebuli dakvirveba ar aris arc raciona-luri azrovneba da arc inteleqtualuri intuicia. igi aris empiriul sinamdvileSi araempiriulis anu arsebis aRmoCenis saSualeba, arsebisa, romelic movlenaTa sam-yaroSi gamovlindeba. misi gamovlenis gareSe SeuZlebe-li iqneboda rogorc filosofiuri, aseve specialur-mecnieruli azrovneba. gamovlenili arsebis aRmoCena ki gaSualebuli dakvirvebiT xorcieldeba.

arseba aqvs sinamdvilis ara mxolod calkeul sferoebs, aramed mTel sinamdvilesac, romlis arseba uzogadesia, absoluturia, romelsac SeiZleba ukanaskneli instan-ciis arseba anu substanciuri arseba vuwodoT.

nebismieri mecniereba imitom aris mecniereba — codnis sistema — rom igi movlenaTa samyaros anu realuri ar-sis arsebas gaSualebuli dakvirvebiT imecnebs. absolu-turi anu substanciuri arsebac, romelic ontologiis sagania, realuri arsis sferoSi gamovlindeba da aseve gaSualebul dakvirvebas eqvemdebareba. bunebaSi arse-buli gasaocari kanonzomiereba da mizanSewoniloba anu uzenaesi sizustiT dizainirebuli samyaro substanciu-ri arsebis gamovlenaa, romelsac Semmecnebeli subieqti uSualod aRiqvams da am aRqmul kanonzomierebaSi `go-nebis TvaliT~ {e.i. gaSualebiT} mis Semoqmeds — sub-

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stanciur arsebas `xedavs~. amaSi mdgomareobs misi prin-cipuli {gaSualebuli} dakvirveba da isic, rom am arse-bis Semswavleli disciplina — ontologia — aris mecnie-reba, codnis dargi da ara spekulaciuri moZRvreba principulad daukvirvebadi sinamdvilis Sesaxeb.

§ 8. mecnieruli ontologia da filosofiuri

Teologia absoluturi arsi anu mTeli sinamdvilis ukanaskneli instanciis arseba sxva araferia, garda RmerTisa. abso-luturi arsis cnebis qveS yvela filosofosi, materia-listebis gamoklebiT, RmerTs gulisxmobs. amrigad, ab-soluturi arsebis gaSualebuli dakvirvebis ideas, ro-melic ontologiis mecnierulobas asabuTebs, RmerTis `aRmoCenamde~ mivyavarT. rodesac laibnici amtkicebda, rom RmerTi samyaroSi unda amovikiTxoTo {amovicno-To] swored amas gulisxmobda.

amitom RmerTis, rogorc absoluturi anu ukanaskneli instanciis arsebis arsebobis sakiTxi codnis da ara mxolod rwmenis sferos ekuTvnis. cnobilia RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis mravali argumenti. maT Soris, Cveni azriT, mTavars e.w. `dizainis~ argumenti warmoad-gens, is argumenti, romelsac kanti `fizikur-Teologi-urs~ uwodebda da uaryofda. kantis kritikuli SeniS-vnebi am argumentis mimarT sxva naSromebSi gvaqvs ganxi-luli da aq aRar gavimeorebT {13}. gaSualebuli dakvir-veba realuri arsis anu movlenaTa samyaroSi aRmoaCens RmerTis arsebobas. sxva araferi ar SeiZleba iyos am ga-saocrad dizainirebuli samyaros arsebobis mizezi, garda RmerTisa.

RmerTi Teologiis sagania. mecnieruli ontologia, ro-gorc absolutur arsze anu RmerTze moZRvreba, aris

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agreTve Teologia. magram Teologia ar aris mecniere-ba, ontologia ki mecnierebaa. rogor unda SevuTanxmoT erTmaneTs es ori TiTqos urTierTgamomricxavi debu-leba?

am siZnelis gadasaWrelad da gaugebrobis Tavidan asa-cileblad saWirod migvaCnia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxva-oT filosofiuri da religiuri Teologia. pirvels mi-ekuTvneba mecnieruli ontologia, rogorc moZRvreba absoluturi arsis anu RmerTis Sesaxeb. igi aris codnis sfero, filosofiuri mecniereba, vinaidan gaSualebuli dakvirvebis safuZvelze asabuTebs RmerTis arsebobas. meore ki aris religiuri moZRvreba — rwmenis sfero — romelSic RmerTis arseboba dausabuTeblad aris miRe-buli. rwmena arasodes ar aris dasabuTebuli da amas arc saWiroebs. mecnieruli ontologia absoluturi arsis — RmerTis — arsebobas mxolod asabuTebs da amaze Sors ar midis, maSin roca religiuri TeologiisaTvis RmerTis arseboba amosavalia, romelzec agebulia mTe-li religiuri dogmatebi.

filosofiuri Teologia anu mecnieruli ontologia aTeizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavari iaraRia. rwmena subieqturi fenomenia, romelsac damsabuTebeli Zala ara aqvs; xolo RmerTis arsebobis mecnieruli dasabu-Teba, rasac mecnieruli ontologia awarmoebs, safuZ-vels aclis aTeistur msoflmxedvelobas.

mecnieruli ontologia yvela sxva filosofiuri mecni-erebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. misTvis principulad miuRebelia rogorc scientizmi — filosofiis dayvana specialur mecnierebebze — aseve filosofiuri speku-lacia, rogorc mecnieruli codnisagan ganyenebuli moZRvreba. codnis erTianobis idea orive maTganis Se-saZleblobas gamoricxavs.

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SERGI AVALIANI

THE PROBLEM OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SCIENTIFIC ONTOLOGY ABSTRACT

Any science cognizes the essence of phenomena by observation. The absolute substantial essence, which is the object of ontology, is displaied in the sphere of phenomena and also cognizes by mediate observation. That is why ontology is a philosophical science or scientific ontology. The highest regularity and expediency of the world of phenomena is a result of manifestation of absolute, the substantial essence.

The absolute essence is the God, study of the God is theology. Therefore scientific ontology is philosophical theology, which differs, on the one hand, from scientism and, on the other hand, from speculative philosophy.

literatura:

1. sergi avaliani, mecnieruli ontologia, Tbilisi, 1994.

2. sergi avaliani, gaSualebuli dakvirvebis SesaZleb-lobis problema, `filosofiuri Ziebani~ kr. 13, Tbi-lisi, 2009.

3. Kakha Ketsbaia, Main Problem of Theoretical Philosophy: Is Ontology as Science Possible? ~filosofiuri Ziebani~, kr. 14, Tbilisi, 2010.

4. aristotele, metafizika {xazgasma Cemia- s.a.}. 5. У Джемс Вселенная с плюралистической точки зрения М.

1911 6. Л. Витгенштейн Логико=философский трактат М 1958 7. И Г Фихте Избранные сочинения т 1916

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8. P. Heberlin, Philosophie und Wissenschaft . ~Zeitschrift fur philosophische Forschung, 1959. 13. N 1.

9. sergi avaliani, bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tbi-lisi, 1974.. 10.sergi avaliani, mecnierebis filoso-fiis Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1991.

11. sergi avaliani, Teoriuli filosofia, Tbilisi, 2007. 12. biblia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamocema. 13. sergi avaliani, teleologia, Tbilisi, 2003.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis

ganyofilebam.

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zurab xasaia

(Tbilisi) ЗУРАБ ХАСАИА (Тбилиси) zurab xasaia — filosofiis mecnie-rebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqar-Tvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi; muSaobs Teo-

riuli filosofiisa da ucxoeTis filosofiis istori-is problemebze. igi avtoria wignebisa: `determinizmi da Tavisufleba~ (Tb., 2008). `metafizikuri nihilizmis da-fuZnebis mcdeloba~ (Tb., 2003); `socialuri filosofi-is istoria~ (Tb., 2008). gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali fi-losofiuri da publicisturi statia, agreTve ramdeni-me poeturi krebuli.

ТРИ АСПЕКТА ПРОБЛЕМЫ СУБСТАНЦИИ

1. Постановка вопроса

Философию греки понимали, прежде всего, как постановку и теоретическое решение вопроса о субстанции. Первые гречес-кие философы называли ее субстанцию, «архе», т. е. «старей-шее», «главенствующее» среди сущего.

Всё, что нас окружает, «моложе» её. Примерно, вот так они понимали «архе». Позже латинцы назвали «архе» греков субстан-цией, т. е. «подлежащим», чем-то лежащим в основе вещей, всего сущего.

Такая вещь грекам была известна и раньше, в качестве богов, судьбы, а также хаоса. Её знали также другие народы, т. к. она весьма близка человеческому сознанию. Человек является «метафизическим существом», как это сказано у Мартина Хай-

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деггера. Это значит, что его сознание выходит за пределы вся-кого данного и стремится осмыслить мир в целом.

Этот основопологающий акт немецкий философ Карл Ясперс называет «трансцендированием». И тут подразумевается то же самое – человеческое сознание всё время выходит из вся-ких границ и «утверждается в ничто».

Гегель подбирает менее образное наименование для того же самого обстоятельства – мышление. Человек – мыслящее сущес-тво. Он, поставленный в непосредственно данном мире, живёт относительно субстанции, абсолюта. Мышление, по Гегелю, не что иное, как отношение к абсолюту, субстанции.

Субстанция как признак т. н. единства сущего, представляет собой конечный и самый существенный предмет человеческого сознания. Иной раз она становится предметом логического мышления. Это и есть происхождение философии. В самом деле, греческие философы относятся к ней так же, как, скажем, Евклид – к геометрическим телам.

Как раз в этом и заключалось главное различие философии от мифа и науки. В мифе «архе» не становилось предметом ло-гического мышления. Тут царило художественное воображение. А наука, эта высшая форма логического мышления, логически рассматривала не «архе», не сущность вселенной, но «вторич-ные», окружающие нас вещи.

В проблеме субстанции с самого же начала определился двоякий подход к субстанции. В одном случае философ прямо и смело ставит вопрос о субстанции и исследует его в том же духе, что и окружающие нас вещи. В другом случае философ укло-няется от постановки этого вопроса, опасаясь: не отрывается ли его мышление от надёжной почвы? Не вступает ли оно в область теней и миражей?

Этим двум подходам соответствовали два главных варианта проблемы субстанции в философии, противоборство между ко-торыми обусловило происхождение в Х1Х-ХХ веках ещё и тре-тьего варианта. Их можно назвать метафизическим, позити-вистским и феноменологическим вариантами.

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2. Метафизический вариант проблемы субстанции

Проблема субстанции является главной в метафизике. По-

этому этот вопрос ставится в метафизике, в первую очередь, прямо и непосредственно. Все другие вопросы должны решаться после решения этого главного и в соответствии с ним.

У этого вопроса, примерно, следующеё содержание: что есть суть бытия?

Для понимания метафизического смысла этого вопроса следует учитывать некоторые обстоятельства. А главное то, что метафизик сомневается в действительности непосредственно дан-ного. Если верить Гегелю, это и есть суть мышления. Последнее только и значит, что человек вопрошает об основании непосредс-твенно данного и ищет его.

Однако не следует забывать ни на миг, что Гегель имеет в виду философское, а далеко не иного рода мышление; именно философское, т. е. соотносимое к «первым основам» мышление. Если остановимся на «ближайших», лежащих в опыте причинах, это не будет философским мышлением. Такого рода мышление исходит из практической установки, в которой мышление занимает лишь подчиненное место – служит воле к жизни.

Философским является лишь свободное от упоминаемой воли мышление. Оно познаёт ради самого познания. Человек, доискивающий до «конечних причин», есть мыслитель, философ. Он выходит за пределы вечно сомнительного «непосредс-твенного сознания» и относит себя к действительности.

Тут выясняется, так сказать, положительный смысл метафи-зического вопроса: «Что есть суть бытия?». Этот вопрос есть от-ход от непосредственно данного не ради одной любознатель-ности, а ради обретения реальности, действительности. Субстан-ция есть действительность, которая, говоря словами Платона, «всегда есть, но никогда не происходит». Она пребывает всегда и во всем. Всякая вещь – её модификация, та или иная разно-видность её бытия.

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Во всём этом особенно стоит отметить, что метафизика начинается из анализа понятия субстанции и из характеристики последней, как это видно типически у Спинозы. Это происходит потому, что отношение философа к субстанции является непо-средственным, прямым. Правда, эта непосредственность содер-жит в себе своего рода опосредование, однако тут тем не менее важнее всего непосредственное познание субстанции. Этот момент тут первенствует.

Например, Платон говорил, что в познании идей опреде-лённую роль играют ощущения, чувства. Однако они далеко не источник знания. Они, скорее всего, равны «палке слепого». Они одни лишь повод, напоминающий нам о содержащемся непо-средственно в разуме и забытом по разным «метафизическим причинам». Единственным источником познания идей является разум. В нем содержится готовое знание об идеях. Вот, пожалуй, что послужило основанием знаменитого платоновского мисти-цизма.

Просторнее рассуждает об опосредовании Гегель. Всё на свете опосредовано, по Гегелю. Не составляет исключения и познание абсолюта. Однако всякое внешнее, связывающее нас с абсолютом, в конечном счете, оказывается некоей стороной самого абсолюта. Поэтому опосредование, по сути дела, условно и выше него стоит отношение абсолюта с самым собой – непосредственность. Она, у немецкого философа предстаёт, так сказать, в усложненной, «исторической» форме.

Отсюда следует единственный вывод: субстанция не поз-наётся с помощью познания чувственного мира. Наоборот, по-следний познаётся с помощью познания субстанции. Следо-вательно, тут признана особенная познавательная способность – гениальная интуиция, связывающая человеческое познание со субстанцией.

Одни подчеркивают её интеллектуальное содержание, другие - чувственное. В первом случае интуицию можно расчле-нять на логические понятия. Соответственно, познание субста-нции предстает в виде мышления в понятиях, как мы это видим у

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Декарта, Спинозы, Лейбница, раннего Гуссерля. В другом случае интуиция принципиально отлична от мышления посред-ством понятий и больше сродна с чувственным восприятием. Соответственно, познание субстанции, в некоторой степени, приобретает форму образного мышления. Так дело обстоит у Платона, Джордано Бруно, Шопенгауэра, Бергсона.

Первый вариант метафизики явно способствовал, правда, поневоле, наступлению кризиса самой метафизики и тем самым обесценению старейшей проблемы субстанции. Это вполне зако-номерно, так как для познания субстанции тут была подобрана, по существу, несоответствующая форма – понятийное мышление. Интуиция, познающая субстанцию, была истолкована, как логи-ческое мышление. Это придало метафизике догматическое содер-жание, что и подверглось заслуженной критике со стороны Канта.

Метафизика, стараясь быть понятийным мышлением, достигла лишь того, что её суждения стали бесплодными и неубе-дительными. А субстанция постепенно отождествилась просто с ничто, с понятием, конструированным искуственно.

Кантовская критика была столь убедительна, что научная познаваемость субстанции была разом опровергнута даже сторонниками самой метафизики. А ориентированные на науку философы окончательно отказались от понятия субстанции и отошли в сторону от него.

Таких философов условно можно назвать позитивистами, чуть расширяя строго установленный в философии термин «по-зитивизм».

3. Позитивистский вариант проблемы субстанции

Термин «позитивизм» возник в 19-ом веке. Ввёл его Огюст Конт для обозначения философии, обоснованной на т. н. положительных науках.

Позитивистским можно назвать философию, считающую ча-стную науку единственным полноценным знанием - познание

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возможно только методами частных наук. Т. н. наиболее общая наука, т. е. философия возможна только как анализ частных наук. Если она попытается переступить за эти пределы и познавать самостоятельно, своими специфическими методами, она тотчас же превратиться в «негативную науку», в суждения, лишённые научного смысла, и будет достойной опровержения.

Отсюда видно, что неотъемлемой частью позитивистской философии является опровержение метафизики. Тут это тол-куется, как очищение познания от ненаучной смеси. А критика метафизики не что иное, как критика понятия субстанции.

В этом отношении, с самого начала, активнее всех действо-вали английские философы. В отличие от немецкой философии, где всегда доминировал метафизический дух, англичане, как правило, были настроены против метафизики.

Джон Локк, в своём главном философском сочинении, рас-сказывает поучительную историю: в молодости он и его друзья собирались на его квартире и часами рассуждали над философс-кими проблемами. Эти рассуждения, как правило, были бесплод-ными. Наконец будущий философ догадался в причинах этой безрезультатности. Главной причиной ему показалась беспред-метность основных терминов метафизики: в первую очередь, понятия субстанции.

Чуть раньше этот вопрос затронул Бэкон Веруламский. Метафизику он считал своего рода предрассудком разного проис-хождения. В ней речь идет не о предметах, но о бессодер-жательных пустых словах: «Эти слова насилуют на мысль и порождают хаос, вводящий человека в область бесплодного и беспредметного спора».

Английские философы, при опровержении метафизики, как правило, начинают с критического рассмотрения понятия субс-танции. Их главный аргумент таков: понятие субстанции проис-ходит из неправильного истолкования грамматической структуры речи. Равно как в грамматике различаем существительное от прилагательного, так и в природе за пределами свойств мы ищем

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их неизменного, совершенно неопределённого носителя, т. н. субстанцию.

Этим позитивисты создают своеобразную «антиметафизи-ку» - философскую критику субстанции. Оказывается, метафизи-ческое учение о субстанции означает не то, что субстанция существует и человек познает её, а то, что человек околдован своими же словами и путает их с реальными предметами. На самом же деле единственным критерием бытия является чувственный опыт, esse es perсipi. Существует лишь чувственный мир, данный нам в опыте.

За этим, разумеется, следует критика т. н. особой познава-тельной способности - интеллектуальной интуиции. Непосредс-твенно человек знаком лишь с чувственным миром, с чувст-венным опытом. Материал, полученный от внешних чувственных органов - вот, пожалуй единственное, что действительно. С це-лью своеобразного овладения природой человек сокращает и упрощает многообразие чувственного материала и включает его в т. н. понятия. Последние далеко не исчерпывают всё богатство действительности. За то они имеют научный смысл - возможно проверить их «работоспособность» на опыте.

Иное дело понятие субстанции. Оно лишено научного смысла, т. к. невозможно проверить суждения о нём в чувствен-ном опыте. Оно происходит не от чувственного материала, опы-та, а от неверной интерпретации языковых структур речи. Оно, в отличие от научных понятий, служит не упорядочению опыта, а прорыву его границ и вере в новую, «высшую» реальность.

Метафизик истолковывает своё языковое заблуждение как особую познавательную способность - интеллектуальную интуи-цию. Якобы сквозь чувственный мир и по ту сторону его он усматривает высший , действительный мир.

За этим следует обратная сторона этого основоположения: наш чувственный мир есть иллюзия. Вот, пожалуй, суть мета-физического исчезновения вещей в словах, околдование сознания словами.

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Позитивисты не отрицают смысл этих слов в целом. Речь идёт лишь о научном смысле слов. Такого смысла никак нельзя признать за ключевыми словами метафизических доктрин, а в первую очередь, за субстанцией.

За то эти слова, в том числе субстанция, имеют прак-тический смысл. Велика их сила, их воздействие на деятельность, на жизнь человека. Так превращается метафизическая проблема субстанции из чисто теоретического в практический, жизненный вопрос.

Позитивисты отмечают, что метафизические слова, в том числе субстанция, в большей степени вредни, чем полезны, т. к. их сопутствует вера в гениальную интуицию, порождающая в отдельных способствующих ситуациях фанатизм. Уромянутая вера придаёт метафизическим предрассудкам особый оттенок «философского знания», что мешает здравому, непредвзятому рассмотрению.

Позитивисты, как правило, требуют изгнания этих вопросов из теории. Эти вопросы должны ограничиться практической жизнью; притом с той оговоркой, что они должны подвергаться полной либерализации.

Человек вправе верить в дух или в материю, в бога или дъявола. Однако он должен понимать это убеждение не как нечто научное, а как сугубо личное.

Можно сказать, что подобная «психологизация» проблемы субстанции начинается с Локка. В наше время эта проблема превратилась в предмет социальной психологии и социологии. Интерпретацией метафизических проблем, в том числе проблемы субстанции, занимаются социологи.

В позитивистическом опровержении проблемы субстанции явно обрисовываются два главных результата.

Во первых, раз философская проблема субстанции потеряла научный смысл, именно из-за этого сама наука потеряла фило-софский смысл. Говоря иначе, наука выглядит чем-то бессмы-сленным. Если предметом науки является лишь обособленный отрывок действительности, то действительность постепенно

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превращается в пустое слово и наука лишается своего предмета. Она теряет действительность и последняя выглядит субъективной конструкцией, «игрой», социологической условностью.

Частная наука, взирающая раньше на знания, как на свою собственность, и возгордившаяся этим, теперь уж более не счи-тается знанием. Этим она разделяет тот же самый удел, что прежде готовила метафизике. Можно вспомнить озвученный Ньютоном девиз возгордившейся науки – этого своего рода «блудного сына» философии: «Физика, сторонись от мета-физики!».

Однако вслед за метафизикой и она потеряла классический научный смысл. Наука выглядит лишь инструментом в борьбе против природы и отнюдь не как «эпистеме» и «теория» греков.

Во вторых, изгнание субстанции из теории в конечном счете отразилась и на практическую жизнь человека. Из последней одно за другим исчезают прочные опоры и ориентиры, всеобщие ценности и святыни. Происходит всеобщее нивелирование цен-ностей и людей. Воцаряется полная относительность и мелкая расчётливость. Осквернение святынь считается свободой. Верх над всём берут т. н. «права человека» - этот совершенно форма-лизованный и бессодержательный принцип западной цивилиза-ции.

По этой причине человечество вроде бы начинает скучать по метафизике и в философии начинается своеобразное возвращение к проблеме субстанции.

4. Феноменологический вариант проблемы субстанции

Постановка проблемы субстанции как будто-бы возможна только двояким образом: метафизически и позитивистически. Третьей возможности вроде-бы нет.

Однако в философии 20-го века появился и третий, так сказать, промежуточный между упомянутыми вариант, который можно назвать феноменологическим.

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Обычно, под словом ,,феномен” в философии подра-зумевается непосредственная данность предмета, т. е. явление. Вся разница в том, что старая философия за ним предполагала общее понятие или же вещь сама по себе. «Феномен» представлял из себя, соответственно, экземпляр общего понятия или же проявление сущности.

Поэтому он не считался предметом философии. Как раз наоборот, философия предполагала свой предмет по ту сторону феномена - в общих понятиях и в «вещи в себе».

От такой постановки вопроса по сути дела впервые отошёл Эдмунд Гуссерль. Отошёл энергичнее всех, хотя не совсем-то последовательно. Он ограничил философию непосредственно данным в сознании, т. е. феноменами.

Соответственно, проблема бытия была снята. Вопрос стоит не о том, что есть, но о том, что дано субъекту, сознанию.

Вслед за этим вроде бы снято и проблема субстанции, од-нако, на самом деле, снято лишь традиционный аспект ее – про-блема бытия субстанции. Зато осталось отношение человека к субстанции как непосредственно данное в сознании. Вот в этом смысле проблема субстанции остаётся главным вопросом фе-номенологии.

Феноменологический аспект вопроса в том, что вопрос уж более не стоит о бытии или небытии субстанции, об её свойствах и т. д. Это было бы старый догматизм и спекулятивный подход. В вопросе о субстанции важно не сама субстанция, а постановка вопроса, «вопрошание о субстанции», т. е. человек. Проблему бытия, сущность самой субстанции заменяет проблема челове-ческого смысла субстанции. Вопрос гласит: каков смысл поста-новки вопроса о субстанции?

Таким образом, субстанция прекращает быть проблемой как метафизики, так и теории познания и становится проблемой экзистенциального «учения» о человеке. Она превращается в человеческий феномен. Вопрос о ней относится не к предмету, существующему вне и независимо от человека, но именно к

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человеку. В соответствии с этим, рассматривая этот вопрос, мы познаём не объективную вещь, а человека.

Это новое требование Гуссерль проводило не совсем последовательно. Ему препятствовала необходимость обработки теоретической стороны вопроса. Поэтому он придавал большое значение рациональному мышлению. А последнее клонило его к «традиционному» философствованию; в частности, к Платону и Декарту.

Куда последовательнее проводила феноменологический подход экзистенциальная философия. Тут в полном ходе соот-ветствующий для познания феномена метод – непосредственное переживание и образное мышление. Выше метафизики встала «фундаментальная онтология» - поворот к мифо-языковой сущности человеческого сознания.

Тут проблема субстанции предстаёт в виде «проблемы смысла бытия» и становится главной проблемой. Этот вопрос истолковывается как ключ от познания человека. Человек есть отношение к субстанции, к «бытию».

Все, что человек говорит о сущности, бытии, «субстанции», относится к нему самому. «Фундаментальная онтология» Хай-деггера исследует «смысл бытия», т. е. не то, что есть бытие само по себе, а то, что есть «отношение к бытию», человек.

ZURAB KHASAIA

THREE ASPECTS OF SUBSTANCE PROBLEM

Abstract

The problem of substance is the mainest in philosophy. It’s

possible to different three aspects of philosophical discussion of this problem: metahpysical, positivistic and phenomenological.

This question of substance put straightly and immediatelly in the metaphysics: what’s the essence of beeing? All others questions only follow this one. The intellectual intuition was declaraed by

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metaphysicists as the special ability for cognition the substance. But the rationalistic interpretation of that ability caused a transformation of substance to the abstract consept and accordingly the crisis of metaphysics.

Positivizm refutses just this abstract substance. It proves that the abstract substance is contentless and its cognition – meaningless. The cognition is given only in the special sciences. The metaphysics isn’t science. Philosophy must be only the analyses of special scientific materials.

The phenomenology takes a middling place between metaphysics and positivism. There’s kept the problem of substance there, but only as the problem of its meaning. This question is limited with the analysis of subjective facts of consionsness, “phenomena”. The problem of substance arises as a problem of phenomenon; particularly as a problem of human meaning of on old metaphysical problem.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da

logikis ganyofilebam.

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mecnierebis filosofia

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

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guram naWyebia

(Tbilisi) guram naWyebia — iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos fi-losofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-mikosi. muSaobs iurisprudenciisa da sa-marTlis filosofiis problemebze. igi avtoria mravali samecniero statiisa am dargebSi. maT Soris monografiebi: `sis-

xlis samarTlis sagani~ (Tb.1997); `sisxlis samarTlis mecnie-rebis sagani~ (Tb.1998); `brali, rogorc socialuri filoso-fiis kategoria~ (Tb.2001), `sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis me-Todologiuri anbani~ (Tb.2006).

bralis kategoria sasazRvro kategoriebis

sistemaSi

rogorc cnobilia, bralis ori ZiriTadi Teoria

arsebobs. istoriulad pirveli iyo bralis fsiqologi-uri Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, brali aris qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikuri damokidebule-ba, romelic ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis formiT gamoixateba. bralis fsiqologiuri Teoria bralis cne-basa da formebs fsiqologiis sferoSi eZebs, Tumca bra-lis cneba fsiqologiis sferoSi ver eteva da socialur urTierTobaTa sferoSi inacvlebs. bralis normatiuli (normastivistuli ) Teoria, piriqiT, bralis cnebas fsi-qologiis gareT afuZnebs rogorc subieqtis gasakicxo-bas Tu gakicxvas marTlsawinaaRmddego qmedebisaTvis (an kidev samarTlebrivad gasakicxi mrwamsis uRirso-bas).

vfiqrobT, bralis am TeoriebSi gamoxatulia fsi-qologizmisa da normativizmis calmxrivoba, roca saxe-zea ori ukiduresoba, xolo, bralis namdvili buneba

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fsiqikurisa da normatiulis mimarTebis mijnaze dgas. cxadia, brali arc wminda fsiqikuria da arc wminda nor-matiuli. fsiqikurze dayvanili brali SeuZlebelia “bralad” CaiTvalos, xolo, fsiqikurisgan mowyvetili brali wminda Sefasebaa, romelsac Sefasebis obieqti ar gaaCnia da amitom uazroa. brali pasuxismgeblobis nega-tiur aspeqts afuZnebs da es davas TiTqmis ar iwvevs, magram brali, Tavis mxriv, uwinamZRvro sulac araa. ker-Zod, Tu arsebobs pasuxismgeblobis negatiuri aspeqti, romelic brals efuZneba, maSin logikuria daskvnac, rom arsebobs pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri aspeqtic, romelic bralis logikur safuZvels warmoadgens. ker-Zod, Tu arsebobs `pasuxismgebloba,~ rogorc misi pozi-tiuri aspeqti, maSin arsebobs am pasuxismgeblobis sapi-rispiro mdgomareobac, romelic `upasuxismgeblobaa,~ xolo, es upasuxismgebloba “ bralis “ sinonimia. SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom brali aris pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSiris forma. kerZod, Tu marTlzomier qmedebas marTlzomieri qmedebis valde-bulebisadmi subieqtis pasuxismgebluri damokidebu-leba iwvevs, maSin marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis subieq-turi mizezi marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba unda iyos. subieqti ikicxeba ara ubralod marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom subieqtma mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba marTlzomieri qmedebis val-debulebisadmi upasuxismgelo damokidebulebis Sede-gad ganaxorciela, maSin, rodesac mas SeeZlo marTlzo-mieri qmedebis movaleobisadmi pasuxismgebluri damo-kidebuleba hqonoda da, maSasadame, emoqmeda marTlzo-mierad.

amrigad, brali arc wminda fsiqikuri femomenia da arc wminda normatiuli. igi iazreba pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSiris formad, anu, damoukidebel kategoriad. raki pasuxismgebloba

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aris socialuri filosofiis kategoria, brali, ro-gorc pasuxismgeblobis aspeqtebis kavSiris forma, ag-reTve socialuri filosofiis kategorias warmoadgens. bralis kategoria specifikurad vlindeba zneobis, re-ligiis, samarTlis da sxva zogierT normatiul urTier-TobaTa sferoSi. es bunebrivia, radgan pasuxismgeblo-ba, misi pozitiuri aspeqtiT, pasuxismgeblobis subieq-tisa da misi Sesatyvis `instancias” Soris urTierTobas afuZnebs. sisxlis samarTalSi igulisxmeba saxelmwifo-sa da sisxlis samarTlis subieqtebis (Seracxadi fizi-kuri da zogierTi kategoriis iuridiuli piri), urTi-erToba, romelic marTlzomieri qmedebisaTvis saxel-mwifos winaSe am subieqtebis pozitiuri pasuxismgeblo-bis gamovlenis iuridiuli formaa. saxelmwifos winaSe sisxlis samarTlis subieqtis pozitiuri pasuxismgeb-loba, romelic marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebi-sadmi subieqtis dadebiTi damokidebulebiT gamoixate-ba, Tavis mxriv, subieqtis Tavisuflebis gareSe SeuZle-belia. Tu subieqts normatiulad dadgenili valdebu-lebisadmi damokidebulebaSi arCevanis Tavisufleba ara aqvs, maSin is Tavisi qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgebeli ver iqneba. magram Tavisufleba TviTneboba ki araa, ara-med zRvardebulia pasuxismgeblobiT. amitomaa, rom pa-suxismgebloba aris Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis kavSiris forma. am mimarTebiT ki logikurad dgeba mize-zisa da Sedegis kategorialuri gaazrebis problemac, radgan adamianis qmedeba mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvSia Car-Tuli da gansazRravs, erTi mxriv, TviT adamianis qmede-bis gamomwvev pirobebsa da mizezebs, xolo, meore mxriv, - TviT qmedebis, rogorc mizezisa, da misi Sedegebis mniSvnelobas bralis dadgenisa da misi xarisxis gansaz-Rvris saqmeSi.

mizezisa da Sedegis kategoria bralis problemati-kas sxva kuTxiTac ukavSirdeba. kerZod, qarTul enaze “brali “ xSirad “mizezis “ mniSvnelobiTac gamoiyeneba.

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magaliTad, Tu vinmes alkoholis borotad gamoyenebis gamo, vTqvaT, RviZli dauzianda, ityvian, rom aq brali alkoholis borotad gamoyenebas miuZRvis. ufro metic, Tu raime sazogadoebrivad saSiSi Sedegi dadga da amaSi brali konkretul pirs dasdes, Tumca igi am saqmeSi ub-raloa, ityvian, rom mas am saqmeSi aranairi codva-brali ar miuZRvis. cxadia, mizezi obieqturia, xolo brali — obieqtur-subieqturi, ris gamoc “ mizezTan “ misi gaTa-nabreba dauSvebelia. magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom mize-zis rolSi zogjer SeiZleba subieqturic mogvevlinos. aq erTi aseTi analogia SeiZleba gamogvadges. kerZod, cnobilia, rom aqsiologiaSi (Rirebulebis filosofia-Si) Rirebulebis obieqturoba (misi ierarqiuli buneba) amosavalia, magram zogjer iyeneben subieqturi Rirebu-lebis cnebasac, rodesac ama Tu im pirovnebam gadawyvi-ta ara RirebulebaTa obieqturi wesrigis, aramed, piri-qiT, subieqturi Rirebulebis mixedviT. analogiurad, brali SeiZleba sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswi-nebuli marTlsawinaaaRmdego qmedebis subieqtur mize-zad miviCnioT. aseT pirobebSi, rom ara subieqtis upasu-xismgebloba, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmdebas adgili ar eq-neboda. aq yuradRebas iqcevs valdebulebisadmi upasu-xismgeblo damokidebulebis xarisxi, radgan brali, ro-gorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis subieqturi mizezi, sxvadasxva intensivobiT vlindeba.

raki bralis xarisxis cneba vaxseneT, upriani iqne-boda bralis uSualo sasazRvro kategoriebis gaazreba Tvisebriobisa da raodenobriobis kategoriebTan kav-SirSic. igulisxmeba pasuxismgeblobis subieqtis sazo-gadoebrivi, politikuri Tu samarTlebrivi mdgomareo-ba. magaliTad, visac gansakuTrebiT maRali sazogadoeb-rivi, politikuri Tu samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba uWi-ravs, misi pasuxismgeblobac Sesabamisad maRalia ro-gorc pozitiur, ise negatiur aspeqtSi, xolo am ukanas-

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knel aspeqtSi upasusmgeblobis anu bralis gansakuTre-biT maRali xarisxis niSania.

gasagebia, rom bralis problema filosofiuri mid-gomebis gareSe sworad ver moiazreba. magram, samwuxa-rod, iuridiul literaturaSi iSviaTi araa filosofi-is ara mxolod ugulebelyofa, aramed filosofiidan gaqcevis gziT bralis problemis pozitivisturi xerxiT gadaWris uimedo mcdeloba, romelic dRemde grZelde-ba. ufro metic, bralis problematikaSi filosofiidan gaqcevis pirobebSi isic ki araa garkveuli, rom samar-Tlebrivi urTierToba, rogorc pozitiuri pasuxis-mgeblobis gamovlenis iuridiuli forma, aris samar-Tlis normis, rogorc jerarsis, da marTlwesrigis, ro-gorc nawilobriv ganxorcielebuli samarTlis, anu, ar-sis, kavSiris forma. amis garkvevis gareSe gaugebaria, Tu rogor gadadis samarTlis norma marTlwesrigSi, roca subieqtis qmedeba marTlzomieria; an ranairad xdeba marTlwesrigis xelyofa, roca subieqtis qmedeba marTlsawinaRmdegoa. bolos, marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo, anu, bra-leuli damokidebuleba marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis subieqturi mizezia da am qmedebisasTvis negatiuri pa-suxismgeblobis safuZvelia. Cadenil qmedebaSi bralis sasamarTlo wesiT dadgenisTanave dasturdeba saxel-mwifos winaSe braleuli piris negatiuri pasuxismgeb-loba. amis Semdeg dgeba sasjelis miznebis Sesabamisad misi daniSvnis, aRsrulebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe yo-fili msjavrdebulis pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis su-liskveTebiT misi aRzrda-gamosworebis problemebi.

bralis kategoriis sasazRvro kategoriebis siste-maSi es mokle analizi, romelic am statiis Sesavalia, naTlad metyvelebs, rom bralis tradiciuli “ Caketva” qmedebisa da misi Sedegebisadmi subieqtis fsiqikuri da-mokidebulebis an marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis abstraqtuli gasakicxobis CarCoebSi sruliad uper-

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speqtivoa da amis gamo bralis problema am CarCoebis radikalur garRvevas moiTxovs. cxadia, am statiaSi am-gvari amocana ver dadgeba, magram zogierTi meTodolo-giuri sakiTxis dasma mainc sasargelod gveCveneba.

bralis problema dRemde sadavo problemaTa rigs

ganekuTvneba. isic ki araa garkveuli, “ brali “ cnebaa Tu kategoria. kriminalistebis umravlesoba brals da-naSaulis sistemaSi ganixilavs da amdenad “ brali” sis-xlis samarTlis cnebaTa sistemaSi iazreba. magram bra-lis cneba sWirdeba ara marto sisxlis samarTls, aramed samarTlis sxva dargebsac, sadac negatiuri pasuxis-mgebloba bralis principzea damyarebuli. kerZod, ro-gorc wesi, bralis principzea agebuli pasuxismgebloba samoqalqo samarTalSi, agreTve administraciul Tu Sromis samarTalSi. es ukve imaze metyvelebs, rom bra-lis cneba sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi ver eteva. arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom brali gansxvavebulad vlindeba samoqalaqo samarTalSi, vidre sisxlis samarTalSi. ma-galiTad, samoqalaqo samarTalSi wamyvania gaufrTxi-lebloba, vidre ganzraxva, maSin rodesac sisxlis samar-TlSi, piriqiT, wamyvania bralis ganzraxi forma. Tu gan-zraxva aris saTanado instanciis (magaliTad, saxelmwi-fos) winaSe pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis Segnebuli uaryofa, gaufrTxilebloba am pasuxismgeblobis ugu-lebelyofiT vlindeba. aqedan, Tavis mxriv, gamomdina-reobs daskvna, rom “ brali “ ufro metia, vidre samar-Tlis sfero da dargebi. samarTlis dargebs miRma, sa-dac bralis problema dgas, aris zneoba, Tumca specia-lur literaturaSi ufro moralur bralze laparako-ben. magaliTad, artur kaufmani akritikebs ed. mecgeris mtkicebas, rom bralis problema sisxlis samarTalSi ne-bis Tavisuflebis problemisagan damoukidebelia da rom samarTlis am dargSi igulisxmeba samarTlebrivi da ara zneobrivi brali. bralis materialuri Sinaarsi, mi-

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si formaluri gagebis winaaRmdeg, artur kaufmanis az-riT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom brali aris zneobrivi fe-nomeni, ese igi zneobrivi movaleobis winaaRmdeg Tavi-sufali, TviTpasuxismgebluri gadawyvetileba (7. gv. 129).

amrigad, arsebobs brali ara marto samarTlis sfe-roSi, aramed zneobis sferoSic. aq gasarkvevia a. kaufma-nis mtkiceba, rom brali TviTpasuxismgebluri gadaw-yvetilebaa. saqme isaa, rom braleuli qmedeba subieqtis upasuxismgeblobis aqtia, magram raki subieqti iRebs Tavis Tavze gadawyvetilebas, imoqmedos zneobrivi mo-valeobis winaaRmdeg, igulisxmeba braleulad moqmedi piris Tavisufleba, Tumca aq subieqtis ufro TviTnebo-baa, vidre Tavisufleba. cxadia, zneobrivi brali da zneobrivi pasuxismfebloba arsebobs, magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom zneobis sferoSi brali ganzraxvis for-miT vlindeba, maSin rodesac sisxlis samarTali bralis gaufrTxileblobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. rogorc prof. g. banZelaZe amtkicebda, sindisi, rogorc zneobrivi ka-tegoria, aris “pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba ara subieqtu-ri SegrZnebis, aramed adamianis sicialuri bunebis, ada-mianobis arsebobis winaSe “(1. gv. 115).

amrigad, zneobrivi TvalsazriT adamiani pasuxs agebs sakuTari sindisis winaSe, maSin, rodesac sisxlis samarTalis sferoSi subieqti pasuxs agebs saxelmwifos winaSe. isic gasagebia, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi brali zneobrivi bralisagan mowyvetili araa, magram misgan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. kerZod, irkveva, rom “sindisis samarTali ar icnobs gaufrTxileblobas, rogorc bra-lis safuZvels. sindisis moqmedeba vrceldeba mxolod ganzraxvis sferoze. gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenil dana-Sauls axlavs sinanuli, magram ara sindisis qenjna.” (1. gv. 132).

cxadia, gaufrTxilebloba bralis friad seriozu-li formaa, roca subieqti windaxedulobis normis moT-

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xovnebs ekideba upasuxismgeblod, anu, braleulad, ma-Sin, rodesac subieqts SeeZlo emoqmeda pasuxismgeblu-rad. rogorc prof. g. banZelaZe aRniSnavda, “ sindisi ar moiTxovs imaze mets, rac adamians evaleba, xolo adami-ans arasodes ar evaleba imaze meti, rac adamains SeuZ-lia. sindisierebis sazomi swored isaa, vakeTeb Tu ara imas, rac me SemiZlia. “ (1. gv. 117). aq, rogorc Cans, igu-lisxmeba garkveuli Tavisufleba, rogorc pasuxismgeb-luri gadawyvetilebis safuZveli. arsen guliga imanu-el kantisadmi miZRvnil friad saintereso naSromSi gadmoscems kantis Sexedulebas zneobis fundamentur sakiTxebze. kerZod, adamiani bunebis Svilia da mis kano-nebs emoCileba. meore mxriv, adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa da sazogadoebis danawesebs unda daemorCilos. adamiani unda emorCilebodes movaleobis mowodebas. amisaTvis adamians aqvs saocari unari — sindisi. aqve mo-tanilia kantis Semdegi sityvebi: “adamiani, oRond ki Ta-vi udanaSaulod scnos, aTasgvar xrikebs da fandebs mi-marTavs, rom TviT kanonis damrRvevi saqcieli unebur darRvevad gaasaRos, an iseT windauxedaobad, romlesac savsebiT gverds ver auvli, maSasadame, raRac iseTad, raSic igi CaiTria bunebrivi aucileblobis morevma; da mainc igi grZnobs, rom veqili, romelic mis sasargeb-lod laparakobs, verasgziT ver CaaCumebs masSi bral-mdebels, Tu man icis, rom danaSaulis Cadenisas srul Wkuaze iyo, ese igi SeeZlo esargebla sakuTari Tavisu-lebiT” (5. gv. 178).

amrigad, aSkaraa, rom pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba bralis SegrZnebis safuZvelia. amitom Cndeba braleuli qmedebisas Tavis marTlebis mcdeloba, gansazRvruli qmedeba TiTqos gardauvali iyo da misi braliT, anu, upasuxismgeblobiT araa gamowveuli. es sakiTxi dakavSi-rebulia e. w. TviTmotyuebis fenomenTan. prof. z. kaka-baZe marTebulad aRniSnavda, rom sindisi “ yovel Cven-ganSia da gardauvalad moiTxovs obieqturad Rirebul,

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e. i. keTil saqciels. Tu sindisi ar motyuvda, ar dab-rmavda yalbi SuqiT, mas ZaluZs CaSalos nebismieri dana-Saulebrivi saqme. danaSaulis CadenisaTvis adamiani ra-Rac zomiT yovelTvis saWiroebs sakuTari sindisis ne-itralizacias Tavis motyuebis saSualebiT. es motyueba Taviseburi vizaa danaSaulis samyaroSi Sesasvlelad”(6. gv. 19). magram saintereso isaa, rom es TviTmotyueba Turme adamianis Tavisuflebazec miuTiTebs. prof. z. kakabaZe aRniSnavs, rom ramdenadac adamiani Tavisufa-lia, mas SeuZlia moatyuos sakuTari Tavi da gaasaRos igi sxvad (6. gv. 20). Tavisufleba ki imas niSnavs, rom ada-miani garemo pirobebisagan SefardebiT damoukidebelia da amdenad misi gadawyvetilebac am SefardebiT damou-kideblobas gamoxatavs (6. gv. 21). es ki, Tavis mxriv, pasu-xismgeblobis safuZvelia. raki Tavisufleba pasuxis-mgebluri gadawyvetilebis safuZvelia, adamianebi, ro-gorc SeniSnulia, gaurbian Tavisuflebas. cxadia, ada-mians unda, rom iyos Tavisufali. TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi bevri sisxlic daRvrila. cxadia, pasuxismgeb-lobis pozitiuri aspeqti, roca subieqti Tavis Tavze iRebs raime valdebulebas da mis Sesrulebis pasuxis-mgeblobas, uaRresad dadebiTia, radgan amgvari pasu-xismgebluri gadawyvetilebebis gareSe adamianis aqti-voba SeuZlebelia. amitomaa, rom adamianis pirovneba ara marto mowodebulia iyos pasuxismgebeli saTanado instanciis (vTqvaT, sakuTari sindisis an saxelmwifis Tu sxva amgvar zemdgomTa) winaSe, aramed amgvari pasu-xismgeblobisagan waxalisdeba kidec. magram isic karga-daa cnobili, rom ama Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis Ta-vis Tavze aRebis pasuxismgebloba yovelTvis rodi sruldeba umtkivneulod. iSviaTi araa SemTxveva, roca ama Tu im valdebulebis aRsrulebis pasuxismgebloba Tavis droze zereled, am valdebulebis Sesrulebis obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis saTanado analizis gareSe, iqna nakisri. aseT pirobebSi es pozitiuri pasu-

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xismgebloba upasuxismgelod nakisr valdebulebaSi anu braleulobis sferoSi gadadis. kidev ufro aSkaraa su-bieqtis upasuxismgebloba im SemTxvevaSi, roca igi Seg-nebulad uaryofs pozitiur pasuxismgeblobas saTana-do instanciis winaSe (roca igi moqmedebs bralis gan-zraxi formiT an ugulebelyofs am pasuxismgeblobas (roca is moqmedebs bralis gaufrTxilebeli formis sa-fuZvelze).

gasagebia, rom saTanado instanciis winaSe subieq-tis upasuxismgebloba, romelic bralis ganzraxi an ga-ufrTxilebeli formiT gamoixateba, negatiuri pasuxis-mgeblobis safuZvelia. es negatiuri pasuxismgebloba ki sakmaod mZime SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitomac ga-urbian adamianebi Tavisuflebas, roca rogorRac yvela yvelaferze iqneba pasuxismgebeli, anu, aravin araferze pasuxs ar agebs. magram Tavisuflebis problema, misi sirTulisa da mravalmxiobis gamo, sxvadasxvanairad es-modaT da erTnairad arc dResaa gagebuli. aq mokled vityviT indeterminizmisa da determinizmis dapirispi-rebis istoriulad cnobil faqtebze. indeterminizmi, rogorc cnobilia, absoluturi Tavisuflebis ideas ey-rdnoba, roca adamianis saqcieli mizezobriobis gare-Taa. amgvarad gagebuli Tavisufleba arsebiTad sxva araferia, Tu ara TviTneboba, roca, magaliTad, danaSa-ulebrivi qmedebis erTaderTi mizezi TviT subieqtis nebaa, Tu moisurvebs, Caidens danaSauls, xolo Tu moi-survebs, ar Caidens. magram am pirobebSi, roca mizez-Se-degobrivi kvSir-urTieroba ar arsebobs, mecnieruli azri sagans ver hpovebs. es exeba ara marto bunebismet-yvelebas, aramed socialur Semecnebasac, radgan mize-zobriobisagan Tavisufali arc sazogadoebrivi cxov-rebaa. mizezobriobisagan Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi Se-uZlebelia saTanadod dasabuTdes dRes ukve aqsiomad qceuli debuleba, rom danaSaulis CadenisaTvis dasjis muqara, romelic sisxlis samarTlis kanonSia gamoxatu-

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li, sazogadoebis meryev, aramdgrad, wevrebze gamaf-rTxileblad moqmedebs. es ase rom ar iyos, sasjels ara-viTari dadebiTi efeqti ar eqneboda da Cadenili dana-SaulisaTvis samagieros mizRvis sazrisiT Semoifar-gleboda.

rogorc Cans, indeterminizmi ara mxolod msof-lmxedvelobrivad, aramed kerZo mecnieruli pozicii-danac aris miuRebeli. rogorc bunebis, ise sazogadoeb-rivi movlenebi aSkarad metyveleben imaze, rom mizezob-rivi kavSirebis gareSe arc erTi movlena Tu faqti ar arsebobs. maSasadame, determinizmi, ese igi faqtebisa da movlebebis mizezobrivi ganpirobebis principi, auci-lebelia ara mxolod wminda filosofiurad, aramed kerZo mecnieruli poziciebidanac. magaliTad, medici-naSi an samarTlis sferoSi mizezobrivi kavSirebis gare-Se veranairi konkretuli daskvna miRebuli ver iqneba. magram, samwuxarod, determinizmic sworad ver iqna ga-gebuli. xSiri iyo da arc dResaa daZleuli mizezobrio-bis principze misi dayvana, roca ugulebelyofili iyo da zogjer aris dResac idealuriT (magaliTad, Rirebu-lebebis mixedviT) adamianis gadawyvetilebisa da moqme-debis faqtebi. amdenad, determinizmi Tavisuflebis wi-naaRmdeg iSviaTad ar iyo gamoyenebuli. aq arafers vam-bobT e. w. bediswerisa da fatalizmis sxva gagebaze, ro-ca adamianis moqmedebis calsaxa deterministuli pozi-ciidan gamomdinare, uaryofili an ugulebelyofili gaxldaT adamianis pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebis SesaZ-lebloba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi iurisprudencia aRmoCnda, radgan samarTlis mTeli ri-gi dargebi bralisa da pasuxismgeblobis cnebaTa gareSe SeuZlebelia. amitom iyo, rom swored iuristebi kama-Tobdnen Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis mimarTe-bis Sesaxeb da xSirad radikalurad dapirispirebul Tvalsazriss gamoxatavdnen (8). ufro metic, saqme iqam-dec ki mivida, rom iuristebis erTma frTam nebis Tavis-

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flebis filosofiuri problema iuridiuli pasuxis-mgeblobis dasabuTebis saqmeSi unayofod gamoacxada da gadawyvita, es problema filosofiidan gaqceviT moeg-varebina. magaliTad, revoluciamdeli ruseTis gamoCe-nili kriminalisti n. tagancevi Cadenili qmedebis misi Camdeni pirisaTvis bralad Seracxvis problematikaSi vrclad exeba nebis Tavisuflebisa da determinizmis dapirispirebas da midis daskvnamde, rom nebis Tavisuf-leba, misi matafizikuri gagebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba mize-zobriobis princips. avtoris azriT, samyaroSi yvela-feri sakmao safuZvlis kanons emorCileba. am kanons emorCileba adamianis danaSaulebrivi qmedebac. magram irkveva, rom determinizmi SeiZleba iyos ukiduresic, roca, magaliTad, adamianis sikvdili, gamowveuli mexis dacemiT, cofiani ZaRlis nakbeniT, suliT daavadebu-lis mier misi moxrCobiT an gaZarcvis mizniT Cadenili gasroliT, - yveaferi es erTi saerTo mizezidan momdi-nareobs da adamianis sikvdilis mizezebs Soris aq miniS-nebuli gansxvaveba formaluria da, amdenad, sisxlis sa-marTlis sferoSi Seuracxadobis gansakuTrebuli pi-robebis Zieba zedmetia (11. gv. 331-333) .

n. tagancevi determinizmis am ukidures gagebas da mis Sedegebsac ar eTanxmeba, xolo nebis Tavisuflebis metafizkuri gageba misTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia. magram, meore mxriv, avtori verc im faqts ver gaeqca, rom nebisyofis Tavisuflebis uaryofa SeiZleba meore ukiduresobaSi — meqanikur determinizmSi — gadaizar-dos, sadac dasjis racionaluri pirobebi azrs karga-ven. aqedan avtori askvnis, rom “ `metafizikuri formu-lis es naklovanebani gvaiZuleben, upiratesoba mivani-WoT sakanonmdeblo, pozitiur formulas, romelic sis-xlissamarTlebrivi bralisa da misi elementebis cnebas eyrdnoba” (11. gv. 338).

rogorc Cans, n. tagancevi arc nebis Tavisuflebis metafizikur da arc meqanikuri determinizmidan gamom-

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dinare ukidures daskvnebs eTanxmeba. amaSi TavisTavad dasaZraxi araferia, radgan inderministulad gagebuli Tavisufleba ubralod, TviTnebobaa, romelic mizezi-obriobis princips rom Tavi davaneboT, pozitiuri pa-suxismgeblobis, rogorc movaloebisadmi adamianis da-mokidebulebis, faqtsac gamoricxavs. magram n. tagance-vis mtkiceba, rom Seuracxadobis sakiTxi pozitiuri sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi (indeterminizmisa da de-terminizmis dapirispirebisagan damoukideblad) gadaw-ydes, niSnavs am sakiTxis gatanas filosofiis gareT, anu am sakiTxSi filosofiidan gaqcevas. sainteresoa, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi bralisa da pasuxismgeblobis problematikaSi filosofiidan gaqcevis mcdeloba ara-erTgzis dadasturebula, magram amgvari mcdeloba ise-Ti avtorisagan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, klaus roqsini, ramdenadme moulodnelia. marTlac, xsenebuli avtori Tanamedrove germanel kriminalistebs Soris ( misi ara-erTi fundamenturi xasisaTis SromiT) gamorCeulia. igi friad sainteresod ganixilavs sisxlis samarTlSi bra-lisa da negatiuri pasuxismgeblobis problemasac da an-viTarebs mosazrebas, romelic CvenTvis amjerad metad niSandoblivia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi bralis problemis gadawyvetis meTodologiu-ri problemebi. kerZod, k. roqsini, erTi mxriv, uaryofs bralis problematikaSi nebis Tavisuflebis filosofi-ur problemas, agreTve e. w. mkacri determinizmis argu-mentebs im motiviT, rom maTi empiriuli mecnieruli da-sabuTeba SeuZlebelia. magram, meore mxriv, ganixilavs bralis im Teoriebs, romlebic garkveuli filosofiu-ri midgomis gareSe ara Tu sworad gadaWrili, aramed sworad gaanalizebulic ki ver iqneba. magaliTad, bra-li, rogorc sxvanairad moqmedebis SesaZleloba, xasia-Tis Tu cxovrebis wesis brali, brali rogorc samar-Tlebrivad Seuwynarebeli ganwyoba Tu mrwamsi, brali, rogorc Seracxva zogadprevenciuli saWiroebisaTvis,

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da, bolos, brali, rogorc usamarTlo qmedeba, miuxeda-vad normatiuli moTxovnadobisa, sakmaod rTul filo-sofiur problemebs ukavSirdeba. magram, samwuxarod, avtori ratomRac mxolod akritikebs bralis proble-mis im meTodologiur safuZvlebs, rac germaniis fede-raciuli respublikis umaRles sasamarTlos 1952 wlis 18 martis gadawyvetilebaSia gamoxatuli. am gadawyve-tilebis erT-erT arsebiT debulebas cota qvemoT Seve-xebiT.

k. roqsinis azriT, nebis Tavisuflebis filosofiu-ri koncefcia, romelic sxvagvarad moqmedebis SesaZ-leblobis postulats emyareba, SeiZleba gamodges im va-raudisaTvis, rom sxvagvarad SeuZlia moiqces adamianTa umravlesobas anu e. w. “ saSualo adamians,” magram am konkretulad moqmedi piris mimarT is empiriulad da-umtkicebadia iseve, rogorc empiriulad daumtkiceba-dia mkacri determinizmic. aqedan gamomdinare, avtori askvnis, rom bralis problema sisxlis samarTalSi nebis Tvisuflebis problemisagan damoukidebelia (12. gv. 868). magram, rogorc Cans, avtori grZnobs im uxerxulo-bas, rasac bralis problematikaSi nebis Tavisuflebis filosofiuri problemis uaryofa an ugulebelyofa iw-vevs da is iZulebeli xdeba, es filosfiuri problema bralis promlematikaSi amosaval principadac aRairos imis miuxedavad, rom igi, avtoris azriT, zustad daum-tkicebadia (12. gv. 870). cxadia, nebis Tavisuflebis fi-losofiuri problemis zusti mecnieruli Tu empiriu-li dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia, magram amis gamo filoso-fiidan bralis problemis gatana (anu bralis problema-tikaSi filosofiidan gaqceva) gaumarTlebelia. imisi moTxovna, rom nebis Tavisuflebis msgavsi filosofiu-ri problemebi kerZo mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli az-rovnebis wesis mixedviT gadawydes, Tavisi arsiT pozi-tivisturia da filosofiis uaryofas warmoadgens. amis gamoa, rom k. roqsini germaniis federaciuli respubli-

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kis uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1952 wlis 18 martis gadawyve-tilebaSi bralis problematikisaTvis erT, metad arse-biT, debulebas saTanado yuradRebas ar aqcevs, maSin, rodesac es debuleba, Cveni azriT, sagangebo yurdRebas moiTxovs. kerZod, am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, “ bral-Si gakicxvis Sinagani safuZveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamiani orintirebulia Tavisufal, pasuxismgeblur, zneobriv TviTgansazRrebaze da amitom mas SeuZlia ga-dawyvitos rogorc samarTlis sasargeblod, ise mis sa-winaaRmdegod. “aq Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs termini “pa-suxismgebluri, zneobrivi TviTganszRvris unari “ anu unari imisa, rom adamianma miiRos pasuxismgebluri ga-dawyetileba. cxadia, termini “pasuxismgebluri” pasu-xismgeblobis pozitiuri aspeqtis niSania. samwuxarod, sisxlissamarTlebrivi bralis Sesaxeb k. roqsinis mier mimoxilul TeoriebSi da am Teoriebis avtoriseul ko-mentarebSi pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis idea naxsene-bic araa. adamianis pirovneba ki pasuxismgeblobis saTa-nado grZnobisa da unaris gareSe SeuZlebelia. amdenad, Znelia daveTanxmoT k. roqsinis im daskvnas, rom bralis problema nebis Tavisuflebis filosofiuri problemi-sagan damoukideblad unda gadawydes, Tumca es daskvna, rogorc Cans, Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi gabato-nebulad unda CavTvaloT. laSa-giorgi kutalias azriT, k. roqsinis debuleba, rom bralis problema nebis Tavi-suflebis filosofiuri problemisagan damoukideblad unda gadawydes, Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi sul ufro batondeba, ese igi sul “ ufro da ufro ikveTeba tendencia, romlis Tanaxmad nebis Tavisflebis proble-ma (filosofiuri gagebiT) braleulobis Sesaxeb sakiT-xis gadawyvetisas ukve mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba“ (10. gv. 628).

amrigad, gamodis, rom nebis Tavisuflebis filoso-fiuri problema bralis problemis gadawyvetisas mxed-velobaSi ar unda iqnes miRebuli. cxadia, bralis prob-

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lematikis gatana nebis Tavisuflebis filosofiuri problemis gareT, ueWvelad Seicavs im safrTxes, rom bralis problema sazogadod filosofiuri kategorie-bisagan mowyvetili aRmoCndes. ukve iTqva, rom brali pa-suxismgeblobis kategoriisagan mowyvetiT ar arsebobs, radgan brali, rogorc subieqtis upasuxismeblobis si-nonimi, pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri as-peqtebis kavSiris formaa. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom “ brali” socialuri filosofiis erT-erT damoukidebel kategorias warmodgens.

raki aq termini “ kategoria “ vaxseneT, zedmeti ar iqneba, Tu mis warmoSobas mokled mainc SevexebiT. am mxriv friad sainteresoa prof. T. buaCiZis mtkiceba, rom es termini berZnuli warmoSobisaa da Tavdapirve-lad niSnavda dadanaSaulebas, mxilebas. magram misi fi-losofiuri analizis Sedegad “ kategoria “ gautolda arsebulSi raimes aRmoCenas, arsebulis Zireul daxasia-Tebas (2. gv. 3). raki “ kategoria “ arsebulSi raimes mxi-lebas anu aRmoCenas aRniSnavs, kategoriaSi moazrebuli sagani niSnavs am sagnis aRmoCenas. miT ufro, rom kate-goria Teoriuli azris erT-erTi logikuri formaa. ka-tegoriis unikaluri Tvisebis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli iyo jer kidev piTagorelebis kategoriebis cxrilSi, sadac am cxrilis yoveli elementi urTierTdapirispirebul mdgomareobas gamoxatavs. rogorc aRniSnulia, am kate-goriebis cxrilSi naTlad gamoikveTa azri imis Sesaxeb, rom calkeul kategoriebs kavSiri aqvT maT sapirispi-rosTan, sazRvars usazRvrosTan, kents — luwTan da a.S. am TvalsazrisSi kategoriaTa dialeqtikuri gaazrebis Canasaxi SeiZleba davinaxoT(2. gv. 16).

marTlac, Tu arsebobs “ sazRvari,” rogorc garkveu-li kategoria, maSin arsebobs misi sapirisipiro katgori-ac, kerZod, “usazRvro.” Tu “ `sazRvari“ azrovnebaSi qmnis“ usazRvros, “rogorc pirvelis sapirispiros, maSin logikuria daskvnac, rom “pasuxismgebloba, “ rogorc ka-

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tegoria, safuZvelia Tavisi iseTi sapiripirosaTvis, ro-goric aris“ upasuxismgebloba, “ xolo es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, negatiuri pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia. aq, rogorc Cans, igulisxmeba safuZvel-Sedegis kavSiri. am-jerad safuZvel-Sedegis kavSirs erTi aspeqtiT Sevexe-biT, roca sapirispiro kategoria aucileblobiT miiRe-ba. prof. s. wereTeli werda, rom am poziciidan safuZve-li aris aseTi misi sapirispirosaTvis, rogorc Sedegi-sasTvis. magaliTad, sasruli gadadis usasruloSi da pi-riqiT uaryofis saSualebiT~13. gv. 77).

amrigad, aSkaraa, rom pozitiuri “pasuxismgebloba“ aris safuZveli misi iseTi sapirispirosaTvis, rogoro-caa `upasuxismgebloba“, xolo es ukanaskneli aris sa-fuZveli negatiuri pasuxismgeblobisaTvis, radgan su-bieqti negatiuri wesiT pasuxs agebs Tavisi upasuxis-mgeblo qmedebisaTvis. maSasadame, “upasuxismgebloba“ aris pasuxismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri as-peqtebis kavSiris forma. radgan zogierTi kategoria kavSiris wesis formiTac arsebobs (magaliTad, Tavisuf-lebisa da aucileblobis kavSiri gaSualebulia poziti-uri pasuxismgeblobiT), igulisxmeba, rom `upasuxis-mgebloba“ damoukidebeli kategoriis aRmniSvnelia. mokled rom vTqvaT, igulisxmeba `bralis“ kategoria. Tu kategoria sazogadod arsebulis mxilebas, mis aRmo-Cenas niSnavs, maSin SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom bralis ka-tegoria ukve aRmoCenilia, Tumca es Cven jer kidev 2001 wels gamoqveynebul monografiul naSromSi davadastu-reT (9). samwuxarod, qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi es faqti SeumCneveli darCa imis miuxedavad, rom bralis problema sxva naSromebSic ganvixileT. magram amjerad bralis kategorias sasazRvro kategoriebis sistemaSi imitom SevexeT, rom bralis problemis gadaWras, ro-gorc ukve Cans, filosofiidan gaqcevis gziT cdiloben, maSin rodesac filosofiuri kategoriebis Semoqmedebi-Ti gamoyenebis gareSe bralis kategorialuri gaazreba

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SeuZlebelia. bralis kategoria ver moiazreba ara mar-to Tavisuflebisa da pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis ga-reSe, aramed pasuxismeblobis kategoriis sasazRvro ka-tegoriebis sistemaSi gaazrebis gareSec. rogorc mar-Tebulad aRniSnavda prof. T. buaCiZe, “ Semecneba, ro-melsac eswrafvis yoveli specialuri mecnereba, SeuZ-lebelia kategoriebis gamoyenebis gareSe. magram speci-aluri mecniereba Tavad ar ikvlevs mis mier gamoyenebu-li filosofiuri kategoriebis arsebas“ (2. gv. 6), radgan kategoriebis kvleva filosofiaSi gadadis. avtoris marTebuli daskvniT, “ specialuri mecnierebis bevri gamoCenili wamomadgenlis SromebSi vxvdebiT amgvar ga-dasvlebs filosofiis sferoSi da es arcaa SemTxveviTi. es erTxel kidev adasturebs imas, rom specialuri mec-niereba mis mier moxmarebuli kategoriebisa da Teoriu-li wanamZRvrebis dazusteba-gacnobierebisaTvis auci-leblobiT moiTxovs filosofias” (2. gv. 7).

amrigad, bralis kategoria, isve rogorc sxva msgav-si cneba Tu problema, filosofiidan gaqceviT ki ar mo-ipoveba, aramed, piriqiT, filosofiaSi CaRrmavebiT (Tundac nebis Tavisuflebis problematikaSi), xolo roca filosofiuri kategoria filosofiis sferoSi ga-nixileba, maSin saqme exeba azrovnebis Semobrunebas sa-kuTari Tavisaken, ese igi aq igulisxmeba Tvicnobirebis aqti (2. gv.7).

filosofiaSi ki jer kidev aristoteles katagoria-luri moZRvrebidanaa cnobili, rom arsebobs kategori-ebis sistema, maTi urTierTkavSiri, roca kategoriebi gulisxmoben erTmaneTs, erTi kategoria efuZneba meo-res (2. gv. 6), xolo es debuleba kategoriebis sistemaSi `pasuxismgeblobis“ kategoriis am mokle analizmac da-dastura. vimeorebT, pasuxismgebloba (misi pozitiuri aspeqtiT) aris Sinaarsi, romelic urTierTobas, ro-gorc misi gamovlenis formas, moiTxovs; urTierToba, Tavis mxriv, arkvevs pasuxismgeblobis subieqtis mimar-

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Tebas `instanciasTan~, ese igi imas, Tu vis winaSea subi-eqti pasuxismgebeli da ratom; amis garkveva, Tavis mxriv, arkvevs imasac, gadadis Tu ara norma, rogorc qcevis wesi, marTlwesrigSi; marTlwesrigis braleuli darRveva negatiur pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovs, negati-urma pasuxismgeblobam ki, subieqti kvlav pozitiuri pa-suzismgeblobisken unda Semoabrunos, e.i. Tavis Tavda-pirvel mowodebas daubrunos.

bolos, filosofiaSi adamianis pirovnebis erT-er-Ti umTavres niSnad, riTac igi cxovelisagan gansxvavde-ba, miCneulia pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da unari imisa, rom igi normatiulad dadgenili valdebulebas moeki-dos pasuxismgeblurad, ese igi am valdebulebis aRsru-lebis ganwyobiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom vinc pasu-xismgeblobis pozitiur aspeqts pirwmindad uaryofs an ugulebelyofs da mxolod negatiur pasuxismgeblobas aRiarebs, is adamianis pirovnebas cxovelTan aTanab-rebs. aq, rogorc ukve Cans, gemovnebis sakiTxi ki ar dgas, aramed adamianis pirovnebis im Tvisebisa, rom-lis gareSe adamianis pirovneba SeuZlebelia. samwuxa-rod, iuridiul literaturaSi pozitiuri pasuxismgeb-lobis idea xSirad xdeba negatiuri damokidebulebis obieqti. magaliTad, p. dageli da v. nomokonovi aRiare-ben pasuxismgeblobis dayofas pozitiur da negatiur aspeqtebad, magram isini fiqroben, rom sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi mowesrigebis sagani da meTodi pozitiur pa-suxismgeblobas gamoricxavs. amtkiceben, rom `sisxlis samarTali subieqtTa zogadsamarTlebriv statuss ar adgens. amitom moqalaqeTa zogadi valdebuleba, daic-van sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba, pasuxismgeblo-bas ar warmoadgens. pasuxismgebloba sisxlis samarTal-Si realurad arsebobs mxolod danaSaulis CadenasTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi ur-TierTobis CarCoebSi~ (4. gv. 71).

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rogorc Cans, irkveva, rom arsebobs pozitiuri pa-suxismgeblobis idea sazogadod, magram is Turme sis-xlis samarTalSi ar vlindeba. jer erTi, zogadi (am Sem-TxvevaSi pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis idea ) kerZoSi ga-movlenis gareSe ar arsebobs. meorec, Tu pasuxismgeb-lobis grZnoba, romelic pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobiT gamoixateba, adamianis pirovnebas axasiaTebs, vTqvaT, zneobis sferoSi, maSin ranairad SeiZleba sisxlis sa-marTalSi adamianis pirovneba pasuxismgeblobis am grZnobas iyos moklebuli? mesamec, rogorc Cans, dana-Saulis Cadenis gamo sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierTo-bis idea imdenad yalbia, rom igi adamianis pirovnebasac amaxinjebs. nuTu pirovneba danaSaulis Cadenamde sazo-gadod moklebulia pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas? ase rom iyos, maSin danaSaulis Cadenas misi Camdeni piri upasu-xismgeblobis aqtad arc aRiqvamda da maSin negatiuri pasuxismgelobac misTvis sruliad ucxo iqneboda.

amrigad, pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis filosofiu-ri ideisagan sisxlis samarTlis mowyveta imdenad ab-surdul daskvnebs iwvevs, rom, rogorc ityvian, komen-tari zedmetia. cxadia, inderetminizmi da mkacri, cal-saxa, determinizmi miuRebelia, magram amis gamo bralis problema filosofiis gareT verc daismis da verc ga-daiWreba. pirovneba Tavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tu pirovnebas arCevanis Tavisufleba ara aqvs, ese igi `Tu asarCevi araferia, maSin romelime erTi a q t i u -r o b s (xazgasma avtorisaa-g.n) da ukve aRar funqciobs pirovneba. arCevani Tavisufali aqtia, magram araa TviT-neboba. mas Segnebuloba, pasuxismgebloba, kategoriuli imperativebi da brZanebebi axlavs Tan”(3. gv. 64).

amrigad, adamianis pirovneba Tavisuflebisa da au-cileblobis gareSe SeuZlebelia, xolo aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis kavSiris formas pasuxismgebloba war-moadgens. aq, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba pasuxis-mgeblobis pozitiuri aspeqti, rogorc pirovnebis so-

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cialurobis ganuyofeli Tviseba. bunebrivia, Tu pirov-neba SeiZleba zogjer moiqces upasuxismgeblod, anu, braleulad, nacvlad pasuxismgebluri saqcielisa, da am upasuxismgeblobis xasiaTisa da xarisxis Sesabamisad (Cadenili qmedebisa da misi Sedegebis mixedviT) negatu-ri wesiT pasuxs agebs kidec amisaTvis.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `brali“ pasu-xismgeblobis pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebis kavSi-ris formaa, xolo, pasuxismgebloba, Tavis mxriv, socia-luri filosofiis kategoriaa, bunebrivia, rom bralic socialuri filosofiis kategoriebis sistemaSi iqnes gaazrebuli. maSasadame, bralis problema filosofii-dan gaqceviT ki ar gadawydeba, aramed, piriqiT, rogorc ukve iTqva, filosofiaSi CaRrmavebiT, roca naCvenebi iqneba bralis uzogadesi kategorialuri buneba da sa-zogadoebis ama Tu im normatiul sistemaSi am ukanakne-lis specifikis Sesabamisad misi gamovlenis specifikac. cxadia, bralis problema Semdgom analizss moiTxovs.

GURAM NACHKEBIA

THE CATEGORY OF A GUILTY IN THE ADJUSTMENT OF CATEGORIES SYSTEM

Abstract

In the article it is proved that eventual premeditation side as the negligent dependence of the subject before his infringing activities is unknown to the traditional fault theories. This is the evaluative “negligence” conception, which psychological analog does not exist. The same points the 342nd Article of Criminal Code of Georgia (service negligence), that is the sign of indifference.

It comes of it that eventual premeditation and negligence are both characterized as common sign (indifference). This will be justified that the “indifferent” we can change with the term “irresponsible”. This means that the subject revealed the irresponsible dependence before the requirement of the criminal or providence norms, as the result of which he committed a infringing activity

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provided by the criminal law. The premeditation before the state is the conscious negation of the positive responsibility, and the carelessness is recognized by his repudiation.

From the other side, the fault for the infringing activity - this is not an abstract accusal, as it is taken in the normative fault theory (the accusal has not the corresponding subject), but is the basis of the accusal (the subject is accused of his irresponsibility in the infringing activity). Though the problem needs to be examinated.

literatura:

1. g. banZelaZe, sindisis cneba marqsistul eTikaSi, Tbilisi, 1977 (nawili meore).

2. T. buaCiZe, kategoriis raoba, “TanafardobiTi kate-goriebi”, Tbilisi, 1963.

3. a. bregaZe, humanizmis procesis roli adamianis for-mirebaSi, “adamiani, individi, pirovneba”, 1987.

4. П. C. Дагель, В. А. Номоконов, Основные направления со-ветской уголовной политики, “Проблемы советской уго-ловной политики” , Владивосток, 1985.

5. a. guliga, kanti, Tbilisi, 1967. 6. z. kakabaZe, adamiani rogorc filosofiuri proble-

ma, Tbilisi, 1987. 7. A. Kaufmann, Das Schuldprinzip, Heidelberg, 1961. 8. g.naWyebia, nebisyofis Tavisuflebis problema six-

lis samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 1975 (sakandidato diser-tacia).

9. g.naWyebia, brali rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria, Tbilisi, 2001.

10. laSa-giorgi kutalia, brali sisxlis samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2000.

11. Н. С. Таганцев, Русское уголовное право, часть Общая, том 1, Тула, 2001.

12. K. Roxin, Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band 1, 4 Auflage, Mün-chen, 2006.

13. s. wereTeli, dialeqtiuri logika, Tbilisi, 1965. warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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murman gorgoSaZe

(baTumi)

murman gorgoSaZe — filosofiis doqto-ri, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori. muSa-obs samarTlis filosofiis sakiTxebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero gamok-vlevebi qarTulsa da ucxour periodul gamocemebSi, aris avtori wignebisa: `tra-

diciebis arsi, funqciebi, momavali~ (baTumi, 1990); `saxelmwi-fosa da samarTlis Teoria (sqemebi da ganmartebebi)~, baTumi, 2002; `saxelmwifos formebi~ (baTumi, 2006); TanaavtorobiT, `iuridiuli geografia (cnobari)~ (baTumi, 2008); `samarTlis filosofiis sakiTxebi~ (baTumi, 2009).

samarTali da politika:

urTierTmimarTebis Tanamedrove aspeqtebi

sakiTxis dasma. samarTali, rogorc adamianTa qce-

vis maregulirebeli, rTul urTierTmimarTebaSi imyo-fa sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sxva regulatoreb-Tan.

am mimarTebebidan aRsaniSnavia samarTlisa da po-litikis mimarTeba. tradiciulad samarTlis qveS dog-matur iurisprudencias gulisxmobdnen, anu kanonisa da samarTlis cnebebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda da miCneuli iyo, rom samarTali, igive kanoni, saxelmwifos da amde-nad politikis Semoqmedebaa, politikuri movlenaa, po-litikuri RonisZiebaa.

amgvarad gagebuli samarTali SeiZleba davaxasia-ToT rogorc Zalismieri instrumenti, romelic saxel-mwifo iZulebis Zalaze dayrdobiT cxovrebaSi atarebs garkveul normativebs; iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom sa-marTlebrivi materiis didi masa, romelic mavalebeli normebiT gamoixateba warmoadgens saxelmwifo xeli-

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suflebis nebis pirdapir gagrZelebas, rom samarTals sakuTari logika ar aqvs da igi mxolod saxelmwifos ne-biT fuZndeba (8, gv. 195-196).

rogorc Cans, es mTlad ase ar unda iyos; samarTlis ganviTarebasTan erTad cxadi xdeba, rom samarTals aqvs raRac Tavisi, TviTmyofadi, iseTi ram, rac miekuTvneba mxolod samarTals, rogorc unikalursa da gansakuT-rebul movlenas. amas isic mowmobs, rom samarTlebrivi cnobiereba ar amoiwureba mxolod kanonismieri urTi-erTobebiT, misi Sinaarsi gacilebiT farToa. Cveni miza-nia vaCvenoT samarTlisa da politikis mimarTeba am TvalsazrisiT.

samarTlisa da kanonis gansxvaveba. samarTlisa da politikis mimarTebis ganxilvamde saWiroa erTmaneTi-sagan ganvasxvaoT samarTali da kanoni. erTni Tvlian, rom samarTali da kanoni igiveobrivia, radgan samarTa-li cocxlobs kanoniT da ,,kanons ar aqvs samarTlisagan gansxvavebuli Tavisi sakuTari arsi” (1, gv. 148), amitom, kanonis gareSe, kanonis miRma samarTali ar arsebobs. ka-nons qmnis saxelmwifo, maSasadame, kanoni (igive saxel-mwifo) warmoadgens samarTlis erTaderT wyaros. gamo-dis, rom rasac saxelmwifo ambobs Tavisi kanonebis sa-SualebiT, isaa samarTali.

meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, SeuZlebelia samar-Tali emTxveodes kanons, vinaidan samarTali Tavis Tav-Si moicavs bunebiT samarTalsac, anu adamianis iseT so-cialur-samarTlebriv uflebebsac, romlebic araa fiq-sirebuli kanonebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, samarTali, ro-gorc sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulatori, da-moukidebelia saxelmwifosagan, ufro metic, win us-wrebs kanons da, rogorc zeistoriuli movlena, arse-bobs bunebiTi samarTlis saxiT. saxelmwifo am gagebiT warmodgenilia, rogorc instituti, romelic ki ar ad-gens samarTals, aramed aformebs, gamohyavs igi sakanon-mdeblo saqmianobiT samarTlebrivi sinamdvilidan. ma-

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Sasadame, saxelmwifo warmoadgens kanonebis da ara sa-marTlis Semoqmedsa da wyaros.

rogorc vxedavT, meore Sexeduleba samarTals ga-nixilavs, rogorc garkveul principebsa da Rirebule-bebs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Tavisuf-lebis formasa da zomas. aqedan gamomdinare samarTali ar SeiZleba iyos usamarTlo, xolo ,,kanoni sxvadasxva socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gavlenis, sulac, elementaruli Secdomis gamo, SesaZloa, cdomilebaSi aRmoCndes samarTalTan — iyos usamarTlo” (3, gv. 300).

zemoTqmulis mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan unda gan-vasxvaoT, kanonisa da politikis, erTi mxriv, xolo, meo-re mxriv, samarTlisa da politikis mimarTeba.

amdenad Cven orgvari mimarTeba unda ganvixiloT: pirveli – kanonsa da politikas Soris da meore – samar-Talsa da politikas Soris.

kanoni da politika. dasavleTis politikuri mec-niereba imTaviTve daupirispirda Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac kanoni aris politikuri RonisZieba da, maSa-sadame, kanoni aris politika. amis sapirispirod dasav-leTSi wamoyenebuli iqna Tezisi samarTlis `politiku-ri stelirulobis Sesaxeb~. am Teziss didi xnis ganmav-lobaSi bevri momxre hyavda. cxadia, amgvari Sexeduleba ukiduresobaa, es daadastura kidec samecniero azris ganviTarebam, kerZod aSkarad gamoikveTa iurispruden-ciis politizaciis tendencia. magaliTad, saxelmwifo samarTlis germanuli mecniereba ar uaryofs Tavis kav-Sirs politikasTan. maTi azriT, konstituciasa da po-litikas Soris arsebobs urTierTganpirobebulobis bu-nebrivi kavSiri (5, gv. 41).

rasakvirvelia, kanoni asrulebs politikur fun-qcias, garda imisa, rom politikurad absoluturad ne-itraluri kanoni ar SeiZleba arsebobdes Tundac imi-tom, rom kanons saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi

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organo Rebulobs da misi miReba-armiRebis sakiTxi ukve garkveuli politikaa, kanoni sxva mxrivac asrulebs po-litikur funqcias, kerZod:

xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis urTierTobebi, romlebic Seadgens politikis Sinaarss dadgenili kano-niT;

kanoni awesrigebs urTierTobebs politikuri sis-temis subieqtebs Soris;

kanoniT iuridiuladaa gaformebuli politikuri wes-wyobileba;

kanoniT iuridiuladaa gaformebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa Seqmnis wesi, struqtura, kom-petencia;

kanoniT iuridiuladaa gaformebuli moqalaqeTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi da sxva.

politika ar daiyvaneba kanonze da verc Semoifar-gleba misiT. politika ufro farToa, vidre kanoni. po-litikasa da kanons Soris SeiZleba davamyaroT iseTive urTierToba, rogoric arsebobs mizansa da saSualebas Soris, sadac mizani aris politika, kanoni ki saSualeba.

kanonisa da politikis specifikidan gamomdinare, kanonsa da politikas Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sruli harmonia. saqme is gaxlavT, rom politikis arsi ar vlindeba mxolod pozitiur kanonmdeblobaSi. poli-tikas ganviTarebis sakuTari specifika aqvs. kerZod, po-litikaSi gvxvdeba rogorc formalur-iuridiuli, ase-ve faqtobrivi urTierTobebi. faqtobriv urTierTo-bebs, politikur normebs, politikur tradiciebs, ka-nonmdebeli ver iTvaliswinebs da arcaa valdebuli ga-iTvaliswinos, politika normatiuli gadaformebis ga-reSec flobs realur Zalas, amdenad politika proce-sia, romelsac aqvs ganviTarebis sakuTari logika, ris gamoc kanons ar SeuZlia mkacrad formalizebul CarCo-ebSi moaqcios politika. amitom kanonSi erTmaneTs upi-

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rispirdeba da amave dros erTmaneTs erwymis samarTli-sa da realuri politikuri Zalauflebis momenti.

aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT realuria, rom poli-tikuri xelmZRvanelobis strategiisa da taqtikis Sec-vla ganxorcieldes kanonisagan damoukideblad, magram ara samarTlisagan damoukideblad.

ganviTarebuli demokratiiis mqone Tanamedrove sa-xelmwifoebSi asea xolme, jer yalibdeba sazogadoebri-vi cxovrebis gardaqmnis poltikuri koncefcia samar-Tlis farglebSi, xolo Semdeg misi ganxorcielebis sa-kanonmdeblo baza.

ramdenad intensiuri iqneba politikur doqtrina-Ta samarTlis saSualebiT kanonis enaze gadayvana, miT ufro warmatebuli aRmoCndeba reforma.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom • zogierT samarTlebriv sistemaSi, gansakuTre-

biT iq, sadac kontinentur samarTalze dafuZne-buli midgoma gamoiyeneba, kanonebi politikuri ganacxadis rols asrulebs, xolo detalebi ad-ministraciuli organoebis mier momzadebul da aRsrulebul normebSi aisaxeba (6, gv. 42);

• kanonis movaleobaa politika gardaqmnas samar-Tlebriv teqstad;

• kanonmdebeli politikis amocanebisa da samar-Tlebrivi ganzraxvis mkafio ganacxadiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes.

Tu gadavxedavT Tanamedrove demokratiul saxel-mwifoebSi mimdinare procesebs, davinaxavT, rom kanoni demokratizaciis procesis ganviTarebasTan erTad iZens damoukideblobas mis iseT mewyvilesTan mimarTe-baSi, rogoricaa saxelmwifo da politika da igi samar-Tlis mxares ixreba. am qveynebSi kanoni samarTlianobis ganxorcielebis saSualeba da misiT ganpirobebuli mov-lena xdeba. kanonis savaldebulo Zala, ganviTarebul demokratiebSi, morals, xalxis nebas, mis interesebs

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efuZneba. Tanamedrove iuridiuli pozitivizmic ki ar uaryofs samarTlis sistemaSi moraluri kriteriumebi-sa da Sefasebebis arsebobas (11, gv. 105). aqedan gamomdi-nare, xelisuflebis moqmedebis anu misi politikis gan-msazRvrelia ara xelisufebis neba, ara viwro partiuli interesebi, aramed valdebuleba, romelic momdinare-obs ,,samarTlis mixedviT~ cxovrebidan anu socialurad da sulierad gamarTlebuli qcevis moTxovnidan. speci-alistTa erTi nawili sakanonmdeblo organoSi aucile-beli wesiT kanonproeqtis eTikur eqspertizazec lapa-rakobs (10, gv. 90)

sailustraciod movitanoT komunikaciuri da gama-aqtiurebeli saxelmwifos koncefcia (komunikaciuri da gamaaqtiurebeli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixi-leT: levan izoria, Tanamderove saxelmwifo, Tanamed-rove administracia, Tb., 2009). am koncefciaTa mixed-viT, Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa da misi administraciis umTavresi miznis miRweva — sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTildReobis — uzrunvelyofa Tavad sazogado-ebasTan mWidro TanamSromlobiTaa ukeT SesaZlebeli, amitom Tanamedrove saxelmwifom aqcenti sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevrisa da misi organizaciuli erTeulebis gaaqtiurebaze, maTi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaze ga-daitana. komunikaciuri saxelmwifos mTavari kredo swored sajaro administraciis mxridan sazogadoebrivi faqtorebis gaaqtiureba gaxlavT. rasakvirvelia, am Ta-namSromlobisas saxelmwifos politikaa ZiriTadi da ganmsazRvreli, magram icvleba saxelmwifos politikis Camoyalibebisa da ganxorcielebis formebi. “komunika-ciuri saxelmwifo erTgvari gasazogadoebuli saxel-mwifos funqcias asrulebs” (2, gv. 117). rac, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovani faqtoria Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi ka-nonisa da politikis mimarTebis dasadgenad. kerZod, po-litika yalibdeba ra samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze day-

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rdnobiT da misi meSveobiT, kanoni ar SeiZleba iyos xe-lisuflebis da misi politikis ,,SiSveli~ neba.

samarTali da politika. samarTali ar asrulebs politikur funqcias. samarTals, rogorc garkveul principebsa da Rirebulebebs da politikas Soris mi-marTeba gulisxmobs erTgvar sinTezs politikasa da sa-marTals Soris, romelic kanonSi unda ganxorcieledes. samarTali da politika struqturulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. politikuri urTierToba yovelTvis dinamikuria, iracionaluria, igi cdilobs mudmivad cvalebadi cxovrebiseuli urTierTobebis mowesrige-bas, samarTali ki piriqiT, statikur-racionaluria da cdilobs SeboWos cocxali, dinamikuri Zalebi (7. gv. 103-104).

ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT samarTlisa da po-litikis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi:

• politikas samarTlisagan damoukideblad arse-boba ar SeuZlia, samarTals ki, rogorc princi-pebsa da Rirebulebebs, ar sWirdeba gansakuTre-buli dacva;

• politikur normebs aklia sistemuroba. poli-tika ufro mobiluria, vidre samarTali, ufro moqnilia ama Tu im problemasTan mimarTebaSi;

• samarTali gvevlineba sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebisa da individebis interesTa kompromi-sis miRwevis saSualebad, politika ki am intere-sebs upirispirebs erTmaneTs;

• politikas, uxdeba ra moqmedeba amwuTieri inte-resebidan gamomdinare, ,,aris yofiereba riskis sferoSi, aris moRvaweoba kanonierebisa da uka-nonobis, sikeTisa da borotebis meryev wonaswo-robaSi~ (4, gv. 446). politika SeiZleba daupiris-pirdes kanons, magram ara samarTals. politikis mizania samarTlis, rogorc garkveuli princi-

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pebisa da Rirebulebebis gamoyeneba politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas;

• marTalia, politikur normebs SeuZliaT moaxdi-nos pirdapiri socialuri regulireba da amiT daupirispirdes da gaauqmos kanoni, magram isini ver auqmeben samarTals, rogorc principebs da Rirebulebebs. piriqiT, cdiloben samarTlebri-vi xasiaTi SesZinon sakuTar gadawyvetilebebs da amiT uzrunvelyon misi Sesruleba. TavisTa-vad aRebul politikur normebs maiZulebeli Tviseba ar aqvT (12, gv. 312), an Tu aqvT dabali, xarisxiT;

• Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi politikas ar SeuZlia sakiTxis gadaWra samarTlis gareSe. politika sakiTxis gadawyvetis safuZvlebs qmnis, sakiTxis gadawyveta ki kanonis prerogati-vaa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, samarTalTanaa nazia-rebi;

• politikuri normebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo organoTa saqmianobis Semdeg (am saqmianobis ZiriTadi arsi isaa, rom politikuri gadawyvetilebani aziaros samarTals da Seqmnas samarTalTan naziarebi politika anu kanoni) iZens samarTlebriv xasiaTs, ris Sedegadac ,,fa-kultaturi mdgomareobidan~ gadadis zogadsa-valdebuloSi. es momenti gaxlavT imis mtkice-bis safuZveli, rom samarTlis wyaroa saxelmwi-fo xelisufleba da samarTali politikuri mov-lena da kategoriaao;

• sakanonmdeblo procesi saxelmwifo politikis kanonebSi gardasaxvis gansakuTrebuli proce-duraa. am gziT saxelmwifo iyenebs samarTlis SesaZleblobebs Tavisi politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad (9, gv. 161);

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• samarTali samarTlianobas emsaxureba, politi-ka sasargeblos. sakanonmdeblo saqmianobam unda Seasrulos samarTlianisa da sasargeblos SeTa-nawyoba pozitiur samarTalSi anu kanonmdeblo-baSi;

• roca politika iWreba samarTalSi, samarTlis arsebiT niSans samarTlianobas, enacvleba po-litikis arsebiTi niSani – sargeblianoba, Sesaba-misad es Tanafardoba kanonSic aisaxeba, ris ga-moc kanoni SeiZleba iyos nakleb samarTliani, magram sasargeblo, aseTi ram sakuTriv samar-TalSi SeuZlebelia moxdes;

• samarTliT SezRuduli politika qmnis samar-Tlebrivi kanonis sistemas da, piriqiT, samar-TliT SeuzRudavi, ideologizirebuli politi-ka arasamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis safuZve-lia.

rogorc vxedavT, samarTals politikasTan mimar-TebaSi TviTmyofadoba gaaCnia. igi politikasa da xeli-suflebaze maRla mdgomi fenomenia da axorcielebs Ta-vis sakuTar uSualo samarTlebriv potencials, Tavis namdvil, realur daniSnulebas da ara xelisuflebis ne-bas.

daskvnebi. maSasadame, Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli demokratiebis analizi kanonisa da politikis mimarTe-bis Sesaxeb saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom kanoni TandaTanobiT met damoukideblobas iZens politikas-Tan mimarTebaSi; ufro zustad: politika damokidebuli xdeba samarTalze da Sesabamisad kanonSi ufro metia sa-marTlianobis elementebi, vidre politikis; es ki iwvevs erTgvar paradoqsul situacias, kerZod, erTis mxriv, kanoni inarCunebs mWidro kavSirs saxelmwifosTan, misi Semoqmedebaa da, meores mxriv, da imavdroulad xdeba zogadad politikisgan da xelisuflebisagan misi dife-renciacia da gaucxoeba.

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samarTlisa da politikis urTierTmimarTebis Ta-namedrove aspeqtebi ki SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:

• politikisTan mimarTebaSi, kanonisagan gansxva-vebiT, sruli avtonomiiT xasiaTdeba samarTali (5, gv. 42). igi imdenadaa politikisagan avtonomi-uri, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideac ki ar warmoadgens politikur princips;

• Tanamedrove ganviTarebul demokratiul sa-xelmwifoebSi, kanoni da politika Tanabar mi-marTebaSi aris samarTalTan. samarTali orive maTganisaTvis erTnairad warmoadgens Sefasebis kriteriums;

• Tanamedrove ganviTarebul demokratiul sa-xelmwifoebSi, samarTlis zogadi principebi warmoadgens rogorc politikis, aseve kanon-mdeblobis RirebulebiT safuZvels;

• Tanamedrove, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi poli-tikaze kanonis zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi daniSnu-lebaa ara misi sruli iuridizacia-formaliza-cia, aramed politikis sferoSi samarTlebrivi xasiaTis moTxovnaTa danergva.

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MURMAN GORGOSHADZE

LAW AND POLITICS: MODERN ASPECTS OF INTERCONNECTION

While analyzing the concepts of law, act and developed

democracy, the author makes difference between the interconnection of law and politics and the interconnection of law and act. In his opinion in such a case law is independent in respect of politics, whereas act gradually becomes more autonomous in relation to politics.

literatura

1. Tamar alfaiZe, Sesavali samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tb.,

2009 2. levan izoria, Tanamderove saxelmwifo, Tanamedrove

administracia, Tb., 2009 3. givi lobJaniZe, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi

Teoria, Tb., 2010 4. valerian ramiSvili, filosofia, Tb., 2009 5. rogor iqmneba kanoni, Tb., 2000 6. Svidi principi saqarTveloSi kanonSemoqmedebiTi

procesis gasaumjobeseblad, momzadebulia mark si-galis, eskvairis mier, Tb., 2005

7. giorgi xubua, samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004 8. С. С. Алексеев, Восхождение к праву. Поиски и решения, М.,

2001 9. Г.И. Иконникова, В.П. Ляшенко, Философия права, М., 2007 10. Ю.Г. Марков, Этика и права: проблема единства //

Государство и право, 2011, № 4 11. А. В. Пишулин, Современый юридический позитивизм в

англосаксонской правовой семье // Вестник Mосковского университета, серия право, 2010, №4

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12. Ю. В. Сорокина, Введение в философию права, М., 2008 warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam

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filosofiuri anTropologia

PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

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irakli gogiCaZe

(Tbilisi)

irakli gogiCaZe — filosofiis magistri; muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis problemeb-ze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs am dargSi samecniero statiebi.

neba da adamianis yofierebis mTlianoba

1.

winamdebare statiaSi Cveni interesis sagans warmo-adgens nebis fenomeni — kerZod, misi gamovlena adamia-nuri yofierebis fenobriv struqturebsa da misi pi-rovnuli mTlianobis formebSi. winamorbed statiebSi (ix., `filosofiuri Ziebani~N-13,N-14,N-15), romelTa Te-matikas axlac vagrZelebT, adamianuri yofierebis sami fenobrivi struqtura gamovyaviT: 1) empiriuli subi-eqt-obieqti; 2)racionaluri subieqt-obieqti da 3) mo-fiqrali “me”. Semdgom ki Cven ganvixileT pirovnebis fe-nomeni, rogorc aRniSnul struqturul diferenciaze maRla mdgomi, rogorc adamianuri yofierebis gamTlia-nebuli erTianoba. Sesabamisad, nebis fenomenic ganixi-leba am sam struqturasTan da pirovnebasTan damokide-bulebaSi.

2.

nebis fenomenis Sesaxeb diskusia warmoudgenelia artur Sopenhaueris gareSe, Tumca, filosofiis isto-riaSi am Temaze manamdec sakmaod didi masala iyo dag-rovili. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca nebis feno-

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mens Sua saukuneebSi warmoebuli filosofiur-Teolo-giuri debatebisas.

avrelius avgustine — ukve netari avgustine sa-gangebod ganixilavda am sakiTxs, romlis poziciac ar-sebiTad upirispirdeboda sokrates Tvalsazriss. Tu sokrate upiratesobas aniWebda codnas, raTa adamians sikeTesa da borotebas Soris arCevani gaekeTebina sike-Tis sasargeblod, avgustine upiratesobas aniWebs rwme-nas. adamianma SeiZleba ar icodes naTlad sikeTisa da borotebis cnebaTa Rrma Sinaarsi, magram Tu igi gul-wrfelad iwamebs qristes moZRvrebas da erTgulad mih-yveba mis mier dasaxul gzas, igi yovelTvis sikeTis mTesveli iqneba da, RvTis SewevniT, Tavs aaridebs bo-rotebas. filosofiis istoriis iseTi mkvlevarebi ro-gorebicaa mag., f. koplstoni(2gv.81-87), n.gilie da g.skirbeki(3.gv.201-202) aRniSnaven, rom nebis Tavisufle-bis fenomens avgustine Tavisi filosofiuri moRvaweo-bis gzaze ornairi gagebiT ganixilavda. amaTgan pirvels individualisturi elferi dahkravda, romlis Tanaxma-dac yoveli adamiani Tavadaa Tavisi codvilobis mizezi, yvela Tavad irCevs, am SemTxvevaSi, borotebis gzas. meo-re gageba arCevanis Tavisuflebas miawers mxolod adams, romelmac Tavad airCia codvis gza da amis Semdeg yvela adamiani imTaviTve codvilia. marTalia, adamis modgmasac Seswevs nebis Tavisuflebis unari, magram mi-si yoveli mcdeloba, sikeTis qmniT Tandayolili cod-vis gamosyidvisa, ganwirulia, Tu ufali RmerTi ar mo-uvlens mas wyalobas. aseTi ram ki mxolod rCeuli umci-resobis xvedria. amdenad adamianis codvili sulis xsna aris, upirveles yovlisa, RvTis wyalobis damsaxureba, rac goniT miuwvdomeli saswaulia. ra Tqma unda, Tavad avgustine araa rigiTi qristiani morwmune, igi brma rwmeniT rodi misdevs am aRmsareblobas. misi filoso-

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fiuri ganaTlebis maRali done mas aZlevs saSualebas naTlad gaanalizos qristianuli gzis mTeli is WeSmari-teba, romelsac rigiTi qristiani brma da gulwrfeli rwmeniT mihyveba.

naSromSi “nebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb” (1) avgusti-ne Zalian Sori, SemovliTi, magram Tanamimdevruli msjelobis gziT cdilobs nebis fenomenis naTelyofas. msjelobaTa am jaWvis demonstrireba scdeba winamdeba-re statiis interesebs, es, albaT, specialuri monogra-fiuli naSromis kompetenciaa. ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom avgustine nebis sakiTxze msjelobas aZlevs Semdeg mimarTulebas — 1) unda gairkves, rom neba aris erT-er-Ti sikeTe (Tu saTnoeba) sxva sikeTeTa Soris: 2) rom ne-ba, iseve rogorc yvela sxva sikeTe, saTaves iRebs ufali RmerTisgan. magram yvelafer amas win unda uZRodes da-sabuTeba imisa, rom RmerTi arsebobs, rac TavisTavad rwmenis sagania da ara codnis. Slis ra Tavisi logikuri msjelobis jaWvs am mimarTulebiT, avgustine gamoyofs sikeTis (saTnoebis) sam — umaRles (mag., WeSmariteba, sibrZne, keTilgoniereba), saSualo (mag., neba) da udab-les (mag., adamianis sxeulebrivi sijansaRe da unakloba, finansuri gamarTuloba, xvavi da barqa) formas. amaTgan pirveli iseTi rigis saTnoebaa, rom, Tu mas adamiani ezi-ara, maSin maTi miyola ualternativod waiyvans mas sike-Tis gziT. SeuZlebelia, mag., rom Tu adamiani brZenia, mi-si cxovrebis gza iyos ugunurebiT aRsavse, anu sibrZne gamoricxavs ugunurebas. rac Seexeba saSualo da daba-li rangis sikeTeebs, isini iseTi rigis saTnoebania, rom adamians Tanabrad alternatiuli moqmedebis saSuale-bas aZlevs. mag., RvTisgan boZebuli saTnoebaa adamianis iseTi sxeulebrivi nawili, rogoricaa xeli, romliTac adamians uamravi Rirebuli, keTili da mniSvnelovani saqmis gakeTeba SeuZlia, Tumca, igi aseve SeiZleba gax-

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des uamravi borotebisa da uzneobis ganxorcielebis wyaroc. igive iTqmis simdidrezec, romelic Tanabrad SeiZleba moxmardes rogorc sasikeTo, ise borot saq-mes. asevea nebac, man SeiZleba airCios rogorc borote-ba ise sikeTe, anu neba, rogorc saTnoeba, ar Seicavs mxolod sikeTes an borotebas. magram neba, rogorc sa-Sualo rangis saTnoeba, imiT gamoirCeva, rom SeiZleba miimarTos rogorc maRali rangis saTnoebaTaken, ise dabali rangis saTnoebaTaken. Tu adamianis Tavisufali neba miwyiv maRali rangis saTnoebaTakenaa mimarTuli, igi yvelgan sikeTis kvals tovebs, Tu dabali rangis saTnoebani aRmoCnda adamianis nebis mudmivi adresati, SeiZleba bevri kargi saqmec gaakeTos, magram borote-bisganac araa dazRveuli. metic, realurad kacobrio-bis istoria borotebis kvaliT ufroa daRdasmuli, vidre sikeTis.

bernard klervoeli –- Sua saukuneobrivi sulis-kveTeba nebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kidev ufro radi-kaluradaa gamoxatuli e.w. “maRali sqolastikis” peri-odis Teologis bernard klervoelis TxzulebaSi “ne-bis Tavisuflebisa da RvTis wyalobis Sesaxeb”(4). Tu ga-viTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom bernard klervoeli pier abelaris dauZinebeli mteri iyo (5 .gv.271), xolo abelari ki xelmZRvanelobda deviziT — “Sevimecneb, ra-Ta viwamo”, maSin igi, am azriT, avgustineseuli xazis gamgrZeleblad warmogvidgeba, romelic codnas daqvem-debarebul statuss aniWebda rwmenasTan da nebasTan mi-marTebaSi. bernard klervoeli Txzulebis dasawyisSive mokamaTis SekiTxvaze — risTvisaa Tavisufali neba?— pirdapir acxadebs, rom igi gveboZa Cveni sulis gadar-CenisTvis, rom Tu gamovricxavT mas, xelidan gamogvec-leba is, risi saSualebiTac unda vcxondeT, xolo Tu ga-movricxavT RvTis wyalobas, maSin xelidan gamogvecle-

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ba is, rasac Cveni cxonebis mizezi hqvia, rom sulis cxo-neba SeuZlebelia rogorc Tavisufali nebis (saSuale-bis), ise RvTis wyalobis (mizezis) gareSe. misi azriT, ramdenadac sulis cxoneba gveZleva rogorc Cveni Tavi-sufali nebis saSualebiT miRweuli RvTis wyaloba, am-denad, igi warmoudgenelia, rogorc cxonebis mimRebis Tanxmobis, ise RvTis wyalobis gareSe. swored, aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisufali neba Ta-namSromlobs da amiT xels uwyobs RvTis wyalobis srul (sulis cxonebis) ganxorcielebas manam, sanam arsebobs zemoxsenebuli Tanxmoba. gamomdinare aqedan, daaskvnis igi, cxovelis suls araa aqvs xsna (cxoneba), vinaidan, mas ar gaaCnia unari am “Tavisufali Tanxmobisa”, ris sa-fuZvelzec mxsnelma unda ixsnas igi missive nebayoflo-bis pirobiT.

bunebrivi ltolva adamiansa da cxovels saerTo aqvs, magram Tavisufali Tanxmoba ganasxvavebs maT. Ta-visufali Tanxmoba esaa sulis Tviseba – iyos Tavisufa-li. iq, sadac ar aris neba, ar aris arc Tanxmoba, vinai-dan, Tanxmoba SeuZlebelia ar iyos nebayoflobiTi. ma-Sasadame, sadac Tanxmobaa, iqvea nebac da sadac nebaa, iq-vea Tavisuflebac. swored ase mesmiso, dasZens bernard klervoeli, is, rasac nebis Tavisuflebas uwodeben. amis Semdeg, frangi Teologi gvixasiaTebs nebisa da azrov-nebis urTierTmimarTebas da ambobs, rom, marTalia, ne-bas, ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda moqmedebdes igi, Tavis Tanamgzavrad yovelTvis hyavs azrovneba (am sityvis logikuri gagebiT), magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom neba azrovnebis gareSe uZluria, rom igi yovelTvis azrov-nebis karnaxiT xelmZRvanelobs. es niSnavs mxolod imas, rom nebam SeiZleba yuri ugdos azrovnebiseul gansjas, magram xSirad abijebs mas da moqmedebs am gansjis sawi-naaRmdegodac ki. aq saqme ar exeba nebisa da azrovnebis

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RirebulebiT Sefasebas, ubralod aseTia nebis cnebiTi Sinaarsi. Tu vinme ityvis, rom nebas azrovnebis akrZal-viT ar ZaluZs raimes moqmedeba, maSin aq saxeze gvaqvs ara neba, aramed raRac sxva. iq, sadac aucileblobaa (am SemTxvevaSi msjelobis logikuri aucilebloba), ar ar-sebobs neba. Tu raime keTdeba marTebulad an umarTebu-lod, Tanaxmad aucileblobisa da ara nebis karnaxisa, maSin moazrovne arseba ver CaiTvleba verc codvilad da verc ucodvelad, rameTu saqmis viTarebidan gamo-ricxulia is, rac adamians xdis codvilad an ucodve-lad. Tavisuflebis aspeqti mianiSnebs nebis specifiku-robaze. sicocxle, grZnoba, mexsiereba, ltolva Tu az-rovneba mxolod im xarisxiT aris gansazRvruli auci-leblobisgan, ramdenadac ar aris warmarTuli nebis xelmZRvanelobiT. nebas ki ar axasiaTebs Tavisuflebis SezRuduloba, vinaidan igi SeuZlebelia eqvemdebarebo-des raime sxvas, garda Tavis Tavisa.

is, rom Cven raRac gvsurs, momdinareobs nebis una-ridan. aq jer saqme ar exeba keTil an borot survils, aramed survils zogadad. sxva saqmea, gvsurdes sasike-To ram, es Cveni upiratesobaa. aseve sxva saqmea, gvsur-des saboroto ram , es Cveni naklia. es bolo ori momen-ti aris meoradi da warmoebuli maSin, roca zogadad ra-imes survili aris pirveladi da bazisuri. Cven gvsurs raRac, magram Cven ar ZalgviZs imis garkveva, Tu ra gvsurs marTebulad da ra ara. es ukanaskneli damokide-bulia RvTis wyalobaze. Tu aRmoCnda, rom Cveni survi-li keTilismyofelia, maSin, RvTis wyalobiT, Cveni suli daadgeba cxonebis gzas, Tu ara da, maSin RvTis wyaloba ar gveRirseba. amdenad, neba Cven gvaqcevs msurvelad, xolo RvTis wyaloba — keTilis msurvelad, vinaidan, bernard klervoelis azriT, RvTis wyaloba sxva ara

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aris ra, Tu ara Cveni ltolvebis mowesrigeba sasike-To xaziT. marTalia, Cven vambobT, rom nebis Tavisuf-leba axasiaTebT moazrovne arsebebs, raSic vgulis-xmobT saqmis viTarebis gaazrebis, awon-dawonis, Wkvia-nuri da dinji qmedebis unars, magram aman SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos, ambobs frangi Teologi; gasaTvalis-winebelia isic, rom yvela adamiani araa moazrovne am ga-gebiT, magram Sleg, TavaSvebul da impulsur adamianeb-sac axasiaTebT nebis Tavisufleba, ris gamoc maTi xeli-dan Segnebulad gakeTebuli sasikeTo saqme arasodes ga-modis. es niSnavs, rom maTi suli eSmakeulTanaa wilnaya-ri, rac gzas uRobavs RvTis wyalobas, maTi sulis cxo-nebas. gamomdinare aqedan, daaskvnis bernard klervoe-li, Tavisufali neba zogadad, Cven gvxdis Cveni Tavis baton-patronad, Tavis-uflad, impulsuri da Slegi ne-ba, gvxdis eSmakis kerZad, Wkvianuri da keTili neba ki — uflis kuTvnilebad. am bolo orive SemTxvevaSi Cven ma-inc vrCebiT Tavisufal arsebad da ase mivemarTebiT eS-maks an ufals. amitomac mogveTxoveba pasuxi Cveni cod-vebisamebr. arCevani yovelTvis mainc Cvenzea — gza uf-lisaken Tu gza eSmakisken, vinaidan “aravis SeuZlia em-saxuros or batons”(maTe, 6, 24).ase ajamebs frangi Teo-logi Tavisi Txzulebis Sinaarss.

artur Sopenhaueri – nebis fenomenis ganxilva uzogades filosofiur, metafizikur aspeqtSi dakavSi-rebulia artur Sopenhaueris saxelTan. ramdenadac es asea, amdenad misi poziciis gadmocemac moiTxovs am zo-gadfilosofiuri konturebis moxazvas masSi nebis fe-nomenis raobis warmoCenisTvis.

Sopenhaueri eTanxmeba kants, rom is, rac Cven viciT samyaros Sesaxeb, aris Cvenive warmodgena masze, rom, sivrce, dro da kauzaloba aris Cveni, rogorc Semmecne-beli subieqtis “Wvretis aprioruli formebi”. maSasa-

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dame, samyaro me vici ara mis TavisTavadobaSi (rogorc “nivTi TavisTavad”), aramed, imgvarad, rogorc is for-mirdeba am aprioruli formebis mier. magram kantisgan gansxvavebiT, Sopenhauers filosofiuri Semecnebis “Rirsad” swored samyaros TavisTavadoba, misi metafi-zikuri arseba miaCnia.

is, rom samyaro adamians iseTi hgonia, rogorc mas gamocdileba uCvenebs, SopenhauerisTvis aris arafilo-sofiuri, “gulubryvilo realizmis” pozicia. filo-sofosisTvis, cxadia (gansakuTrebiT dekartisa da ber-klis Semdeg), rom samyaro aris Cemi warmodgena. obieqti aris is, rac Cemi cnobierebis winaSe dgas aprioruli formebis yalibebSi Camosxmulis saxiT. amitom Sopenha-uerisTvis obieqti ar arsebobs subieqtis gareSe da piriqiT. Semmecnebeli subieqti, rogorc mecnieri, sru-ladaa Semofargluli amgvarad gagebuli obieqtebis sazRvrebiT, Tavisi cnobierebis SinaarsebiT. es are ki srulad eqvemdebareba sakmao safuZvlis kanons, ro-melsac oTxgvari hipostazi, oTxgvari fesvi aqvs. sak-mao safuZvlis kanoni aris subieqtis mier obieqtan da-kavSirebis, gaazrebis aprioruli wesi. subieqti obieq-tebs am kanonis, drois, sivrcisa da kauzalobis aprio-ruli formebis Sesabamisad oTx klasad daajgufebs: 1) fizikis (bunebismetyvelebis) sfero. esaa “empiriul sa-ganTa erToblioba, mocemuli drosa da sivrceSi, mize-zisa da Sedegis kavSiriT erT jaWvad Sekruli”; 2) ab-straqtuli warmodgenebis, kerZod, cnebaTa da maTgan Sedgenili msjelobebis sfero, romelic fizikis sfe-rosgan gansxvavebiT eqvemdebareba ara sivcis an kauza-lobisa da drois kanonzomierebebs, aramed, mxolod “Semecnebis sakmao safuZvlis princips”, romelic gu-lisxmobs, rom yovel msjelobas, romelic gamoxatavs raime Semecnebas da amdenad WeSmaritebaze pretenziis

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mqonea, unda gaaCndes am pretenziis safuZveli. “aq saqme exeba logikis Seswavlis sferos—Tavad azrovnebis Sina-arsebis urTierTobas”; 3) “obieqtebis mesame klasi aer-Tianebs Tavisufal droiT-sivrciT mimarTebebs. es is sferoa, romelsac ikvlevs maTematika”. sivrceSi gamoi-xateba saganTa mdebareoba, droSi – Tanamimdevroba; 4) “obieqtTa meoTxe klasSi Sopenhauers Sehyavs nebis su-bieqti — s u b i e q t i, r o m e l s a c n e b a v s. es obieq-ti eZleva Cems TviTcnobierebas, me-s rogorc sakuTar Tavze mimarTuls...am SemTxvevaSi obieqtia subieqti, magram es araa S e m m e c n e b e l i subieqti — es ukanas-kneli, rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, ar SeiZleba iqces obi-eqtad, aramed, “mnebavi me”, me, rogorc neba. nebis subi-eqti uSualod Sinagan grZnobaSi eZleva Semmecnebel su-bieqts, eZleva rogorc Sinagani da ara garegani grZno-bis obieqti da amdenad mxolod droSia da ara sivrce-Si...roca adamiani iRebs gadawyvetilebas Cven veZebT mi-zezs, romelmac es gadawyvetileba miaRebina...mizezob-riobas araorganul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebaSi Cven ga-redan vxedavT...Cemi qcevis mizezi ki Cems TviTcnobie-rebas uSualod eZleva da amitom CemTvis naTelia. aq Ta-viseburi saxis kauzaloba gvaqvs, kerZod,‘’...kauzaloba danaxuli Signidan”, anu motivacia. motivi iseTi mize-zia, romlis Sinaarsic Riaa Cemi mzerisTvis”. esaa fsi-qologiis Seswavlis sfero (6.gv.13-15).

aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi momenti, romelic Seexeba nebisa da sxeulis dualizms. Sopenhaueris az-riT, `sxeulisa da nebis dualizmi mcdaria. sinamdvile-Si am gansxvavebas warmoSobs ganxilvis wesi — is, rac ga-regan mzeraSi meZleva, rogorc sxeuli, SinaganSi meZle-va rogorc neba...nebis moZraoba umal sxeulis moqmede-baSi iCens Tavs swored imitom, rom nebis aqti igivea, rac sxeulis aqti~. amiT Sopenhaueri cdilobs niadagis

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Semzadebas TavisTavad nebaze gasasvlelad. Cemi nebis aqti droSi mimdinareobs, magram is arc sivrceSia da arc sivrceSi arsebul sagan-movlenebTanaa dakavSire-bul-ganpirobebuli kauzalurad. amitom igia iseTi ram CemSi, risi saxiTac ~nivTi TavisTavad~ savsebiT SiSveli ar aris, magram mas Camoxsnili aqvs safarvelis didi na-wili...esaa wertili, sadac nivTi TavisTavad yvelaze uSualod Sedis movlenebSi da uaxloesad ganaTdeba Sem-mecnebeli subieqtis mier~( 6 .gv.24-27).

Sopenhaueris azriT, filosofiis namdvili amocana warmodgenaTa am sakmao safuZvlis kanons damorCilebu-li sferos miRma Zevs. filosofosi SeiZleba daeyrdnos warmodgenis arsebiTad sworad gaazrebul cnebas, ro-gorc subieqtisa da obieqtis erTianobas, magram ar unda CarCes masSi. filosofia “nivTi TavisTavadis” ar-sebis Semecnebaa da Tu igi kantiviT imTaviTve Seumecne-badad gamovacxadeT, maSin filosofiazec uari unda vTqvaT. imas, vinc am umaRlesi rangis Semecnebas axor-cielebs, gacnobierebuli unda hqondes erTi ram, nam-dvilad Seumecnebadi aris mxolod Semmecnebeli subi-eqti. “obieqtebi yovelTvis moiazreba subieqtis aprio-ruli formebiT... maSasadame, emorCileba sakmao safuZ-vlis kanons. sxvagvari mdgomareoba gvaqvs, roca Cven vlaparakobT Semmecnebel subieqtze. es formebi misia, magram Tavad ar aris moqceuli am formebSi...es niSnavs imas, rom Semmecnebeli subieqti dgas safuZvlis kanonis miRma, rom is ar Seimecneba...is, rac yvelafers imecnebs da Tavad aravis mier ar Seimecneba, aris s u b i e q t i”(6 .gv.15-16). es ukanaskneli “nivTi TavisTavad”-is STabeW-dilebas tovebs, magram aman SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyva-nos. subieqts SeuZlia Semecneba mimarTos rogorc war-modgenebis, ise “nivTi TavisTavad”-is sferosken. pir-vel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mecnierul SemecnebasTan,

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meoreSi – filosofiurTan. amdenad, igi “nivTi TavisTa-vadis” iseTi modifikaciaa, romelSic “nivTi TavisTa-vad”, mis zogadobaSi aRwevs Tavis Tavis cnobierebas: ”amdenad, roca arsebobis neba, anu samyaros Sinagani ar-seba, sruli obieqtivaciisTvis maradiul swrafvasa da siamovnebis gancdaSi gaivlis cxoveluri arsebobis yve-la safexurs... sabolood, goniT arsebaSi (adamianSi) aR-wevs Tavis gacnobierebas. mxolod am safexurze SeiZle-ba gauCndes mas eWvi da kiTxva: saidan da risTvis yoveli arsebuli? riTaa gamarTlebuli arseboba, survilebi da tanjva? Rirs amad arseboba?”(7.gv.5), swored esaa filo-sofosobis amosavali. mainc ris gacnobierebazea aq sau-bari? aq saubaria imis gacnobierebaze, rom “nivTi Tavis-Tavad”, mis yovel — araorganul, mcenareulsa Tu bio-logiur — gamovlinebaSi, sxva araferia, Tu ara nebis obieqtivacia. neba aq gagebulia umaRlesi metafizikuri sawyisis mniSvnelobiT, romelzec subieqtis gansaz-Rvrebis analogiiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom neba aris is, risganac yovelive gamovlindeba, magram TviTon igi Ta-vis Tavis gamovlenaSi araferze araa damokidebuli. ”mi-si arseba aris brma ltolva” (8.gv.11) arsebobisaken, gam-ravlebisaken, individuaciisaken. neba arsebobas ase guldasmiT imitom ki ar eswrafvis, rom arsebobas raime upiratesoba an meti Rirebuleba gaaCnia ararsebobas-Tan SedarebiT, aramed ubralod aseTia misi n e b a, anu a r s e b a; hegelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, misi arseba da arseboba erTmaneTs emTxveva. samyaroseuli sagnebis urTierTmonacvle gamravlebiT (obieqtivacia-indivi-duaciiT) neba axorcielebs Tavis arsebobas. am prin-cips, mag., organul samyaroSi ademonstrirebs seqsua-luri ltolva, romelic sruldeba bavSvis CasaxviT, anu nebis kidev erTi obieqtivaciiT, kidev erTi codvili da

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tanjvisTvis ganwiruli arsebis movlinebiT — “imitom, rom erTni iReben siamovnebas, meoreni unda movidnen am-qveynad, icxovron, itanjon da daixocon”(7.gv.92-96 ). Tavad es aqti, romelic sruliad bunebrivi Cans cxo-velTan mimarTebaSi, adamianis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyureba rogorc danaSauli: “aqti, romliTac arsebobis neba am-yarebs Tavis yofierebas da warmoiSoba adamiani, aris qmedeba, romlisac gulis siRrmeSi yvelas ercxvineba, amitom mas malulad sCadian da Tu vinme waeswroT, maT ipyrobT SiSi, TiTqos danaSaulis adgilze daeWi-roT”(7.gv.92-96), amitom am aqtis nayofic danaSaulis na-yofia da mis daRs atarebs imTavidanve. aq Sopenhauers mohyavs kalderonis sityvebi, romelic kargad Caswvda am moments. “adamianis udidesi danaSaulia is, rom igi moevlina am qveyanas”(7.gv.123-150). am tragikul xarvezs adamiani veRarafers uSvelis, mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rom aRar Casaxos da ar Sobos sxva, Tavis STamomavali, raTa igic ar gawiros am tanjviT savse wuTisofluri arsebobisTvis. nebas gaaCnia ori polusi – sakuTari yo-fierebis gamyarebisa da sakuTari yofierebis uaryo-fis. orive arsebobasa da nebis individualur obieqti-vacias gulixmobs. oRond pirvelis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs yvelafer imasTan, rac ar amaRlebula WeSmarite-bis, samyaros arsebiTi gansazRvrulobis Secnobis fi-losofiur an Wvretis religiur simaRlemde. aq Sedis rogorc mTeli araorganuli samyaro, ise organulic, adamianTa udidesi umravlesobis CaTvliT. rac Seexeba meores, aq saqme exeba adamianTa rCeul umciresobas, ma-galiTad budas, francisk asizels, kirkegors da sxvas, romelTac, Tavisi cxovrebis praqtikuli warmarTviT, uari uTxres arsebobis nebis gamyarebas. miuxedavad imi-sa, rom adamianTa am or tips Soris radikaluri gansxva-

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vebaa, Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT isini Tanabar mdgo-mareobaSi imyofebian — “gamyareba da uaryofa warmoad-gens erTi da igive nebis or urTierTsapirispiro aqts, da mxolod am orives mimarT unaris qonaa nagulisxmevi erTaderTi WeSmariti Tavisuflebis cnebaSi ”(7.gv.123-150). roca adamiani am simaRles aRwevs, anu naTlad ac-nobierebs, rom cxovreba tanjvaa, rom yovelive amaoa, rom igi samyaros metafizikuri Ziris — nebis saTamaSoa, maSin igi iwyebs am wuTisofluri amaoebisgan gandgomas, rasac religiur-mistikur tradiciaSi ramdenime auci-lebeli faza aqvs. Sopenhaueri gamoyofs sam maTgans da gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva mimdinareobaSi isini met-nak-lebi aqtualobiT aris warmodgenili: “1) kvietizmi (sa-kuTari survilebis damarcxeba), 2) askeza (sakuTari ne-bis marTva) da 3) mistika (sakuTari arsebis samyaros me-tafizikur arsebasTan igiveobis cnobiereba)”(7.gv.123-150). mag., sufizmSi wamyvania mesame mdgomareoba, budiz-mSi — pirveli, adreul qristianobaSi, sadac germanel filosofoss umTavresad miaCnda dauqorwineblobis aRTqma, wamyvani iyo pirveli ori momenti. saerTod, ro-gorc iTqva, mas yovelgvari tanjvis saTaved qorwineba da seqsualuri ltolva esaxeboda. amas kargad acnobie-rebda ukve netari avgustineo, ambobs Sopenhaueri da mohyavs misi sityvebi: “zogierTi mekamaTeba, rom Tu yve-la moindomebs Tavis Sekavebas qorwinebisgan, maSin ro-gorRa iarsebebs kacobrioba? eh, netav marTla yvela moindomebdes amas, oRond – siyvaruliT, wminda guliT, keTilsindisieri da wrfeli rwmeniT; maSin male movi-doda sasufeveli caTa da samyaros dasasruli”(7.gv.123-150). saubedurod, es pozicia qristianobaSi nelnela mi-sustda, xolo protestantizmSi saerTod daviwyebas mi-ecao, gveubneba Sopenhaueri da amis gamo am qristianul

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ganStoebas igi qristianobis WeSmariti gzidan daRma-val gadaxvevad miiCnevs.

uiliam jeimzi — amerikuli pragmatizmis cnobili warmomadgeneli uiliam jeimzi sagangebod ganixilavs nebis fenomens fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT. Tavad is faqti, rom es sakiTxi moqceulia mis naSromSi “fsiqo-logia”(9), metyvelebs imaze, rom avtors ar ainteresebs am problemis tradiciulad ganxilvadi aspeqtebi. mis-Tvis nebis fenomeni sainteresoa ara rogorc Tavisuf-lebis, zneobis an metafizikis filosofiur konteqstSi CarTuli ram, aramed rogorc kerZomecnieruli, am Sem-TxvevaSi, fsiqologiuri kvlevis obieqti.

igi nebas Tavis or gamovlenaSi — survili (roca Cven ubralod gvsurs raRac, magram misi miRwevis SeuZ-lebloba imdenad cxadia CvenTvis, rom araviTar zomebs ar mivmarTavT misi asrulebisTvis) da ndoma (roca Cve-ni ndomis obieqti sruliad miRwevadi Cans) gansaz-Rvravs cnobierebis Cveulebriv mdgomareobad. nebis fenomenTan dakavSirebuli yvela aspeqti dayvanili aqvs neiro-fiziologiuri procesebis meqanizmur funqcio-nirebaze da, cxadia, Seexeba ndomisa da ara survilis hi-postazs Semdegi gasagebi mizezis gamo.

misi msjeloba iSleba or punqts Soris: 1) nebelo-biTi aqtis umartivesi Semadgeneli elementi — sxeu-lebrivi moqmedeba. nebismieri adamianis ganxorciele-buli nebelobiTi aqti, raoden rTuli miznis miRweva-sac ar unda isaxavdes is, iwyebs gamovlenas sxeulis ro-melime nawilis amoqmedebiT (rasac survilis dros ar aqvs adgili); 2) ndomis obieqtis miRwevisTvis iseTi sxe-ulebrivi qmedeba, romelSic nebelobiTi Zalisxmeva mi-nimumamdea dasuli. aseT moqmedebebs igi uwodebs ideo-motoruls. TavisTavad, am ori elementis gadmosaxedi-dan, cxadia, nebis fenomenis arsebiTi gansazRvruloba

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ar Cans, magram maT gareSe nebelobiTi aqti, rogorc fsiqologiuri kvlevis obieqti, uiliam jeimzis azriT, warmoudgenelia. jeimzi miiCnevs, rom sxeulebrivi moq-medebebis ganxorcielebas Cven vswavlobT, gansakuTre-biT es Seexeba cxovrebis bavSvobis droindel etaps. Cvenze moqmedi SegrZnebiTi faqtorebi ganapirobebs Cvens fiziologiur reaqciebs. es ukanaskneli niSnavs, upirveles yovlisa, sxeulebriv moqmedebas, pasuxs mi-Rebul STabeWdilebebze. erTi romelime empiriuli faqtori, mag., gaxurebul liTonTan Sexeba ganapirobebs xelis myisier moSorebas misgan. Tavdapirvelad es aris gauTvaliswinebeli sxeulebrivi moqmedeba, magram Sem-dgom amisa, am moqmedebis ganxorcielebam Cvens cnobie-rebaSi warmoSva Sesabamisi moqmedebis idea. asea yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi. am ideaTa daxsomeba-gaxsenebiT Cven va-xorcielebT Sesabamis sxeulebriv qmedebebs. ideebi or-gvaria — 1) ideebi sxeulis konkretul nawilSi gamowve-uli SegrZnebebisa da reaqciebis Sesaxeb (am ukanasknels jeimzi uwodebs kinesTetikur SegrZnebebsa da ideebs); 2) ideebi mTliani sxeulebrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb. es niS-navs, rom kinesTetikuri SegrZneba Tavidan, marTalia, lokalizebulia sxeulis erT konkretul nawilSi, mag-ram Semdgom igi mTel sxeuls atyobinebs Tavisi arsebo-bisa da ragvarobis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc igi a) ganicdeba, rogorc mTliani fiziologiuri organizmismieri da b) am SegrZnebis Sesabamisi sxeulebrivi moqmedeba SeiZle-ba ganmeorebul iqnes sxeulis sxva nawilis mier. mag., araa aucilebeli, rom cxel liTonTan Sexebis faqtze reaqcia marcxena da marjvena xelis mier cal-calke daswavlas saWiroebdes. idea im moqmedebis Sesaxeb, ro-melic marjvena xelis cxel liTonTan Sexebam warmoSva, marcxena xelsac iseve ukarnaxebs momavalSi analogiur situaciaSi moqmedebis wess, rogorc marjvenas. es nor-

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maluri viTarebaa da Tu ase ar xdeba, maSin fsiqo-fizi-ologiur anomaliasTan gvaqvs saqme. ismis kiTxva, ratom imoqmeda Cvenma xelma cxel liTonTan pirveli Sexebisas maincdamainc ase? gana SeiZleboda, rom mas sxvagvarad emoqmeda? jeimzis pasuxi aseTia, Tavi rom davaneboT anomalias, rac sxvagvarad moqmedebis an saerTod umoq-medobis SesaZleblobas namdvilad Seicavs, normaluri viTarebis SemTxvevaSic, Tundac im erTi SesaZlebeli moqmedebis Sesaxeb Cven gana raime vicodiT cxel li-TonTan pirvel Sexebamde? gana Semdeg ar gaxda cnobi-li, rom aseTi moqmedebis SesaZlebloba arsebobda? cxa-dia, aseTi winaswar codna SeiZleba hqonoda mxolod wi-naswarmetyvelebis niWiT dajildoebul arsebaso, am-bobs amerikeli filosofosi. magram, vinaidan Cven aseTi niWi ar mogvdgams `SesaZleblobebi Cvens mier yovel-Tvis Seimecneba realuri, aw ukve miRebuli gamocdi-lebis safuZvelze~-o(9.gv.313-332). mas Semdeg, rac Sevi-ZineT garkveuli gamocdileba sxvagvari SesaZlo moqme-debis Sesaxeb kiTxva TiTqos samarTliani Cans, magram igi sruliad uazro Cans am gamocdilebis miRebamde. am-denad, gamocdilebis dagroveba, rac, upirveles yovli-sa, niSnavs Cveni cnobierebis ideebiT gamdidrebas, gana-pirobebs Cvens sxeulebriv moqmedebebs. Cveni neiro-fi-ziologiuri sistema isea mowyobili, rom cnobil situ-aciaSi (empiriuli zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT cnobil garemoSi) moxvedrisas Sesabamisi idea warmoSobs impul-sur daZabulobas garkveul nervul centrSi, rasac mo-mentalurad mosdevs daZabulobis ganmuxtva am nervu-li xazis daboloebaSi, rac gamoiwvevs saTanado sxeu-lis nawilis amoqmedebas. ki magram, moqmedebis meqaniz-mis es sqema erTxel da samudamodaa gansazRvruli da normaluri individis SemTxvevaSi ucvlelad moqme-debs? jeimzis pasuxi aseTia — es asea e.w. daswavlis pir-

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velad etapze. magram Semdgom, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom suraTi icvleba. kinesTetikuri ideebi, rom-lebic igive bavSvis SemTxvevaSi, uSualod ganapirobebs mis sxeulebriv moqmedebaTa ragvarobas, momavalSi, xSi-ri ganmeorebebis wyalobiT avtomatizirebuli xdeba, kinesTetikuri idea nel-nela ukana planze gadadis Cvens cnobierebaSi da, sabolood, yovelgvar daniSnu-lebas kargavs. swored am tipis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, dazepirebul moqmedebebs, uwodebs jeimzi ideomoto-rul moqmedebebs. aq ukve jeimzs Semoaqvs ori momenti, romelic aucilebelia moqmedebaTa SedarebiT garTu-lebuli tipis asaxsnelad — mizani da nebiseuli brZa-neba, moqmedebis sisruleSi moyvanis Taobaze. iseTi moqmedeba rogoricaa, mag., danis samizneSi srola Tav-dapirvelad uSualodaa dakavSirebuli im kinesTetikur SegrZnebebTan da ideebTan, romelic gamowveulia danis xelSi aRebiT — misi temperaturiT, woniT da a.S. es Seg-rZnebebi lokalizebulia Cveni sxeulis erT konkretul nawilSi — xelSi, magram ra wams warmoiSoba meore rigis ideaTa wyeba, romelic, kinesTetikurisgan gansxvavebiT, mTeli sxeulebriv organizaciis mzaobas ganapirobebs, viTareba icvleba. yuradRebisa da daZabulobis centri xelidan sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebisken inacvlebs. am SemTxvevaSi es gadanacvleba xdeba upiratesad Tvalis mimarTulebiT, anu wamyvan moTamaSed iqceva ara Sexebis, aramed xedvis SegrZneba. sakmarisia Tqveni mzera kon-centrirebul iqnes samizneze da xeli TavisTavad das-cems danas saWiro adgilze da es moqmedeba miT ufro Sedegiani gaxdeba, rac ufro naklebad mivaqcevT yur-dRebas Cvens xels, romliTac uSualod vukavSirdebiT danas. Tu danis srola Cveni profesiuli saqmianoba gax-da da varjiSisas am moqmedebis ganusazRvreli ganmeo-reba movaxdineT, maSin ideaTa meore rigic nel-nela ga-

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dava ukana planze da moqmedeba sruliad avtomaturi, ideomotoruli gaxdeba. mis gansaxorcieleblad sakma-risi iqneba moqmedebis miznis ubralo gacnobiereba. anu filosofiuri terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, am Sem-TxvevaSi Cveni moqmedebebi teleologiuradaa gansaz-Rvruli. es yvelaferi kargi, magram, ismis kiTxva, ra Su-aSia aq nebis fenomeni, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, rogorc Tavad jeimzi ambobs, masac iseve esmis, rogorc yovel-dRiurad gaigeba nebismieri normaluri adamianis mier — Cveulebriv nebis fenomenis arsebiT gansazRvrulobad esmiT garkveuli Sinagani TviTbrZaneba moqmedebis gan-xorcielebaze, igive nebisyofis daZabva. es momenti met-naklebi siZlieriT Tavs iCens yvela rTul Tu martiv moqmedebaSio, ambobs jeimzi, amitom mxolod misi anali-ziT Semofargvla ar iZleva saSualebas moqmedebis tip-Ta Soris diferenciaciisTvis. am moqmedebaTa daxasia-Teba ufro adekvaturia sxva wamyvan da sakmaris aspeq-tebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, rac saSualebas mog-vcems iseTi moqmedebebis calke jgufad gamoyofisTvis, romelTa funqcionirebaSic wamyvan rols swored rom nebiseuli TviTbrZaneba TamaSobs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es ukanaskneli mas sruliad Taviseburad esmis. je-imziseuli gageba saerTod ar gulisxmobs nebisyofis funqcionirebis, mag., iseT tradiciul faqtors, rogo-ricaa “nebis Tavisufleba”, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ase-Ti ramis daSveba mTlianad daarRvevda jeimzis fsiqo-logiuri doqtrinis safuZvlebs. Cvens mier zemoaRniS-nuli kinesTetikuri ideebiT ganpirobebuli da ideomo-toruli moqmedebebi, jeimzTan warmodgenilia, Tu SeiZ-leba ase iTqvas, zRvrul moqmedebebad. maTi funqciona-luri meqanizmi ar gulisxmobs nebisyofis daZabvas. pir-velSi igi jer ar amoqmedebula, xolo meores igi ukve aRar sWirdeba. gamomdinare aqedan, nebisyofis Zalis-

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xmevis aucilebeli CareviT gamowveuli moqmedebani warmogvidgeba moqmedebaTa Sualedur tipad e.w. daswav-lisa da zedmiwevniT gazepirebul etapebze ganxorcie-lebul moqmedebebs Soris. pirvel etapze Cveni moqmede-bani ganpirobebulia uSualo kinesTetikuri ideebiT, maTgan nervul centrebSi aRZruli impulsebiT, meore SemTxvevaSi igive tipis moqmedebani ukve imdenad damu-Savebuli da Sesisxlxorcebulia, rom sakmarisia mxo-lod moqmedebis miznis gacnobiereba da sxeulis mTlia-nobiTi mzaoba TavisTavad ganapirobebs warmatebul moqmedebas. mizanic, jeimziseul konteqstSi, ideis gar-kveuli tipia, oRond iseTi, romelic sruliad rafini-rebulia kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebisagan, aq muSaobs ara SegrZneba, romelic iwvevs garkveul STabeWdilebas, aramed moqmedebis SedegTa klasificirebuli, zogadi sqema, romelic Sedgenilia STabeWdilebaTa safuZvel-ze. es niSnavs, rom gamocdilebis simdidre gvaZlevs sa-Sualebas davajgufod 1) erTi tipis moqmedeba ra Se-degs mogvcems sxvadasxva (CvenTvis ukve cnobil da kla-sificirebul) garemo pirobebSi; 2) daaxloebiT er-Tgvar garemopirobebSi ra Sedegebs mogvcems sxvadasxva tipad klasificirebuli moqmedebani. am ori momentis myisieri gacnobiereba aZlevs gamokveTilobasa da sic-xades Cvens miznebs konkretuli garemopirobebSi. sxvag-varad es niSnavs, rom Cveni gamocdilebis simdidre maq-simalurad gamoricxavs e.w. yoymanis, gaubedaobisa Tu gadawyvetilebis miuReblobis moments, rameTu yoveli-ve imdenad trivializirebuli da aSkaraa, rom yoymanis safuZveli ar Cans. ra xdeba am dros Cvens cnobierebaSi? jeimzis mixedviT, viTareba aseTia — cnobierebis Sina-arsobrivi siRaribe pirvel SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs iseT ideebs, romelnic gzas gadauRobavdnen (maT jeimzi uwodebs moqmedebis xelisSemSlel ideebs) kinesTeti-

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kuri ideebidan (es ukanasknelni moqmedebis xelisSem-wyobi ideebia) wamosul nervul impulsebs da ar miscem-dnen maT nervul daboloebebSi ganmuxtvis saSualebas, rac gamoiwvevda saTanado sxeulebriv moqmedebas. meo-re SemTxvevaSi, Cven ukve gavlili gvaqvs nebisyofis xSi-ri daZabviT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis xangrZlivi da rTuli gza. damdgaria etapi, roca Cveni fsiqo-fizi-ologiuri mzaobis done optimaluria, roca Cven xelis-Semwyobi da xelisSemSleli ideebis zemoqmedebaze maR-la vdgavarT. ki, magram, mainc ra moxda aseTi zemoxsene-bul Sualedur etapze, ra fsiqikur procesebs hqonda aq adgili? jeimzs mohyavs aseTi magaliTi, adamiani iR-viZebs yovel dilas da mas maSinve amoutivtivdeba cno-bierebaSi is amocanebi da valdebulebebi, romelic mas yoveldRiurad ekisreba. roca Tbili amindebia da oTax-Sic Tbila, adamians ar uWirs adgoma da saqmis wamowyeba. Tumca, zogierTs, siciveebis dadgomisas uZneldebaT adgomis martivi moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. isini xSi-rad saaTobiT yoymanoben sanam wamodgebodnen. am dros xdeba loginis siTboTi gamowveuli sasiamovno SegrZne-bis Sesabamisi ideebisa da oTaxis siciviT gamowveuli usiamovno SegrZnebis Sesabamisi ideebis urTierTSeja-xeba. meoreni gzas uRobavs pirvelTa mier aRZrul im-pulsebs, rac iwvevs Cvens orWofobas. swored aq ambobs gadamwyvet sityvas nebisyofiseuli brZaneba. es brZane-ba miT ufro myisierad aRsruldeba, rac ufro daik-lebs zemoxsenebuli ideebis (rogorc xelisSemSlelis ise xelisSemwyobis) intensivoba da sabolood mTlianad daZabundeba da ignorirdeba, rasac xangrZlivi cxovre-biseuli etapis gavla sWirdeba.

aq unda davazustoT erTi ram: xelisSemSleli idea TavisTavad araa negatiuri ram, xolo xelisSemwyobi — pozitiuri. xSirad, moqmedebisgan TavSekaveba ufro up-

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riania, vidre moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. mag., Tu adamia-ni Tavis saqmianoba-valdebulebebze fanatikuradaa Sey-varebuli, magram wina saRamos raime virusiT daavadda, sjobs (misTvisac da misi saqmianobisTvisac), rom dilas ar adges, anu moqmedebisgan Tavi Seikavos, rac aranak-leb rTuli gansaxorcielebelia. am dros adamians mo-usvenrobis Wia SeuCndeba, ver daakavebs verc sicive da verc virusi, adgeba da saqmes Seudgeba, ramac misi jan-mrTelobis mdgomareobas savalalo Sedegebi SeiZleba moutanos. magram nebis faqtori arad dagidevT saqmis viTarebis awondawonvas, moqmedebis xelisSemSleli Tu xelisSemwyobi ideebis zemoqmedebas da Tavis sityvas ityvis. miuxedavad amisa, nebisyofis faqtoris gadam-wyveti roli am etapze jeimzis konteqstSi ar aris “da-moukidebeli cvladi”, TavisTavad isic ideaTa garkve-ul tips gulisxmobs, romelic maRali intensivobiT ga-moirCeva, igia kompleqti e.w. moqmedebis motivebisa. ramdenadac nebiyofis brZaneba uSualod uZRvis win Cvens qmedeba-umoqmedobas, amdenad, is igivea, rac moq-medebis motivi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc iTqva, ideaTa kompleqtia da am kompleqtis ragvaroba da intensivoba gansazRvrulia ara marto garemo faqtorebiT, aramed individis genetikiT, xasiaTiT, niWiTa da midrekilebe-biT. Tavis mxriv es ukanasknelnic daiyvaneba martiv ideebze, romlebic Cveni cnobierebis Sinaarsebs Sead-gens da maTze moqmed zogad kanonzomierebas eqvemdeba-reba, anu maTi intensivoba da aqtualoba xan Zlierdeba da xan sustdeba, xan cnobierebis wina planze iwevs (rac mas moqmedebis motivis Semadgenel elementad aqcevs) da xan periferiulad gadanacvldeba. Cven rom “damou-kidebeli cvladis” saxiT dagveSva e.w. “nebis Tavisuf-leba”, romelic yovelgvari ideisgan damoukideblad moqmed instanciad unda warmogvedgina, maSin igi iqnebo-

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da raRac ze-fsiqo-fiziologiuri warmoSobisa, rasTa-nac saqme unda hqondes ara fsiqologiis mecnierebas (romelic yovel moqmedebas ganixilavs ideaTa monac-vleobiTi rigidan determinirebulad gamomdinares), aramed metafizikas. amitomo, dasZens jeimzi “nebis Ta-visuflebis” sakiTxi (misi realurad arsebobis SemTxve-vaSic) fsiqologiaSi Riad unda darCes.

3.

Cvens mier zemomimoxiluli Tvalsazrisebi sami Zi-riTadi formaciisaa da pirobiTad SeiZleba movixseni-oT, rogorc 1)eTikur-Teologiuri (a.avgustine da b.klervoeli) 2)onto-metafizikuri (a.Sopenhaueri) da 3) fsiqo-scientisturi (u.jeimzi). raoden gansxvavebu-lic ar unda gveCvenos isini, erT, da albaT, umTavres punqtSi srulad Seesatyvisebian erTmaneTs — yvela maT-gani saubrobs e r T n e b a z e. Sopenhaueric ki, rome-lic adamianuri nebis garda aRiarebs nebas, rogorc sam-yaros metafizikur Zirs, pirvels meoris pirdapir ga-movlenad miiCnevs, adamianuri neba ubralod aris sub-stanciuri nebis daboloeba, romelsac droebiTi xasia-Ti aqvs.

Cvenis azriT, aseTi erTi nebis postulirebis Sesa-xeb saubari umarTebulo araa, magram, jer erTi, 1) dasa-zustebelia rigi garemoebani, romelTa saxeze yofnis SemTxvevaSic da mxolod, SesaZlebeli iqneba amgvari ne-bis arseboba da meore, usafuZloa: 2) nebis am tipis sa-yovelTaobis debuleba, anu idea imis Taobaze, rom yve-la adamiani imTaviTve flobs am erT nebas; 3) agreTve, nebelobiT da sxeulebriv aqtivobebs Soris kavSiris au-cileblobis aRiareba.

fsiqo-fiziologiuri TvalsazrisiTac ki (Tu ada-mianuri yofierebis fenobriv diferencirebas mxolod am CarCoebSi movaqcevT, rogorc amas akeTebs jeimzi)

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unda vilaparakoT or nebelobiT instanciaze mainc. je-imzi eyrdnoba (xSir SemTxvevaSi) TviTdakvirvebiTa da piradi gamocdilebiT SeZenil magaliTebs. aseTi maga-liTebic sruliad sakmarisia Cveni poziciis naTelsayo-fad.

visac sigaretis mowevis mavne Cvevis gamocdileba gaaCnia, Tu daakvirdeba Tavis Sinagan procesebs — am SemTxvevaSi, azrobriv gansjasa da sxeulebriv grZno-bebs — advilad SeamCnevs neba-survilis or Zlier na-kads: 1) miCvevis Sedegad warmoSobili organizmis moT-xovnileba sigaretis mowevisa da 2) organizmisTvis zia-nis miyenebis (an SesaZlo safrTxis) safuZvelze warmo-Sobili neba-suevili sigaretis mowevisTvis Tavis dane-bebisa.

naTelia, rom pirvels araferi aqvs saerTo racio-nalurTan. umravlesoba adamianebisa iseT asakSi iwyebs sigaretis mowevas, rom mas SeuZlebelia Segnebuli hqondes nikotinis saSiSroeba. mozards ubralod mos-wons is gamabruebeli mdgomareoba, rac sigaretis mowe-vis dawyebiT stadias axlavs. sakmaod male es efeqti qreba da moweva Cvevad gadaiqceva. organizmi iTxovs ni-kotinis xelovnur miRebas da mwevelic brmad misdevs am moTxovnas. mxolod mogvianebiT is aRmoaCens, piradi ga-mocdilebis safuZvelze, Tu rogor mavned moqmedebs sigareti mis fsiqo-fiziologiur mdgomareobaze, rac gamoixateba, mag., kbilebisa da, saerTod, piris Rrus mdgomareobis gauaresebiT, sasunTqi sistemis proble-mebiT, xmis tembris SecvliT, uZilobiTa da Sinagan mo-usvenrobiT, romlisgan iluzorul Svelasac isev siga-retis mowevisgan moelian da a.S. mxolod amis Semdeg Se-iZleba aTxovos adamianma yuri medikosis an axloblebis rCevas, rac manamde misTvis sityvebis fuWi, nervebis momSleli raxraxi iyo. metic, SeiZleba specialur li-teraturasac gaecnos da dasabuTebuli faqtebiT mix-vdes maT siswores. es iqneba swored racionalur doneze

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imisTvis fardis axda, rac manamde fiziologiuri sia-movnebis safarqveS imaleboda. miuxedavd imisa, rom saq-meSi cnobieri aqtivobis faqtori CaerTo, sigaretis mowevisTvis Tavis danebebamde jer kidev didi gzaa ga-savleli. es gza aris, erTis mxriv, sxeulebrivi, orga-nizmiseuli neba-survilis (romelmac mZlavr, damouki-deblobisken miswrafebul statuss miaRwia), da, meores mxriv, jer axlad fexwamodgmul, racionalur safuZ-velze warmoqmnil nebisyofas Soris, brZolis arena. ne-bisyofis meore forma Tavidan Zalian sustia. mis gaZ-lierebas aferxebs neba-survilis pirveli forma, rom-lisTvisac yvelafri `kedelze cercvis SeyrasTanaa~ ga-tolebuli; igi moiTxovs brmad da daundoblad.

Tu viTarebas jeimziseuli tendenciiT aRvwerT, saqme gveqneba Semdeg viTarebasTan: neba-survilis pir-veli forma migvmarTavs cnobili sxeulebrivi qmedebe-bis ganxorcielebisken — sigaretis kolofidan amoReba, asanTis gakvra, mokideba da sunTqviTi moqmedeba (e.w. na-fazi), nebisyofis meore forma ki gvikrZalavs am moqme-debebis ganxorcielebas. swored aq SeiZleba iCinos Tavi nebis kidev erTma formam, romelmac unda gadawyvitos saqmis viTareba pirvelis an meoris sasargeblod. esaa neba, romelic Cems namdvil me-s ademonstrirebs, neba, romelic CemSi arc mavne CveviT da arc racionalizaci-iT ar warmoSobila. am ukanaskneli faqtorebisgan man mxolod biZgebi SeiZleba miiRos da mimarTuleba icva-los, magram yofnis, eqsistenciis TvalsazrisiT igi maTgan damoukidebelia.

jeimzis mixedviT (Tu mis doqtrinas naZaladevad ganvavrcobT Cveneul sqemaze; naZaladevad imitom, rom misTvis yvelaferi erT qvabSi ixarSeba, fiziologiuric da racionaluric daswavlasTanaa dakavSirebuli da cnobierebis winaSe erTi da igive ideis saxiT warmodge-ba) saqmis viTareba imis mixedviT gadawydeba, Tu romeli

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instanciidan (empiriulidan Tu racionaluridan) wamo-suli ideis intensivobaa ufro maRali. ki batono, dauS-vaT asecaa, maSin pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas — ra zrdis an asustebs ideis intensivobas? ras gamohyavs esa Tu is idea pirvel planze, anu ra xdis mas motivad? SeuZlebe-lia, rom am kiTxvebze pasuxi erTi poziciidan gadawydes am ori gansxavebuli instanciis movlenisTvis. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, e.i. roca sigaretis mowevas vagrZelebT, mowevis survilis ideas intensivobas aniWebs sxeuleb-rivi gancdis siame an, miCvevis SemTxvevaSi, organizmSi mimdinare qimiuri faqtorebi, kerZod, nikotinis xelov-nurad miRebis saWiroeba. meore SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvag-varadaa. marTlac, xom absurdia Tqma imisa, rom Cveni ra-cionaluri zrda xdeba codnis sxeulSi qimiuri gzebiT SeyvaniT? codnas, am meore, racionaluri, gagebiT, verc vaqcinaciiT da verc sasunTq sistemaSi gamonabolqvebis SeSvebiT ver miviRebT. da, Tundac, isini sabolood ide-is saxiT formirebuli dganan Cveni cnobierebis winaSe, am ideebs gansxvavebuli genealogiuri xazebi gaaCnia da, specialuri dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi, yvelas SeuZlia Seignos, rom yvela SesaZlo tipis ideas Tan axlavs misi gansxvavebulobisa da unikalurobis cnobiereba. ami-tom, Tu romeli idea dgas wina planze da romels aqvs maRali intensivoba, es ukve gulisxmobs nebis faqtors, mis mier Sesrulebul samuSaos, e.i. imas, Tu romels mia-niWebs is upirates Rirebulebas — sxeulebrivs Tu az-robrivs. neba-survili maSin ki ar gamomJRavnda, roca me sxeulebrivi qmedeba ganvaxorciele — kolofidan amoviRe sigareti, gavkari asanTi da a.S. — aramed, maSin, roca am qmedebis mkarnaxebeli idea gamovida wina plan-ze. swored es moZraoba cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa, idee-bisa aris ganpirobebuli nebis muSaobiT (nebis es muSao-ba, Tuki igi pirovnuli me-s Segnebuli karnaxiTaa gan-xorcielebuli, cnobieri movlenaa, Tu arada, nebis aq-tivobis aracnobier gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rasac

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adgili aqvs adamianTa udidesi umravlesobis SemTxveva-Si), romelic ufro adekvaturad daxasiaTdeba ara meta-fizikuris, aramed metafsiqikuris cnebiT. fsiqikurSi am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba neba-survilis orive wyaro— fiziologiuric da racionaluric. orive maTgani idee-bis saxiT avsebs fsiqikuris sferos, romelic romelime konkretuli adamianis sakuTrebaa. magram namdvilad sa-kuTreba is maSinaa, roca maTi lavireba am adamianis nam-dvili me-s nebas gacnobierebulad emorCileba, anu ro-ca am Sinaarsebs Tavad me gadaaadgilebs da aamoZravebs. amas rom ver axerxebs adamiani da Tanac misi racionalu-ri impulsebi rom ver umklavdeba organizmis brma ltolvas, igi ver anebebs Tavs mowevas. SeiZleba, zogi-erTi adamianis SemTxvevaSi imZlavros racionalurma faqtorma da mxolod amis safuZvelze daZlios mavne Cveva, magram es, jer erTi, SeiZleba iyos mxolod droe-biTi movlena, anu sxva dros SesaZloa isev fiziologi-urma faqtorma gaitanos Tavisi da, meore, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, es arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba namdvi-li me-s metafsiqikuri nebis saxeze yofnis maCvenebeli.

erTi sityviT, ideis intensivobas zrdis me-s mier `Tavisufali nebiT~ gakeTebuli Rirebulebis mimniWe-beli arCevani. RirebulebaSi aq igulixmeba ara am cnebis aqsiologiur-Skalobrivi gansazRvruloba, aramed, me-s mier mxolod TavisTavze damyarebuli, avtonomiuri Za-lis qonebis cnobiereba. am Zalis, nebelobiTi Zalisxme-vis qoneba sul sxva Rirebulebis, rangis movlenaa. am ukanasknelze, TavisTavad is faqti, rom me sigaretis mo-wevas davanebe Tavi da Cems janmrTelobas Sevuwyve xeli, jer kidev arafers metyvelebs. me (Tavi rom davaneboT racionalur faqtors), davuSvaT, arasodes momiwevia sigareti, mis sunsac ver vitan; aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios gaurkveveli SiSi sigaretisa da misi mweveli adamianebis mimarT, anu fsiqoanalizis enaze rom vTqvaT, gamiCndes kompleqsi, fobia da es paTologiuri mdgomareoba rom

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davZlio, Cemi me-s nebelobiTi Zalisxmevis demonstri-reba SeiZleba swored sigaretis moweviT momiwios. amiT me vaCveneb, upirveles yovlisa, Cems Tavs, rom sigaretis moweva-armowevaze maRla vdgavar.

am konkretuli magaliTis fonze Camoyalibebuli es Tvalsazrisi zogadi formiT gamoTqva nicSem, rom-lis formulaSic — `borotebisa da sikeTis miRma~ — sruli adekvaturobiT ikiTxeba nebis fenomenis siRrmi-seuli arseba — or kontradiqtorul alternativaze maRla dgoma, anu mxolod sakuTar Tavze dafuZnebulo-ba: `erT afeqtze nebis gamarjveba, saboloo angariSiT, aris mxolod sxva romelime an uamravi sxva afeqtisadmi neba~(10 .gv.297), amitom samizneSi amoRebul unda iqnes yvela maTgani.

* * *

Zalze mniSvnelovania pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas — ras niSnavs fsiqikuri Sinaarsis wina planze gamosvla, cno-bierebis winaSe dgoma? jeimzis mixedviT, es ukanaskneli niSnavs nervul centrSi energiis koncentrirebas, ro-melic ganimuxteba Sesabamis nervul daboloebaSi da, ganimuxteba ra, axdens sxeulis nawilis amoqmedebas. Tavdapirvelad es moqmedeba xdeba Cvengan damoukideb-lad, uneburad. ganmeorebebis SemTxvevaSi, fsiqikur Si-naarsTa rigSi warmoiSoba idea, romelic msgavs situa-ciebSi gamova wina planze, cnobierebis winaSe da ganapi-robebs nervul sistemaSi xsenebuli meqanizmis muSaoba-Si moyvanas. mogvianebiT, roca ama Tu im moqmedebis uam-ravjer ganmeoreba mogvixda, igi xdeba avtomaturi (ide-omotoruli), anu moqmedebis Sesatyvisi ideis wina plan-ze gamosvla saWiroebas moklebulia da, amdenad, cnobi-erebac TamaSgare mdgomareobaSia, iseve, rogorc Tavda-pirvelad.

gamodis, rom fsiqikuri Sinaarsis wina planze ga-mosvla aris iseTi Sualeduri momenti adamianis, ro-

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gorc fsiqo-fiziologiuri arsebis biologouri fun-qcionirebisa, romelic warmoadgens mxolod saSuale-bas. me, aRmovCndebi ra garkveul situaciaSi, Cemi fsi-qo-fiziologiuri ganviTarebis Sualedur etapze, cno-bierebis winaSe meqanikurad damidgeba idea, romelSic amgvar situaciaSi moqmedebis sqema unda amovikiTxo. moxdeba ra am ukanasknelis myisieri gacnobiereba, Cemi nervuli sistema da, zogadad, fiziologiuri organiza-cia amuSavdeba cnobili meqanizmis mixedviT.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom cnobierebis winaSe Sinaar-sis dgoma zogadad ar amoiwureba mxolod fiziologiu-ri organizaciis amamoqmedebeli Sinaarsebis tipiT. Se-iZleba, rom me cnobierebis SuqqveS davayeno iseTi idea, romelSic ar iqneba nagulixmevi raime fiziologiuri moqmedebis mkarnaxebeli sqema; an, Tundac, am ukanaskne-lis mgulisxmebeli Sinaarsi aviRoT; xom SeiZleba, rom igi ubralod vaqcio sagangebo Sewavlis sagnad (da ara moqmedebis gansaxorcielebis orientirad); TviTref-leqsiiT davakvirde mas ara maindamainc specifikur si-tuaciaSi, aramed Cems samuSao magidasTan. movaxdino mi-si klasifikaciis, gansasazRvri moqmedebis efeqturo-bis xarisxis, genealogiis dadgena da a.S. metic, specifi-kur situaciaSi, Tuki es Sinaarsi TavisTavad gamodis wi-na planze, misi sruli gacnobiereba SeuZlebelia, vinai-dan situacia Cvengan swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs (amas Tavad jeimzic aRniSnavs).

maSasadame, cnobierebis winaSe Sinaarsis dgoma, moqmedebis ganpirobebis garda, SeiZleba niSnavdes misi specialur-disciplinaruli interesebidan gamomdina-re Seswavlasac. garda amisa, ideis mier moqmedebis gan-xorcielebis karnaxi araa erTaderTi da aucilebeli Se-saZlebloba, anu Cven SeiZleba moviqceT nakarnaxevis sa-winaaRmdegod (e.i. SevikavoT Tavi am moqmedebisgan), an vimoqmedod sxvagvarad, araordinalurad, miuxedavad imisa, rom vacnobierebT moqmedebis nakarnaxevi sqemis

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bunebrivobas, adekvaturobas da a. S. mag., gavixsenoT sokrate, romelic sasikvdilo ganaCengamotanili sakan-Si zis da auRelveblad filosofosobs, maSin roca uf-ro bunebrivi Cans vai-viSi, mosalodneli tanjviT aR-SfoTeba an, Tundac, gaqceva (ase imoqmedebda adamianTa absoluturi umravlesoba, bunebrivad wina planze ga-mosuli ideis Tanaxmad), risi Sansic mas, platonis Ta-naxmad, namdvilad hqonda.

Cvens mier winamorbed statiebSi gaSlili Ziebebi-dan gamomdinare, cnobierebis winaSe raime tipisa da warmomavlobis Sinaarsis dgoma, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs am Sinaarsis fiqriT di-nebaSi CarTvas. es uka-naskneli, me-sgan damoukidebeli, cnobieri nebelobiTi aqtivobis gareSe rTavs Tavis dinebaSi empiriuli da ra-cionaluri gzebiT Cvens imanenturobaSi Semosul Sina-arsebs. sxvagvarad, Tu es CarTva ar xdeba amgvarad, anu `TavisTavadi bunebrivobiT~, Cveni Zalisxmeva (cnobieri nebelobiTi daZabuloba), Cveulebriv, amaoa. bevrs gamo-ucdia Tavis droze gakveTilebis daswavlis momabezre-beli procesi, roca Cven imdenad varT gatacebul-dain-teresebuli raRac sxviT (an saerTod gulgrilni varT yvelafrisadmi), rom araTu mTeli teqsti, aramed erTi winadadebac ar gvamaxsovrdeba. raoden jibrSic ar unda CavudgeT am dros `Cvens Tavs~ da daJinebiT ganvagrZoT kiTxva, rogorc ityvian, `TavSi mainc araferi Sedis~ da iZulebuli vxdebiT wigni droebiT mainc gadavdoT gverdze. es imitom xdeba, rom Sinaarsebi (am SemTxvevaSi, racionaluri gziT mosapovebeli Sinaarsebi) ver erTve-ba fiqriT dinebaSi, anu, rogorc jeimzi ityoda, ver eq-ceva Cveni cnobierebis nakadSi. ise Cans, TiTqos, wakiT-xuls CvenSi uxilavi Zala uxvedrebdes Cogans da Zlieri dartymebiT igeriebdes maT. swored es Zalaa aracnobie-ri nebelobiTi aqtivoba, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom Cve-ni cxovrebis garkveul etapze misi ZalisxmeviT ise Seiv-

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so fiqriTi dineba awmyo momentSi wina planze gamosas-vleli SinaarsebiT, rom axali Sinaarsebis am dinabaSi CarTvisTvis vakanturi adgili aRar darCa. fiqriTi di-nebis SinaarsebiT es datvirTva zust droul reglamen-tirebas ar eqvedebareba. gaaCnia interesis sagans, rome-lic Cveni monusxvis motivirebas axdens. Tuki interesis sagnisadmi mimarTulma Sinaarsebma dakarga Tavisi sic-xovele da gauvida yavli, maSin gakveTilis daswavla ise advilad gamogviva, rom gagvecineba.

im SinaarsTagan, romelnic Cvens fiqriT dinebaSi erTveba, zogi ufro xSirad gamodis wina planze aracno-bieri nebelobiTi aqtivobiT, zogic (albaT udidesi na-wili)—ara. swored am ukanasknelTa rigze ganavrcobs Tavis gavlenas mexsiereba, romelic azrovnebiTi, anu racionaluri fenis funqciaa. roca Cvens azrovnebas garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciaSi gauCndeba aseTi tipis Sinaarsze moTxovnileba (mag., gamocdaze, roca iseTi sakiTxi Segvxvdeba, romelsac ar movelodiT da sagangebod ar movmzadebulvarT), maSin cnobieri nebe-lobiTi aqtivobiT viwyebT Cveni mexsierebis sacavis moCxrekvas; zojer vaxerxebT imis povnas, rasac veZeb-diT, xSirad es Wirs da vambobT `enaze madgaso~. magram, gamovalT ra gamocdidan, is SeiZleba amotivtivdes. es niSnavs, rom cnobierma nebelobiTma aqtivobam garkve-ul momentSi (gamocdaze) marcxi ganicada aracnobieri nebelobiTi aqtivobis winaSe, Tumca, aman ar unda gva-fiqrebinos, rom gamocdidan gamoslisTanave man revanSi aiRo. piriqiT, am drosac ki aracnobieri nebelobiTi aqtivoba imarjvebs umeteswilad, anu sasurveli Sinaar-si wina planze gamodis ukve maSin, roca cnobieri nebe-lobiTi daZabuloba zRvars aRwevs da nebdeba, an ubra-lod mniSvnelobas kargavs da daZabuloba TavisTavad ixsneba. TiTqos swored Cveni cnobieri Careva uSlidao xels am Sinaarsis amotivtivebas.

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amas is gamarTleba SeiZleba hqondes, rom Cvenad, me-s kuTvnilebad mxolod cnobieri nebelobiTi aqtivo-ba da Sesabamisi Sinaarsebi migvaCnia, aracnobieri nebe-lobiTi aqtivoba da aracnobieri Sinaarsebi ki, misi ara-morCili funqcionirebis gamo, raRac gareganad (imanen-turSi transcendenturad) gveCveneba. amgvari ganwyoba sisxlsa da xorcSi gvaqvs gamjdari da sruliad buneb-rivad migvaCnia. es, adamianuri yofierebis mTlianobis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze didi gaxleCiloba da gaucxoe-baa. amas xvdeboda yvela didi religiuri lideri da spe-cialuri teqnikis (mag., ioga) daxmarebiT laxavda xsene-bul gaxleCilobas, aRwevda ra mTlianobiT adamianur yofierebas, rac upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba am Si-nagani sazRvargareTis gaTavisebaSi, erTi pirovnuli nebis zeobaSi, romelic uSualod marTavs CvenSi arsebu-li Tu aw Semosasvleli Sinaarsebis moZraobas — winap-lanze gamosvlas, nebis darTvas imanenturSi Semosvla-ze da a.S.

* * *

miuxedavad msoflmxedvelobriv poziciaTa didi sxvaobisa, jeimzi da Sopenhaueri erT rameSi Seesatyvi-sebian erTmaneTs: orive miiCnevs, rom nebis aqtivoba sxeulebriv aqtivobaSi bolovdeba da aisaxeba. es, mkac-ri azriT, niSnavas imas, rom, Tu saxeze ar gvaqvs garkve-uli sxeulebrivi aqtivobis faqti, maSin nebis aqtivoba-zec aranairi warmodgena ar gveqneba.

davuSvaT, rom sxva adamianTan mimarTebaSi saqmis viTareba marTlac aseTia, magram orive am filosofosis mier mowonebuli TviTdakvirvebis meTodi gana igives gveubneba sakuTar Tavzec? nuTu maSin, roca Cven Segne-bulad Tavs vikavebT im sxeulebrivi qmedebebisgan, rom-liTac miRwevadia esa Tu is survilis obieqti, saxeze ar gvaqvs nebis aqtivoba? es xom isaa, rasac xazgasmiT aR-niSnavda m. Seleri, rom adamiani aris aras Tqmis unaris

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mqone arseba-o? gana aras Tqmas (e.i. xSir SemTxvevaSi, sxeulebriv umoqmedobas) nebelobiTi aqtivoba ar uZevs safuZvlad?

ufro metic, swored am SemTxvevaSia nebis aqtivoba gacnobierebuli faqti. roca sokrate ar garbis sapyro-biledan da Tvals usworebs ganaCens, misi umoqmedoba (ar gaqceva) sruliad gacnobierebulia. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, dapanikebuli sokrate imTaviTve brmad gae-devneboda Tavis megobrebs, anu saqme gveqneboda nebis aracnobier moqmedebasTan, rac instinqtur qmedebas ufro emsgavseboda. nebis es aracnobieri, instinqturi aqtivoba erTob xSiri movlenaa adamianis cxovrebaSi. udideswilad, neba CvenSi swored aracnobierad moqme-debs da adamianis pirov-nebad amaRlebisTvis arafers aqvs imaze didi mniSvneloba da roli, rogorc Cveni ne-belobis permanentul gadayvanas cnobierebis liandag-ze, anu, rogorc Sopenhaueri ambobs, — askezas (nebis marTvas, rac cnobierebis gareSe warmoudgenelia).

* * * Cvens mier zemoTganxiluli Tvalsazrisebi SeiZle-

ba warmovidginoT, rogorc erTmaneTis Semavsebeli da erTmaneTTan moTanamSromle. cxadia, yvela dainterese-buli piri gansxvavebulad daalagebda am TanamSromlo-bis aspeqtebs. Cven migvaCnia, rom umTavresi aris Semde-gi: 1) neba aris damoukidebeli instancia (aq igulisxme-ba, rom mas gaaCnia, sul mcire, Tanaswori Rirebuleba da statusi (Tu meti ara) iseT goniT-sulier unarebTan mi-marTebaSi, rogoricaa mag., azrovneba, SemoqmedebiToba, rwmena); 2) neba, marTalia, dakavSirebulia ndoma-survi-lis fenomenTan, magram ar daiyvaneba maTze (aq igulis-xmeba, rom ndoma-survili, gansxvavebiT nebisgan, gu-lisxmobs miswrafebas obieqtisken, imisken, rac misTvis garegania da konkretuli gamokveTiloba gaaCnia. absur-

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dulia Tqma imisa, rom survils surs survili. survils yovelTvis surs raRac ai es — manqana, janmrTeloba, fu-li... an, Tu mas aviRebT negatiuri mniSvnelobiT, am kon-kretulisken miswrafebis akrZalva, anu me msurs raRac konkretuli, SemiZlia misi wvdoma, mopoveba, magram Cems Tavs ar vaZlev amis uflebas; garkveuli motivebis gamo me msurs, rom Cemi survili ar ganxorcieldes. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme mainc survils exeba, xolo neba aq ga-modis neba-survilisa da nebisyofis modusSi da Tama-Sobs Semdeg rols — pirvel SemTxvevaSi nebisyofa mexma-reba im met naklebad grZeli gzebisa da winaaRmdegobe-bis daZlevaSi, e.i. im moqmedebebis ganxorcielebaSi, ro-melic survilis saganTan mimiyvans. xolo meore Sem-TxvevaSi nebisyofa mexmareba imaSi, rom am moqmedebebis-gan Tavis Sekaveba SevZlo.

neba, rogorc aseTi, mis umaRles formaSi, ar aris amgvari calmxrivi fenomeni. misTvis arsebiTi gansaz-Rvruloba mis gare arsebul SinaarsTan an obieqtTan mi-marTeba ki ara, TavisTavTan mimarTulobaa. ramdenadac igi aris erTgvari causa sui, amdenad, mas SeuZlia sxeuleb-rivi neba-survilis da racionaluri nebisyofis for-miT gamovlindes, magram yvelaze ufro Rrmad misi arse-bis demonstrirebas axdens, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `ara-survilis~ mdgomareoba. rogorc Sopenhaueric aRniS-navs, amas jer kidev buda mixvda mTeli sisruliT, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, tanjvisa da ubedurebis wyaro — survi-lebi, nebiT unda unda amovZirkvoT. survilis cnebiTi Sinaarsi, rogorc negatiuri, ise pozitiuri mniSvnelo-biT saerTod unda gaqres nebis Zalmosili fenomenis wi-naSe; 3) sanam adamiani nebis am Rrma Sinaarss gaacnobie-rebdes (rac iSviaTi SemTxvevaa) da mis Sesatyvis yofie-rebiT mdgomareobas miaRwevdes ( rac kidev ufro iSviaTi SemTxvevaa), manam nebis fenomeni ramdenime nakadad daq-saqsuli dinebiT moedineba CvenSi; anu misi nakadebis ode-noba adamianuri yofierebis fenobrivi struqturebis

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odenobas Seesabameba ( a) empiriuli fena — brma, gaucno-bierebeli, grZnobadi ndoma-survili; b) racionaluri fena — gaazrebuli nebisyofa. am SemTxvevaSi, mas Tavisi causa sui-s statusi dakarguli aqvs, rameTu ar gaaCnia Ta-visTavadi erTianoba da, maSasadame, rangobrivad mdabla-daa gamovlenili. amdenad, egzistencialisturi principi aq mTeli TvalsaCinoebiT warmogvidgeba — nebis arsebo-ba win uswrebs mis arsebas. es arseba, Cvenis azriT, gu-lisxmobs, upirveles yovlis imas, rom me-m, romelic po-tenciurad flobs nebas, adre Tu gvian ganavrcos Tavisi Zalaufleba sakuTari yofierebis Semadgenel yvela sfe-roze — empiriulze, racionalurze da fiqriTze. sxvagva-rad, me-m neba unda realizaciahyos, rac imaSi gamoixate-ba, rom mTeli fsiqikuri Sinaarsebi daeqvemdebareba mis kontrols: Tu ra Sinaarsi gamova wina planze cnobiere-bis winaSe da iTamaSebs moqmedebisTvis motivis rols, es unda gadawyvitos erTianma pirovnulma me-m. magaliTad, sigareti movwio, Tu ara, Cemma empiriulma an raciona-lurma survilma ki ar unda gansazRvros cal-calke, ara-med orive am fenis Tavis mTlianobaSi momcvelma, maTze maRla mdgomma pirov-nebam.

IRAKLI GOGICHADZE

WILL AND INTEGRITY OF HUMAN BEING

Abstract

The object of our interest is the phenomenon on of will. There are discussed St.Augustinus, B.Clervoels, A.Shopenhauers and W.James points of view. There are distinguished three positions: 1)ethical-theological (St.Augustinus, B.Clervoel), 2)onto-metaphysical (A.Shopenhauer), 3)psycho-scientific (W.James).

These positions have a general mark: a) to intend only one will as a basis matter of discussion; b) to keep this one will as

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intersubjective; c) to acknowledge necessary, correlative connection between will and physical activities.

We have attempted to show difficulties connected with ~anonymous~ acception of these thesis and to carry clearance in there contents , also, to discuss the phenomenon of will in the anthropological context, which was produced in previous.

literatura 1) А. Августин. `О свободе воли~. Кн.2. Гл.1. Перевод выполнен

по изданию Ермаковой М.Е. internet versia—www. Philosophy.ru

2) F. Coplston.~A History of Philosophy~, S.J. Vol. 2: Mediaeval Philosophy.From Augustinu To Duns Scots. New York 1993

3) Г. Скирбек, Н. Гилье. `История философии~. Москва, 2001 4) Б. Клервоский. `О благодати и свободе воли~. internet

versia—www. Philosophy.ru 5) g. TevzaZe. Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoria.

Tbilisi 1996 6) T. buaCiZe. Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filosofiis

saTaveebTan. Tbilisi 1986 7) А. Шопенгауэр. «Мир как воля и представление~. Собр. Соч.

В 4-х томах. Т. 2. Пер. И. Айхенвальда.—М.: И. Кушнаревь. 1903. internet versia—www. Philosophy.ru

8) d.danelia. iracionalisturi nakadi Tanamedrove burJuaziul kulturaSi. Tbilisi 1974

9) У. Джемс. Психология. М.: Педагогика. 1991. С. 313-332. 351-354. internet versia—www. Philosophy.ru

10) Ф. Ницше.По ту сторону добра и зла. Соч. Т.2. Москва, 1990

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis, ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da

logikis ganyofilebam.

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vaJa niblaZe

(Tbilisi) vaJa niblaZe — filosofiis doqtori. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis, filo-sofiuri anTropologiis, qarTuli da ucxoeTis filosofiis istoriis sakiT-xebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs araerTi sa-mecniero statia aRniSnul dargebSi.

adamianuri yofierebis msoflmxedvelobrivi

problemebi

(sakiTxis dayeneba)

adamianis arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia sul mcire ori rigis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba (raRac do-nemde mainc, Tu srulyofilad ara) — fizikur-biologi-uri moTxovnilebebisa da e. w. “sulieri” moTxovnilebe-bisa, romelTagan umTavresia msoflmxedvelobrivi moTxovnilebebi (interesebi). kerZod, es aris dauokebe-li miswrafeba garkveul iqnas, Tu ra aris samyaro mTli-anobaSi da rogoria adamianis adgili, roli da daniSnu-leba am samyaroSi; ra aris adamianis amqveyniuri arsebo-bis mizani, misi cxovrebis sazrisi; ramdenad aris SesaZ-lebeli da ras niSnavs adamianis araamqveyniuri saxiT arseboba (saiqio cxovreba).

adamiani naTlad “xedavs” sul cota or faqts mainc: misi garemomcveli samyaro (garda kulturis movlenebi-sa) mis mier ar aris Seqmnili, xolo misi fizikuri da su-lieri individualoba, rogorc amqveyniuri arseboba, SemosazRvrulia, sasrulia, “Caketilia” drosa da siv-rceSi. TviTcnobierebis da Semdeg TviTrefleqsiis meS-veobiT mis winaSe bunebrivad dgeba msoflmxedvelobri-

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vi kiTxvebi. mas mudmivad esaWiroeba am kiTxvebze gar-kveuli pasuxebis moZieba da maTSi darwmuneba.

msoflmxedveloba “wminda saxiT”, Tavis saZirkvel-Si, aris normalur mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianuri cnobierebis Tandayolili Tviseba, unari da moTxovni-leba, (1). samyaros “Sexedos garedan”, warmosaxvis Zali-sa da fantaziis meSveobiT “gaamTlianos” igi da masSi sa-kuTar Tavs miuCinos garkveuli adgili — xan Zalzed mokrZalebuli (rogorc es gvaqvs miTebsa da religieb-Si), xanac SedarebiT amaRlebuli da aRzevebulic ki (rogorc es xdeba xelovnebis zogierT nawarmoebSi da zogierT filosofiur koncefciaSi). (2). adamiani mudam cxovrobs ama Tu im msoflmxedvelobiT. msoflmxedve-lobis qona misTvis imdenad Sinagani, specifikuri da au-cilebelia, rom zogadad, is SeiZleba ganisazRvros, ro-gorc “msoflmxedvelobis mqone cxoveli”.

msoflmxedveloba Tavis safuZvlad da pirobad gu-lisxmobs Tavisuflebas. adamiani rom Tavisufalia, ro-gorc cnobierebis mqone arseba, pirvel rigSi Cans swo-red imaSi, rom igi aucileblad icavs ama Tu im msof-lmxedvelobas. am SemTxvevaSi sul erTia rogori iqneba es msoflmxedveloba. aq mTavari is aris, rom adamians yovelTvis surs (Tuki is normalur mdgomareobaSi myo-fi pirovnebaa) da SeuZlia kidec warmoidginos samyaro mTlianad da gansazRvros masSi sakuTari adgili. ufro metic, mas SeuZlia rogorc dajereba, ise eWvis Setana da uaryofa mis mierve agebuli Tu arCeuli msoflmxed-velobrivi suraTisa. yvelaze metad aq Cans adamianis namdvili da sruli Tavisufleba, romelic Tandayoli-lia Cveni cnobierebisaTvis. misgan Tavis daRwevis yove-li cda, kvlav adamianis Tavisuflebaze miuTiTebs da amtkicebs mas. ase unda gavigoT Jan-pol sartris cnobi-li gamonaTqvami: “adamiani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT” (mas “misjili” aqvs Tavisufleba). ramdenadac adamians ar SeuZlia gaeqces Tavisufal arsebad yofnas, amdenad-

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ve mas ar SeuZlia gaeqces pasuxismgeblobasac. (3). pir-vel rigSi ki pasuxismgeblobas mis mier arCeul msof-lmxedvelobaze, romelsac Sinaganad icavs da mihyveba Tavis pirad cxovrebaSi.

pirveli rigis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileb-lad adamiani iyenebs mecnierebasa da teqnikas, msof-lmxedvelobriv kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad ki (kerZo-mecnierul codnasTan erTad) mimarTavs cnobierebis moqmedebis iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa xelovneba, miTi, religia da filosofia. maTgan TiToeuli aris ama Tu im msoflmxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebisa da warmodgenebis gamoxatvis, gadmocemis, axsnisa Tu “dasabuTebis” speci-fikuri xerxi. adamianis msoflmxedveloba mTlianad ar daiyvaneba cnobierebis moqmedebis arc erT zemoaRniS-nul sferoze. Cvens cnobierebas aqvs sxvadasxva unarebi — logikuri azrovneba, warmosaxva (fantazia), nebeloba, rwmena, romlebic ganapirobebs msoflmxedvelobis age-bis xasiaTs imis da mixedviT, Tu romeli unaria dominan-turi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis an misi arCevis dros.

filosofiis, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi moT-xovnilebebis “realizaciis” Tavisebureba SemdegSi mdgomareobs; msoflmxedveloba gulisxmobs darwmune-bulobas (dajerebulobas) samyarosa da masSi adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenebsa da Sexedule-bebSi. xolo adamianisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze damajere-beli da damarwmunebeli Zala mecnierul codnas aqvs. (4). is TiTqos yvelaze ufro cxadi da naTelia Cveni cnobierebisaTvis. amitomac, mecnieruli codnis gaCe-nisTanave adamianma bunebrivad moindoma Tavisi msof-lmxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebisa da warmodgenebis mec-nieruli gadawyveta (dasabuTeba), maTSi dajerebulobi-sa da darwmunebulobis miRweva logikuri azrovnebis meSveobiT. aseTi miswrafebis safuZvelze aRmocenda filosofia (rogorc cnobierebis specifikuri forma)

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Tavisi mravalgvari mimarTulebebiT, mimdinareobebiT da urTierTgansxvavebuli disciplinebiT. filosofia aris logikurad dasabuTebuli, adamianis gonebisaTvis cxadi da naTeli, gasagebi da misaRebi msoflmxedvelo-bis agebisa da Camoyalibebis cda. es unda igulisxmebo-des (CvenTvis misaReb) filosofiis bolo dros gavrce-lebul gansazRvrebaSi — “filosofia aris msoflmxed-velobis dasabuTebis mcdeloba.” (5). (anu logikurad dasabuTebul msoflmxedvelobad yofnaze pretenzia).

magram, msoflmxedvelobis dasabuTeba, misTvis sa-boloo damajereblobis miniWeba (umTavresad) logiku-ri azrovnebis gziT ar aris ioli. amis gamo araerTxel yofila filosofia (klasikuri) dawunebuli da gakri-tikebuli. saqme iqamdec mivida, rom bertran raselma tradiciuli filosofia “uniadago” dargad gamoacxada Teologiisa da mecnierebis gverdiT. raselis azriT, filosofia epotineba im “saarviso miwas”, romelsac er-TmaneTSi ver iyofen Teologia da mecniereba. (6). mas mi-aCnia, rom filosofia (aristoteles “pirveli filoso-fiisa” da, saerTod metafizikis saxiT) aris religiuri problematikis mecnieruli meTodebiTa da xerxebiT ga-dawyvetis cda, rac yovelTvis marcxiT mTavrdeba. miu-xedavad aseTi mkacri Sefasebisa, filosofia, rogorc metafizika, dResac inarCunebs arsebobis uflebas da garkveul rols asrulebs adamianuri yofierebis msof-lmxedvelobrivi problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi. sani-muSod SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina alber kamius Sexe-dulebebi filosofiis rolisa da saWiroebis Sesaxeb dRevandeli adamianis absurduli yofisa da pesimistu-ri msoflgancdebis daZlevisa da gadalaxvis gzebis Zie-baSi. (7).

kamius azriT, Tanamedrove adamianis winaSe upirve-les msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxad dgas imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia dRevandeli adamianis cxovreba imisaTvis, rom man gaagrZels Tavisi damRleli da Sema-

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wuxebeli yoveldRiuri arseboba da uari ar Tqvas saer-Tod sicocxleze. “Rirs Tu ara cxovreba imad, rom Tavi davitovoT cocxali?” kiTxulobs kamiu da am uaRresad msoflmxedvelobriv kiTxvaze misaReb da damajerebel pasuxebs filosofiur azrovnebaSi eZebs. amiT kamiu garkveulad pasuxobs XX saukunis meore naxevarSi uki-duresad gamwvavebul kiTxvas — “risTvisRa filoso-fia?”

nebismieri msoflmxedvelobis agebisa da “gamar-Tlebis”, aseve misi gamoyenebis erT-erT yvelaze auci-lebelsa da gadamwyvet winapirobas ki warmoadgens yo-fierebis sakiTxis raimenairi gadawyveta. amitom, adami-anuri cnobierebis Camoyalibebis dRidan yofierebis problema da masze raime pasuxis gacema mudam iyo adami-anis msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis upirvelesi amo-cana. amas naTlad adasturebs religiisa da filosofiis istoria. yofierebis problema dResac mwvaved dgas Ta-namedrove adamianis winaSe, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze saWirboroto da amave dros “gadauWreli” kiTxva meta-fizikuri aspeqtiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ufro mwvaved, vidre es iyo gasul saukuneebSi. amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs: mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis didi masStabebi, ramac adamians sulieri xsna da Sveba ver moutana. piri-qiT, gaaucxova Tavisive Seqmnili kulturisagan da ma-terialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis monad aq-cia. adamiani gadaiqca manqanad (lamis dadasturdes la-metris mosazreba adamianze). adamians gaucruvda mecni-erebaze (codnis Zalaze) damyarebuli imedebi. mecniere-bam yofierebis saidumlo ver axsna da gairkva, rom mas amis gakeTeba principulad ar SeuZlia. amasTan, adamians sakmaod Seerya rwmena RmerTis arsebobisa da kvlav mTe-li simwvaviT daisva arseboba-ararsebobis xelaxla ga-azrebis saWiroeba. dResac kvlav saWiroa aigos yofie-rebis axali koncefcia, romelic gaxdeba safuZveli ise-Ti msoflmxedvelobisa, rom adamianma Sveba igrZnos.

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adamians dRes isev saZebari aqvs iseTi msoflmxedvelo-ba, romlis mixedviT cxovreba “gadaarCens” (gaaTavisuf-lebs metafizikuri wuxilebisagan) am qveynad da daaje-rebs araamqveyniuri (metafizikuri, transcendenturi) “arsebobis arsebobaSi”.

rogorc wesi,adamianebi gaurbian ararsebobas (ar-yofnas). mxolod gansakuTrebul (ukidures) SemTxvevaSi amboben isini sakuTari nebiT uars sicocxleze. zoga-dad, arsebobisaken (yofnisaken). swrafva, zrunva mis Se-narCunebasa da “gaumjobesebaze” adamianTa bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa. arCevani arsebobasa da ararsebobas (yofnasa da aryofnas) Soris TiTqos imTaviTve gadaw-yvetilia. magram, aseTi gadawyvetileba winaswar gulis-xmobs iseT kiTxvebze pasuxebis qonas, rogoricaa: ra aris (ras niSnavs) arseboba, yofna, yofiereba? ras niS-navs bunebis, misi sagnebis da saerTod samyaros arsebo-ba? ras niSnavs TviTon adamianis (konkretuli pirovne-bis), mTlianad kacobriobisa da kulturis arseboba? es aris kiTxvebi adamianis cxovrebis (saerTod sicocxlis) sazrisze, mis adgilsa da rolze am samyaroSi da amde-nad, cxadia, msoflmxedvelobrivi kiTxvebi. amitomac, samyaros nebismieri msoflmxedvelobrivi (maT Soris filosofiuri) suraTi dafuZnebulia yofierebis (saer-Tod, arsebobis) raobis garkvevaze. SesaZloa es iyos yo-fierebis problemis specialuri kvleva, anda misi “miRe-ba”, aRiareba misi ama Tu im ukve arsebuli gadawyvetisa. adamiani, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi arseba, warmo-adgens “yofierebis gagebis mixedviT yofnas” (haidege-ri). (9).

adamianis filosofiuri Seswavla da analizi pir-vel rigSi arsebobasTan, yofnasTan misi mimarTebis gar-kvevas niSnavs. dRes aseTi kvleva-Zieba filosofiur an-Tropologias evaleba. is aristoteles “pirveli filo-sofiis” da tradiciuli ontologiis erT-erTi Tana-medrove gagrZelebaa da miznad isaxavs maTi naklovane-

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bebis daZlevas, maT Secvlas adamianis ontologiiT. eg-zistencializmi kargad gamoxatavs da adasturebs on-tologiisa da filosofiuri anTropologiis mWidro urTierTkavSirs. egzistencialisturi moZRvreba ada-mianis Sesaxeb aris “fundamenturi ontologia” (haide-geri).

arsebobis da yofierebis cnebaTa gansazRvreba-ga-geba uaRresad Zneli aRmoCnda. siZnelis mTavari wyaro arsebobisa da yofierebis cnebebis gaurkvevloba da bundovanebaa. am bundovanebis gasafantad zogjer am or cnebas erTmaneTTan aigiveben (magaliTad substanciis doneze. (10). arsebuli, rogorc arsebuli, yofiereba, rogorc aseTi da ara calkeuli yofieri). xanac ganas-xvaveveben erTmaneTisagan, miiCneven ra arsebobas pre-dikatad, xolo yofierebas subieqtad. anda sulac xazs usvamen gansxvavebas arsebulsa da yofiers Soris. aseTi gansxvavebis gatareba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia gansa-kuTrebiT egzistencialur filosofiaSi imis survi-liT, rom mkveTrad gaimijnos erTmaneTisgan adamiani, rogorc calkeuli, individuri yofieri da danarCeni samyaros sagnebi da movlenebi, rogorc aseve, calkeuli arsebulebi (romelTagan gansxvavebiTac, haidegeris mi-xedviT, adamians aqvs ontiur-ontologiuri upirateso-ba. amitomac aris adamiani “yofieri” da ara ubralod “arsebuli”). zogjer siZnelis mizezebs eZeben enis aras-rulyofilebaSi, Tavad obieqtur realobaSi anda gare-samyarosa da cnobierebis urTierTSeusabamobaSi. maga-liTad, blez paskali siZneles imaSi xedavda, rom “arse-bobis cnebis nebismieri gansazRvreba (gageba) aucileb-lad moixmars da eyrdnoba Tavad arsebobis cnebas.” Cvens azrovnebas (enas) sxvagvarad ar SeuZlia. (11)

yovelive, rasac xedavs adamiani samyaroSi, sakuTa-ri Tavis CaTvliT, ufro zustad, risi danaxvac mas SeuZ-lia grZnobadad, racionalurad an iracionalurad, Se-iZleba mivakuTvnoT sagnebs, Tvisebebs an mimarTebebs.

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sad moTavsdeba arseboba, rogorc aseTi?! saganTa simravleSi, Tvisebebis klasSi Tu mimarTebebis ric-xvSi?! anda, romel maTganTan iqneba ufro axlos, Tuki arc erT zemoxsenebul simravleSi ar aRmoCndeba mis-Tvis adgili?!

Tu gadavxedavT arsebobis Sesaxeb filosofiuri azris ganviTarebis istorias, samive Tvalsazrisis mtki-cebaTa sakmaod argumentirebuli mcdelobebis povna ar gagviWirdeba. maT Tavi moiyares klasikur formulire-bebSi, romlebic farTod aris cnobili filosofiur literaturaSi: 1) “arsi aris, ararsi ar aris”; “arsi aris azri arsis Sesaxeb” anu “WeSmariti arsi niSnavs, azrov-nebas arsis Sesaxeb” (parmenide). 2) “vazrovneb, maSasada-me varsebob” (dekarti). 3) “substancia aris is, risi arse-ba da arseboba emTxveva erTmaneTs, anu umaRles arsebas, arseboba ewodeba saxelad” (spinoza). 4) “arseboba aris aRqma” (berkli). 5) “arseboba ar Sedis cnebaSi”. “arsebo-ba aris Semmecnebeli subieqtis pozicia, damokidebule-ba Semecnebis obieqtisadmi” (kanti). 6) “erTi da igivea sagani da cneba mis Sesaxeb” (fixte). CamoTvla kidev SeiZ-leboda.

yvela filosofiur cnebas (kategorias) Tavisi is-toria da “Tavgadasavali” aqvs. TiToeuls sakuTari be-di ergo wilad. am mxriv yvelaze ufro iRblianic da uiRbloc arsebobis cneba gamodga.

iRbliani imitom, rom is aRmoCnda yvelaze ufro universaluri da Tanac “sasurveli” predikati (cnobie-rebis nebismier aqtSi — igulisxmeba yvelaze umartivesi winadadeba, Tundac erTsityviani — arseboba an pirda-pir iTqmis, anda aucileblobiT moiazreba). amasTan is warmoadgens predicirebis erTaderT universalur enobriv saSualebas. azrovnebis mier aseTi farTo gamo-yenebis mxriv, arsebobis cnebas verc erTi sxva filoso-fiuri kategoria ver Seedreba.

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uiRblo imitom, rom is erTaderTi aRmoCnda dRem-de arsebul filosofiur kategoriaTa Soris, romelic universalur predikatobazec acxadebs pretenzias da universalur subieqtad yofnazec — absolutad gadaq-cevaze, RmerTis “adgilis” dakavebaze, razedac, sabo-loo jamSi mas uari eTqva. (“me var romeli var”; “me var myofi”; “me var RmerTi myofi, romeli var”. bibliis mi-xedviT RmerTi Tavis Tavs yofnad, arsebobad moixseni-ebs; sakuTar Tavs arsebobas eZaxis saxelad. {Sesaqme, 3, 14}). (12).

arsebobis filosofiuri kategoria mTlianad arc obieqtur sinamdvileze, arc subieqtur sinamdvileze da arc maT urTierTmimarTebaze “unaSTod” ar daiyvane-ba (da, miT umetes, arc maTgan gamoiyvaneba). ar xerxdeba misi unaSTod dayvana sagnebze, Tvisebebze Tu mimarTe-bebze, anda apriorulsa Tu aposteriorulze, raciona-lursa Tu iracionalurze. gnebavT Rirebulebebze, ro-gorc aseTze.

aRniSnuli siZnele ase SeiZleboda Camogveyalibe-bina: predikabeluria Tu ara arseboba?! (13). anu marTe-bulad unda CaiTvalos arsebobis arsebobaze sakiTxis dasma?! sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT: aris ki arseboba iseTi universaluri predikati, romelic erTnairad mieyeneba (Tu miewereba) yvelafer sxvasac da sakuTar Tavsac?! an kidev — warmoadgens ki arseboba iseT universalur su-bieqts (absoluts), romelsac predikatad, sakuTari Ta-vic “ekuTvnis”?!

es aris problema, romelic dRemde ver gadaWra fi-losofiam, miuxedavad misi xandazmulobisa da araerTi mcdelobisa. aRniSnuli kiTxva dResac moiTxovs Sem-dgom kvlevas. rac ufro dasabuTebuli moeCveneba ada-mians yofierebis problemis gadawyveta, miT ufro misa-Rebi da damajerebeli aRmoCndeba masze “daSenebuli” esa Tu is msoflmxedveloba.

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saerTod, nebismieri msoflmxedveloba yovelTvis garkveul Rirebulebebs eyrdnoba da ama Tu im Rirebu-lebaTa ierarqiis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. xolo ar-seboba, yofna, imTaviTve dadebiT predikatad iqna miCne-uli. RirebulebaTa safuZvelSi iqna Cadebuli, rogorc nebismieri Rirebulebis umTavresi atributi (14). saqme arsebobis (yofnis) “rogorobas” (romelobas) exeboda.

arsebobis, rogorc aseTis, farglebs “gareT” Cveni cnobiereba principulad ver gadis. ararsebuli (parme-nides “ararsi”, neoplatonizmis “zearsi”, arseboba-ararsebobis gareT mdgomi “logikuris” sfero laskTan, haidegeris “arara”, nucubiZis “arsebulze meti”, anda egreTwodebuli “jerarsi”, rogorc garkveul Rirebu-lebaTa erToblioba da a.S.) Cvens warmodgenaSi arsebu-lis saxiT mainc ukve iZens raRacdagvari arsebulis statuss, anu garkveuli saxiT arsebobas ukve gulis-xmobs. arsebobisagan mTlianad “daclili”, Cveni cnobie-rebis velSi ver Semova, radganac cnobierebis velSi Se-mosvla ukve yofnaa, Tundac mxolod, rogorc Cemi cno-bierebis mier warmodgenili, warmosaxuli, moazrebuli ama Tu im saxiT (materialuri, aramaterialuri, realu-ri, irealuri, fsiqikuri, logikuri, idealuri, zebuneb-rivi, transcendenturi, imanenturi, “jerarsuli” da ase Semdeg. rac gnebavT is daarqviT). amis dadasturebad Se-iZleba CaiTvalos huserlis “wminda me”, rogorc inten-cionaloba (mimarTuloba raimeze, sakuTari Tavis CaT-vliT), romelic huserlis gulmodgine mcdelobis miu-xedavad — arsebobisagan “ganTavisuflebuli” saxiT yo-filiyo “daWerili”, isev da isev, erT-erT arsebulad (marTalia, specifikur, gansakuTrebul arsebulad) iq-ca, rogorc “wminda cnobierebis” mier sakuTari Tavis “wminda arsebobis” rangSi danaxva (rac dekartis

“Cogito”-s sazRvrebSi darCenas niSnavs), anu arsebobis sa-

kiTxis morigi gadawyveta gamovida.

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Cvens cnobierebas Tu raime aqvs Tandayolili, Si-nagani da umTavresi (aprioruli, rogorc kanti ityoda), es aris arsebobis “saTvaliT cqera”. yvelafris (maT So-ris sakuTari Tavis) “danaxva” raRacdagvar arsebulad. arsebobis “saTvaliT yureba”, Cveni cnobierebisaTvis “Wvretis” uzogadesi aprioruli formaa. igulisxmeba rogorc grZnobadi Wvreta, aseve racionaluri da ira-cionaluri.

zogadad, Rirebuleba izomeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra saxis arseboba “mieniWa” (an hqonda) Cveni cnobierebis “TvalSi” ama Tu im calkeul sagansa Tu movlenas: moCve-nebiTi Tu namdvili, droebiTi Tu maradiuli, WeSmariti Tu mcdari, grZnobadi Tu racionaluri da ase Semdeg. (15).

ras niSnavs, pirvel rigSi, RmerTis mier samyaros “Seqmna”, Tu ara arsebobis “gaCenas”. RmerTma Seqmna ada-miani Tavis xatad da msgavsad Tu piriqiT (aseTi Tval-sazrisic arsebobs), orive SemTxvevvaSi sakiTxi dgas, pirvel rigSi, arsebobis Sesaxeb. “RmerTobis” upirvele-si atributi misi ueWveli arsebobaa(16) (RmerTis “naT-lobis” saxelia arseboba — “me var, romeli var”). amas efuZneba RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis e.w. ontolo-giuri argumentic — RmerTis cnebidan misi arsebobis ga-moyvana, rac, kantis azriT, mTeli manamdeli filosofi-is ZiriTad saqmed iTvleboda.

amdenad, garkveulwilad, filosofiuri cnobiere-bis ganviTarebis gza SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc yofierebis da mis Sesaxeb specifikuri gansjis cvaleba-dobis istoria. sxvadasxva filosofiuri disciplinebis warmoSoba, yofierebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis aRmoCenad SeiZleba miviCnioT, xolo sxvadasxva filosofiuri mi-marTulebebis, mimdinareobebis Tu skolebis Camoyali-beba — am aspeqtebis araerTgvarovan gaazrebad.

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VAZHA NIBLADZE

WORLD OUTLOOK PROBLEMS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE

Abstract

The author of the article stresses that content of every man’s consciousness as a datum of certain type is “ordered” as certain values which arrange ideas and opinions on the world and the place and destination of man in it. It is his/her world outlook. In general man is a being who has a world outlook.

An attempt to logically (by means of concepts) prove world outlook is called philosophy. The starting point of philosophical discussion (as well as of any kind of discussion of world outlook ideas) consists in solving the problem of existence as such, of being in general. According to the author of the article one or another understanding of the problem of being conditions the main peculiarities of world outlook. SeniSvnebi: (1) cnobiereba, es aris ndobisa da undoblobis (meTodologi-

uri eWvis) unarebiT “aRWurvili” Tavisufali Semoqmedi; nebelobis mqone aqtivoba — subieqti, romelsac amoZra-vebs garkveuli tipis interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis (materialuris Tu sulieris) dakmayofilebis aucileb-loba. froids miaCnda, rom cnobierebis qmedebebis sa-fuZvelSi devs “uarmiRebuli” ltolvebi da survilebi. unda vifiqroT, rom aranakleb mniSvnelovani da gadam-wyvetia “nebadarTuli” miswrafebebi da survilebi. gan-sakuTrebiT msoflmxedvelobrivi, “metafizikuri wuxi-lebis” dakmayofileba.

(2) miTosisa da religiis arseboba adasturebs Cveni cnobie-rebis unarsa da survils, daemorCilos samyaros wes-rigs, Seeguos mas garkveuli wesiT da pirobebiT. xelov-nebis arseboba adasturebs Cveni cnobierebis unarsa da survils — ar daemorCilos samyaros wesrigs, ecados

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mis Secvlasa da gardaqmnas. filosofiis arseboba adas-turebs Cveni cnobierebis unars da survils — kritiku-lad gaiazros yovelive is, rac aris da scados logiku-ri dasabuTeba imisa, rac unda iyos. TiToeul maTganSi adamiani eZebs xsnas da gadarCenas ukidegano da gamouc-nob samyaroSi. amitomac, maTi roli mudam mniSvnelovani iqneba kacobriobis arsebobisaTvis.

(3) adamians Tavis yvela namoqmedarze, pasuxs pirvel rigSi sakuTari Tavi sTxovs; misive meore “me”, rogorc Sinagani “zedamxedveli”, radgan misi qcevis yvela Sedegi, Tavad masac “urtyams” avad Tu kargad. garda amisa, rodesac adamiani raimes irCevs, is irCevs ara mxolod TavisTvis, aramed “sxvebisTvisac”. cxadia, pirvel rigSi es exeba msoflmxedvelobis arCevas. is Tvlis, rom misi arCevani saukeTesoa da gulisxmobs, rom sxvebisTvis magaliTis mimcemi da misabaZi iqneba. amdenad, pasuxismgeblobas Ta-vis namoqmedarze grZnobs ara mxlod sakuTari Tavis, aramed garkveulwilad, sxvebis winaSec.

(4) mecnieruli codnis damajereblobis Zala konkretul faqtebs eyrdnoba. rac ufro vSordebiT faqtebs (racio-nalurad Tu iracionalurad), TiTqos, miT ufro aklde-ba Zala Cvens cnobierebas, daijeros an sxva daajeros Ta-visi warmodgenebi da Sexedulebebi. “Всякая убеждённость, если она не хочет быть совершенно необоснованной, должна основыватсья прежде всего на факте…” Иммануил Кант, Соч. в 6-ти т-ах, т. 5, М., Мысль, 1966 г., стр. 564

(5) filosofiis aseTi gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb, vrclad ixile: TevzaZe guram, XX saukunis filosoofiis istoria. Tsu gmomc., Tb., 2002 w., gv. 567-576; misive, Sua saukuneebis fi-losofiis istoria. Tsu gamomc., Tb., 1996 w., gv. 3

(6) «…между теологией и наукой имеется Ничья Земля, подвергаю-щаяся атакам с обеих сторон; эта Ничья Земля и есть филосо-фия…» Бертран Рассел, История западной философии. Москва, 1959 г., издат., иностран., лит., стр. 7

(7) dawvrilebiT ix., niblaZe vaJa, alber kamiu filosofiis rolis Sesaxeb absurdis adamianis cxovrebaSi. macne, fi-losofiis seria, 1998 w., 2.

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(8) Albert Camus, Le mythe de Sysiphe. Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1942, p., 15. (Камю Альбер, Бунтующий человек. М., издат., полит., лит., 1990 г., стр. 24)

(9) “SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis yofiereba, yofierebis ga-gebis mixedviT yofnaa. am mxriv marTalia martin haidege-ri, roca yofierebis gagebas adamianis fundamentur da-xasiaTebad miiCnevs.” kakabaZe zurab, filosofiuri saub-rebi. Tb., 1988 w., gv. 15. (Heidegger Martin, Sein und Zeit. Tübingen, 1963, S. 12)

(10) avaliani sergi, yofiereba, dro da sivrce. Tsu — 1991 w., gv. 3

(11) Blaise Pascal, Pansées et opuscule (éd. Brunschvicg), 6-me éd; Paris 1912, p., 169

(12) wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani. nakveTi I, Sesaqmisai, gamos-vlaTai., Tb., “mecniereba”, 1988 w., gv. 312-313

(13) cnobilia raselis e.w. “tipebis Teoria”, romelic krZa-lavs raime principis (Tvisebis) sakuTar Tavze gavrce-lebas, sakuTari Tavisadmi miyenebas, anu predikabelu-robis moTxovnas da mis “gamarTlebas;” Tumca raselis mier wamoyenebuli es principi, Tavad aRmoCnda predika-beluri da amdenad, Sinagani logikuri winaaRmdegobis Semcveli. (“. . . raselis “tipebis Teoria” . . . krZalavs ra-ime principis sakuTar Tavze miyenebas. rogorc aRmoC-nda, Tavad es principi ver asrulebs sakuTar moTxovnas.” TevzaZe guram, XX saukunis filosoofiis istoria. Tsu gamomc., Tb., 2002 w., gv. 99)

(14) egreTwodebuli “jerarsic”, rogorc garkveul Rirebu-lebaTa erToblioba, mainc arsebulia masze mofiqral cnobierebaSi “mocemulobis” saxiT. am azriT, Cveni cno-bierebis mier raimes “danaxva”, rogorc yovelgvari arse-bobisagan mTlianad “daclilisa”, SeuZlebelia. “wminda ararseboba” mouazrebadia, ramdenadac cnobierebis vel-Si moqceva, ukve niSnavs raRacdagvar arsebobas.

(15) TvalSi sacemi faqtia, rom adamiani zogadad mieswrafis arsebobas, itans arsebobis uamrav problemas, mis absur-dulobas, oRond ki gaeqces ararsebobas, rac SeiZleba didi xniT. adamianis Zrwola da drtvinva gamowveulia ararsebobasTan “Sexvedris” garduvalobiT. rac ar unda

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warmatebuli viyoT ekonomikuri Tu politikuri (gne-bavT sxva nebismieri) kuTxiT, aryofnis “ontologiur SiSs” verafriT ver vereviT Tu ara, isev da isev arsebo-bis raRac “sxva saxeSi” gadasvlis imediT. aryofna ar gvinda. yofna gvirCevia, Tundac arasaxarbielo. adamians arCevani Tavidanve, bunebrivad gakeTebuli aqvs — arse-boba, yofna kargia, xolo ararseboba, aryofna cudia.

(16) substanciis arseba da arseboba emTxveva erTmaneTs, ro-gorc spinoza ambobda.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebam.

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tariel rexviaSvili

(Tbilisi)

tariel rexviaSvili — filosofiis mecnirebaTa doqtori, profesori, sa-qarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-Ta akademiis akademikosi. avtori wig-nebisa: `filosofiis Sesavali~ (Tb., 1999), `socialuri ganwyobisa da Rire-bulebebis urTierTkavSiri subieqtis cnobier da aracnobier aqtivobaSi~

(Tb., 2008); `filosofia~ (Tb., 2009); agreTve mravali samecnie-ro statia mecnierebis filosofiis problemebze.

ganwyobisa da nebis Tavisuflebis

urTierTobis sakiTxi

dimitri uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, mTli-

anpirovnuli ganwyoba impulsuri da nebelobiTi donee-bisagan Sedgeba, romelsac substancialuri da fun-qcionaluri moTxovnilebebi ganapirobebs. subieqtis aqtiuri moqmedeba swored am ori donis moTxovnilebe-biT aris determinirebuli. substancialuri ganwyoba ZiriTadad subieqtis Sinagani impulsebiT aris gansaz-Rvruli, xolo funqcionaluri — garegani socialuri motivebiT. magram, vinaidan subieqti mTlianpirovnuli ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, am ganwyobaSi Serwymulia garega-ni da Sinagani moTxovnilebebi. es imas niSnavs, rom gare-gani RirebulebiTi motivebi Sinagan moTxovnilebad ga-daiqceva da pirovnebis impulsuri moqmedebis safuZve-li xdeba. swored aq fiqsirdeba siamovneba-usiamovnebi-sa da movaleobis grZnobebis Serwyma, rac subieqtis mTlianpirovnul ganwyobas ayalibebs da rac subieqtis moqmedebis Tavisuflebas uZevs safuZvlad. esaa swored

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is egzistenciuri Tavisufleba, rac subieqts, individs pirovnebad aqcevs.

filosofiis istoriis manZilze kamaTs raciona-lizmsa da iracionalizms Soris swored es aracnobieri iracionaluri Sinagani impulsebisa da racionalurad gaazrebuli motivebis pirveladoba-meoradobis sakiT-xi iwvevda.

ganwyobis TeoriaSi yuradReba eTmoba ara mxolod azrovnebisa da grZnobebis pirveladoba-meoradobis sa-kiTxs, aramed qcevaTa motivacias da determinacias, ro-melic TavisuflebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. dimitri uznaZes nebisyofis Tavisuflebis problemis kvleva fsiqologiis umniSvnelovanes amocanad miaCnia. misi az-riT, qcevebi, romelic TavisuflebiT da RirebulebiT ar aris motivirebuli, is fsiqologiisTvis umniSvne-loa. amis Sesaxeb uznaZe wers: `qceva mxolod im SemTxve-vaSi CaiTvleba qcevad, rodesac is garkveuli azris, mniSvnelobis, Rirebulebis matareblad ganicdeba: qcevad mas es azri, es Rirebuleba, es mniSvneloba aq-cevs, mis gareSe igi ubralo fizikuri faqti iqneboda, romlis Seswavlac fsiqologias, yovel SemTxvevaSi, yve-laze naklebad ekiTxeba~ (1, gv. 208-9). swored amis gamoa, rom uznaZis ganwyobis TeoriaSi gansakuTrebuli yu-radReba Rirebulebis mqone qcevebsa da nebisyofis Ta-visuflebis problemas eTmoba.

es problema fsiqologiaSi dapirispirebul deter-ministul da indeterministul poziciebs warmoSobs. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria deterministul pozicias icavs, xolo Tanamedrove humanisturi fsiqologia — in-deteministuls. humanisturi fsiqologia egzistencia-lizmis iracionalistur pozicias efuZneba da miiCnevs, rom pirovnebis namdvili Tavisufleba iseTi motivire-buli nebis Tavisuflebaa, romelic determinacias gamo-ricxavs.

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nebis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli determinis-tuli da interministuli poziciebis dapirispireba Ta-namedrove qarTul fsiqologiaSic arsebobs. determi-nistul koncefcias CvenSi irakli imedaZe icavs, xolo indeterministuls — dimitri nadiraSvili. ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, araviTari qceva, impulsuri iqneba is, Tu nebelobiTi, ar sruldeba ganwyobis gareSe; ganwyoba yovelTvis determinirebulia, rogorc aracnobieri im-pulsebiT, aseve gaazrebuli motivebiT. amitom `mindas~ principiT moqmedebs adamiani Tu `undas~ principiT, mi-si moqmedebis Tavisufleba ar arsebobs determinaciis gareSe.

indeterministuli koncefciis mixedviT, nebis Ta-visufleba motivirebulia, magram es motivacia aravi-Tar kauzalobas da determinacias ar niSnavs, aramed is wminda Tavisuflebaa. vnaxoT, ras wers amasTan dakavSi-rebiT dimitri nadiraSvili: `nebiTi qcevis arsebiTi Ta-visebureba isaa, rom igi ar emorCileba movlenaTa mize-zobriv kanonzomierebas, igi arc asociaciuri kanonebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba da arc logikuri gamomdina-reobis procesia. gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa... arsebobs pirovneba — ar-sebobs nebis Tavisufleba~ (5, 186-187).

irakli imedaZis mixedviT, es pozicia ganwyobis Te-oriasTan SeuTavsebelia. misi azriT, ise rom iyos, rasac dimitri nadiraSvili amtkicebs, maSin Tavisuflebis problemac aRar iarsebebda: `problema is ki ar aris — wers imedaZe — rom adamians unari aqvs gadawyvetileba miiRos, aramed is, aris Tu ara arCevani da gadawyveti-leba raimeTi pirobadebuli, eyrdnoba Tu ara igi raime safuZvels, Tu ara — maSin is ubralod TviTnebobaa... an raRac zebunebrivi. Tu ki — maSin es erTi movlenis meo-riT gansazRvrulobaa, anu aucileblobisa da ara Tavi-suflebis sfero~ (3, gv. 187).

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dimitri nadiraSvili miiCnevs, rom qceva determi-nirebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas `mindas~ moT-xovnilebis motivi gansazRvravs, xolo Tu qceva `undas~ moTxovniTaa motivirebuli, maSin is nebis Tavisufle-biT sruldeba da aseTi motivacia determinacias ar niS-navs. es ganwyobis TeoriaSi miuRebelia. ganwyobis Teo-riis mixedviT, marTalia, pirovnuli Tavisufleba nebis TavisuflebiT ganisazRvreba, rom pirovnuli xasiaTi nebelobiTi dispoziciebiT aris fiqsirebuli da, cxa-dia, rom amis gareSe pirovnebis Tavisuflebaze lapara-ki SeuZlebelia, magram es determinacias ar gamoric-xavs. `udavoa — wers uznaZe — rom is ganwyoba, romelic nebelobis aqtSi isaxeba da nebismieri moqmedebis pro-cess warmarTavs, subieqtis damoukidebeli aqtivobis nayofia. am mxriv, nebis Tavisuflebis gancda mTlianad dasabuTebulia. magram, meores mxriv, es Tavisufleba sruliadac ar niSnavs safuZvelmoklebulobas, mizezga-reSeobas... am mxriv araviTar indeterminizmze laparaki ar SeiZleba~ (iqve). amitom, ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, determinaciis cnebis Secvla motivis cnebiT miuRebe-lia, radgan motivirebuloba determinirebulobis saxe-obaa (3, gv. 331).

miuxedavad imisa, rom ganwyobis Teoria Tavisi principebiT deterministulia, dimitri uznaZe katego-riulad ar uaryofs qcevis aramotivirebulobas, anu aramotivirebul nebis Tavisuflebas. `is faqti, rom ga-dawyvetileba yovelTvis motivirebuli unda iyos, TiT-qos sabolood unda amtkicebdes indeterminizmis usa-fuZvlobas. miuxedavad amisa, nebelobis Tavisuflebaze laparakis aRkveTa sruliad SeuZlebelia~ (1, 218).

dimitri uznaZis winaSe es Tvalsazrisi gansakuTre-biT maSin wamoiWreba, rodesac is xelovnebis Semoqmede-biT Tavisuflebaze laparakobs. misi azriT, `es procesi (xelovanis Semoqmedeba — t.r.) imdenad Taviseburia, rom igi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobda. xe-

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lovani araCveulebriv agznebas grZnobs, ideebisa da grZnobebis araCveulebriv simdidresa da sicxoveles; da am momentSi TiTqos sruliad spontanurad — misi ne-bisyofisa da inteleqtis Carevis gareSe, sruliad arac-nobierad, momavali mxatvruli nawarmoebis idea isaxeba. am mdgomareobas inspiracias, mxatvrul STagonebas uwodeben. zogi mas zeSTagonebad ganicdis, TiTqos ra-Rac araadamianuri Zala erTbaSad, moulodnelad da mo-umzadeblad euflebodes grZnobas. yvelaferi es unebu-rad Cndeba, magram amave dros Tavisuflebis grZnobis namdvili qariSxali ganicdeba~ (1, gv. 600-601). migvaCnia, rom uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriidan gamomdinare, es unda aixsnas substanciuri ganwyobis safuZvelze, romelic impulsurad vlindeba da ar aris damokidebuli nebisa da inteleqtis Tavisuflebaze. aq unda daisvas kiTxva: ra aris is Zala, romelsac subieqtis substanciuri gan-wyoba moZraobaSi mohyavs da aracnobierad saocarsa da sasurvel Sedegamde mihyavs? Tavisuflebis aseT arac-nobier intuiciur gancdas, Cveni azriT, bergsoni `RvTaebriv simpaTias~ uwodebs, xolo iaspersi — `RvTae-basTan kavSirs~.

migvaCnia, rom imas, rasac uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria-Si substanciuri ganwyoba warmoadgens, bergsonis Teo-riaSi `saRi azri~ ewodeba. bergsonis mixedviT, `saRi az-ri~ aris subieqtis sawyisi ganwyoba, orientacia, xolo inteleqti da nebisyofa misi emanaciis ori sapirispiro gzaa. `saRi azri~ aracnobieri faruli unaria, romelic amoqmedebs inteleqts. is wers: `ratom TviT brwyinvale sityvebi ver pouloben gamoZaxils, Tu isini vnebis ga-reSe gamoiTqmeba? xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom inteleqti moqmedebs raRac faruli unaris mixedviT~ (6, gv. 168).

uznaZes miaCnia, rom `inspiracia, STagoneba mxat-vruli Semoqmedebis meore safexuria, romelsac wina sa-fexuri, masalis dagrovebis safexuri, uswrebs win~ (1, gv. 600). amiT uznaZe xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom aseT

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inspiraciul aqtivobas Tavisi madeterminirebeli faq-torebi gaaCnia. ra Tqma unda, masalis dagroveba moT-xovnilebis safuZvelze xdeba da es determinaciis gar-kveul faqtors warmoadgens, magram gaurkveveli rCeba mxatvruli ideis intuiciuri wvdoma, romelic aracno-bieri idumalebiTaa dafaruli. amitom, sxva gza ar rCe-ba, garda imisa, rom vTqvaT: substanciuri ganwyobis ase-Ti aqtivoba RvTaebrivi ZaliT aris determinirebuli anu inspirirebuli. sxva SemTxvevaSi unda dagveSva ara-determinirebuli ganwyobac da moqmedebac, rac ganwyo-bis Teorias ewinaaRmdegeba. ganwyobis Teoriis mixed-viT, yovelgvari ganwyoba determinirebulia cnobieri da aracnobieri faqtorebiT. aracnobier faqtorSi in-tuiciuri aqtivobac igulisxmeba. rogorc ganwyobis Teoriidan viciT, wminda intuicia fsiqikis fenomeni ar aris, is dakavSirebulia grZnobad-emociur da inteleq-tualur aqtivobasTan, xolo TviTon intuiciuri aqti-voba aseve dakavSirebulia substanciur ganwyobasTan. ganwyoba am SemTxvevaSi pirveladia, romelic intuici-ur aqtivobas iwvevs, magram ara yovelTvis, aramed prob-lemuri situaciis SemTxvevaSi. es sadavo ar aris, sadavo da auxsneli TviTon intuiciuri aqtia, romelic logi-kur axsnas ar eqvemdebareba. ganwyobis TeoriiT mxolod imas vamtkicebT, rom intuiciuri aqtivoba problemebis gadaWras axlavs, magram, rogor wvdeba subieqti intui-ciurad Rirebulebis mqone ideas, amis axsna SeuZlebe-lia. `nebismieri Careva aq ver Svelis. STagonebas ver da-aCqareb; erTaderTi, rac SegviZlia, es lodinia...~ (1, gv. 600).

miuxedavad imisa, rom inspiraciuli aqtivoba da fsi-qikaSi mimdinare procesebis axsna SeuZlebelia ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, am faqtis determinaciasTan dakavSi-reba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, aradeterminirebuli araviTari gancda da moqmedeba ar arsebobs. gancda, sazrisis mqonea, Tu usazriso, yovel-

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Tvis raRaciT aris determinirebuli. ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, araviTari qceva ar arsebobs ganwyobis gareSe. yovelgvari qceva ganwyobiT aris gaSualebuli. swored amiT gamoirCeva ganwyobis Teoria sxvebisgan, rom mis-Tvis miuRebelia uSualobis principi. radganac es asea, inspiraciuli gancdac garkveul ganwyobas efuZneba. ami-tom, zeSTagoneba, rogorc aracnobieri faqtori, aseve aracnobierad afiqsireba substanciur doneze garkveul ganwyobas, romelic intuiciuri aqtivobaSi vlindeba. rogori `meqanizmisaa~ es intuiciuri procesi, es auxsne-lia, magram zemoTqmulidan unda davaskvnaT, rom yovel-gvari qceva, aqtualuri situaciiT iqneba motivirebuli Tu aracnobieri zeSTagonebiT, ganwyobis safuZvelze xorcieldeba da aseve determinirebulia, rogorc nebe-lobiT gamowveuli qceva.

amitom migvaCnia, rom motivacia-determinaciis ir-gvliv warmoSobili kamaTi sabolood determinaciis sa-sargeblod wydeba. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is garemoe-ba, rom TviT iracionalisturi fsiqologia (froidi) da filosofia (sicocxlis filosofia, egzistencializmi) Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, mainc determinaciis pozi-cias icaven nebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxSi. ZiriTadi dava da kamaTi mxolod imas exeba, Tu subieqtis romeli una-ri, grZnobadoba Tu azrovneba, aracnobieri Tu cnobie-ri fsiqika gansazRvravs nebis Tavisuflebas.

filosofiis istorias am TvalsazrisiT Tu gadavxe-davT, davinaxavT, rom yvela racionalisturi moZRvre-ba sokratedan moyolebuli hegelamde, gonebis gaazre-bul qmedebas miiCnevda Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebis mTavar faqtorad, romlis mixedviTac Tavisufleba aris Segnebuli aucilebloba. es gansakuTrebiT gamoik-veTa spinozasa da hegelis filosofiaSi. rac Seexeba kantis transcendentalizms, aqac igive principia. kate-goriuli imperativis mixedviT cxovreba aris Tavisuf-leba; xolo huserlis fenomenologiaSi transcendenta-

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luri wminda azri gansazRvravs subieqtis Tavisufle-bas. misi azriT, empiriuli ganwyobidan fenomenologi-ur ganwyobaze anu saboloo instanciaze gadasvla niS-navs Tavisuflebas. yvela zemoCamoTvlili Sexeduleba subieqtis Caketilsa da damTavrebul sistemas warmoad-gens da saboloo daskvna igivea: Tavisufleba aris Seg-nebuli aucilebloba.

gansxvavebiT racionalisturi Sexedulebisagan, si-cocxlis filosofia da egzistencializmi azrovnebisa da cnobierebis saboloo instanciaze da daxurulobaze uars ambobs. maTTvis transcendentalizmi miuRebelia. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania egzistencia-lizmis ori dapirispirebuli pozicia Tavisuflebis sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba mivmar-ToT karl iaspersis religiuri egzistencializmisa da Jan pol sartris arareligiuri egzistencializmis Zi-riTad daskvnebs.

iaspersi pirovnul Tavisuflebad miiCnevs Rmer-TTan kavSirs, RmerTisken swrafvas. misi azriT, swored es kavSiri aZlevs adamians Tavisuflebas. amitom RmerTi da Tavisufleba ganuyofelia, RmerTis rwmena aris Tavi-suflebis gamomxatveli, mxolod RmerTis rwmena aZlevs adamians saSualebas gavides Tavisi imanenturi samyaro-dan transcendentur samyaroSi da eziaros WeSmaritebas; iaspersis azriT, arCevanis Tavisufleba gapirobebulia Sinagani egzistenciis karnaxiT, romelic grZnobad-emo-cionalur intuicias emyareba da ar aris damokidebuli munyofierebis mankier moTxovnilebebTan.

Jan pol sartri ewinaaRmdegeba religiur egzisten-cializms, romlis mixedviT RmerTi aris Tavisuflebis garanti; misi azriT, Tavisuflebis aseTi gageba adamians uxsnis yvela pasuxismgelobas da es pasuxismgebloba RmerTze gadaaqvs; amitom adamiani yovel konkretul si-tuaciaSi TviTon Rebulobs gadawyvetilebebs da Tvi-Tonve unda agos pasuxi masze; misi azriT, Tavisufleba

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adamianisaTvis aris mZime tvirTi; iyo adamiani Zalian Znelia; `adamiani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~. sartris azriT, aracnobieri determinacia ar arsebobs, yvela-feri cnobierebiT da nebelobiT aris motivirebuli. magram Tu Rrmad davakvirdebiT debulebas: `adamiani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~, es ukve aracnobier de-terminacias niSnavs, romelsac adamiani ver gaeqceva. is-meba kiTxva: vin dawyevla adamiani da vin miusaja mas mo-ucilebadi pasuxismgebloba? cxadia, am kiTxvas tran-scendentur samyaroSi gavyavarT, magram TviTon sartri amas ar aRiarebs, radgan is RmerTis arsebobas uaryofs.

migvaCnia, rom sartris pozicia, rom adamiani daw-yevlilia TavisuflebiT, garegani inspiraciaa, radgan is ar aris damokidebuli TviTon adamianze. amitom sar-tris mier aRiarebuli nebis Tavisufleba ar gamoric-xavs garegan aracnobier determinacias. sartrisgan gan-sxvavebiT, iaspersis mixedviT, nebis Tavisufleba Sina-gani aracnobieri impulsebidan modis, romelsac Rmer-Tis siyvaruli gansazRvravs, amitom aqac, nebis Tavi-sufleba motivacias da determinacias emyareba da inde-terminizmi gamoricxulia.

amrigad, arc religiur da arc arareligiur egzis-tencializmSi nebis Tavisuflebis indeterministuli Sexeduleba ar dasturdeba, Tumca poziciebi am sakiT-xTan mimarTebaSi gansxvavebulia.

aseve araviTar kamaTs ar iwvevs fsiqologebSic da filosofosebSic, rom froidisa da froidizmis Teoria deterministuli moZRvrebaa, magram aq nebis Tavisuf-lebaze laparaki gamoricxulia. piriqiT, azrovneba da nebeloba froidis fsiqoanalizis TeoriaSi miCneulia aracnobieri fsiqikis Sinagani impulsebis damabrkole-belsa da amkrZalav faqtorad, ris gamoc subieqtis nam-dvili Tavisufleba problemebisa da cenzoris winaSe dgeba. namdvil Tavisuflebad froidTan aracnobieri fsiqikuri energiis anu libidos uproblemo impulsuri

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xarjva da sicocxlis ganxorcieleba iTvleba, rasac aracnobieri Tandayolili kompleqsebi ganageben. es kompleqsebi subieqtis aqtivobis mTavar madetermini-rebel faqtorebs warmoadgenen. amis gamo, subieqtis aq-tiuri moqmedeba mTlianad warsuliT aris determinire-buli. kompleqsebis aracnobier fiqsaciaze mxolod bi-ologiuri moTxovnilebebi axdens gavlenas, socialuri faqtoris roli kompleqsebis fiqsaciaSi gamoricxu-lia.

ganwyobis Teoria ar uaryofs warsulis rols arac-nobieri fsiqikis formirebaSi da aqtivobaSi, magram es aqtivoba mxolod biologiur faqtorze ar dayavs. fro-idisagan gansxvavebiT, ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT aracnobieri mTlianpirovnuli ganwyoba determinire-bulia, rogorc biogenuri, aseve fsiqogenuri da socio-genuri faqtorebiT. am faqtorebidan upiratesoba so-cialur faqtors eniWeba, romelic did gavlenas axdens aracnobieri mTlianpirovnuli ganwyobis formirebaze. garda amisa, ganwyobis Teoria ara mxolod warsulisa da awmyos axsnazea orientirebuli, aramed momavlis prog-nozireba mis umTavres amocanas warmoadgens. ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu subieqtis aqtivo-ba mxolod warsulis aracnobieri kompleqsebiT iqneba determinirebuli, maSin yovelgvari Tavisufleba mxo-lod iluziad gadaiqceva da fatalur garduvalobas daemTxveva. froidis fsiqoanalizis Teoriis mixedviT, aracnobieri aqtivoba ZiriTadad fsiqikis imanentur faqtorzea dayvanili, sadac Tandayolili kompleqsebi ganapirobveben awmyosac da momavalsac.

ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, subieqtis aracnobie-ri aqtivoba, romelic mTlianpirovnuli ganwyobis sa-fuZvelze mimdinareobs, determinirebulia ara mxolod Tandayolili aracnobieri impulsebiT da ganwyobebiT, aramed awmyoSi arsebuli obieqturi situaciiT, im kul-turiT da RirebulebebiT, romelic TviT am cxovrebis

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procesSi iqmneba da yalibdeba. amitom, adamianis nebis Tavisuflebaze msjeloba amis gareSe miuRebelia, ro-gorc mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, aseve praqtikuli, cxoivrebiseuli Semoqmedebis mizniT.

amrigad unda davaskvnaT, rom nebis Tavisufleba ar arsebobs ganwyobis gareSe, rom yovelgvari Tavisufali neba determinirebulia da gaSualebulia mTlianpirov-nuli ganwyobiT, xolo TviTon ganwyobac aseve determi-nirebulia subieqtis Sinagani moTxovnilebebiT da ga-regani obieqturi situaciiT. garegan obieqtur situa-ciaSi azrovnebis safuZvelze warmosaxuli momavalic igulisxmeba. amasTanave garegan madeterminirebel faq-torSi unda vigulisxmoT is faruli Zalebic, romlebic aracnobierad moqmedeben mTlianpirovnul ganwyobaze da uaryofiT an dadebiT rols asruleben subieqtis aq-tivobaze. am faqtorebSi rogorc RvTiuri neba, aseve yofierebis gaucnobierebeli kanonzomiereba igulis-xmeba, romlebic moulodnel da gauTvaliswinebel mov-lenebs iwvevs rogorc obieqtur sinamdvileSi, aseve pi-rovnebis aracnobier aqtivobaSi. yovelive zemoT aRniS-nuli metyvelebs imaze, rom araviTari pirovnuli nebis Tavisufleba determinaciis gareSe ar arsebobs, rom RvTiuri nebis daSvebac ki determinaciis sasargeblod metyvelebs.

TARIEL REKHVIASHVILI

ISSUE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ATTITUDE AND

FREEDOM OF WILL

ABSTRACT

Fundamental provisions of the theory of attitude in connection with freedom of the will are considered in the paper. According to this theory indeterministic views in connection with freedom of the will

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are not acceptable, according to which freedom of the will is identified with non-deterministic motivation.

According to the theory of attitude, this is not correspond to the facts, since motivation doesn’t eliminate determination, and determi-nation concerns not only causal processes, but motivation is defined or determined by teleological and mental factors.

It is shown in the paper that freedom of the will is determined by the system of values and without it neither attitude is formed nor free will is implemented.

literatura:

1. uznaZe dimitri, zogadi fsiqologia, Tb., 1998. 2. nadiraSvili SoTa, ganwyobis anTropuli Teoria,

Tb., 2001. 3. imedaZe irakli, nebisyofis Teoriis aqtualuri

problemebis Sesaxeb, fsiqologiis `macne~, Tb., 2010. 4. nadiraSvili dimitri, miznis fenomeni ganwyobis

fsiqologiaSi, fsiqologiis `macne~, Tb., 2010. 5. nadiraSvili dimitri, nebelobis fenomeni ganwyo-

bis Teoriis dRevandeli poziciidan, fsiqologia, t. XXII, Tb., 2010.

6. Бергсон А., Здравый смысл и классическое образование, «В.Ф.» №1, 1990.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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mixeil xalvaSi

(baTumi) mixeil xalvaSi — baTumis saxelwifo univer-sitetis asocirebuli profesori. muSaobs eTikis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs naS-romebi bednierebis problemis Sesaxeb.

arseboba tanjvaa Tu bedniereba?

arseboba, usasrulo mravalferovnebis mqone idu-mali Sinaarsisa da marad cvalebadi xasiaTis miuxeda-vad, erT-erT yvelaze myar da Rirebul realobad iT-vleba; miuxedavad imisa, rom idealizmi, religia Tu sxva msgavsi mimdinareoba, aRniSnuli cvalebadoba-warmav-lobis gamo, amqveyniur arsebobas ar aniWebs gansakuT-rebul mniSvnelobas da mas imqveyniuri maradiuli arse-bobisaTvis mxolod mosamzadebel safexurad Tvlis. es marTlac ase rom iyos, amqveyniuri yofierebis Rirebu-leba mainc ar knindeba araraobamde, radgan is maradiu-lobis erT-erT safexurad mogvevlineba da misi maradi-uli formac sxva araferi iqneba, Tu ara isev arseboba. arsebobas gverds ver avuvliT ara mxolod materialur, aramed idealur samyaroSic.

amqveyniur anu materialur samyaroSi mocemuli ar-seboba, misi bolomde amouxsnadobisa Tu cvalebadoba-warmavlobis miuxedavad, aris yvelaze didi garkveulo-bis mqone movlena adamianisa da saerTod mecnierebis-TvisTvis. amitom is, cdis saxiT, iTvleba mecnierebis erT-erT ZiriTad kriteriumad. Sexeduleba mxolod formaluri logikis Sesabamisad rom iyos argumentire-buli da ar emyarebodes cdas, misi WeSmariteba eWvqveS dadgeboda. iTvaliswinebdnen ra arsebobis aseT Tvise-bas, jer kidev upaniSadebis avtorebi, Semdeg ki avgus-

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tine, Tomazo kampanela, rene dekarti Tu sxvani, yvela-ze WeSmariti, anu iseTi debulebis agebas cdilobdnen, romelSic eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia, cdilobdnen ara mxolod azrovnebis, aramed arsebobis safuZvelze. de-karti amtkicebda, rom vazrovneb, maSasadame, varsebob. maTgan gansxvavebiT, sicocxlis filosofia, egzisten-cializmi Tu mravali sxva mimdinareoba naxsenebi dekar-tiseuli debulebis gareSe adamianur arsebobas Tavisi Semoqmedebis centrSi ayenebs da misi raobis garkvevas cdilobs. arsebobis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba-Ri-rebulebis Sesaxeb kidev mravali ram SeiZleba iTqvas, magram Cven maT aRar SevexebiT, radgan gvsurs yuradRe-ba gavamaxviloT ara mis aseT Tvisebebze, aramed masze, rom arsebobisadmi, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebu-li movlenisadmi damokidebulebaSi ZiriTadad, negati-uri Rirebulebis mqone araadekvaturi Tvalsazrisia damkvidrebuli.

filosofiur, mecnierul, religiur, misitkursa Tu sxva saxis mimdinareobebSi da yoveldRiur azrovne-baSi, rogorc cnobilia, damkvidrebulia pesimisturi Tvalsazrisi: iTvleba, rom arseboba, ZiriTadad, aris tanjvis, anu ubedurebis gancdis procesi. mag. budizmi swored aRniSnul Tvalsazrisze agebs Tavis moZRvrebas da amqveyniuri arsebobisagan, anu tanjvis saxiT aRqmu-li gardasaxvis ciklisagan — sansarisagan xsnasa da WeS-mariti bednierebis miRwevas budas mier ganvlili gzisa Tu mis mier Seqmnili moZRvrebis gaziarebaSi, anu amqvey-niuri tanjuli arsebobis uaryofaSi xedavs. qristiano-baSi ki iTvleba, rom materialur samyaroSi tanjvisaT-vis ganwiruli kacobriobis arseboba pirvelyofili Se-codebis, anu adamisa da evas cdunebis Sedegia, xsna ki qristianuli mcnebebis dacvasa da SemoqmedTan, anu ze-ciur samyarosTan mWidro kavSiris damyarebas efuZneba.

msgavs Tvalsazriss iziarebs sxva religiebi, iseve rogorc obieqturi idealizmi saerTod. mag. platoni

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amqveyniur arsebobas gamoqvabulis kedelze mijaWvuli da WeSmariti arsebobis mxolod aCrdilTa mzirali ada-mianis yofas adarebs (17,t.3 /1/, 321). is itanjeba, radgan gamoqvabulSi ver aRwevs umaRlesi ideidan momdinare sibrZne, sikeTe da mSveniereba, rogorc srulyofili adamianuri arsebobisa da bednierebisaTvis aucilebeli sasicocxlo-energetikuli substancia. am tanjuli mdgomareobidan saboloo xsna, platonis azriT, SesaZ-lebelia mxolod sulis borkilebisagan, anu fizikuri sxeulisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg. isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamiani saTnoebis safuZvelze filo-sofiuri principebis Sesabamisad iarsebebs da amiT suls `frTaSesxmisa~ Tu umaRles ideamde amaRlebis Se-saZleblobas miscems (16, t. 2, gv. 182-287).

absoluturi gonis ganuyoflobisa Tu zesrulyo-fili netarebis mdgomareobidan gamosvlis Sesaxeb msjelobisas hegeli naxseneb bibliur Secodebas `logi-kis mecnierebis” pirvel nawilSive ganixilavs (8,94) imis asaxsnelad, rom, gonis mier samyaros qmnadobis saxiT Semecnebis survilis warmoSoba aRniSnuli zesrulyo-fili bednierebis mdgomareobidan gamosvlisa da tan-jvis dasawyisia. ubedurebis gancda miT ufro Zlierde-ba, rac ufro metad Sedis Semoqmedi TviTSemecnebis siRrmeSi yoveli dialeqtikuri ciklis bolos. es tkivi-li, imdenad Zlierdeba TviTSemecnebis safexurze Tu materialur ganzomlebaSi gamovlenili gonisaTvis, rom hegeli mas `ubeduri cnobierebis” saxiT axasiaTebs (7. gv. 112). misgan ganTavisuflebasa da WeSmariti bedni-erebis wvdomas ki gonis mier cnobierebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis absolutur Semecnebas ukavSirebs, anu amqveyniuri mtanjveli arsebobisagan xsnas isev Semoq-medSi mocemul idealur ganzomilebaSi xedavs (6. gv. 346-359).

bolodroindel mimdinareobebSi msgavsi filoso-fiuri Tvalsazrisis gamziarebelTa Soris gansakuTre-

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buli yuradReba SeiZleba gamaxvildes sicocxlis fi-losofiasa da egzistencializmze. (s.kirkegori, m.hai-degeri, J.p.sartri, m.unamuno, a.Sopenhaueri Tu sxva). mag. s.kirkegori samyaroSi gadagdebuli, martoobisaT-vis ganwiruli, SiSiTa da ZrwoliT mudmivi arCevanis wi-naSe mdgari, anu ubeduri adamianis xsnas — absolutTan daaxloebasa da bednierebis miRwevas ukavSirebs. unamu-no, piriqiT, foierbaxisa Tu sxva cnobil moazrovneTa msgavsad, RmerTs adamianuri `me-s~ sferoSi aqcevs, mag-ram maTgan gansxvavebiT, mas ukvdavebis survilis saxiT iazrebs (8. gv. 510) ise rom misi ukiduresi pesimizmi fa-talizmamde midis (iqve,519). unmuno arsebobas sikvdili-sa da sicocxlis, anu racionaluri gonebisa da iracio-naluri grZnobis saxiT urTierTdapirispirebuli tra-gizmiT aRsavse iseTi agoniuri brZolis sferod war-mogvidgens, ”romelSic gamarjvebis imedic ki araa” (iq-ve,512), radgan es mtanjveli procesi Tavad adamianuri cnobierebis maararavebeli miswrafebis Sedegia. gamosa-vali, misi azriT, mxolod am sinamdvilis miRebaSi, anu grZnobiT ukvdavebisken iracionalur ltolvaSia. una-munos msgavsad, aTeisturi egzistencializmis warmo-madgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT m.haidegeri, munyofierebas, arsebiTad, tanjvis sxvadasxva gamovlinebis, anu ubedu-rebis saxiT ganixilaven. marTalia, maTi garkveuli nawi-li — mag. J.p.sartri, bednierebazec amaxvilebs yuradRe-bas, magram maT mier gagebuli bedniereba da Tavisufle-ba mainc negatiur Sinaars iZens. `bedniereba mowyenilo-bad~ gvevlineba(9. gv. 89), Tavisufleba ki — SiSis mom-gvrelad. es moazrovneebi, ZiriTadad, Tavisufali arCe-vanisa Tu araras winaSe mdgari adamianis SiSisa da Zrwo-lis, martoobisa Tu uimedobis, anu tanjvisa da ubedu-rebis gancdis analizis safuZvlze cdiloben arapirda-piri, araracionaluri Tu simboluri formiT migvaniS-non is, risi Cvenebac, maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba mecnie-rul enaze. a.Sopenhaueri egzistencializmamde karga

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xniT adre SesaniSnavad axerxebs TiTqmis sayovelTaod miRebuli aseTi pesimisturi Tvalsazrisis simbolur gamonaTqvamSi moqcevas. is tanjvis saxiT aRqmuli am-qveyniuri arsebobis daZlevasa da WeSmariti bedniere-bis wvdomas individualuri nebis absolutur nebasTan erTianobis miRwevas ukvSirebs da aRniSnavs, rom arse-boba sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianis tanjvasa da mowye-nilobas Soris meryeoba, anu ubedurebis gancda (17. gv. 480) m.d.unamunosa (9, gv. 513) da n. berdiaevis Semoqmede-baSi ki es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro ixveweba. miuxedavad imisa, rom berdiaevi m.d.unamunosagan gansxvavebiT aq-cents ara ubedurebaze, aramed religiuri Sinaarsis mqone bednierebaze akeTebs. n.berdiaevi RmerTisagan gandgomili adamianisTvis tanjvas imdenad arsebiT mov-lenad Tvlis, rom dekartis debulebas: `vazrovneb, ma-Sasadame varsebob,” cvlis debulebiT: `vitanjebi, maSa-sadame varsebob”(8. gv. 525).

ganxiluli realoba, vfiqrobT, sakmarisi masalaa imis naTelsayofad, rom a.Sopenhaueris naxsenebi gamo-naTqvami CavTvaloT sayovelTaod miRebul Tvalsazri-sad aramecnieruli Sinaarsisa da imis miuxedavad, rom bevri sxva mimdinareoba ara ubedurebaze, aramed bedni-erebaze akeTebs aqcents. Sesabamisad, Tvlis rom arse-bobis procesSi swored bedniereba unda dominirebdes, Tu adamianur yofierebas Tanaswrobaze, samarTliano-baze, saTnoebaze da sxva msgavs principebze davafuZ-nebT.

amrigad, sayovelTaod miRebuli Tvalsazrisis mi-xedviT iTvleba, rom arseboba ZiriTadad aris ubedure-bis procesi. magram avtoritetulobis miuxedavad, vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia, daveTanxmoT mas, Tu filoso-fiisa da saerTod mecnierebisaTvis misaRebi meTodo-logiis Sesabamisad gaviTvaliswinebT arsebobasTan bednierebis vitaluri, anu sasicocxlo Rirebulebisa da misi uarmyofeli ubedurebis kanonzomier urTier-

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TmimarTebas. ufro zustad, im realobas, romlis mixed-viTac ukve naxsenebi filosofiis, mecnierebis, religi-is, mistikisa Tu yoveldRiuri realobis sferoSi iT-vleba, rom bedniereba uzrunvelyofs sicocxles, ube-dureba ki spobs mas. mag. jer kidev antikur epoqaSi, sa-yovelTaod miRebuli Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad, pla-toni aRniSnavda, rom ubedureba aris sikeTisa da bedni-erebis mosisxle mteri (3. gv. 333), anu adamianuri arse-bobis gamanadgurebeli gancda. xolo axal epoqaSi b.spi-noza cdilobda imis dasabuTebas, rom ubedurebis sapi-rispirod bedniereba sicocxlis uzrunvelmyofeli movlenaa (15. gv. 82-83).

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze empiriokriticistebi negatiuri gancdisagan Tavis daRwevis aucileblobaze miuTiTeben da usiamovnebis Sedegad dakarguli `sicoc-xlis”_ fsiqo-fizikuri energiis gamomTvlel formu-las qmnian(20. gv. 30-40).

Tanamedrove etapze ki mecnieruli eqsperimentis donezea dasabuTebuli aRniSnuli realoba, anu is, rom ubedureba anadgurebs arsebobas, bedniereba ki uzrun-velyofs mas. ufro zustad, filosofiidan fsiqologi-is gamoyofisa da damoukidebel mecnierebad Camoyali-bebis Semdeg bedniereba ara mxolod fsiqologiis Ses-wavlis obieqtad iqca da bednierebis institutebic ki Seiqmna (mag. miunxenSi), aramed is anatomia-fiziologi-is, medicinisa Tu sxva konkretuli mecnierebis Seswav-lis, anu saerTomecnieruli Semecnebis sagnad iqca da misi mravali kanonzomiereba gaxda naTeli. amis safuZ-velze, Tu jer kidev ramdenime aTeuli wlis win fsiqo-logebs centraluri nervuli da endokrinuli sistemis emociebSi monawileobaSi eWvi ar eparebodaT, magram sa-davod mxolod imas Tvlidnen, Tu tvinis romeli nawi-lidan imarTeboda es gancdebi (4. gv. 159), dResdReobiT es sakiTxi ukve kamaTis obieqti aRaraa. eqsperimentis doneze dadgenilia ara mxolod is punqti centralur

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nervul da endokrinul sistemaSi, romelic reagirebs bednierebasa Tu saerTod emociaze da marTavs mas, ara-med — neiroqimiac, e.i. is nivTierebani, romlebic gamoi-yofa organizmSi sxvadasxva emociis dros. mag. dadgeni-lia, rom emociaze reagireba da misi Tu saerTod orga-nizmis marTva centralur nervul sistemaSi xdeba Tavis tvinis limburi struqturis safuZvelze, romelSic Se-dis: tvinis sartylis xveuli, hipokampi, Talamusi, hipo-Talamusi, entorialuri qerqi, amigdala, Zgide (14. gv. 612-613). xolo, saerTod, emociis bioqimiur analizato-rad iTvleba tvinis sartylis xveuli hipoTalamusTan ukukavSiriT. im nawils, romliTac imarTeba pozitiuri emociebi, xatovnad `samoTxis zonasac~ ki uwodeben, xo-lo im nawils, romelic marTavs negatiur gancdebs — `jojoxeTis zonas.~ Sesabamisad, dadgenilia, rom cen-traluri nervuli da endokrinuli sistemis SeTanxme-buli funqcionirebis Sedegad organizmSi gamoyofil im nivTierebaTa saxeoba, romelic Tan axlavs sxvadasxva saxis emocias (13. gv. 330). e.i. garkveulia mis Sesabamisad organizmSi mimdinare neiroqimiuri cvlilebebic ki, anu is konkretuli sakiTxi, romelic ukavSirdeba bedniere-bis vitalur funqcias da mis mier qcevis marTvas. ker-Zod, bednierebisa, da saerTod sxvadasxva pozitiuri emociis procesSi aqtivobis unaris amaRleba xdeba cen-traluri nervuli sistemis mier organizmSi gamoyofi-li pozitiuri — sasicocxlo nivTierebebis safuZvelze. mag. gamoiyofa dofamini, seratonini, noradrenalini da hormonebi: testosteroni, oqsitozini da fenileTila-mini. uSualod bednierebis gancdis dros ki gamoiyofa endorfini, anu biologiuri morfini, ise rom bedniere-bis xangrZlivobaemTxveva am nivTierebaTa organizmSi arsebobis xangrZlivobas (18. gv. 13,332). negatiuri emo-ciisas ki ara mxolod mcirdeba pozitiuri nivTierebebi da ifiteba organizmi, aramed centraluri nervuli da endokrinuli sistemis safuZvelze gamoiyofa negatiu-

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ri nivTierebani da is `iwamleba,” qveiTdeba aqtivobis unari da iwyeba misi paralizeba uaryofiTi emociis siZ-lieris, ufro zustad, am dros gamoyofil momwamlav nivTierebaTa raodenobisa Tu xarisxis Sesabamisad. ase-Ti procesebis Sedegad adamiani SeiZleba daavaddes, Zlieri emociis safuZvelze ki ise moiwamlos da gamoi-fitos, rom daavadebis gareSe uecari sikvdiliT daas-rulos ubedurebis gancda.

maSasadame, konkretul mecnierebebSi empiriuli da eqsperimentuli monacemebis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom bedniereba da yvela sxva pozitiuri emocia arsebo-bis umaRles formebs uzrunvelyofs centraluri ner-vuli da endokrinuli sistemis safuZvelze organizmSi gamoyofili sasicocxlo-energetikuli nivTierebebiT, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, `ukvdavebis neqtariT;~ xolo ube-dureba da sxva negatiuri emocia anadgurebs sicocxles da mis paralizebasa Tu sikvdils iwvevs organizmSi ga-moyofili `momwamlavi~ nivTierebebis Sedegad. Sesabami-sad, fsiqologiis, medicinisa Tu sxva konkretuli mec-nierebis sferoSi ara mxolod sxvadasxva saxis prepara-tia Seqmnili adamianis ubedurebis gancdisagan gamosay-vanad, anu misi arsebobis SesanarCuneblad, aramed mra-vali fsiqologiuri meTodia SemuSavebuli da mis sa-fuZvelze medikamentebis gareSec ki SeiZleba ubedure-bis gancdis daZleva (11. gv. 286).

rogorc vxedavT, mecnieruli codnis saxiTaa argu-mentirebuli, rom bedniereba uzrunvelyofs sicoc-xles, ubedureba ki spobs mas. Sesabamisad, Tu am realo-bas SevadarebT zemonaxseneb sayovelTaod miRebul im debulebas, romlis mixedviTac arseboba ZiriTadad aris tanjvis procesi, iseT kontradiqtorul, anu gamo-uval winaaRmdegobaSi aRmovCndebiT, romelic erTmniS-vnelovnad migviTiTebs Semdeg WeSmaritebaze: arseboba SeuZlebelia iyos mxolod tanjvis procesi. ufro zus-tad, is migviTiTebs, rom ganxiluli arsebobis tanjvis

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procesad CamTvleli debuleba aris araswori, radgan bedniereba uzrunvelyofs sicocxles, ubedureba spobs mas da arseboba ZiriTadad tanjvis, anu ubedurebis gan-cda rom yofiliyo, maSin is saerTod aRar iarsebebda — ubedurebis saxiT arseboba misi mxolod uaryofa iqne-boda.

cdaze damyarebuli deduqciuri daskvnebis Sede-gad miRebuli codnis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rom adamianuri yofierebisaTvis ufro arsebiTi mniS-vneloba aqvs ara negatiur da pozitiur gancdaTa xan-grZlivobas, aramed siRrmes da maT Sedegad dakarguli Tu SeZenili `sicocxlis odenobas,” e.i. arsebiTia is, rom ubedurebis Sedegad dakarguli sicocxle unda aR-dges bednierebis safuZvelze SeZeniliT. mas ki aqvs `Za-la” uzrunvelyos es im SemTxvevaSic, Tu didi xnis gan-mavlobaSi gancdili ubedurebis Semdeg is Zalian mokle droiT gaielvebs. diax, bedniereba saerTod ar aris xan-grZlivi procesi, magram mis mcireoden `gaelvebasac” ki Tavisi cxovelmyofeli potenciis safuZvelze, SeuZlia xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gancdili ubedurebis Sedegad `dakaruli sicocxlis” ganaxleba da misTvis axali SemoqmedebiTi Sinaarsis micema, anu arsebobis ga-wonasworeba da masSi romantikuli macocxlebeli im-pulsis Setana. amasTnave bedniereba aseT Sedegs uzrun-velyofs ara mxolod misi gancdis procesSi, aramed uSualo `empiriuli ararsebobis” SemTxvevaSic. kerZod, fsiqologebi xSirad miuTiTeben imis Sesaxeb, rom bedni-ereba, marTalia droiT xanmokle, magram azrobrivad xangrZlivi movlenaa. `erTxel gancdili bednierebis STabeWdileba xSir SemTxvevaSi mudmivic kia. mag. gadis wlebi, magram bednierebis mwvervalis Sesaxeb mogoneba mainc cocxlobs da gvaniWebs sicocxlis Zalasa da imeds” (18).

aucilebelia SevniSnoT isic, rom ganxiluli sakiT-xisadmi urTierTmimarTebaSi daSvebul mecnieruli me-

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TodologiisaTvis miuRebel Secdomebs, Cveni azriT, ga-napirobebda ara mxolod bednierebis arsis Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uaryofa (5. gv. 214), aramed bednierebasa da ubedurebas Soris mocemuli neitraluri emociuri mdgomareobis gauTvaliswinebloba arsebobis procesSi. saxeldobr, arseboba mxolod siamovneba-bednierebis, an usiamovneba-ubedurebis gancda ki araa, aramed maT Sua-ledur — neitralur emociur mdgomareobaSi yofnacaa da is Zalian hgavs usiamovnebis gancdas, radgan emociu-rad `Camqrali,~ sakmaod gaurkveveli Sualeduri mdgo-mareobaa. vfiqrobT, misi gauTvaliswinebloba, anu neit-raluri mdgomareobis negatiur gancdad CaTvla Tu ma-Ti erTmaneTSi aRreva sxva mizezebTan erTad qmnida imis iluzias, rom arseboba ZiriTadad aris ubedureba, rad-gan am or gancdas — usiamovnebasa da Sualedurs — er-Tad sakmaod didi adgili SeiZleba eWiros emociis sfe-roSi.

dadgenili debulebebis safuZvelze daskvnis gake-Tebamde araadekvaturobis Tavidan asacileblad, pir-vel yovlisa, aucilebelia, emociur samyaroSi naTlad gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan ara ori, aramed sami ZiriTa-di mdgomareoba: 1. siamovneba-bednierebis, anu pozitiu-ri; 2. usiamovneba-ubedurebis, anu negatiuri. 3. maT So-ris mocemuli neitraluri emociuri mdgomareoba. rad-gan es ukanaskneli arafers `matebs an aklebs” arsebobas, misi gverdis avliT, magram usiamovneba-ubedurebisagan gamijvniT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: arseboba ZiriTadad ubedurebis gancda, anu calmxrivoba ki araa da mxolod am negatiuri movlenis safuZvelze ki ar qmnis Tavis mTlianobas, aramed mas poziciurad upirispirdeba bed-niereba da arseboba ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mxa-ris — bednierebisa da ubedurebis erTianobiT qmnis Ta-vis mTlianobas; maTi urTierTmimarTeba emyareba uni-versaluri wonasworobis princips bednierebis prima-tiT da ganasaxierebs jer kidev lao Zisa Tu hegelis mi-

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er dadgenil dapirispirebulTa erTianobis im dialeq-tikur kanonzomierebas, romelic misaRebia Tanamedro-ve mecnieruli meTodologiisaTvisac. Sesabamisad, unda davuSvaT, rom Tu am movlenaTa urTierTmimarTeba ase-Ti kanonzomieri Sinaarsis mqonea da Cveulebriv, norma-lur pirobebSi bednierebisa da ubedurebis gamawonas-worebuli urTierTmimarTeba uzrunvelyofs arsebo-bas, maSin is aseTive Sinaarsis unda iyos aranormalursa da eqstremalur situaciaSic. oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi prioritetul mdgomareobaSi iq-neba an bedniereba, an ubedureba, e.i. — an sicocxlis uz-runvelmyofeli, an misi uarmyofeli mdgomareoba. ker-Zod, rac ufro gaizrdeba bednierebis xangrZlivoba, miT ufro Semcirdeba ubedurebis gancdis wili da arse-bobisaTvis ufro meti pirobebi Seiqmneba, an piriqiT. sa-bolood ki am ori urTierTdapirispirebuli gancdis safuZvelze ganadgurebuli da uzrunvelyofili arse-boba gawonaswordeba da bednierebis primatis safuZ-velze kvlav Seiqmneba axali sicocxlis pirobebi.

swored am kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare da ara arsebobis tanjvis procesad CamTvleli sayovelTaod miRebuli Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebul realobaze migviTiTeben xolme konkretuli mecnierebis warmomad-genlebi, roca isini emyarebian ara Sexedulebebs, ara-med eqsperimentul monacemebs. mag. fsiqiatrebi Tu nei-rofiziologebi Tavis tvinSi ganlagebul dadebiTsa da uaryofiT emociaTa maregulirebeli `samoTxisa~ da `jojoxeTis~, anu bednierebisa da ubedurebis zonebis dinamikurad gawonasworebul urTierTmimarTebaze msjeloben, roca surT imis dasabuTeba, rom ara mxo-lod emociuri arsebobis, aramed adamianis yvela orga-noSi mimdinare procesis mTlianobas qmnis dadebiTad da uaryofiTad urTierTdapirispirebuli mxareebi: `Tavis tvinis siRrmiseul emociur meqanizmSi aris ra-Rac qanqaras msgavsi: rac metia gadaxra erT mxareze, im-

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denad metia meorezec. rac ufro Zlieria tkboba, Sem-deg amdenadve Zlieria tanjvac, romelic gvaiZulebs tkbobis garemoebebi veZioT. qanqaras principi organiz-mis savsebiT gansxvavebul sistemebSia ganxorcielebu-li: sunTqvaSi, gulis moqmedebasa da TviT nawlavebis muSaobaSic ki. es aris sqema, dambadebel ritmTa dasebi-sa, romelic saocari mudmivobiT meordeba biomoleku-lebSi, ujredebSi Tu tvinis sxva mraval araemociur sistemebSi~(1. gv. 18).

Tu sayovelTaod miRebuli Tvalsazrisis sapiris-pirod gaviTvaliswinebT zemoT argumentirebul rea-lobas, bunebrivia, SeiZleba vTqvaT adamianis ara mowye-nilobasa da tanjvas, anu ubedurebis or sxvadasxva formas Soris, aramed bednierebasa da ubedurebas So-ris qanaoba. diax, mowyeniloba Tu tanjva arsebiTad sxva araferia, Tu ara ubedurebis ori sxvadasxva saxe da gamodis, rom arsebobac sxva araferia, Tu ara ubedure-bis gancdaSi yofna. es ki SeuZlebelia, radgan dasabuT-da, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi sicocxle saerTod aRar iarse-bebda.

dadgenili debulebebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba iT-qvas isic, rom swored es kanonzomieri aucilebloba ga-napirobebs ara mxolod sicocxlis maradiulobas, ara-med ganxiluli pesimisturi Tvalsazrisis sxvadasxva ukiduresi formiT gamovlenisadmi dapirispirebas. mag. `1951w. vatikanis mier egzistencialuri filosofiis ga-kicxvis Semdeg g.marselma ganacxada, rom sasowarkveTi-lebasa da mudmiv SiSze agebuli filosofia sabolood CixSi moeqceva da Tu egzistencialur filosofias Se-uZlia ganaxleba, es mxolod imedisa da sixarulis gaaz-rebis gziTo~ (8. gv. 570). swored am aucileblobidan ga-momdinare, SemTxveviTi ar iyo isic, rom Tu m.haidegeri J.p.sartri da aTeisturi egzistencializmis sxva warmo-madgenlebi bednierebas gverds uvlian da mxolod nega-tiur movlenebze akeTeben aqcents, maTgan gansxvavebiT

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k.iaspersi, samyarosa da egzistenciis garda, transcen-dentur sferosac exeba Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. xolo n.berdiaevs da g.marsels RmerTis saxiT iracionaluri pozitiuri principi SemoaqvT am mimdinareobaSi reli-giuri Tu mistikuri filosofiis safuZvelze. ra Tqma unda, es araa SemTxveviTi, imitom rom RmerTis gageba ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli imedTan, sixarulTan Tu saerTod nebismier dadebiT sawyisTan da emociasTan, anu bednierebasTan. egzistencializmis am warmomadgen-lebma transcendenturisa Tu RmerTis saxiT TavianT filosofiaSi, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, dauSves bedni-erebisa da sicocxlis principi, sxvagvarad uazroba da negatiuri movlena iqneboda mTeli egzistencializmi.

bedniereba-ubedureba Tu saerTod emociebi, anti-kuri epoqidan momdinare sayovelTaod miRebuli Tval-sazrisis mixedviT, arakanonzomier movlenad iTvleba. aseTi iracionalizmi ganxilul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis yvela saxis agnosticizmisa da TviT nihilizmis damkvidrebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs warmoadgenda. iqmneboda ara mxolod imis SesaZlebloba, rom melanqo-liuri temperamentis gamo uaryofiT movlenebze gada-Warbebuli aqcentisa Tu sxva mizezebis Sedegad adami-ans arseboba ZiriTadad tanjvis procesad CaeTvala da es Tvalsazrisi sxvebisTvisac STaenerga, aramed is sa-yovelTaod miRebuli Sexedulebis saxiTac ki damkvid-rebuliyo. magram rogorc vxedavT, ukve aucilebelia am tendenciis SezRudva da misi sayovelTao formebisadmi wertilis dasma, radgan arsebobis, rogorc faqtis, gaT-valiswinebiT da mecnierebis sferoSi dadgenili im codnis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac iTvleba, rom bedniereba uzrunvelyofs sicocxles, ubedureba ki spobs mas, tradiciulad damkvidrebuli araargumenti-rebuli pesimisturi Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod dasa-buTda Semdegi debuleba: radgan ubedureba uaryofs arsebobas, SeuZlebelia is ZiriTadad iyos tanjvis pro-

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cesi, sicocxle aseT SemTxvevaSi saerTod unda uaryo-filiyo. arseboba faqtia da aqedan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT, rom arseboba ubedurebisa da bednierebis ara mxolod gawonasworebuli urTierTmimarTebiT, aramed am ukanasknelis garkveuli upiratesobiT uz-runvelyofs Tavis mTlianobas.

amrigad, arseboba SeuZlebelia iyos mxolod tan-jvis procesi, is bednierebis momniWebelicaa da Tu ada-mians surs sicocxle, ganuwyvetliv unda miiswrafodes misken, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas daeufleba sicarie-lisa Tu sxva saxis ubedurebis gancda. Tu am negatiurma movlenam gadaaWarba pozitiurs, anu bednierebas, ise rom amowura potenciurad arsebobis wyaro, is daiRupe-ba. aqedan gamomdinare, J.p. sartris msgavsad, SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom adamiani `dawyevlilia~ ara mxolod Ta-visuflebiT, aramed mas `misjili~ aqvs agreTve bednie-rebasa da sicocxleze ganuwyveteli fiqri da misken miswrafeba, Tu surs saerTod arseboba, anu adamianis-Tvis sicocxlis saxiT boZebul yvelaze did saganZur-Tan: WeSmaritebasTan, mSvenierebasTan, sikeTesTan, Ta-visuflebasa Tu bednierebasTan SemoqmedebiTi ziare-biT amaRleba.

MIKHEIL KHALVASHI

IS EXISTENCE – TORMENT OR HAPPINESS

A B S T R A C T

Happiness provides existence and unhappiness destroys it. According to this established knowledge not only in philosophy but in concrete science field too, the article defines, that it is impossible to consider such pessimistic view correct, according to which the existence is regarded as the process of misfortune, because

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unhappiness destroys the existence and in such case it would be rejected at all. Human being is in a continuing process, which with the abovementioned reality empirically proves, that existence can make its integrity not only with unhappiness, but also with happiness contradictly opposed to it: On one side existence is unhappiness or its rejection, on the other side it is happiness or its security by some preference of the last mentioned phenomena, because existence does not stop on the same level or regress, but it develops.

literatura:

1. levi b., nadiroba fiqrze, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tb.,

1982. 2. narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi j. korZaias re-

daqciiT, ganaTleba, Tb., 1993. 3. platoni, timeosi, irmisa, Tb., 1984. 4. uznaZe d., Sromebi, t. III — IV, saq. mec. akdemia, Tb.,

1964. 5. filosofiuri Ziebani, t. XII, red. s.avaliani, Tb.,

2008. 6. hegeli v., gonis filosofia, mecniereba, Tb., 1981. 7. hegeli v., logikis mecniereba, sabW. saqarTvelo, Tb.,

1962. 8. XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofiis istoria

g.TevzaZis da v.svaniZis redaqciiT, ganaTleba, Tb., 1970.

9. ServaSiZe g., Jan pol sartris filosofia, gam. `ba-Tumis universiteti,” 2005.

10. Авенариус Р., Критика чистого опыта в популярном изло-жении А. Луначарского, М., 1905.

11. Аргайл М.,Психология счастья, Мысль, М., 1990. 12. Гегель В., Сочинения, т. 4, Феноменология духа, Соц. эко-

ном. литература, М., 1959 13. Данилова Н.Н., Крылова А.А., Физиология высшей нервной

деятельности, Феникс, Ростов-на -Дону, 1999.

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14. Нормальная физиология под ред. Судакова К. В., Мед. Ин-форм. Агентство, М., 1999.

15. Спиноза Б., Этика, Гос. соц. эконом. издательство, Москва-Ленинград, 1932.

16. Платон, Сочинения в четырёх томах, под обшей ред. Лосева А.Ф., Тахо-Годи А.А., Мысль, 1990

17. Шопенгауэр А., Мир как воля и представление, Фирма Литература, Минск, 1998.

18. htt // www glueckforschung. de./ fag. htm.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis eTikis ganyofilebam.

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badri forCxiZe

(quTaisi) badri forCxiZe — filosofiis doqtori, ak. wereTlis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori; muSaobs socialuri filosofi-isa da filosofiuri anTropologiis prob-

lemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs ori wigni: `pirovnebaTa amocnobis istoriul-filosofiuri horoskopi~ (quTaisi, 2007); `samarTlis filosofiis aqtualuri problemebi~ (omar mindaZis TanaavtorobiT, quTaisi, 2009), agreTve samecniero statiebi filosofiis am dargebSi.

`bunebrivi samarTlis~ socialuri

instinqtisa da `marginaluri eqstremizmis~

fsiqologiuri sindromis Sinagani

winaaRmdegobis problema

bunebrivi samarTlis Teoriebi, romlebic dasabams

jer kidev Soreuli warsulidan iReben, uklebliv emya-reba ucvlel, adamianis neba-survilisagan damoukide-bel obieqtursa da sayovelTao kanonzomierebebs, ro-melTac gaaCniaT Tandayolili, Sinagani da substanciu-rad gansazRvruli myari buneba da xasiaTi; igi Tanamim-devrulad da sazrisiseulad avlens adamianis mimarTe-bas sagnobriv sinamdvilesTan, sazogadoebasTan, tan-jva-siamovnebasTan, miTiur Tu religiur qmnilebebTan, aseve gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs adamianuri gonWvre-telobisa da msofl-gancdebis Taviseburebas, rogorc sinamdvilesa da sakuTari TviTSemecnebis, aseve zogad-RirebulebaTa da saSualeba-mizanTa TviTSefasebis formebs, masStabebs, doneebsa da mimarTulebebs. samar-Tali sxva araferia, Tu ara samarTlebrivi urTierTo-bebis Sedegi, amitom isic, iseve rogorc ekonomika, po-litika, saerTod zneoba da religia, emyareba Sesabami-

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sad ekonomikur, politikur, zneobrivsa da religiur urTierTobebs, ris gamoc es urTierTobani uklebliv atarebs mkafio, araorazrovan socialur xasiaTs, ris gareSec isini ubralod azrs kargaven, adamianis sazoga-doebrivi arsebis tolmniSvnelovani gagebis paralelu-rad.

garkveuli kuTxiT, aRniSnul msjelobas mivyavarT samarTlis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Tandayolili, sub-stanciuri garkveulobis logikuri uaryofis daskvnam-de imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom urTierTobebi warmoad-gens konkretul, drosa da sivrceSi ganxorcielebul realur viTarebebs, romlebic adamianis individualur arsebas mzamzareulad gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebisa da gamocdilebis Sinagani momentis saxiT ar gaaCnia. uf-ro metic, socialuri urTierTobebi savsea moulodne-lobiT, ucnaurobiT da arasasurveli SedegebiT, ris ga-moc bunebrivi samarTali, Tu is samarTlebrivi urTier-Tobebis gareSe warmoudgenelia, Sinaganad gamoricxavs Tavisi funqciis ganxorcielebis ara marto praqtikul, aramed Teoriul SesaZleblobasac.

bunebrivi samarTlis gageba sxvadasxvagvari azrob-rivi datvirTviT modificirdeboda filosofiis isto-riis uZvelesi aTvlis orientirebidan. gvarovnul-to-mobrivi, pirvelqmnili Temuri sazogadoebrivi wyobi-lebis wiaRSi samarTlianobis idea Serwymuli iyo yvela saxis wes-CveulebasTan da adaT-wesebTan, romelic gana-saxierebda adamianur individTa socialur ufleba-mo-valeobebsa da religiur-mistikur ritualur wiaR-svlebs mTeli Tavisi yofaqcevis nairferadovani kom-pleqsiT; xolo, rogorc platoni da aristotele miu-TiTeben, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis monaTmflobelu-ri wesis damkvidrebidan igi daukavSirda `simdidris dagrovebis xelovnebas, romlis codnac pirdapiri mniS-vnelobiT gacvla-gamocvlasTan, anu vaWrobasTanaa ga-

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Tanabrebuli~ (2. gv. 26). aristotele Tvlis, rom samar-Tlianoba warmoadgens Tanasworobas, Tumca ar akonkre-tebs saxeldobr Tu ra saxis Tanasworobas gulisxmobs igi, Tanac Tanasworoba TviTon saWiroebs ganmartebas. marTalia, rom misi miTiTebis Tanaxmad, Tanasworoba aris raRac Sualedi da amitomac es aucileblobiT gu-lisxmobs raRac mimarTebas or an met wevrs Soris, mag-ram vfiqrobT, rom Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba er-TmaneTs ar uigivdeba arc nawilobriv da arc mTlianad, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi, roca Tanasworoba gvesmis ro-gorc proporcia. aqve didi moazrovne migvaniSnebs, rom `platonic am proporciul samarTlianobas iyenebs Ta-vis `saxelmwifoSi~. is ambobs, rom miwaTmoqmedi qmnis xorbals, kalatozi-saxls, mqsoveli-qsovils, `mewaRe–waRs~; aseve iqceva yvela danarCeni. isini erTmaneTTan cvlian TavianT nawarms; proporciac swored esaa~ (1. gv. 38); vinaidan proporcia, aristoteles mixedviT, icavs saxelmwifosac, amitom keTdeba daskvna, rom samarTali aris proporcia. `samarTlianoba icavs sazogadoebasac, maSasadame, samarTali igivea, rac proporcia~ (iqve). aq aSkaraa logikuri uxeSi Secdoma, radgan proporcia Se-iZleba arsebobdes iseT wevrebsa da obieqtebs Sorisac romelTa Soris mimarTebaTa dadgena araa damokidebu-li arc subieqtis neba-survilze da arc misave cnobie-rebis, an Sefasebis funqciebze, xolo samarTlianoba ki aucileblad jerarsuli urTierTobebis normebzea da-fuZnebuli. TviT `bunebrivi samarTali~, rogorc amosa-vali da dasabami yovelgvari samarTlebrivi, normatiu-li urTierTobis formisa, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZ-leba gavaigivoT obieqtur kanonzomierebebTan, vinai-dan misi jerarsuli xasiaTi ar mogvcems amis saSuale-bas. rogorc Cans, aristotelec aSkarad xedavs aRniS-nul siZneles, amitomac igi iZulebulia arCevani gaake-Tos samarTlianobis mraval mniSvnelobaze: `radgan sa-marTlianobas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs, amitom dasad-

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genia, Tu romel samarTlianobas vikvlevT~ (1. gv. 39). sa-marTlianobis mravali mniSvnelobis aRiareba mainc ver moxsnis misi cnebis ZiriTad mniSvnelobas, romelic je-rarsuli xasiaTis gareSe kargavs sazriseul, mizandasa-xul funqcias. Tu warmovidgenT mas proporciulobis gamoxatulebad, ara marto adamianuri urTierTobebis doneze, aramed sxva mimarTulebiTac. magaliTad, dRe-Ramis monacvleobis, wylisa da xmeleTis, siTbosa da si-civis Tanabari raodenobrivi, an Tvisebrivad ganawile-bis mixedviT, mainc mogviwevs misi aucileblobis dasa-buTebisa da sayovelTao kanonzomierebis dasadgenad mivmarToT RvTaebrivi wesrigis damamyarebel uzenaes subieqts–RmerTs, romelic sakuTari nebisyofis mixed-viT warmarTavs yovelives da aqedan gamomdinare, nebis-mieri saxis proporcia SegviZlia uflis mier gansaz-Rvrul samarTlian ganCinebad vaRiaroT. magram sainte-resoa, aseT SemTxvevaSi ras davarqmevT sxvadasxvagvar uTanabro, araproporciul, sulac uwesrigo, qaosur ganawilebasa da araTanamimdevrul procesTa gamovli-nebas, uflis nebiT daSvebul usamarTlobas, Secdomas Tu borot ganzraxvas? Tu kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gae-cema, maSin yvela wvrilmanidan dawyebuli, samyaros yo-fierebis universaluri ciklebisa da umaRlesi fazebis CaTvliT, yvelafer momxdarze da mosaxdenze pasuxis-mgebloba adamians ar daekisreba. xolo adamianis Tavi-sufali arCevanis ufleba, romlis gareSec nebismieri sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, maT Soris samarTliano-bis principze damyarebuli kavSir-urTierToba, ubra-lod azrs kargavs, vinaidan adamianze am SemTxvevaSi ab-soluturad araferia damokidebuli: arc is, iqneba Tu ara igi samarTlianobis mimdevari da arc is, ra doziT moiTmens, Seegueba da ganaxorcielebs usamarTlobas. aqve isic angariSgasawevia, rom adamianuri urTierTobe-bis doneze dakarguli jerarsulobis xasiaTi samar-Tlianobas ukargavs ZiriTad daniSnulebas. amitom iZu-

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lebuli varT, ar gaviziaroT platon-aristoteles mo-sazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom samarTlianoba gavaigivoT proporciulobasTan arc nawilobrivi da arc mTeli mo-culobis saxiT; Sesabamisad, mas verc TanasworobasTan ver gavaigivebT, rameTu es ukanaskneli, ase Tu ise, pir-dapir kavSirSia proporciulobasTan. Cveni SefasebiT, aristoteles mier samarTlianobis amgvari formulire-ba ufro metad ganpirobebuli iyo ara imdenad filoso-fiuri Wvretis mizandasaxulobiT, aramed, metwilad, politikuri mosazrebebiT, raTa raRacnairad gaemar-Tlebina monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis interesebi da Tanac xazi gaesva berZnebis upiratesobaze barbaro-sebTan SedarebiT, rogorc maSin moixseniebdnen yvela araberZnuli warmomavlobis xalxebs.

Zalze sainteresod esmodaT `bunebrivi samarTlis~ sakiTxi sxvadasxva kategoriisa da Taobis sofistebs. ma-galiTad, protagora ambobda: `ra aris WeSmariteba si-namdvileSi, es Cven ar viciT, Tumca ra aris sasargeblo CvenTvis, amas gvetyvis `bunebrivi samarTali~, romelic RmerTebma Cagvinerges `samarTlianobis~ da sircxvi-lis~ saxiT. marTalia, saxelmwifo kanonebic iseve qceva-di da cvalebadia, rogorc yvela arsebuli sagani, Tum-ca sanam isini arseboben, manam saWiroa maT mimarT mor-Cileba~ ( 6–A 21,22).

amiT protagora aRiarebs sazogadoebrivi da sa-xelmwifoebrivi subieqtivizmis egocentrul Teorias, romelic adamianur individebs aerTianebs piradi sar-geblobisa da sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis harmoniu-li Sesabamisobis, kompromisuli SeTanxmebis, saerTo enis gamonaxvis principiT, rasac sociologebi interes-Ta kavSir-urTierTobebs uwodeben. mogvianebiT i.ben-tamma, romelmac Seqmna utilitaristuli koncefcia da wamoayena `gonivruli egoizmis~ Teoria, faqtobrivad gaimeora protagoras debulebebi, Tumca amas xeli mis-Tvis ar SeuSlia gaekritikebina `bunebrivi samarTlis~

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Teoria. sofisti gorgia miiCnevs, rom samarTlianobis bunebriv gagebas mkveTrad upirispirdeboda samarTlis politikur–saxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba, ris ga-moc es ukanaskneli adamianuri bunebis mimarT tiranis funqcias ganasaxierebda (9–36). zogierTi sofisti (an-tifonte) aviTarebda xalxTa sayovelTao Tanasworobis ideas, rasac `bunebrivi samarTlis~ Sesatyvis mdgomare-obad acxadebda, xolo rac Seexeba umcrosi Taobis so-fistebs, maTgan aRsaniSnavia kalikle, romelic `buneb-rivi samarTlis~ poziciidan ayenebda `Zlieri pirovne-bis~ ideas, riTac Tavisi suliskveTebiT Zalze axlos aRmoCnda f.nicSes `zekacisa~ da `Zalauflebis nebis~ iracionalur moZRvrebasTan, razec Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `sicocxlis filosofiis~ da ara marto am konkretuli mimdinareobis, aramed TiTqmis yvela fun-damenturi, evropuli magistraluri mimarTulebis wi-namorbedebad sofistebi gvevlinebodnen. sxvaTa Soris, kalikles Tvalsazrisi zedmiwevniT Seesabameba yvela drois despoturi reJimebisa da tiranul TviTnebobis uxeSi Zalmomreobis istorias. `bunebrivi samarTali ga-nekuTvneba ZlierTa ama qveynisa, romlebic mas iyeneben mxolod sakuTari sargeblobisTvis. kanonebi arsebobs martoden sustebisTvis xolo Zlierebi egoizmis wesiT cxovroben, riTac isini srul Tavisuflebas aniWeben sa-kuTar miswrafebebs da avxorcul vnebebs~ (9 – 40). miuxe-davad imisa, rom sofistebis ufrosi, umcrosi, memar-jvene Tu memarcxene dajgufebaTa warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxvagvari mosazrebiT ganavrcoben `bunebrivi sa-marTlis~ ideas, isini mainc uklebliv amodian erTi sa-erTo principidan, rasac adamianuri, subieqturi, ego-centruli sargeblobis sawyisi gansazRvravs. sul er-Tia es sargeblianoba romel masStabebSi gvevlineba; pi-rovnul-individualurSi Tu sazogadoebriv–jgufur mimarTebebSi. amiT sofistebi aSkarad emijnebian ro-gorc sokrate-platonis, ise aristoteles warmodge-

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nebs am sakiTxSi da Cveni mxridan migvaCnia, rom maTi Se-xedulebebi, am ukanasknelTa SexedulebebTan Sedare-biT, bevrad ufro Tanamimdevruli da motivirebulia.

jer kidev antikur periodSi Camoyalibda `bunebri-vi samarTlis~ alternatiuli koncefcia, rasac Tanda-TanobiT srulyofili saxe mieca aRorZinebisa da axali periodis filosofiisa da samarTlebrivi Sexedulebe-bis istoriaSi, `samoqalaqo xelSekrulebis Teoriis~ sa-xelwodebiT. am Teoriis winamorbedebad epikure da lukreciusi iTvlebian. rac Seexeba cicerons da roma-el samarTalmcodneebs markianes, ulpianes da sxvebs, isini gvTavazoben `bunebrivi samarTlis~ axal modifi-cirebul variants, romelic efuZneba kerZo sakuTrebis mopovebisa da adamianis pirovnuli Tavisuflebis pos-tulatebs (5. gv. 143).

`bunebrivi samarTlis~ Teoriam Camoyalibebuli, sistemuri saxe da socialuri Sinaarsi SeiZina me–17, me–19 ss. am mxriv didi wvlili Seitana holandieli iuris-tis, h.grociusis moZRvrebam, romelic aisaxa mis erT–erT mTavar naSromSi `omisa da mSvidobis samarTlis Se-saxeb~. samarTlis amosaval wyarod igi aRiarebda adami-anis Sinagani moTxovnilebidan momdinare bunebriv swrafvas mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisaken, romelic eq-vemdebareboda umaRlesad organizebuli gonebis kar-naxs. grociusis Tvalsazrisma saintereso transforma-cia ganicada spinozasTan, romelmac am moZRvrebas kar-gad dasabuTebuli racionalur-gnoseologiuri saxe mi-sca (4. gv. 291).

`bunebrivi samarTlis~ revoluciurma interpreta-ciam safrangeTis burJuaziul ganmanaTleblobas adami-anis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moTxovna STaunerga, ramac gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis sityva Tqva dasavluri liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidre-bis saqmeSi. rusos, melies, mablisa da morelis eTikur–

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samarTlebrivi da demokratiul-humanisturi doqtri-nebi gaxda evropis civilizebuli saxelmwifoebis ke-Tilmowyobis konstituciuri kanonmdeblobis safuZve-li. Tavis mxriv, amerikis e. w. mamebis mier miRebuli `Ta-visuflebis deklaracia~, romelic aisaxa a.S.S-s konsti-tuciaSi, gaxda Taviseburi ideologiuri saZirkveli erovnuli Cagvris, kolonializmisa da socialuri usa-marTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli politikuri lidere-bis, maTgan organizebuli partiebis istoriul moRvawe-obasa da iniciativebSi. is, Tu rogori asaxva hpova sa-xelmwifo konstituciebisa da kodificirebuli samar-Tlis saxelmZRvaneloebis qaRalds miRma igive fran-klinis, jefersonisa da peinis propagandistulma Tezi-sebma, amaze mTlad pozitiur dasturs ver iZleva ganma-naTleblobis Semdgomi periodebis xocva-Jletis, sisas-tikis, Zaladobisa da cinizmis zogadsakacobrio isto-ria, romlis binZuri praqtikac eqvemdebareba ara Teo-riuli utopiebis sityvakazmul traqtatebs, aramed da-uwereli `marginaluri eqstremizmis~ qveSecneul weseb-sa da kanonebs. ra Tqma unda, esec iyo erTgvari winapi-roba da argumenti imisa, rom erTi mxriv, germanulma sa-marTlis istoriis skolis warmomadgenlebma, hugom da savinma, xolo meore mxriv, pozitivist da utilitaris-tTa gavlenianma figurebma: bentamma, kontma da spenser-ma kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatares `bunebrivi samar-Tlis~ Teoria, rogorc social-politikuri da samar-Tlebrivi utopiebis msoflmxedvelobrivi Canasaxi, ro-melic yalbi `idolebis~ iluzorul niadagze aRmocene-buli ideologiis daxavsebul, dromoWmul formas war-moadgens. yovelive aRwerilis naTel ilustracias iZ-leva u. folkneri Tavis cnobil nawarmoebSi: `ameriku-li ocneba, ra daemarTa mas?~. – `amerikis ca, romelic odesRac iyo Tavisuflebis ukidegano samefo, amerikis haeri, romelic odesRac savse iyo damoukideblobis cocxali moZraobiT, gadaiqca uzarmazar Caketil at-

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mosferod, romelic axSobs erTsac da meoresac, riTac waarTva adamians adamianuri individualoba, waarTva (Semdegi nabiji) misi ukanaskneli navsayudeli – piradi cxovreba, romlis gareSec adamiani ar SeiZleba arse-bobdes rogorc pirovneba~ (3. gv. 200).

miuxedavad mravali kritikuli da arakritikuli Sexedulebebis nairgvarovnebisa, `bunebrivi samar-Tlis~ Teoriam sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa istori-ul asparezze Tavisi misia jerjerobiT ver Seasrula. Tu pozitiuri moZRvrebebi stimulirebas axdendnen er-Ti mxriv, adamianTa socialur-politikuri konformiz-mis Segnebaze, iwvevdnen masSi totalitarul, masobriv vnebaTaRelvas da individualobis CamxSob represiul ganwyobebs, rasac mosdevda globaluri kataklizmebi, sisxlismRvreli omebi da angariSsworebani, samagierod negatiuri Teoriebi, meore mxriv, aRvivebda samarTleb-riv nihilizms da misgan momdinare socialur-politi-kur dezorganizacias da dezorientacias, rac aseve xdeboda mizezi mravali tipis ubedurebis, stiqiuri Zalmomreobis, sruli ganukiTxaobis da Sida socialur-seqtanturi konfliqtebis, romelic erTianad Zirs uT-xris sazogadoebrivi solidarobis im aucilebel ni-Sans, ris gareSec sazogadoeba iRupeba da kvdeba. amde-nad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu pozitiuri moZRvrebebi sa-erTaSoriso daZabulobisa da winaaRmdegobis muxtis zrdis paralelurad iwvevs msoflio omebsa da katak-lizmebs, negatiuri Teoriebi Sinagani konfliqtebis, siZulvilis, undoblobisa da nihilizmis gziT, Sinaga-nad fitavs, Slis da angrevs sazogadoebriv organiz-mebs, rac, saboloo angariSiT, zogadsakacobrio katas-trofis tolfasia. yovelive amis mizezi, Cveni Sexedu-lebiT, mdgomareobs `marginaluri eqstremizmis~ qvec-nobieri, stiqiuri agresiis gamoxatulebaSi, romelic ganTavsebulia nebismieri adamianis sulis siRrmeSi da garemo pirobebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis mixedviT,

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sxvadasxva intensivobiT iCens Tavs, rac sruliad sakma-risia krizisuli viTarebis provocirebisaTvis. marTa-lia, calke aRebuli aseTi recidivi, konkretuli indi-videbis yofa-cxovrebaSi SeiZleba ar iyos sagangaSo, Tumca mTlianobaSi, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis sib-rtyeze igi sabediswero da savalalo Sedegebs ukavSir-deba. sanam gavaanalizebdeT `marginaluri eqstremiz-mis~ fsiqologiuri sindromis avbediT anatomias, manam mokled mimovixiloT marginalurobis cnebis etimolo-gia da misi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, romelic laTinuri termini gaxlavT da sityvasityviT niSnavs – mxares da sazRvars. aRniSnuli cneba tradiciulad gamoiyeneba sociologiasa da socialur filosofiaSi, pirovnebis socialur dajgufebasTan mimarTebisas, warmoqmnili sazRvriTi mdgomareobis (situaciis) analizis mizniT, romelic Taviseburad waruSlel kvals tovebs aRniSnu-li pirovnebis fsiqikasa da cxovrebis stilze. margina-luroba, rogorc socialur-filosofiuri kategoria, Semotanil iqna amerikeli sociologis r.parkis mier, socialur-fsiqologiuri Sedegebisadmi araadaptire-badi emigrantebis mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad qalaqur garemoSi. marginalizmi axasiaTebs sxvadasxva saxis so-cialur subkulturul warmonaqmnebs, romelTac `kul-turul hibridebadac~ moixsenieben. maTi asocialuro-ba, an sulac antisocialuroba gamoixateba imiT, rom isini balansirdebian sazogadoebis dominantur jgu-febsa da im jgufebs Soris, romlebsac isini gaemijnen. imis gamo, rom dominantebi maT mTlianad ar Rebuloben, xolo TavianT yofil jgufebs TviTon ar ubrundebian, isini aRmoCndnen sazRvriT mimarTebaSi orive socia-lur gaerTianebasTan. marginalizmi iyofa ramdenime na-kadad _ kulturul marginalizmad, romlis warmomad-genlebadac postmodernistebs miaCniaT nicSe, markiz de sadi, l.fon zaxermazoxi, a.arto, batai, malarme da sxvebi. 2. struqturul marginalizmad, romelic fran-

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guli struqturalizmis warmomadgenlis, r. bartis mi-xedviT ganixileba, rogorc or struqturas Soris bina-ruli opoziciuri damokidebuleba, romelic sxva ara-feria, Tu ara indikatori, universumis normalurad mo-wesrigebuli, struqturebsSorisi sivrceebis vakuumTa amosavsebi socialuri masalis, ramac unda uzrunvel-yos mTeli struqturis efeqturi funqcionireba. aqve gamoyenebulia iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa: `marginaluri subieqti~, `marginaluri sivrce~, `marginaluri arsebo-ba~ da sxva. 3. marginalizmis postruqturalur da pos-tmodernistul gagebaSi irRveva misi TviTidentifika-ciis, TviTigiveobis iluzia. deridas mier wamoyenebuli dekonstruqciis Temis aqtualobiT ispoba warmodgena absoluturi azris Sesaxeb, romelic vlindeba privile-giuri da daqvemdebarebuli struqturebis permanentu-li urTierTmonacvleobiT, pirveladoba-meoradobis ideis gauqmebiT, garCeva-gansxvavebis principis ganux-relobiTa da SeuqcevadobiT, raimes mniSvneladoba-aramniSvneladobis sakiTxis moxsniT da a. S. rasac mivya-varT struqturis centris gaqrobamde. am kuTxiT bod-riars Semoaqvs termini `simulakri~ im niSanTa aRsaniS-navad, romlebic warmoadgens aslebs originalTa uqon-lobis gareSe. struqturis centris gaqrobasTan erTad qreba miTebi Zalauflebis amsxavel fiqciebze da simbo-loebze, maRali dominanturi kulturis epoqalur gav-lenebze, transcendentalur-apriorul msjelobebze da sxva. amiT, postmodernistebis azriT, niSanTa da enobriv gamosaxulebaTa despotizmi, anu meorenairad, diskursis Zalaufleba adgils uTmobs manamde SeumCne-vel TavisTavad realobas – `rizomas~, romelic gvaTavi-suflebs kulturuli stereotipebisgan, akrZalvebis-gan, sayovelTaobiT unificirebuli Zalauflebisgan da gvaniWebs siamovnebis, kmayofilebis legitimacias, ri-Tac mimdinareobs moTxovnilebaTa agregatis – naxevar-

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subieqtis kulturul tradiciaTa reabilitacia. m. fu-ko, Tavisi `Zalauflebis genialogiis~ Tanaxmad, askvnis, rom namdvili da utyuari marginalurobis Sesaxeb msje-loba da Sefaseba SeuZlebelia struqturaTa binaruli opoziciis farglebSi. misi, rogorc aseTis, identifi-cireba gamarTlebulia mxolod yovelgvari normisa da avtoritaruli nimuSis tyveobidan Tavis daRwevis pi-robebSi. amrigad, norma-paTologiurisa da Zalaufle-biTi struqturebis antiTezaTa analizis Sedegad, mig-viTiTebs, rom socialur fskerze dasuli autsaidere-bi, suliT avadmyofebi da yvela juris devianturi war-monaqmnebi ar CaiTvlebian marginalebad kerZo mniSvne-lobiT imis gamo, rom maTi kvalifikacia xorcieldeba saxeldebuli socialuri normebis wesiT dadgenili pa-rametrebis mixedviT, xolo marginaluri arseboba war-moudgenelia miweril iqnas institucionaluri strate-giebis SigniT. aqedan gamomdinare, pluralistur, rizo-matul, postmodernistul samyaroSi iSleba struqtu-rebs Sorisi sazRvrebi, ris Sedegadac marginaluroba, romelic imyofeba am struqturebis gareT, magram maT sazRvrebs Soris sivrceSi, icvlis Tavis sazRvriT sta-tuss yovelgvari semantikuri mniSvnelobis walekvisa da Tavisi parakulturuli funqciebis dakargvis gziT (7– 195–202).

aRniSnuli procesis dadebiT mxared liotari miiC-nevs WeSmaritebis totalitaruli koncefciis rRvevas, romelsac SeuZlia migviyvanos sazogadoebisa da azrov-nebis met Tavisuflebamde, aseTi sazogadoeba metad tolerantuli iqnebao, gvaimedebs is. italieli filo-sofosi j.vatimoc iziarebs am paToss da gvpirdeba, rom yvelasaTvis saerTo `simarTlis~ kolafsi gaxdeba swo-red realuri Tavisuflebis ganmsazRvreli piroba (8. gv. 342) .

filosofiur problemebze momuSave bevri met-nak-lebad cnobili mkvlevarisTvis, cota ar iyos, gaugeba-

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ria, ratom miaCndaT jer kidev Zveli epoqebidan, Tana-medrove periodis CaTvliT, moazrovneTa arc Tu ise um-niSvnelo nawils, kanonebisa da WeSmaritebis tyveobidan Tavis daRweva adamianuri keTildReobisa da individua-luri Tavisuflebis realizaciis aucilebel winapiro-bad? Tu CavTvliT, rom esec adamianuri, bunebrivi mis-wrafebis Sinagani Taviseburebaa da amiT `marginalur eqstremizms~ gaaCnia Tavisi arsebobis gamarTlebis rea-luri safuZveli, maSin esec xom gulisxmobs misi kanoni-eri ganxorcielebis principul moTxovnas, Tanac ara-naklebi pretenziulobiT, totaluri agresiiT da eq-stremistuli ganwyobilebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela simptomiT, rasac is Tavs esxmis, kicxavs, utifrad aqilikebs aRviraxsnili fsevdoindividualizmisa da fsevdopluralisturi cru tolerantobis poziciebi-dan sapirispiro klasikur filosofiur tendenciebs da tradiciul mimdinareobebs, uyenebs ra maT sxvadasxvag-var braldebebs azris monopoliis, umciresobaTa mi-marT represiuli damokidebulebisa da socialur-mo-raluri konformizmis gamovlinebebze.

`bunebrivi samarTlis~ zemoCamoTvlili koncefcie-bi, Cveni SexedulebiT, garkveul xarvezebs Seicavs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom naklebad konkretulni arian iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa da samarTlebrivi TviTSegnebis, anu samarTlebrivi cno-bierebis urTierTganpirobebulobis gageba, aseve samar-Tlebrivi normebis jerarsuli xasiaTis gansazRvris problema; meore mxriv, damajereblad ar iyo ganzogade-buli samarTlis warmoSoba-Camoyalibebis bunebriv–is-toriuli, socialur-fsiqologiuri, anTropologiuri faqtorebi da pirobebi, ramac marginaluri eqstremizmis ideur–politikur da socialur-msoflmxedvelobriv na-irsaxeobebsa da warmonaqmnebs myari niadagi dautova sa-zogadoebrivi urTierTobebis SigniT dezorientaciisa da destruqciis antisocialuri Teslis gasaRviveblad.

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paralelurad gaaqtiurdnen isini Teoriuli azrovnebis sferoSi. marTalia, logikuri dasabuTebisa da mecnieru-li argumentaciis kuTxiT yovelTvis moikoWlebdnen da ususurad gamoiyurebodnen, Tumca aRniSnul sferoSic maTi droebiTi da iSviaTi warmateba, rac TvalSisacemia gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleulebSi, ganpirobebulia ara maTi ideebis novatoruli transformaciisa da damaje-reblobis originaluri xerxis mignebiT, aramed Rrma so-cialur-politikuri depresiiT, SemoqmedebiTi impulse-bis deficitiT, abstraqtuli azrovnebis uunarobiT, me-tafizikuri problemebisadmi zerele, gulgrili damoki-debulebiT, rac gaxlavT Sedegi teqnokratiuli cnobie-rebis mier inicirebuli gaucxoebis totaluri procesis Tanmxlebi simptomebis, recidivebisa da Sokismomgvreli efeqtebis kompleqsuri, qmedunariani wnexisa, romliTac ganmsWvalulia mTeli dRevandeli civilizebuli msof-lio.

aRniSnuli monstris winaaRmdeg brZolis meTodo-logia, mTeli gnoseologiuri winaaRmdegobis frontis umTavresi strategia unda emyarebodes religiis, fi-losofiis, mecnieruli bunebismetyvelebisa da mxat-vruli Semoqmedebis tradiciuli Rirebulebebis gaT-viTcnobierebisa da xelaxali aRorZinebis strategias, amasTanave ar unda daviviwyoT, rom filosofiuri az-rovnebis specifikis arsi mdgomareobs axali, origina-luri koncefciebisa da ideebis amouwuravi resursis mdidari sabadoebis optimalur gamoyenebaSi, rac arse-biTad kargad daviwyebuli Zvelis xelaxali aRmoCenis tolfasia. daviwyebulis gaxseneba misi damoukidebeli kvleva-Ziebisa da xelaxali refleqsiis gareSe, yovlad warmoudgenelia. am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove mkvle-varebTan SedarebiT, Zvel gigantebs araviTari upirate-soba ar gaaCniaT. maT Sexedulebebsac iseve hyavdaT dam-wyebi da gamgrZeleblebi, rogorc Cven. Tu Cven SegviZ-lia maTi saSualebiT ganvWritoT maT winamorbedTa ro-

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li da damsaxureba, aseve Cveni momavali Taobebic, Cveni saSualebiT, gaecnobian da aiTviseben maT Zvirfas saaz-rovno memkvidreobas.

rac Seexeba Cveni mxridan `bunebrivi samarTlis~ calkeuli xarvezis aRmofxvris mcdelobas, igi emyareba cxovelmyofel arsebaTa, anu individTa (ara marto ada-mianuri individebis) bunebrivad Tandayolil vitalur sasicocxlo TviTSenaxvis instinqts, romlis arsic mdgomareobs dacvis funqciebis unarianobaSi. es dacvis funqcia SegviZlia ganvixiloT ramdenime aspeqtiT: 1. genetikur-anTropologiuri funqcia, romelic moicavs wina Taobebis da mzamzareulad gadmonergil gvareobiT niSan–TvisebaTa kompleqss-genotips, romelic aris, ama-ve dros, fenotipis arealis ganmsazRvreli faqtori, xolo Tavis mxriv, fenotipis mdgomareobac gansaz-Rvravs genotipis Taviseburebasa da xasiaTs, iseve ro-gorc sazogadoeba, romelic pirovnebaTa gaerTianebaa aseTi interesebis safuZvelze, agreTve pirovneba, ro-melic TviTon warmoadgens sazogadoebriv urTierTo-baTa produqts. genotipis saSualebiT individi agrZe-lebs wina Taobebis sicocxles da kargad Tu avad, sxva SeZenil TvisebebTan erTad, umklavdeba garemo pirobe-bis xelisSemSlel dabrkolebebs da xifaTebs. Tavisi ge-netikuri Tvisebebis wyalobiT, sxva rameebTan erTad, igi Tavs arTmevs arsebobisaTvis brZolis amocanas da, damsaxurebulad, anu `bunebrivi samarTlis` jerarsuli principis ZaliT imkvidrebs adgils cxovrebaSi. jerar-suloba aqve ikveTeba imis gamo, rom individis dacva mi-si TviTSenaxvis mizniT, metwilad individis nebas-sur-vilze, TvisebaTa gamZleobaze da mis sasicocxlo po-tencialzea damyarebuli, rac ganpirobebulia geneti-kur-anTropologiuri TviTSenaxvis instinqtis, ro-gorc damcavi sasicocxlo meqanizmis arsebobiT. 2. bio–socialuri mzrunvelobis funqcia, romlis arsic gamo-

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ixateba mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris bunebrivi instin-qtis mdgomareobiTa da xasiaTiT. adamianuri individe-bis doneze, rogorc deda-Sviluri, ise mama-Sviluri da-mokidebulebis mzrunvelobiTi xasiaTi ufro metad so-cialuria, vidre biologiuri. swored socialuroba gansazRvravs adamianTan mimarTebaSi mSobliuri grZno-bebisa da Tandayolili siyvarulis intensiurobas. dac-vis funqcia, mSobliuri mzrunvelobis bio-socialur procesSi ufro maRali formaa pirvelTan SedarebiT. `bunebrivi samarTlis~ jerarsulobis principi ki, am etapze ukve ara marto biologiuri funqciis nawilia, aramed socialuri funqciisa, romelic adamianuri in-dividebis doneze ukve kidec aRemateba biologiur gan-sazRvrulobas. mSobeli mzrunvelobis funqciis gan-xorcielebisas ara marto bunebrivad Tandayolili grZnobadi instinqtis ZaliTaa momarTuli Svilis mi-marT, aramed ukve socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da valdebulebis ZaliT, rasac mas akisrebs ojaxi da sazo-gadoeba. am safexurze `bunebrivi samarTlis~ instin-qturi gamosaxuleba Zalas ikrebs da cnobierad regu-lirdeba socialuri tradiciebisa da adaTwesebis, mog-vianebiT, kodificirebuli samarTlis normatiuli ka-nonmdeblobis mixedviT. ra Tqma unda, aseT pirobebSi mSoblebTan erTad Svilebsac ekisrebaT mSobliuri mzrunvelobis sakiTxSi seriozuli pasuxismgebloba da ufleba-valdebulebebi. 3. socialur-fsiqologiuri mzrunvelobis funqcia ganisazRvreba adamianur indivi-debsa da socialuri jgufebs Soris mzrunvelobiTi da-mokidebulebebiT. individebi imis gamo erTiandebian sa-zogadoebaSi, rom am gziT ufro metia TviTSenaxvis in-stinqtis, dacvis uzrunvelyofis garantia. Tavdapirve-lad, individebs aravin ar uTanxmdeba im sakiTxSi, Tu romel sazogadoebaSi amjobinebs is cxovrebas, Tumca mogvianebiT, Tavisi Camoyalibebuli interesis mixed-viT, mas SeuZlia TviTon gaakeTos arCevani ama Tu im so-

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cialuri jgufis sasargeblod. aqac wina planze gansaz-vrulia ormxrivi ufleba-valdebulebani, romlis je-rarsulobis maxasiaTebeli kidev ufro maqsimalur maC-venelebs aRwevs. `bunebrivi samarTlis~ instinqti am sa-fexurze kidev ufro Sesustebulia, xolo misi sisustis xarjze pirdapir proporciulad Zlierdeba socialuri kompromisis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare valdebulebe-bi. swored amaze uTqvams did qarTvel romantikoss n.ba-raTaSvils dauviwyari striqonebi: `magram, radganac kacni gvqvian, Svilni soflisa, unda kideca mivsdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa: arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsagvsos, iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunos!~. amave safexurze yalibdeba saxelmwifo-po-litikuri da samarTlebrivi urTierTobebic. aqve aRar gamovyofT calke moralur-zneobriv, religiursa da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa calkeul Sreebs, vinaidan socialur-fsiqologiuri mzrunvelobis funqciis ga-reT faqtobrivad eseni ar moiazreba.

bolos yvelaze saintereso sakvanZo punqts mivade-qiT, sadac SegviZlia davadginoT, Tu `bunebrivi samar-Tlis~ CamoTvlili funqciebis romeli punqtis far-glebSi iCens Tavs `marginaluri eqstremizmi~ da ra rea-lur saSiSroebas uqadis is am funqciebis normalur gan-xorcielebas. Tavisi arsiT, `marginaluri eqstremizmi~ warmoadgens calmxrivi uflebebisa da Sesabamisad cal-mxrivi valdebulebebis realizaciis pretenziul moT-xovnas. Tu samarTali imitomaa socialuri xasiaTis, rom igi ormxrivi, Tanaswori da proporciuli ufleba-mova-leobebis erTiani sistemaa, mis sapirispirod, `margina-luri eqstremizmi~ warmoadgens calmxriv moTxovnebaze dafuZnebul usamarTlobas, uTanasworobasa da uwesri-gobas, ris gamoc igi Tavisi bunebiT ara marto asocialu-ri, aramed antisocialuri Sinaarsis matarebelia, Tumca antisocialurobis miuxedavad, igi individualur mdgo-mareobad mainc ver kvalificirdeba, vinaidan socialuri

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faqtebis, rogorc interesebze damyarebuli urTierTo-bebis miRma, mas yovelmxriv Zala ekargeba.

amrigad, mariginaluri eqstremizmi kvalificirde-ba, rogorc `bunebrivi samarTlis~ biosocialur in-stinqtze Sezrdil-Sesisxlxorcebuli parazituli war-monaqmni, romelic ikveTeba biosocialuri mzrunvelo-bis meore funqciis arajansaR, socialurad naklebad kontrolirebadi qcevis gamoxatulebebSi. misi mizani da amocana mdgomareobs socialuri funqciebis makon-trolebeli da maorientirebeli instrumentebis dekon-struqciasa da demontaJSi, romelic Tavisi paTologi-uri, gaukuRmarTebuli fsiqikuri recidivebis inteleq-tualuri da teqnologiuri mobilizebis viTarebaSi did saSiSroebas uqadis ara marto calkeul civilur sazogadoebriv organizaciebs da gaerTianebebs, aramed mTel kacobriobas.

BADRI PORCHKHIDZE

THE INTERNAL RESISTANCES PROBLEM OF “NATURAL –LAW” BIO-SOCIAL INSTINCT AND

“MARGINAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL” EXSTREMISM

ABSTRCT

The theories of “natural – law”, which take beginning from far past period, are established on the objectiv and all-embracing ragularities. they have inborn, internal and substantive determinated hard nature and character. It appeares The human relation to objective reality, society torture – pleasure, mythical, or religious creatures, so it conditions human peculiareiy of speculation and atitudes. The law no other nothing, eveni if result of law interrelation, bhat is why these interrelations carry out the distinct social nonambiguous disposition.

“The marginal extremism” is qualifies as intimately linked parasitive make on the “natural-law” bio-social instinct, which

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visiblies in unhealthy, uncontrollable social behaviours. Its purpos includes the following to deconstruction and dismantling the controllable and orientable instruments of social functions.

literatura:

1. aristotele, didi eTika., Tb., 1994. 2. aristotele., politika., nawili pirveli., Tb., 1995. 3. erqomaiSvili v., eri da ideologia. Tb., 2000. 4. Гроций Г, О праве войны и мира., М., 1957. 5. Туманов В. А, Критика современной буржуазной теории

права., М., 1957. 6. Фрагменты в рус. пер. Маковельского А., Софисты., вып.1.

Баку., 1940. 7. Фуко М., Археология знания., Киев., 1996. 8. Уэбстер Ф, Теории Информационного общества., М., 2004. 9. Ярош К.Н, История идеи естественного права., СПБ. 1881

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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esTetika

AESTHETICS

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nana guliaSvili

(Tbilisi)

nana guliaSvili — filosofiis doqtori; Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxel-mwifo universitetis asistent-profesori; muSaobs esTetikis, kulturis filosofiis, qarTuli filosofiis istoriis problemeb-

ze, gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero statiebi. aristoteles `poetika~ da Seqspiris `hamleti~.

paralelebi

tragediisa da tragikulis sakiTxebi Zvel saber-

ZneTSive iqca filosofiuri msjelobis sagnad. filo-sofosebidan platoni iyo pirveli, vinc tragedias See-xo. platoni mtrulad iyo ganwyobili tragediis mi-marT. igi Tvlida, rom tragedias ar aqvs araviTari Se-mecnebiTi Rirebuleba. sapirispiro azri ganaviTara tragediaze msjelobisas aristotelem. igi tragedias xelovnebis mwvervals uwodebs. am azrs aristotele imiT asabuTebs, rom aCvenebs (platonis sawinaaRmdegod) tragediis udides Semecnebisa da zneobriv-aRmzrdelo-biT mniSvnelobas da, rac mTavaria, aCvenebs, rom mas am mxriv xelovnebis verc erTi sxva dargi ver Seedreba. mi-si azriT, tragediaSi fabulis gaxsna TviT fabulidan unda gamomdinareobdes. moqmedebaSi araferi ar unda iyos ulogiko. tragikuli finali aristoteles mixed-viT SemTxveviTobis an fataluri garduvalobis Sedegi ki araa, aramed garkveuli logikuri aucileblobisa, romelic moqmedebaSi vlindeba.

Zvel berZen tragikos poetebs gmirebis daRupvis mizezad, umeteswilad, gamohyavT bediswera (,,moira”) da amdenad fatalizmis poziciebze dganan. aristotele ki Sors iyo aseTi Tvalsazrisisgan. TiTqos igi antikuri

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epoqis tragediis Teoretikosi ki araa, aramed — axali drois tragediisa.

aristotelem Teoriuli azri tragediis Sesaxeb Ca-moayaliba Tavis naSromSi ,,poetika”, sadac igi dawvri-lebiT ganixilavs xelovnebas, kerZod ki tragedias da mis udides rols sazogadoebisTvis, zneobrivi Rirebu-lebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc adamianTa aRmzrdeli da gamakeTilSobilebeli xelovnebisa. tragediis esTeti-kur efeqts aristotele xedavs imaSi, rom tragedia iw-vevs adamianis, kerZod ki mayureblis ganwmendas, ,,ka-Tarziss” SiSisa da TanagrZnobis (sibralulis) aRZvris saSualebiT. magram ra aris sibraluli? sibraluli aris tanjva tanjvis mimarT an Tanatanjva. ra aris SiSi? sib-ralulis msgavsad, SiSic aris tanjva tanjvis mimarT an Tanatanjva. oRond SiSi aris tanjva ara realur tanjva-ze, aramed mosalodnel, SesaZlo tanjvaze, romelic mo-mavalSia mosalodneli. es naTesaoba sibralulsa da SiSs Soris iyo safuZveli imisa, rom aristotelem orive es grZnoba CaTvala tragediis niSnad. mayurebelSi SiSsa da TanagrZnobas iwvevs gmiris bedi. aristoteles az-riT, TanagrZnoba an sibraluli ,,aris grZnoba daumsa-xureblad ubedurTa mimarT, xolo SiSi aris grZnoba Cvens msgavsTa mimarT”.

poetikaSi aristotele sagangebod Cerdeba tragi-kul gmirze. misi azriT, tragikuli gmiri unda iyos zne-obrivad amaRlebuli, didbunebovani, keTilSobili ar-seba. am niSnebiT igi mas ganasxvavebs Cveulebrivi adamia-nebisgan, imaTgan, romelTac adamianuri sisusteebi ux-vad aqvT. aristotele sruliad garkveviT wers: ,,trage-dia aris ukeTesTa asaxva vidre Cven varT. . . amasTanave, tragediis gmiri Cveni msgavsicaa, amis gamo Cven ganvic-diT SiSs, xolo ,,SiSi aris grZnoba Cvens msgavsTa mi-marT. maSasadame, tragikuli gmiri, erTdroulad aris Cveni msgavsic da Cvenze ukeTesic~.

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aristoteles filosofiuri axsna tragediisa, ro-melic am naSromSia warmodgenili, mxatvrul realiza-cias axdens Seqspiris ,,hamletSi”, rogor ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos. Cven ar viciT Seqspiri icnobda Tu ara aristoteles ,,poetikas”. amis Sesaxeb arsad ar Cans, arc TviTon Seqspiri ar axsenebs aristoteles `poeti-kas~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sruliad damoukideblad mi-vida im daskvnamde, rasac aristotele aRiarebda didi xniT adre. anda unda iTqvas rom Seqspirma moaxdina mxatvruli asaxva da mxatvrulad warmoadgena aristo-teles Teoria tragediis Sesaxeb. uxilavi paralelebi marTlac arsebobs am or nawarmoebs Soris da es SegviZ-lia xilulad vaqcioT.

Seqspiris hamletis gabaaseba mamis aCrdilTan dani-eli ufliswulis pirveli monologia. aCrdili hamle-tis daZabuli gonebis nayofia. aq sagulisxmoa is, rom swored hamleti da misi Tanamoazreni xedaven aCrdils, gansxvavebiT dedoflisagan, romelic ver xedavs aC-rdils da SeZrwunebuli Sehyurebs fiqrebSi wasul uf-liswuls. aq mtkicdeba aristoteles sityvebi ,,tragi-kuli gmiri Cveni msgavsi da Cvenze ukeTesia, amaRlebu-lia, didbunebovani~. aseTia swored hamleti.

hamleti nawarmoebis mTavari gmiria, aseve erT-er-Ti mTavari gmiria hamletis biZaSvili laertic. hamle-ti da laerti zedmiwevniT msgavs situaciebSi ibrZvian da iRupebian, ris gamoc yvelaze metadaa SesaZlebeli orive maTganis brZola da udroo daRupva erTnairad, rom ganicdebodes da fasdebodes. xSirad aRuniSnavT kidec, rom maTi xvedri TiTqmis mTlianad emTxveva er-TmaneTs. rogorc hamleti, ise laerti uaRrsad keTil-Sobili pirovnebebia, magram gansxvavebaa maT pirovnul TvisebebSi, esaa is, rom hamleti Tavis moqmedebaSi uf-ro gonivrulia, vidre laerti. hamleti yurs ki ugdebs sakuTari grZnobebis karnaxs, magram samoqmedod yvela-fers gonebas ekiTxeba; laertis moqmedebas ki gansaz-

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Rvravs sakuTari grZnobebisa da sxvisi (kerZod, klavdi-usis) gonebis erToblivi karnaxi, Tumca ki sulac ar aris igi moklebuli gonierebas. amitom aq kidev erTxel ufro metad mtkicdeba aristoteles sityvebi. misi Teo-riis Sesabamisad SegviZlia vTqvaT: hamleti Cveulebri-vi adamiania (Cveni msgavsia), misTvis SurisZieba mxolod valis moxdaa mokluli mamisa da tradiciebis winaSe; la-ertisTvis SurisZieba SemTxveviTi ubedurebis gamo ga-Cenili piraduli mizania. hamleti Cveni msgavsi da Cven-ze ukeTesia. hamletisaTvis brZola, SurisZieba ara ub-ralod adamianuri valis moxdaa, aramed — ,,darRveul droTa kavSiris~ aRdgenis sawindari. hamletisaTvis Su-risZieba imdenad aris piraduli mizani, ramdenadac mis SegnebaSi gamjdaria da ganmtkicebulia azri, rom bedma (,,wyeulma bedma”) swored mas arguna xvedrad ,,darRve-ul droTa kavSiris “ xelaxali Sekvra, ,, droTa kavSiri dairRva da wyeulma bedma me marad marguna misi Sekvra!.~ e. i. samarTlianobisa da kanonierebis, Selaxuli adamia-nuri sindisisa da Rirsebis, sakuTar uflebebSi aRdge-na, risi ganxorcielebac misTvis mxolod SurisZiebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. laertisaTvis SurisZieba mizania, hamletisaTvis ki — saSualeba. situacia, romelSic ib-rZvis hamleti, tragikulia; mas ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas brZolaze da gacla amjobinos (hamleti xom brZenia, da mas ar gauWirdeba imis mixvedra, rom ,,saca ara sjobs, gacla sjobs kargisa mamacisagan~); brZolaze uaris Tqma misTvis niSnavs didi da sanukvari miznebisaTvis Ra-lats, borotebasTan usindisod Serigebas, rac ZirSive ewinaaRmdegeba mis adamianur xasiaTsa da moralur sa-xes; misTvis, rogorc WeSmariti adamianisaTvis, gamo-ricxulia sxva gzac — sicocxleze uaris Tqma, radgan es ar Sehferis ,,suldid qmnilebas”; swored amitom hamle-ti movalea yoymanis gareSe sikvdil-sicocxlis saswor-ze dadges. gansxvavebiT amisgan, situacia, romelSic ib-rZvis laerti, araa tragikuli; mis mier duelSi gamowve-

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va hamletisa gamarTlebulia imdenad, ramdenadac man araferi ar icis hamletis diadi miznebis Sesaxeb (aq un-da gavixsenoT, rom laerti Sinaganad ver urigdeba im muxanaTobas, romlis gamo hamleti, Tu duelSi gadarCe-ba, sawamlavis gamo mainc unda daiRupos). ,,am saqmes TiTqo sinidisi Cemi uarobs,” ambobs laerti da hamle-tis ubedureba sakuTari ubedurebis rangSi aqvs war-modgenili. laertisaTvis (Tu warmovidgenT masac ise-Tive diadi idealebisaTvis mebrZolis rolSi, rogorc hamletia, da Tu warmovidgenT imasac, rom igi informi-rebulia misi mowinaaRmdege hamletis idealebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb) usaTuod ,,gacla” sjobda, da igi, ro-gorc TviTonac keTilSobili, rainduli sulis mqone adamiani, hamlets ar SeuSlida xels mis did saqmeSi; ham-leti mis adgilas, aucileblad aseT nabijs gadadgamda, vinaidan gonieri adamiani sxvis sicocxlesac da saku-Tarsac didi saqmeebisaTvis (roca amis mowodebas grZnobs) Sesawirad Semoinaxavs da uazrod ar daamTav-rebs. aq SegviZlia movaxdinoT tragikulis, rogorc es-Tetikuri kategoriis definicia: tragikuli aris diadi (sazogadebrivad mniSvnelovani) miznebisaTvis mebrZo-li adamianis udroo daRupva an marcxi am miznebis miR-wevisaTvis saSualebaTa ukmarisobis gamo iseT brZola-Si, romelSic gamarjveba da damarcxeba erTnairad rea-lizdeba.

dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom Zvel berZen tragikos po-etTa mixedviT, tragikuli gmiri, romelic bedisweris gamo iRupeba, swored imitomaa tragikuli, rom TviT am bedisweras ebrZvis, Tumca winaswar mTlianad rodia darwmunebuli sakuTar gamarjvebaSi. Tu gavixsenebT, magaliTisTvis, oidiposs, antigones da sxvebs, davina-xavT, rom maTi moqmedeba Sinagani Tavisuflebis aqtiu-ri realizaciaa.

aristotele poetikaSi ganixilavs filosofiur ka-tegoriebs: Tavisuflebas, aucileblobas, SemTxveviTo-

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bas, rogorc xelovnebisTvis kerZod ki tragediisTvis aucilebelsa da Zireul kategoriebs, rac aseve hamlet-Sia warmodgenili. hamleti Sinaganad Tavisufali adami-ania, aseve Tavisuflad axdens arCevans brZolasa da umoqmedobas Soris da praqtikulad wyvets adamianad ,,yofna-aryofnis” filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxs. am sakiTxis gadawyveta ,,yofnis” sasargeblod niSnavs ara fizikuri sicocxlis aRiarebas umaRles Ri-rebulebad, aramed idealuri sicocxlis aRiarebas ada-mianis sicocxlis sazrsad. magaliTad, hamleti bediswe-ras ki ar ebrZvis, aramed sakuTari sicocxlis sazrisad miiCnevs ebrZolos im mtrul Zalebs, romlebic xrwnian mTels sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, angreven kacobriobis mier istoriulad gamomuSavebul umaRles zneobriv idealebs. sakuTari moqmedebis Tavisuflebas hamleti ganiazrebs Tavis cnobil monologSi ,,yofna?. . aryof-na?. . sakiTxavi, ai, es aris. suldid qmnilebas ra Sehfe-ris? is, rom itanjos. . . Tu SeebrZolos mozRvavebul ubedurebas da am SebrZolviT mospos igi?. . . mospos si-cocxle“. da sruliad Segnebulad dgeba ,,yofnis” mxare-ze, xolo es ,,yofna” mas sxva ramed ar miaCnia, Tu ara brZolad, kerZod, iseT brZolad, romelSic mosalodne-lia misi fizikuri daRupva. hamleti sruliad Segnebu-lad adgeba brZolis gzas, radgan icis, rom brZolis ga-reSe SeuZlebelia ,,droTa darRveuli kavSiris Sekvra, romlisTvisac, misi azriT, yvela WeSmaritma adamianma unda ibrZolos. hamletis Tavisufleba aris is, ,,Segne-buli aucilebloba”, romelic yovel WeSmarit adamians sakuTar movaleobas — e.i. adamianis movaleobas — ukar-naxebs. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis filosofiu-ri kategoriebi Semdegnairad realizdeba Seqspiris `hamletSi~:

hamlets rom SemTxveviT ar gaego daniis samefo karze momxdari saSineli faqti, igi aseT samkvdro-sasi-cocxlo brZolaSi ar Caebmeboda da, rogorc ufliswu-

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li, mSvidad daelodeboda Tavis rigs samefo taxtis da-sakaveblad; mas rom SemTxveviT ar Semokvdomoda polo-niusi, arc inglisSi gaagzavnidnen, arc ofelias Seem-Txveoda ubedureba da arc laertTan Caebmeboda duel-Si; mas rom SemTxveviT eWvi ar aeRo da is werili ar wae-kiTxa, romelSic misi mokvla iyo nabrZanebi, sikvdils ufro adre Seeyreboda; igi zRvazec SemTxveviT gadaur-Ca sikvdils (igi zRvaSi mogzaurobisas RvinoSi Sereuli sawamlaviT unda daRupuliyo) SemTxveviT aRmoCnda mis xelSi mowamluli daSna da aseve SemTxveviT gaucvala laerts es daSna da a.S.

rogorc vxedavT, tragikuli gmiris daRupva auci-lebelia, radgan amisaTvis yovel konkretul situacia-Si uamravi SemTxveviTobebi Cndeba da, sabolood, erT-erTi maTganis realizacia xdeba. rogorc cnobilia, au-cilebloba mraval SemTxveviTobebSi ikafavs gzas. ra-sakvirvelia, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom tragikuli gmi-ri ar daiRupos. is im ,,sabediswero” SemTxvevas gadaur-Ces, romelmac tragikuli finali Seqmna. magaliTad, daSnebis gacvla rom ar momxdariyo, hamleti gadarCe-boda.

amrigad, SemTxveviTobis Carevis gareSe gmiris da-Rupva gamoricxulia, magram Tu aseTi ram mainc moxda, tragikul efeqts ar gamoiwvevs.

tragikuli gmiri iRupeba raime SemTxvevis gamo, xo-lo imdenad, ramdenadac SemTxveviToba aucileblobis gamovlenaa, es daRupva aucileblobis xasiaTs atarebs. tragikuli gmiri SemTxveviT iRupeba brZolaSi, magram iseT brZolaSi, romelSic sikvdil-sicocxlis sasworze sakuTari Tavi dado. igi rom sxvagvari SemTxveviTobiT daRupuliyo, misi sikvdili ar iqneboda tragikuli es-Tetikuri mniSvnelobiT.

zogadad ismeba kiTxva: ras ebrZvis tragikuli gmi-ri?

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vinaidan adamiani, saerTod, Tavisi miznebis ganxor-cielebisaTvis ibrZvis, bunebrivia, igi ebrZvis yovelive imas, rac am miznebis ganxorcielebas win eRobeba.

hamleti ibrZvis sasaxlis karze arsebuli dapiris-pirebebis, gautanlobis, orpirobis winaaRmdeg, garyvni-lebis morevSi CaTreuli samefo ojaxis wevrebis qmede-bebis winaaRmdeg. zogadad ki ebrZvis mtrul sazogado-ebriv garemos, romelic daniis samefo karze iyo Seqmni-li.

tragikuli gmiri umetes SemTxvevaSi brZolas awar-moebs sakuTar TavTan. hamleti ebrZvis sakuTar ,,me”-s. miuxedavad imisa, rom hamleti sulac ar aris meryevi adamiani; igi TiTqos gaorebulia, radgan unda moaxdi-nos arCevani movaleobasa da survilebs Soris. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, tragikul gmirs didi miznebis Sesrule-ba sakuTar movaleobad miaCnia, sasargeblod axdens ar-Cevans da Trgunavs sakuTar ,,me”-s, e. i. sakuTar survi-lebs, miswrafebebs, moTxovnilebebs, mis ,,Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdar” tradiciebs da a.S.

Seqspiri gamoarCevs Tavis gmirs nawarmoebis sxva gmirebisgan. nawarmoebis dasasruls sasaxlis karze uam-ravi gvamia. avtori erT-erT gmirs fortinbras aTqmevi-nebs: ,,ubrZaneT, oTxma asisTavma hamletis gvami maRla sakaces aasvenon, rogorc sardali da samaremde miaci-lon glovis musikiT.” xolo amis Semdeg sxva micvalebu-lebsac mixedon. aq kidev erTxel realizdeba aristote-les mier naTqvami sityvebi ,,poetikaSi”. `tragikuli gmi-ri Cveni msgavsia da Cvenze ukeTesi. igi Cvenze maRla dgas da CvenTvis misabaZia.”

aristoteles Teoriis Tanaxmad, tragedia imiT aR-wevs kaTarziss, rom xatavs ,,tipebs” (Tumca am sityvas ar xmarobs aristotele, igi xmarobs ,,xats”, ,,msgavss”) da am tipebis saSualebiT aviwyebinebs mayurebels mis empi-riul ,,me”-s, gamohyavs igi am ,,me”-dan. mayurebeli maR-ldeba Tavis Tavze, Tavis empiriul an kerZo ,,me”-ze da

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erTvis zogad adamianobasa da kacobriobas. mayurebeli grZnobs Tavs ara izolirebulsa da Caketil ubedur qmnilebad, aramed kacobriobis wevrad da es axarebs mas. aristoteles Teoriis Tanaxmad tragikuli gmiric moq-medebs, mayurebels afiqrebs mis sulier cxovrebaze, rodesac igi tragedias uyurebs. ai es aris tragikulis kaTarzisi aristoteles moZRvrebiT. am kaTarziss tra-gedia ver gamoiwvevda, rom ar yofiliyo xelovnebis qmnileba, romelic baZavs realur sinamdviles da Txzavs am sinamdvilis zogad saxeebsa da tipebs.

Seqspirma, rogorc didma xelovanma, es kargad moa-xerxa. man aRwera sinamdvileSi momxdari realuri amba-vi, kerZod, daniis samefo karze arsebuli viTareba. man ise mxatvrulad aRwera sinamdvile, rom mayurebels aviwydeba istoriuli sinamdvile. hamletis saxiT Seqmna zogadad TavisuflebisaTvis da samarTlianobisaTvis mebrZoli adamianis tipi. mayurebeli Tu mkiTxveli TiT-qos Tanamonawile xdeba am moqmedebisa da hamletTan er-Tad iziarebs yvela mis ubedurebas. es ki mxolod did xelovnebas SeuZlia.

arstoteles azriT, xelovneba adamianis ufro ma-Rali funqciaa, vidre xelosnoba. ,,upoemod kaci gaZ-lebda, uqvabod ki vera, magram upoemod cxovreba waar-Tmevda kacs adamianuri arsebobis erT-erT niSans da da-amsgavsebda mas biologiur moTxovnilebaTa damonebul pirutyvs.”

Seqspiriis tragedia ,,hamleti” saukuneebis manZil-ze hkvebavs kacobriobis sulier samyaros da yavli ar gasvlia.

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NANA GULIASHVILI

ARISTOTLE’S ,,POETICS” AND SHAKESPEARE’S ,,HAMLET” – PARALLELS

Abstract

The aim of the article is to draw the parallels between

Aristotle’s ,,Poetics” and Shakespeare’s ,,Hamlet”. In Shakespear’s creation we can be found nowhere about

Aristotle’s standpoints and he made no mention of his ,,Poetics”. We might say, that Shakespear independently came to the conclusion which was recognized long since by Aristotle.

The philosophical explanation of tragedy by Aristotle was artistically realized with Shakespeare’s ,,Hamlet”.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis esTetikis ganyofilebam.

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religiis filosofia da

religiaTmcodneoba

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCES OF RELIGION

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ramaz gaxokiZe

(Tbilisi)

ramaz gaxokiZe — qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori, saqarTvelos fi-losofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fo premiis laureati, meliqiSvilis saxelobis premiis lau-reati, 500-mde publikaciis — samecniero naSromebis, gamogonebebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis da monografiebis avtori qimiis, biologiis, medicinis, soflis meurneobis, bunebismec-nierebis filosofiis da istoriis dargebSi. igi avtoria mravali popularul-publicisturi statiisa. Seqmnili aqvs asze meti musikaluri nawarmoebi.

samyaros warmoSobis saidumloeba

nawili VI∗

mecnierebis, religiisa da filosofiis erTianoba

`romelsa ara hrwmenes, awve dasjil ars~. ioane, 3, 18

religia, filosofia da mecniereba kacobriobis ci-

vilizaciis sami ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalaa, rome-lic yovelTvis erTi miznisken — adamianis sruli ke-

∗ wina nawilebi gamoqveynebulia Semdeg gamocemebSi: “religia da mec-nieruli msoflmxedveloba”. wignSi: mecniereba da religia. pirveli saerTaSoriso konferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli. Tbilisi, 2005; “mecnieruli kvlevis kreaciuli msoflmxedveloba”. wignSi: `pirve-lad iyo sityva~. Tbilisi, 2006; “kreacia Tu evolucia”. wignSi: fi-losofiuri Ziebani, t. XIII, Tbilisi, 2009; “aTeizmis kraxi”. wignSi: `filosofiuri Ziebani~, t. XIV, Tbilisi, 2010; “mecniereba, filoso-fia, religia da samyaros kosmologiuri modeli”. wignSi: `filoso-fiuri Ziebani~, t. XV, Tbilisi, 2011.

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TildReobisken aris mimarTuli. msoflio dRes globa-luri krizisis winaSe dgas, romelic ganadgurebiT emuqreba ara marto mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis yvela miRwevas, aramed TviT sicocxlesac dedamiwaze. vin aris amaSi damnaSave? cxadia, Tavad adamiani. yoveli-ve saukeTeso, rac kacobriobas gaaCnda da misTvis naTe-li momavlis momtani unda yofiliyo, sinamdvileSi mas wyvdiadisken da dasasrulisken miaqanebs.

ra aris aseTi moulodneli finalis mizezi? eWvs ar iwvevs, rom erT-erT seriozul Secdomas, romelic daS-vebul iqna bolo ori-sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi Cvens civilizebul samyaroSi, warmoadgens mecnieruli da filosofiuri codnis da religiis dapirispireba, rasac mohyva adamianis suliersa da inteleqtualur sferoebs Soris urTierTgagebisa da Tanxmobis sruli gaqroba. amitom samyaros religiur, filosofiursa da mecnie-rul xedvebs Soris Tavdapiruli harmoniis da urTier-TkavSiris aRdgena dRes yvelaze aqtualur problemad unda CaiTvalos.

ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan dawyebuli mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebi da filosofiuri azri ganixileba erTaderT saSualebad, romelsac SeuZlia adamians uC-venos sicocxlis WeSmariti azri da realurad warmar-Tos misi cxovreba. religias ki miiCnevdnen antimecnie-rul msoflmxedvelobad, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mxo-lod lamaz tradiciad, romelic mowyvetilia cxovre-bis saarsebo problemebs da adamians usafuZvlo ocne-bis iluziur samyaroSi amyofebs [1].

magram religiisadmi aseT damokidebulebas da mis dapirispirebas mecnierebasa da filosofiasTan mos-devs Sors mimavali fsiqologiuri, zneobrivi da praq-tikuli Sedegebi, rac yvelaze uaryofiTad aisaxeba ada-mianze. Tu ar Seiqmneba erTiani msoflmxedveloba, ada-miani verasdros Caswvdeba cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis WeSmarit arss.

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saiTken miaqanebs adamians Tanamedrove civiliza-cia? ganviTarebul qveynebSi mZlavri mecnierul-teqni-kuri progresisa da cxovrebis maRali donis pirobebSi, rogorc statistika gviCvenebs, sul ufro matulobs zneobrivi simaxinjeebi, mZime nervul-fsiqikuri aSli-lobani, TviTmkvlelobebi da adamianebi usulo robo-tebad gardaiqmnebian.

mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam ise moajadova kacobrioba, rom man ara marto daiviwya sulieri, zneob-rivi da religiuri Rirebulebebi, aramed STamomavlo-bis bedic ki ar anaRvlebs. gamorCenisa da Zalauflebis survilma ise daiamona Tanamedrove adamiani, rom mis mi-saRwevad anadgurebs bunebas, romlis nawilsac TviTon Seadgens da msoflios umZimes krizisSi agdebs.

saWiroa, saswrafod gadaisinjos Rirebulebebi da prioritetebi Cvens cxovrebaSi. rogorc arasdros, iseT urTierTSexebaSia dRes mecniereba, teqnika, filo-sofia da religia, rac moiTxovs adamianis axal, harmo-niul damokidebulabas.

mecniereba (igulisxmeba bunebismetyveleba), sabo-loo angariSiT, keTildReobas xedavs samyaros maqsima-lur SemecnebaSi yvela misi ganzomilebiT, masze sruli Zalauflebis miRwevaSi, rac adamians amqveynad yovelis-SemZle RvTaebad aqcevs.

mecniereba efuZneba postulatebs (realuri samya-ros aRiareba, misi kanonzomierebebi, Secnobadoba da a.S.), romelTa gareSe igi ar iarsebebda, ar ganviTarde-boda, magram maTi damtkiceba ar SeiZleba. mecnieruli mtkicebani, sabolood, pirobiTia, ar aris absoluturi. maTemaTikuri mtkicebebic ki warmoadgens WeSmaritebad miCneul debulebaTa ueWvel daskvnebs. umravles Sem-TxvevaSi mecnieruli mtkicebebi warmoadgens aprioru-li debulebebidan gamomdinare SesaZlebel daskvnebs. amasTan, albaToba miT ufro mcirea, rac ufro rTulia msjelobis sagani. mecnierebas ar gaaCnia kriteriumebi,

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romlebic ama Tu im Teoriis WeSmaritebis srul garan-tias mogvcemda.

keTildReobis problema, pirvel rigSi, msof-lmxedvelobiTi problemaa. mecnieruli codna ki, Tavis Tavad ar warmoadgens msoflmxedvelobas, radgan mecni-ereba Seiswavlis mxolod bunebriv movlenebsa da samya-ros kanonzomierebebs. mecniereba specifikurad ar ik-vlevs msoflmxedvelobiT sakiTxebs. es religiisa da filosofiis sferoa.

filosofia keTildReobas yovelTvis WeSmaritebis SemecnebaSi xedavda, magram igi iZulebulia postula-tad miiCnios Tavisi sawyisi debulebebi. aqedan: ramdeni filosofosicaa — imdeni sistemaa.

religia ki arc mecnierebaa, radgan wvdomis obi-eqts sruliad sxva samyaro — sulieri samyaro — warmo-adgens, da arc filosofiaa, radgan religiis arsi suli-erebaSia da ara RmerTis racionalur wvdomaSi.

mainc, aris Tu ara winaaRmdegoba mecnierebasa da religias Soris, samyaros warmoSobis Sexedulebebs So-ris?

Cven vcxovrobT mecnieruli revoluciis epoqaSi. yovel or wuTSi Cndeba axali mecnieruli publikacia. axali faqtebis gavleniT ingreva Zveli Teoriebi. mcda-ri ideis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT kosmologiis Zvelinduri gageba. indoelebi Tvlidnen, rom dedamiwa oTx uzarmazar spilos zurgze dgas. es damajereblad Canda, radgan im dros, dakvirvebebis Tanaxmad, yvelafe-ri raRacaze unda yofiliyo dayrdnobili. spiloebi ki Zvel indoelebs yvelaze did arsebebad miaCndaT, rom-lebic TiTqos idgnen zRvaSi mocurave uzarmazari kus zurgze.

magram gansxvavebul, imdroisaTvis sruliad sawina-aRmdego, Sexedulebas vxvdebiT bibliaSi. oTxi aTasi wlis win iobma Tavis Semoqmedze Tqva: “ganarTxa Crdi-

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loeTi sicarieleze, araferze dahkida dedamiwa (iobi, 26:7) da am mtkicebas ar sWirdeba gadasinjva.

kolumbis dros mezRvaurebs eSinodaT napiridan Sors gaecuraT, dedamiwis kididan rom ar gadavardni-liyvnen. mecnieruli gamokvlevebiT Canda, rom dedamiwa brtyelia, wyali xom yovelTvis qveviT Camodis garkve-ul donemde. isaia Tavis Semoqmedze ki ambobda: “is zis miwis kamaraze da misi mkvidrni kaliebs gvanan; gafina ca msubuqi qsovilebiT da karaviviT gaSala sacxovreblad (esaia, 40:22).

dRes Cven viciT, rom roca dedamiwis erT sferoze dRea, meoreze Ramea. magram bibliaSi 2000 wlis win, ro-ca kacobriobam amis Sesaxeb araferi icoda, naTqvamia, rom es moxdeba dRisiT, roca adamianebi yanaSi iqnebian, da RamiT, roca adamianebi sawolSi iqnebian (luka, 17:31,34). laparakia qristes meored mosvlaze.

ramdeni varskvlavia samyaroSi? jer kidev 200 wlis win, astronomebis gamoTvliT, maTi ricxvi 1056-idan 2022-mde unda unda yofiliyo. dRes Tanamedrove teqni-kiT (teleskopebi, radioteleskopebi, rentgenuli de-teqtorebi) SeuZlebelia usasrulo raodenobis var-skvlavTa daTvla. 4000 wlis win ki RmerTi eubneba abra-ams: “kurTxeviT vakurTxeb da vamravleb STamomavlobas cis varskvlavebiviT da zRvis qviSasaviT” (dabadeba, 2:17).

iobis wignSi (28:25) 4000 wlis win, toriCelis mier atmosferos wnevis gazomvamde bevrad adre, naTqvamia haeris wonis Sesaxeb: “qars wonas uwesebda da wyals do-nes usazRvravda.”

filosofia samyaros adamianidan xedavs, da swored amaSia misi specifikuroba. mecniereba ki samyaros adami-anis gareT xedavs.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi kacobriobis civilizacia ganicdis fuZemdebel RirebulebaTa globalur kri-ziss. am situaciaSi dgeba sakiTxi Seqmnil stereotipTa

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gadafasebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. bunebrivia, aqtua-luri xdeba Zveli problema mecnerebisa da religiis Tanafardobis Sesaxeb, vinaidan Tanamedrove civiliza-ciis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas gansazRvravs, erTis mxriv, mecnierebis miRwevebi da maTi teqnologiuri gan-xorcieleba, xolo, meores mxriv, religiis statusis Se-saxeb sakiTxis gadaWra. mecnierebis racionalurobis krizisis pirobebSi farTo gavrcelebas poulobs ”kom-promisuli” Tvalsazrisi, romelic gulisxmobs msof-lmxedvelobiT SexedulebaTa sinTezs [2].

magaliTad, Sardenis azriT, konfliqti religiasa da mecnierebas Soris “unda gadawydes ara konfliqtis erT-erTi monawilis CaxSobiT, ara orWofulad, aramed sinTezis meSveobiT”. misi azriT, oraswlovani brZola mecnierebasa da religias Soris amtkicebs ara erT-erTi maTganis siswores, aramed imas, rom “maT erTmaneTis ga-reSe normaluri ganviTareba ar SeuZliaT”. mecniereba-sa da religias erTi fesvebi gaaCniaT da “erTi da igive sicocxliT arian gasulierebulni” [3,4].

mecnierebisa da religiis urTierTdamatebis SesaZ-leblobaze saubrobs mravali cnobili mecnieri. maga-liTad, C. taunsis azriT, romelsac kvanturi generato-rebisa da gamaZliereblebis SeqmnisaTvis mieniWa nobe-lis premia, “sxvaoba mecnierebasa da religias Soris ga-cilebiT zedapiruli da TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, Tu ori-ves WeSmarit bunebas ganvixilavT” [5]. cnobili inglise-li astrofizikosi a. edingtoni wignSi “fizikuri samya-ros buneba”, ukeTebs ra analizs kvanturi meqanikis fi-losofiur-msoflmxedvelobiT Sedegebs, akeTebs Sem-deg gancxadebas: “moazrovne mecnierisTvis religia pirvelad gaxda SesaZlebeli 1927 wlis Semdeg” [6]. ana-logiur pozicias iziarebs gamoCenili germaneli fizi-kosi, kvanturi meqanikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli p. ior-dani.

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mecniereba da religia erTiania imaSi, rom orive ey-rdnoba ramdenime varauds, romlebic miCneulia aqsio-mebad ara codnis, aramed rwmenis safuZvelze. aseTia, magaliTad, obieqturi da erTaderTi realobis arsebo-bis varaudi, am realobaSi wesrigisa da kanonzomierebis arseboba, Seqmnili wesrigis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba adamianis mier. am aqsiomaTa logikurad gamoyvana da ra-cionalurad damtkiceba SeuZlebelia. isini unda vir-wmunoT. amgvarad, TavianTi sawyisi principebiT mecnie-reba da religia mcired gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

XX saukuneSi gaCnda axali, mecnierebisaTvis uCveu-lo tendencia. misi arsia Semecnebis obieqtsa da subi-eqts Soris Tanafardoba axali interpretaciiT, xolo laitmotivia — subieqtis dabruneba mecnierul Teoria-Si, rac principulad cvlis subieqtis statuss. klasi-kuri mecniereba obieqturad iyo miCneuli. misi Teorie-biT aRwerdnen samyaros, Tu rogor arsebobs igi. magram relativisturma da kvanturma fizikam subieqti “daab-runa” TeoriaSi (damkvirveblis roli fardobiTobis Te-oriaSi, damatebiTobis principi, anTropulobis princi-pi da a.S.). am tendencias aZlierebs arsebobis sinergeti-kuli modeli. situacias arTulebs kosmologiis Ziri-Tadi Teoriebis mravalgvari interpretacia.

amerikeli fizikosis h. margenaus azriT, Zveli sti-lis mecniereba uaryofda Seqmnis aqts, apelirebda mud-mivobis (nivTierebis, energiis) principebiT. arafrisgan Seqmnili (Creatio ex nihil) formebi absurdad iTvleboda. axla ki Cven gvaqvs “didi afeTqebiT” samyaros warmoSo-bis Teoria, vxedavT garkveul fonur gamosxivebas, ro-melic Seqmnis aqtis narCens warmoadgens [7]. am SemTxve-vaSi, Tu gasaanalizebel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mecnie-rebaSi ar arsebobs erTnairi Sexeduleba, maSin filoso-fosi, romelic cdilobs gansazRvros mecnieruli cod-nis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba, rTul situaciaSi varde-ba. magaliTad, rogor moiqces igi, Tu adre mecniereba

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dros, sivrces da materias usasrulod miiCnevda, xolo Semdeg ki aRiarebuli iqna gafarToebiTi samyaros mode-li; sxva kosmologiuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, mTeli samya-ro Seiqmna erT gansazRvrul momentSi atomuri bombis afeTqebis msgavsad. msgavs situaciaSi filosofosma Se-iZleba irwmunos esa Tu is Teoria.

iungis mixedviT, “konfliqti mecnierebasa da reli-gias Soris sinamdvileSi mdgomareobs orives mcdar ga-gebaSi” [8]. XXI saukuneSi, roca kacobriobas emuqreba ga-nadgureba ekologiuri da globaluri problemebis gam-wvavebis gamo, Secdoma iqneba amis Semdeg urTierTdava-pirispiroT mecniereba da religia. am dapirispirebam fundamentur krizisamde migviyvana. religiasa da mec-nierebas Soris upiratesobisTvis brZolis gamocdile-ba gviCvenebs, rom yvela problemis monopoluri gadaw-yvetis mcdeloba rogorc mecnierebis, ise religiis mxridan ar SeiZleba efeqturi iyos. mecnierebas ar Se-uZlia gadaWras sakiTxi pirvelsawyisis, absolutis Se-saxeb. es sakiTxebi ganekuTvneba filosofiasa da reli-gias. aseve ar iqneba Sedegiani religiis mcdelobac ga-daWras konkretul-mecnieruli xasiaTis sakiTxebi. es ki miuTiTebs maTi Tanaarsebobis da TanamSromlobis gar-dauvalobaze, gansakuTrebiT, dRes, roca kacobrioba, romelsac emuqreba globalur-ekologiuri katastro-fa, iZulebulia gadaWras sicocxlis gadarCenis prob-lema.

miCneulia, rom Cveni materialuri samyaros racio-nalur-empiriuli meTodebiT Seswavla mecnierebis saq-mea, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, swored mecniereba iZleva da-majerebel mtkicebas RmerTis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

jer kidev skolis merxidanvea cnobili energiis Se-naxvis kanoni (Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni) da entro-piis TviTneburi zrdis kanoni (Termodinamikis meore kanoni).

arsebobs samyaros warmoSobis ramdenime varianti:

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1) samyaro nel-nela ganicdida evolucias mravali miliardi an trilioni wlis ganmavlobaSi romeliRac “pirveladi materiisgan”. odesRac TiTqos arsebobda sruli qaosi, romlic Semdeg idumali mizeziT ucbad afeTqda (didi afeTqebis Teoria), Semdeg ki nel-nela moxda evolucia “pirveladi materiidan” jarimebis, me-re adamianis warmoqmniT.

2) materialuri samyaro maradiulia da yovelTvis arsebobda iseTive saxiT, rogorsac dRes vakvirdebiT.

3) materialuri samyaro ubralod TavisTavad war-moiqmna arafrisgan garkveuli xnis win.

4) samyaro Seqmna RmerTma garkveuli xnis win pir-velqmnili qaosuri masalis saxiT, romelmac Semdeg mra-vali miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicada evolucia Tanamedrove saxemde, magram ara TavisTavad, aramed isev RmerTis CareviT. es e.w. “Teisturi evolucia” dRes sak-maod moduria.

5) materialuri samyaro gansazRvruli drois win arafrisgan Seqmna RmerTma dasrulebuli saxiT da im-droidan dRemde moyolebuli TandaTanobiT ganicdis degradacias. es bibliuri koncefciaa.

pirveli koncefcia, savsebiT naTelia, ewinaaRmde-geba Termodinamikis meore kanons, romlis Tanaxmad, yvela bunebrivi TviTneburi procesi mimdinareobs sis-temis entropiis (e.i. qaosurobis, mouwesrigeblobis) gazrdis mimarTulebiT. evolucia, rogorc bunebrivi sistemebis TviTneburi TviTgarTuleba, SeuZlebelia Termodinamikis meore kanoniT. am kanonis Tanaxmad ne-bismier pirobebSi qaosidan TavisTavad arasdros dam-yardeba wesrigi. magaliTad, “pirveladi bulionidan” arasdros, araviTar pirobebSi, trilioni, Tund bilio-ni wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver warmoiqmneba maRalorgani-zebuli cilovani molekulebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, verasdros SesZleben “evolucionirebas” iseT maRa-lorganizebul struqturad, rogoricaa adamiani. am-

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gvarad, samyaros warmoSobis es “sayovelTaod aRiare-buli” Tanamedrove Sexeduleba arasworia, radgan ewina-aRmdegeba bunebis erT-erT fundamentur kanons — Ter-modinamikis meore kanons.

meore koncefciac aseve ewinaaRmdegeba Termodina-mikis meore kanons. Cveni materialuri samyaro mudmivi rom yofiliyo da droSi dasawyisi rom ar hqonoda, sru-liad naTelia, rom Termodinamikis meore kanonis Tanax-mad, igi ukve degradirdeboda sruli qaosis donemde. Cven ki yvelgan vakvirdebiT maRalmowesrigebul struq-turebs, iseTebs, rogorebic Tavad varT. amgvarad, meo-re kanonis logikuri Sedegia is daskvna, rom samyaros hqonda dasawyisi droSi.

mesame koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad samyaro araf-risgan Seiqmna “TavisTavad” gansazRvruli drois win mza maRalorganizebuli saxiT da mas Semdeg nel-nela degradirdeba, marTalia, ar ewinaaRmdegeba Termodina-mikis meore kanons, magram ewinaaRmdegeba pirvel kanons (energiis Senaxvis kanons), romlis Tanaxmad energia ar SeiZleba TavisTavad warmoiqmnas arafrisgan.

meoTxe koncefciac ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis meore kanons, romelic principulad gamoricxavs bune-baSi evoluciuri procesebis mimdinareobis SesaZleb-lobebs.

mxolod mexuTe, bibliuri koncefcia, sruliad See-sabameba orive fundamentur kanons. materialuri samya-ro TavisTavad ar warmoqmnila, igi RmerTma Seqmna — da es Seesabameba energiis Senaxvis kanons (Termodinamikis pirvel kanons), romlis Tanaxmad materia ar SeiZleba TavisTavad Seiqmnas arafrisgan.

sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mecnierebi samya-ros (drosa da sivrceSi) usasrulod Tvlidnen. swored amaze iyo dafuZnebuli materializmi. magram gasuli sa-ukunis Sua wlebSi es warmodgenebi Zireulad Seicvala. aRmoCnda, rom samyaros bevri parametri SeiZleba gai-

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zomos, rom mas gaaCnia dasawyisi da, savaraudod, moZra-obs dasasrulisken, Tumca es ukanaskneli varaudi jer ar aris srulad damtkicebuli. mecnierebis ganviTare-basTan erTad Cveni warmodgenebi samyaroze momavalSi gamdidrdeba axali saintereso faqtebiT.

astronomebma aRmoaCines, rom samyaros da Cveni mzis sistemis maxasiaTeblebi da parametrebi ise mkafi-od aris “awyobili” dedamiwaze sicocxlis SesanarCu-neblad, rom Znelad aixsneba aseTi sizuste gonieri Se-moqmedis Carevis gareSe.

dRes mecnierTa Soris arsebobs sakmaod dasabuTe-buli Sexeduleba, rom dedamiwa erTaderTi planetaa samyaroSi, romelzec arsebobs gonivruli sicocxle. Tu samyaros Seqmnis mizani da arsi Cveni patara planeta da masze mcxovrebi kacobriobaa, maSin ratom aris samya-ro ase veeberTela? am kiTxvaze pasuxs axali kvlevebi iZleva. aRmoCnda, rom samyaro ar SeiZleboda sxvanairi yofiliyo. magaliTad, samyaros masis simkvrive ganapi-robebs birTvuli urTierTmoqmedebis efeqturobas kosmosSi. masis simkvrive bevrad meti rom yofiliyo, ma-Sin samyaros arsebobis pirvel ramdenime wuTSi Zalian bevri deiteriumi (wyalbadis mZime izotopi) warmoiqmne-boda. deiteriumis es siWarbe gaxdeboda yvela var-skvlavis dawvis mizezi. da, Sesabamisad, sicocxlec ar iarsebebda. piriqiT, masis simkvrive Zalian mcire rom yofiliyo, maSin pirvelive wuTebSi Zalian cota deite-riumi da heliumi warmoiqmneboda, da, Sesabamisad, si-cocxlisTvis aucilebeli mZime elementebi ar iarsebeb-da varskvlavebSi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT asi miliard trilioni varskvlavi (romelTac astronomebi akvirdebian samyaroSi), zustad is raodenobaa (arc me-ti, arc naklebi), romelic aucilebelia samyaroSi si-cocxlis arsebobisTvis.

mecnierebaSi dRes samyaros warmoSobis yvelaze po-pularul Teoriad miCneulia didi afeTqebis Teoria.

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bibliuri warmodgenis msgavsad, igi amtkicebs, rom sam-yaro uecrad Seiqmna, magram es SemTxveviTi movlenaa, romelic moxda 12-20 miliardi wlis win.

didi afeTqebis Teoria mowodebul iqna gasuli sau-kunis 20-ian wlebSi hablis, hoilis, bondis, guTis, fridmanisa da lemetris mier. 40-ian wlebSi igi Seavso da gadaamuSava gamovma. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, odesRac Cveni samyaro warmoadgenda usasrulod mcire zomis zemkvriv da warmoudgenel temperaturamde gavarvare-bul masas, romelic uecrad afeTqda. samyaro swrafad gafarTovda, gafrqveuli maRalenergiuli nawilakebis temperaturam daiwyo kleba. daaxloebiT pirveli mili-onis wlis Semdeg yvelaze msubuqi ori elementis — wyalbadis da heliumis atomebi stabiluri gaxda. mizi-dulobis Zalis zemoqmedebiT materiis Rrubelma daiw-yo koncentrireba, ris Sedegad warmoiqmna galaqtikebi, varskvlavebi da sxva ciuri sxeulebi. varskvlavebi feT-qdeboda, romlis Semdeg Cndeboda ufro mZime elemente-bi. maTgan warmoiqmna gviandeli Taobis varskvlavebi, iseTi, rogoric Cveni mzea. cdiloben, didi afeTqeba ax-snan imiT, rom Tu samyaro farTovdeba, dedamiwa da obi-eqtebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT didi siCqariT ganibne-va sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, maSin warsulSi yvelaferi erTi wertilidan unda dawyebuliyo — didi afeTqebiT. magram afeTqeba ar iwvevs wesrigs, amitom Cveni mzis sis-temaSi arsebuli wesrigi ar SeiZleba afeTqebis Sedegi iyos.

didi afeTqebis Teoria dRemde imitom arsebobs, rom mecnierebma sxva ukeTesi Teoria ver moifiqres. di-di afeTqebis sasargeblod metyvelebs Semdegi faqtebi: a) samyaros gafarToeba; b) wyalbadisa da heliumis Tana-fardoba, romelic iseTivea, rogoric didi afeTqebis Semdeg unda yofiliyo; g) Zlieri mikrotalRuri fonu-ri radiacia, romelic SeimCneva mTel samyaroSi.

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didi afeTqebis koncefcia dakavSirebulia serio-zul problemebTan, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is TavisTavad mimdinareobda. saidan Seiqmna samyaros mowyobis aseTi sizuste, romlis gareSe igi ver iarsebebda? gaugebaria didi afeTqebis pirvelive wamebSi arsebuli singularo-ba, romelsac gamoricxavs CvenTvis cnobili bunebis ka-nonebis moqmedeba.

samyaros dasawyisi Tu hqonda, maS ra moxda dasaw-yisSi? es mecnierebisTvis ucnobia. didi afeTqebis hi-poTezis Tanaxmad, daaxloebiT, Tormeti miliardi wlis win samyaros mTeli materia Tavmoyrili iyo atomis bir-Tvze ufro mcire zomis nawilakSi [9]. samyaro misi arse-bobis pirvel periodSi, romelic mecnierTa SefasebiT gagrZelda 1/1043 wams, imyofeboda e.w. singularul mdgomareobaSi. am periodis Tvisebebi savsebiT gansxva-vdeboda Tanamedrove pirobebisagan, amitom Cveni fizi-kuri kanonebi maTTan mimarTebaSi gamousadegaria. sam-yarom daiwyo gafarToeba. es gafarToeba gansakuTre-biT swrafad mimdinareobda e.w. “gabervis” stadiaSi 1/1033-dan 1/1035 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, ris Sedegad warmo-iqmna kvarkebi. samyaros Semdgomi gafarToebas Tan moh-yva protonebisa da neitronebis warmoqmna. samyaro ram-denime wlis rom gaxda, daiwyo zogierTi atomis birTve-bis Seqmna. samyarom daaxloebiT miliard wels rom miaR-wia, daiwyo varskvlavebis da galaktikebis Camoyalibeba. varskvlavTa SekumSvis procesSi warmoSva ufro mZime qimiuri elementebi, romelTa raodenoba izrdeba samya-ros asakis momatebasTan erTad. ra iqneba SemdegSi? ga-moiTqva ramdenime mosazreba. momavalSi samyarom SesaZ-loa Seanelos moZraoba da daiwyos “didi SekumSva” an isev gaagrZelos gafarToeba, vidre sicarieled ar iq-ceva.

ainStaini ideas, rom samyaros dasawyisi gaaCnia, si-sulelad miiCnevda da es ubralod aRizianebda (cnoba amis Sesaxeb ix. [10]). rogori ucnauric ar unda iyos,

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swored mis mier wamoyenebuli fardobiTobis Teoria metyvelebs gafarToebad samyaroze, romelsac dasawyi-si gaaCnda, rac damtkicebul iqna hablis SesaniSnavi eq-sperimentebiT. ainStainma SemdgomSi aRiara Tavis Sec-doma. samyaro ubralod ki ar farTovdeba, aramed igi farTovdeba sul ufro da ufro swrafi siCqariT.

ama Tu im bunebrivi faqtoris warmoqmna SesaZlebe-lia garkveuli albaTobiT gamoiTvalos. naklebmosa-lodnel movlenaTa erTobliobis albaToba mkveTrad mcirdeba. samyaroSi yvela movlena unikaluria da maTi erTad warmoSobis albaToba ganuzomlad mcirea. mog-vyavs samyaros aseTi erTobliobis ramdenime magaliTi.

materia Sedgeba asze meti qimiuri elementisgan, romlebic erTmaneTTan urTierTmoqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnian Cvens garemomcvel samyaros — miwis qerqSi arsebuli mineraluri nivTierebebidan cocxal orga-nizmebSi arsebul urTules molekulebamde. am elemen-tTa atomebi Sedgeba subatomuri nawilakebisagan, ro-melTac Zalian zusti maxasiaTeblebi gaaCniaT. magali-Tad, protonis masa erTi meaTedi procentiT naklebi rom yofiliyo, maSin atomebis da qimiuri elementebis arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda [11].

dedamiwidan mze zustad imden sinaTles da siTbos gvigzavnis, rac sicocxlisTvisaa aucilebeli. mze 5%-iT axlos rom yofiliyo an 1%-iT Sors, maSin sicocxle Cvens planetaze daiRupeboda.

Zleri urTierTqmedeba erTmaneTTan akavSirebs atomis birTvis yvela nawils. es urTierTqmedeba 2%-iT meti rom yofiliyo, ar airsebebda wyalbadi da, Sesaba-misad, arc mze da arc sicocxle. es urTierTqmedeba 5%-ze meti rom yofiliyo, maSin samyaroSi wyalbadis garda araferi iqneboda.

susti urTierTqmedeba akontrolebs atomTa radi-aqtiur daSlas — mzis gulSi sinTezis reaqcias, romlis drosac wyalbadi heliumad gardaiqmneba. es urTier-

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Tqmedeba odnav Zlieri rom yofiliyo, maSin heliumi ar warmoiqmneboda; odnav susti rom yofiliyo, mzeze wyalbadi ar darCeboda.

eleqtromagnituri Zala dakavSirebulia damuxtul nawilakebTan, magaliTad, eleqtroni, romelic akon-trolebs atomTa Soris qimiur gardaqmnebs, sinaTlis Zalian mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia. igi odnav mZlavri rom yofiliyo, maSin mzis msgavsi varskvlavebi bevrad civi da wiTeli iqneboda; odnav susti rom yofiliyo, ma-Sin varskvlavebi iqneboda cxeli, lurji da sicocxlis xanmokleunariani.

mizidulobis Zala akavebs galaqtikebs, varskvla-vebsa da planetebs erT sistemaSi. aq udidesi mniSvne-loba aqvs zust Tanafardobas gravitaciulsa da eleq-tromagnitur Zalebs Soris. romelime maTganSi umcire-si cvlileba rom momxdariyo ama Tu im mimarTulebiT, es katastrofa iqneboda iseTi varskvlavisTvis, rogoric mzea.

sicocxle mzis gareSe warmoudgenelia, radgan de-damiwaze autaneli sicive daisadgurebda. mzis sxivi, mcenareebSi mimdinare fotosinTezis procesis wyalo-biT, Cven saarsebo sakvebiT gvamaragebs. dedamiwa swo-red im orbitaze trialebs, romelic sicocxlisTvis au-cilebeli temperaturiT uzrunvelgvyofs. igi mzesTan cota axlos an cota Sors rom iyos, autaneli siciviT an sicxiT davitanjebodiT. mzesTan axlos mdebare veneras zedapiris temperatura Seadgens daaxloebiT 4600C-s, maSin roca marsisa, romelic mzisgan, dedamiwasTan Se-darebiT, ufro Sorsa, — -230C-s. mecnierTa SefasebiT, dedamiwa mzesTan 5 %-iT axlos an Sors rom yofiliyo, masze sicocxlis niSanwyalic ar iarsebebda [12].

mzis energiis wyaro TermobirTvuli reaqciaa, rom-lis drosac wyalbadisgan miiReba heliumi. am procesis mimdinareobisas gamoiyofa energia, romelic reaqciaSi monawile wyalbadis masis 0,7%-is eqvivalenturia [13].

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Cveni mze warmoadgens kontrolirebad wyalbadis bom-bis afeTqebas, romelic didi xania uzrunvelyofs deda-miwas saWiro raodenobis siTboTi da sxiviT da, mecnier-Ta gamoTvlebiT, es TermobirTvuli reaqcia kidev xuTi miliardi weli warimarTeba.

Cveni dedamiwis ganlageba mzis sistemaSi da misi usafrTxoebisTvis sxva planetebis arseboba srulyofi-li dizainis maCvenebelia. magaliTad, giganturi iupite-ri icavs dedamiwis orbitas, iRebs ra Tavis Tavze, kos-mosuri sxeulebiT dabombvas. manZili dedamiwidan mTva-remde (384-400 aTasi kilometri), iseve rogorc am Tanam-gzavris zoma (diametri 3 476 kilometri, xolo masa 80-jer naklebi dedamiwis masaze) optimaluria zRvebisa da okeaneebis aucilebeli moqcevisa da ukuqcevis Sesaq-mnelad, Cveni planetis daxris kuTxis stabilurobis Se-sanarCuneblad. manZili dedamiwasa da mzes Soris (TiT-qmis 150 milioni kilometri) uzrunvelyofs sicoc-xlisTvis vargis tempraturuli cvalebadobis inter-vals +500C-dan —500C-mde. samyaroSi temperaturuli cvalebadoba ramdenime milioni gradusidan absolu-tur nulamde (—2730C) meryeobs. es sxvaoba 1%-ze meti rom yofiliyo, dedamiwa erTian myinvarad gadaiqceoda, 5%-ze naklebi rom yofiliyo, yvela cocxali arseba da-iwveboda. sxva varskvlavebisgan gansxvavebiT Cveni mze Tanabrad (mcireodeni cvlilebebiT) gamoyofs energias. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sicocxle Cvens planetaze SeuZ-lebeli iqneboda.

dedamiwis zoma (ekvatoruli diametri 12 756 km) da, Sesabamisad, simZimis Zala zustad iseTivea, rogoric aucilebelia atmosferos optimaluri simkvrivis Sesa-narCuneblad. dedamiwis zoma 10%-iT naklebi rom yofi-liyo, atmosfero arsebobas Sewyvetda, maSasadame, si-cocxle planetaze SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

dedamiwis RerZis optimaluri daxriloba zustad iseTia, rogoric dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobisTvi-

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saa saWiro. dedamiwis RerZis daxriloba dedamiwis or-bitis sibrtyis mimarT Seadgens 23,50-s, rac uzrunvel-yofs weliwadis oTxi drois monacvleobas. dedamiwis RerZi dedamiwis orbitis perpendikularuli rom yofi-liyo, maSin dRis da Ramis xangrZlivoba Tanabari iqne-boda, amindi ki erTnairad civi. dedamiwis RerZi orbi-tis sibrtyis paraleluri rom yofiliyo, maSin dRe da Rame naxevari weli gagrZeldeboda, xolo sxvaoba tempe-raturebs Soris sakmaod didi iqneboda. aseT pirobebSi sicocxle ver iarsebebda.

mzis garSemo dedamiwis brunvis siCqarec optima-luria (107154 km/sT) temperaturuli reJimis SesanarCu-neblad Cvens planetaze. am siCqariT dedamiwa mzis gar-Semo gadis 940 milion kilometrs da zustad andomebs 365 dReRames, 6 saaTsa da 9,54 wams. gana SesaZlebelia, rom aseTi sizuste qaosisa da SemTxveviTobis Sedegi iyos? Cveni planeta mzis garSemo ufro nela rom bru-navdes, maSin igi mzes dascildeboda; ufro swrafad rom brunavdes, maSin miuxlovdeboda, rac gamoiwvevda tem-peraturis mkveTr cvlilebas. es ki sicocxlisaTvis Se-uTavsebeli iqneboda.

saocrad aris SerCeuli atmosfero Sedgenilobis mixedviT: 78% azoti, 21% Jangbadi, 1% argoni, 0,03% naxSirorJangi, Zalian mcire raodenobiT wylis orTqli da sxva gazebi. am proporciis gadaxras ama Tu im mimar-TulebiT sicocxlisaTvis katastrofuli Sedegi moy-hveboda. Jangbadis didi doza dedamiwaze saSiS mdgoma-reobas Seqmnida da am elementis ukiduresi qimiuri ag-resiuloba gamoiwvevda cocxali organizmis daRupvas dedamiwaze. atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis arseboba qmnis e.w. saTburis efeqts, romelic dedamiwis saSualo temperaturas —230C-dan +150C-mde zrdis.

sicocxle SeuZlebeli iqneboda dedamiwas magnitu-ri veli da ozonis safari rom ar hqonoda. dedamiwis magnituri safari, romelsac qmnis rkinis da nikelis

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gamlRvali birTvi, cocxal organizmebs icavs momakvdi-nebeli radiaciisgan. dedamiwis gulSi aseTi reaqtoris simZlavre naklebi rom yofiliyo, maSin damcavi magni-turi veli Seiqmneboda, meti rom yofiliyo, maSin deda-miwaze yvelgan moxdeboda miwisZvra da vulkanis amof-rqveva.

Cveni planetis unikaloba imaSic mdgomareobs, rom aq Warbad moipoveba sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli ele-mentebi — naxSirbadi, Jangbadi, azoti, wyalbadi. vin iz-runa amaze? samyaroSi xom wyalbadis garda sxva elemen-tebi Zalian mcire raodenobiTaa.

TviT Cveni dedamiwa, misi unikaluri Taviseburebani miuTiTeben gonivrul gegmaze. Cvens planetaze sicoc-xlis arsebobisaTvis saWiroa uamravi pirobis dacva, Za-lian viwro diapazonSi realizeba Semdegi parametrebi-sa: dedamiwis zoma da simkvrive, manZili mzemde, sxva planetebis ganlageba da zomebi, dedamiwis brunvis siC-qare sakuTari RerZis da mzis garSemo, dedamiwis RerZis daxriloba, atmosferos gazebis Sedgeniloba da pro-porcia, mzis temperaturuli reJimi, dedamiwis magni-turi velis Zala, ozonuri ekranis sidide, miwis qerqis sisqe da mravali sxva. Tundac erT-erTi am parametris gadaxra gansazRvruli normidan umciresi sidididac ki sicocxlis arsebobas Cvens planetaze SeuZlebels gax-dida. yvela am sididis (romelic aucilebelia sicoc-xlis arsebobisaTvis) SemTxveviTi damTxvevis albaToba Seadgens 1 Sanss 1053-idan, rac niSnavs sicocxlisTvis vargisi planetis SemTxveviT gaCenis SeuZleblobas.

dRes mecniereba pasuxs ver scems mravalricxovan kiTxvas, Tu rogor unda Seqmniliyo da TviTorganiza-ciiT arsebobdes bunebis fundamenturi kanonebi da ka-tegoriebi. magaliTad:

materia. ratom aris materia organizebuli suba-tomur nawilakebSi da ratom emorCilebian kanonebs, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, warmoqmnan asze meti qimiu-

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ri elementi, romlebic mTel samyaros materiiT uzrun-velyofen, aseve warmoqmnan sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli atomebi da molekulebi? materias xom SeeZ-lo Tavisuflad darCeniliyo qaosSi da araviTar kanons ar damorCileboda. kanonebi gonier Canafiqrze metyve-lebs. ratom aris aseTi daujerebeli sizustiT gaTvli-li am nawilakTa masa? nebismieri gadaxra, measedi pro-centiTac ki, gamoiwvevda samyarosaTvis Seuqcevad pro-cesebs.

Zalebi. oTx ZiriTad Zalas fizikaSi swored is si-dideebi gaaCniaT da zustad ise iqcevian, rac samyaros arsebobisaTvis da masSi sicocxlisaTvis aucilebuli pirobebis SesanarCuneblad aris saWiro. gravitaciis Za-la zustad iseTive unda iyos, rogoric aris, sxvagvarad mze ver SeZlebda dedamiwis uzrunvelyofas misTvis au-cilebeli siTbos saWiro raodenobiT. qaosidan Tavis-Tavad aseTi sizustis Seqmna warmoudgenelia.

sicocxle. umartivesi cocxali arsebebic ki imde-nad rTulad da srulyofilad arian mowyobilni, rom maTi SemTxveviT warmoqmna savsebiT warmoudgenelia. uzustesi da umaRlesi xelovnebis ostatobiT aris Seq-mnili biomolekulebi, bioqimiuri reaqciebi, memkvidre-obis gadacemis aparati.

organoebi. yvela cocxal organizms gaaCnia urTu-lesi mowyobilobis mqone uamravi sistema, romelTac erTmaneTTan SeuTanxmeblad ar SeuZliaT funqcionire-ba. magaliTad, Tvalis avtofokusi da avtoeqspozicia, aseve Tavis tvini, nervuli sistema da a.S. TiToeuls, am sistemaTa nawilebs, damoukideblad araviTari evolu-ciuri Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia organizmis gadasarCenad. maTi Seqmna adamianis, rogorc mTelis, SeqmnasTan erTad unda momxdariyo.

dro. samyaros da dedamiwis arsebobis metismetad xangrZlivi hipoTezuri epoqebi, marTlac, metismetad swrafwarmavalia, rom daitios evoluciuri TeoriiT

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postulirebuli naklebad sarwmuno movlenebi. gamoT-vlebma aCvena, rom dedamiwis istoriis xuTi miliardi weli milionjer naklebia im vadaze, romelic aucilebe-lia Tundac erTi cilis molekulis SemTxveviTi war-moqmnisTvis.

Cven veyrdnobiT bunebis organizaciis iseT funda-mentur kanons, rogoricaa erTianobis (mTlianobis) principi. Cven yvelgan vakvirdebiT erTianobas anu gar-kveuli nawilebis daqvemdebarebas erTi mTelisadmi. samyaro erTiania didSi Tu mcireSi, cocxalSi Tu ara-cocxalSi [41].

cnobilia, sinaTlis siCqare Semcirda da mudmiv si-dides miaRwia XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, eWvis qveS dgeba Cveni samyaros asaki — 10-17 mi-liardi weli. mecnierebma, sinaTlis siCqarisaTvis miRe-bul gamosaxulebaze da atomuri da orbitaluri saaTe-bis Tanxvedraze dayrdnobiT, daadgines Cveni samyaros realuri asaki [14]. es asaki aRmoCnda 6 xarisxiT naklebi, vidre dRes aris miRebuli, da Seadgina daaxloebiT 12000 weli, rac eTanxmeba Cveni samyaros bibliur asaks — daaxloebiT 7750 wels. miRebuli Sedegebi, romelic mo-ulodnelia Tanamedrove azrovnebisaTvis, ewinaaRmde-geba masSi mtkiced Camjdar warmodgenebs samyaros Sesa-xeb. sinaTlis siCqare gansakuTrebuli siCqarea, iseve rogorc, magaliTad, dedamiwis kosmosuri siCqare. igi kargavs fundamenturi konstantis statuss, magram amave dros warmoadgens Cveni samyaros ganviTarebis integra-lur maxasiaTebels.

evolucionistebs sjeraT, rom mTeli samyaro deda-miwis CaTvliT, sicocxlis formaTa mTeli mravalfe-rovnebiT, Camoyalibda mravali miliardi wlis ganmav-lobaSi bunebis Zalebis SemTxveviTi zemoqmedebis Sede-gad. kreacionistebs swamT, rom samyaro Seqmnilia yov-lisSemZle RmerTis mier ramdenime aTasi wlis win. cxa-dia, Tu dedamiwis asaki ramdenime aTasi welia da ara

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aTasobiT milioni weli, maSin evoluciisTvis ubralod dro ar rCeba. amitom aris ase mniSvnelovani dedamiwis asakis sakiTxi, romelic pasuxs gascems kiTxvas: evolu-cia Tu kreacia? dedamiwis asakad miCneulia daaxloebiT oTxi miliard eqvsasi milioni weli. Tumca arsebobs mecnieruli mtkicebebi, rom sinamdvileSi dedamiwis asaki bevrad naklebia.

dedamiwis asakis gansazRvra darvinistTa hipoTe-zisTvis erT-erTi gadamwyveti momentia, rac saSuale-bas miscems maT miliard wlebSi warmoidginon organuli samyaros evoluciuri ganviTarebis safexurebi. iTvle-ba, rom e.w. geoqronologiuri Skala, romelic moicavs 4,5 miliard wels, iyofa erebad, periodebad da epoqe-bad. gamoTvlebs safuZvlad uZevs daumtkicebeli war-modgena imis Sesaxeb, rom dedamiwis zedapiri mTeli misi istoriis manZilze TandaTanobiT icvleboda, nela, uw-yvetad da erTnairi siCqariT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom na-leqi fenebi maTi sisqis proporciuli unda iyos. es pe-riodi gamoiTvleboda fenebis daleqvis siCqareebiT (gansazRvruli Tanamedrove pirobebisaTvis). Tu davak-virdebiT geologiur qanebSi sxvadasxva organizmTa gaqvavebuli naSTebis ganlagebas, maSin vertikalze ze-dapiris mimarTulebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT tendencia maTi ganlagebisa ufro “martividan” ufro “rTul” or-ganizmebamde:

erTujredianebi uxerxemloebi Tevzebi amfi-biebi reptiliebi cxovelebi, frinvelebi, adamiani (mravalricxovani gamonaklisebiT).

darvinistebma amaSi evoluciuri ganviTarebis eta-pebi dainaxes. magram aq gvinda SevexoT maTi “mtkicebe-bis” kidev erT mankier wres. saqme exeba danaleqi qanebis geologiur asaks. arc garegnoba, arc raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi Sedgeniloba amaze arafers gveubneba. ro-gor sazRvraven asaks evolucionistebi? Zalian marti-vad: aqsiomad aris miCneuli, rac ufro martivad aris

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mowyobili gaqvavebuli nimuSi mTis qanebSi, miT ufro Zvelia. napovni namarxebi, Tavis mxriv, ganixileba ro-gorc evoluciis dasabuTeba.

danaleqi qanebis qveda SreebSi ar aris aRmoCenili sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli organuli nivTierebebi. romc warmoqmniliyo biopolimerebi, isini swrafad da-iSlebodnen atmosferuli Jangbadis zemoqmedebiT. am winaaRmdegobis mosaxsnelad dauSves (oparinis Teoria) TiTqos pirveladi dedamiwis atmosfero ar Seicavda Jangbads. magram atmosferoSi Jangbadi rom ar yofili-yo, maSin ar iqneboda ozonis fenac, romelic cocxal arsebebs icavs mzis ultraiisferi gamosxivebisgan. nuk-leinis mJavebi, romelTac sicocxlis yvela forma Sei-cavs, aqtiurad STanTqaven ultraiisfer sxivebs da ozonis ararsebobisas isini myisierad daiSlebodnen.

mecnierulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom dedamiwis asaki bevrad naklebia, vidre amas adre miiCnevdnen. mTva-ris da zogierTi planetis seismuri da vulkanuri aqti-uroba miuTiTebs mzis sistemis “axalgazrdul” asakze. amasve mowmobs planetaze mdinareTa Zveli kalapotebis da Semotanili deltebis ararsebobis faqtebi. dedami-wis SefardebiTi axalgazrdobis erT-erTi mtkiceba da-fuZnebulia imaze, rom mzis sistemaSi arsebobs brunvis mokle periodis mqone kometebi. kometis guli warmoad-gens gayinul masas. mzesTan miaxloebasTan erTad mas ez-rdeba kudi, romelic ifanteba mzis qariT. amgvarad, ko-meta TandaTanobiT iSleba, sanam sul ar gaqreba. dros, romelsac kometa andomebs mzis garSemo sruli brunvis-Tvis, misi Semobrunebis periodi ewodeba. kometebi, rom-lebic mzes ara nakleb 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi Semouvli-an, Semobrunebis mokle periodis mqone kometebad iT-vleba, im kometebTan SedarebiT, romelTa Semobrunebis periodi ramdenime aTasi welia. britaneli astronomi r. litltoni im daskvnamde mivida, rom “arc erT kometas, Semobrunebis mcire periodiT, ar SeuZlia 10 aTas welze

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meti xniT arseboba“ [15]. radgan rogorc kometebi, Se-mobrunebis mcire periodiT, ise yvela planeta mzis garSemo brunavs rogorc erTiani sistemis nawili, as-tronomebma logikuri daskvna gaakeTes, rom yvela maT-gani erTnairi asakisaa. ramdenadac Semobrunebis mcire periodis mqone kometebi didxans ar cocxloben (10 000 welze naklebs), magram mainc SesaZlebelia maTze dak-virveba mzis sistemaSi (magaliTad, galeas kometa), SeiZ-leba erTaderTi daskvnis gakeTeba — mzis sistemis (de-damiwis CaTvliT) asaki aTi aTas welze naklebia.

dedamiwis axalgazrdobis kidev erTi damtkicebu-li sabuTi miRebul iqna kosmosidan dedamiwaze SemoR-weuli mtvris nawilakTa raodenobis gamoTvliT. kosmo-suri mtveri TandaTanobiT ileqeba dedamiwis zedapir-ze da wvimebiT Cairecxeba okeaneebSi. dedamiwaze mtvris daleqvis siCqare gazomil iqna h. patersonis mier [16]; okeaneebSi mtvris dagrovebis siCqarec cnobilia: rad-gan kosmosuri mtveri Seicavs 2,5% nikels, SeiZleba gav-zomoT okeaneSi Carecxili nikelis raodenoba. amgva-rad, okeaneebSi nikelis raodenobis gansazRvriT, SeiZ-leba gamovTvaloT dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic es nike-li grovdeboda okeaneSi — daaxloebiT cxra aTasi weli. saocaria, rom kosmosuri mtvris aRmoCena SesaZlebelia saplanetTaSoriso sivrceSic. mtvris nawilakebi imde-nad mcire zomisaa, rom maTze zemoqmedebs mzis sxivebis wneva. es ki anelebs nawilakTa moZraobas da isini spira-lurad uaxlovdebian mzes. pol Staidlma gamoangariSa, rom 10 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi mzis sistema mTlianad un-da ganTavisufldes mtvrisgan [17]. es kidev erTxel miu-TiTebs imaze, rom mzis sistema da, Sesabamisad, dedamiwa mxolod ramdenime aTasi wlisaa.

qvemoT mogvyavs sxvadasxva meTodiT gamoTvlili dedamiwis asaki:

1. magnituri daZabulobis Sesusteba — 10 000 weli [18].

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2. dedamiwis sistemaSi radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis dagroveba — 10 000 weli [19].

3. heliumis dagroveba atmosferoSi — 1750—175 000 weli [20].

4. aqtiuri marjnis rifebis zrda — 10 000 weli [21]. 5. biosferos uZvelesi cocxali formebis zrda —

5000 weli [21]. 6. mdinaris deltebis warmoqmna — 5000 weli [22]. 7. mokleperioduli kometebis daSla — 10 000 weli

[23]. 8. nikelis Setana okeaneSi mdinaris wyliT — 9000 we-

li [24, 25]. 9. siliciumis Setana okeaneSi mdinaris wyliT — 8000

weli [24, 25]. Catarda gazomvebi aseve sxva meTodebiTac da arc

erT SemTxvevaSi dedamiwis asaki ar daemTxva dRemde miC-neul miliard wlebs.

rogorc vxedavT, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli sxvadasxva meTodiT gazomili dedamiwis an mzis siste-mis asaki Zalian axalgazrdaa imisTvis, rom pasuxobdes evolociur models [26]. Termodinamikis meore kanonis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia samyaro usasrulad xnieri rom yofiliyo.

mzis zoma yovel 100 weliwadSi 0,1%-iT mcirdeba. 100 aTasi wlis win igi orjer didi unda yofiliyo, mze rom “moxuci” varskvlavi yofiliyo, mas unda gamoesxi-vebina didi raodenobiT iseTi elementaruli nawilake-bi, rogoricaa neitroni. es ki sinamdvileSi ar xdeba. mzis sistema uZvelesi asakis rom yofiliyo, saturnis rgolebi didi xnis win daiSleboda meteoritebis dabom-bviT.

atmosferos maRal fenebSi kosmosuri radiaciis gavleniT mudmivad xdeba azotisgan radionaxSirbadis warmoqmna. gamoTvlebma daamtkica, rom atmosferoSi jer kidev ar damyarebula wonasworoba warmoqmnili

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naxSirbadis radioaqtiur izotopsa da dasaSlel nax-Sirbads Soris. aseTi wonasworobis damyarebas, gamoT-vlebis Tanaxmad, 30 aTasi weli dasWirdeboda. radgan atmosferoSi radionaxSirbadis Semcveloba izrdeba, dedamiwis asaki 30 aTas welze naklebia. radioaqtiuri daSlis Sedegad mTis qanebidan mudmivad gamoiyofa he-liumi. magram atmosferoSi misi Semcveloba asi aTasjer mcirea im raodenobasTan SedarebiT, romelic unda dag-roviliyo miliardi wlebis ganmavlobaSi. iupiteris Ta-namgzavr ioze vulkanuri procesebis aqtiuroba aseve metyvelebs mzis sistemis “axalgazrdul” asakze. mTva-ris mtvris siRrme mxolod ramdenime milimetrs Sead-gens da ara ramdenime metrs, rasac iTvaliswinebda mTvaris “Zveli” asaki. mTvare dedamiwas weliwadSi daax-loebiT 5 santimetriT Sordeba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom warsulSi giganturi miqcevisa da moqcevis Zalebi mos-pobdnen sicocxles dedamiwaze.

marilebi mdinareebidan okeaneebSi bevrad swrafad Sedian, vidre gamodian maTgan. miliardi wlebis ganmav-lobaSi ki zRvebis da okeaneebis marilianoba gansakuT-rebulad maRali unda yofiliyo. miliardi wlebis gan-mavlobaSi okeanis fskeri kilometrebiani naleqebiT unda yofiliyo dafaruli. sinamdvileSi ki aseTi nale-qebi TiTqmis ar arsebobs.

dedamiwis asakis Sefaseba misi zedapiris eroziis safuZvelzec SeiZleba. gamoTvlebma aCvena, rom 14 mili-oni wlis ganmavlobaSi niadagebis erozia yvela mTas da maRlobs zRvis donesTan gaaTanabrebda. mdinaris piras didi raodenobiT warmoiqmneba nariyi Slami da Tixa. de-damiwa “axalgazrda” rom ar yofiliyo, maSin yvelgan Segvxdeboda deltebiT dafaruli mdinareTa kalapote-bi.

navTobisa da gazis sabadoebSi wnevis SenarCuneba imaze miuTiTebs, rom dedamiwis asaki ar iTvlis milion wlebs. sxvagvarad, es wneva nulamde daecemoda naleqi

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fenebis forebis saSualebiT. navTobi da naxSiri SesaZ-loa warmoqmniliyo cxovelTa da mcenareTa didi mase-bis uecari da swrafi CamarxviT da ara TandaTanobiT mi-lioni wlebis ganmavlobaSi. es SeiZleba momxdariyo

globalur msoflio katastrofaSi.∗ dedamiwa didi siCqariT civdeba. Tu misi asaki mar-

Tla ramdenime miliard wels iTvlis, maSin misi centric didi xnis win gacivdeboda, magram dedamiwis Suaguli Txevadi birTvia, rac mis “axalgazrdul” asakze metyve-lebs. dedamiwis brunva Tavisi RerZis garSemo TandaTan neldeba: yovel wels 1 wamiT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom mi-liardobiT wlis win, brunvis maRali siCqaris gamo, pla-netis mniSvnelovani deformacia unda momxdariyo.

gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi vilard libim Cikagos universitetSi gamoigona radionaxSirba-diT daTariRebis meTodi. avtori aRniSnavda, rom nax-SirbadiT SesaZlebelia saganTa im asakis zustad gansaz-Rvra, romelic ar aRemateba ramdenime aTas wels.

kosmosuri radiacia iWreba Cvens atmosferoSi da azots (13N) gardaqmnis radioaqtiur naxSirbadad (14C). radgan naxSirbad-14 radioaqtiuria, misi aRmoCena Se-saZlebelia geigeris mTvlelis saSualebiT. atmosfe-roSi es radioaqtiuri naxSirbadi Sereulia normalur naxSirbadTan (12C). mcenareebi naxSirbads iTviseben nax-SirorJangis saxiT, rac aucilebelia maTi arsebobisaT-vis. cxovelebi ikvebebian mcenareebiT, romelTa mier SeTvisebuli naxSirbadi ukve maTi sxeulis nawili xdeba. roca mcenare an cxoveli iRupeba, naxSirbadis SeTviseba wydeba. dRevandeli garemo radioaqtiur naxSirbads Za-

∗ unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo drois mecnierulma gamokvlevebma aCvena TandaTanobiT navTobis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba ara geologiuri, aramed bioqimiuri gziT. kerZod, gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi qar-Tveli qimikosis, prof. a. gaxokiZis mier gamoTqmuli hipoTeza fo-tosinTezis pirveladi produqtidan navTobis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb eq-sperimentulad iqna damtkicebuli [27]. 

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lian mcire raodenobiT Seicavs (mxolod 0,0000765%-s) da misi raodenoba kidev ufro klebulobs ufro martiv komponentebad misi daSlis gamo. naxSirorJangis naxeva-ri ufro martiv komponentebad iSleba daaxloebiT 5730 wlis ganmavlobaSi, rasac naxSirorJangis naxevrad daS-lis periods uwodeben. ori “naxevrad daSlis periodis” ganmavlobaSi (11460 weliwadi) saganSi rCeba naxSiror-Jangis Tavdapirveli raodenobis mxolod erTi meoTxe-di [28].

dedamiwa asi aTas welze meti rom yofiliyo, atmos-feros zemo fenebSi radionaxSirbadis warmoqmnis siCqa-re unda gaTanabreboda biosferodan misi gamosvlis siCqares radioaqtiuri daSlis gamo. magram am process jer ar miuRwevia wonasworobamde. aseTi disbalansis asaxsnelad profesori melvin kuki amtkicebs, rom de-damiwis atmosfero ara umetes 10 500 wlisaa [29].

aseve ramdenime aTasi wliT TariRdeba dedamiwis asaki uran-Torium-tyviis da daTariRebis sxva meTode-biTac. wina saukuneebSi warmoqmnili lavis asaki kalium-argonis meTodiT ganisazRvra 270 aTasidan 3,5 milion wlamde. did cdomilebebs iZleva sxva meTodebic.

marTalia, naxSirbad-14-iT daTariReba sarwmunod gamoiyureba, Tumca TviT procesi efuZneba ramdenime mcdar winapirobas.

1) 14C-is raodenoba atmosferoSi imyofeba wonas-worobis mdgomareobaSi. es winapiroba arasworia. ga-moTvlebiT naCvenebia, rom 14C-is raodenoba atmosfero-Si wonasworobis mdgomareobas (roca warmoqmnis siCqa-re daSlis siCqaris tolia) miaRwevs 30000 wlis ganmav-lobaSi. magram 14C-is raodenoba atmosferoSi kvlavin-deburad izrdeba. es faqti ki miuTiTebs dedamiwis axalgazrdul (aTi aTas welze nakleb) asakze. aseve unda gadaixedos naxSirbad-14-is saSualebiT miRebuli yvela TariRi. dedamiwis magnituri velis gazomvebma aCvena, rom misi Zala swrafad sustdeba — orjer yovel 1 400 we-

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liwadSi. am monacemebis eqstrapolaciiT ukana droiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom 10 aTasi wlis win dedamiwa magnituri varskvlavi unda yofiliyo, romelzec maRa-li temperaturebis gamo sicocxle SeuZlebeli iqnebo-da. SemdgomSi magniturma velma iwyo kleba. dedamiwis magnituri velis dasustebasTan erTan, ufro da ufro meti radiacia iWreba Cvens atmosferoSi. cxovelebsa da mcenareebSi, romlebic dedamiwaze oTxi aTasi wlis win cxovrobdnen, 14C-is Tavdapirveli Semcveloba bevrad naklebi iqneba. 14C-is mcire raodenobis Semcveli obieq-tebis asaki ramdenime aTasi wliT didi aRmoCndeba, vid-re igi sinamdvileSia. 14C-is warmoqmnis siCqaris Secvla ramdenime faqtors SeuZlia. erT-erTi maTgania mzis la-qebis TerTmetwliani cikli.

2) daSlis siCqare ucvlelia. mravaljer iqna naCve-nebi, rom es varaudi gaurkvevelia. radgan daSlis siCqa-re SeiZleba Seicvalos, 14C-is saSualebiT miRebuli Ta-riRebis aRiareba didi sifrTxiliT unda moxdes.

3) SesaZlebelia 14C-is Tavdapirveli raodenobis gageba. es varaudi mravalgzis iqna uaryofili. erTi da igive nimuSis sxvadasxva nawilebi xSirad gansxvavebul TariRebs iZlevian, xolo sxvadasxva cocxali nimuSebi — msgavs Tanafardobebs. magaliTad, naxSirbadis saSuale-biT cocxali pingvinebis asaki 8 000 weli aRmoCnda!

4) gamokvleuli nimuSebi ar aris dasenianebuli (rac Secvlida maT Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas) aTasi wlebis ganmavlobaSi. amis damtkiceba Zalian rTulia. SesaZloa radioaqtiuri daSlis produqtebi daikargos an miematos nimuSs, rac, umravles SemTxvevaSi, labora-toriuli kvlevebiT iqna damtkicebuli.

naxSirbad-14-is meTodi gamoiyeneba ara umetes 5 aTasi wlis asakis obieqtebisaTvis. radioaqtiuri ana-lizis meTodebis sandooba Zalzed saeWvoa, radgan isini gigantur cdomilebebs iZlevian asakis gansazRvris mo-

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nacemebSi. qvemoT mocemulia naxSirbadiT daTariRebis nimuSebi:

a) axalmokluli selapis asaki, daTariRebuli nax-Sirbadis meTodiT, aRmoCnda 1 300 weli! [30].

b) naxSirbadis meTodiT daTariRebuli cocxali lokokinis garsis asaki aRmoCnda 27 000 weli! [31], coc-xali moluskis niJarisa ki — 2 300 weli [32].

g) naxSirbadis saSualebiT daTariRebulma mamon-tis erTi nawilis asakma Seadgina 29500 weli, xolo meo-re nawilma — 44 000 weli [33].

amgvarad, dedamiwis asaki da masze organuli samya-ros ganviTareba miliardi wlebis ganmavlobaSi, romel-sac icavs evoluciuri hipoTeza, ar dasturdeba mecnie-ruli monacemebiT. piriqiT, mravalricxovani faqti metyvelebs Cveni planetis “axalgazrdul” asakze da eTanxmeba bibliur qronologias. Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze didi Secdoma is aris, rom mecnierebam TiTqos “daamtkica” samyaros (kerZod, sicocxlis) gan-viTarebis evoluciuri gza martividan rTulisken dro-is xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi.

ienis universitetis (germania) profesori ernst he-kelma ivarauda, rom adamianis Canasaxi dedis mucelSi imeorebs Tavis ganviTarebaSi evoluciis yvela stadias. misi Casaxva xdeba wylis areSi erTaderTi ujredis sa-xiT, msgavsad evolucionistebis mtkicebisa, rogorc Caisaxa sicocxle; Semdeg gadis Tevzebis stadias layu-Cebiani yiebiT; Semdeg mas uCndeba kudi, msgavsad maimu-nisa; da, bolos, igi adamiani xdeba. darvini hekelis hi-poTezas evoluciis saukeTes mtkicebad Tvlida [34]. am-gvari, TiTidan gamowovili, simarTles mimsgavsebuli Teoria miRebul iqna yovelgvari kritikuli ganxilvis gareSe, ramac didi ziani miayena mecnierebas. hekelma, misi Teoriis dasamtkiceblad, SeTxza embrionis yalbi gamosaxuleba, misi Teoriis dasamtkiceblad. male qalaq ienis sasamarTlom igi TaRliTobaSi damnaSaved cno [35].

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hekelis Teoriis uaryofa iolia. ganayofierebuli kvercxujredi sulac ar funqcionirebs rogorc er-Tujrediani organizmi; igi daprogramebulia swraf da-yofaze da diferencirebul ujredTa erTian sistemad warmoqmnaze. e.w. layuCebiani yiebi sruliadac ar asru-leben sunTqviT funqciebs — isini sxva araferia, Tu ara naoWebi, romlebic SemdgomSi gardaiqmnebian xaxad. ku-dic iluziaa; embrionis xerxemals ganviTarebis yvela stadiaze aqvs ocdacameti mala, arc meti, arc naklebi.

odesRac Tvlidnen, rom adamianis organizmSi 180 rudimentuli organoa, romlebic, TiTqos, memkvidreo-biT gadmoecaT winaprebisagan da araviTar sasargeblo funqcias ar asruleben. aseT organod miiCnevdnen, maga-liTad, mkerdukana jirkvals (Timusi). Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom sicocxlis sawyis etapze igi uzrunvelyofs imunu-ri sistemis formirebas da funqcionirebas.

XIX saukunis bolos popularuli iyo “nadiroba Ta-vis qalebze” — eZebdnen adamianis e.w. winaparTa gaqvave-bul naSTebs. am “modasTan” dakavSirebiT gaCnda kargad mofiqrebuli piltdaunis adamianis tipis falsifika-cia, nebraskas adamianis “aRmoCena” namarxi Roris kbi-lis safuZvelze. profesorma u. tomfsonma sworad Se-niSna: “darvinizmis warmatebam gamoiwvia moralis dace-ma mecnierebaSi” [35].

iTvleba, rom dedamiwis mosaxleoba izrdeba daax-loebiT 2%-iT weliwadSi. yvelaze mokrZalebuli mate-bis tempis drosac ki (0,5% weliwadSi) dedamiwis mosax-leoba sawyisi oTxi adamianidan (noe da misi ojaxi) miaR-wevda dRevandel raodenobas oTxnaxevari aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi. kacobrioba 200 000 wlis rom yofiliyo, rogorc amas Tvlian anTropologebi, maSin Zneli war-mosadgeni ar unda iyos, Tu rogor Warbad iqneboda da-saxlebuli dedamiwa, rogorc ityvian, nemsic ver Cavar-deboda miwaze.

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namarxebis kvlevam tvinis skanirebis aparaturis sa-SualebiT aCvena, rom adamiani, rogorc orfexa arseba, Zireulad gansxvavdeba maimunisgan. genetikosTa gamok-vlevebma aCvena, rom kacobrioba — erTi ojaxia, vinaidan yvela Cven sakmaod mokle periodSi warmoviSviT biolo-giuri winapari wyvilisgan. molekuluri biologiis TvalsazrisiT Tevzebi, amfibiebi, reptiliebi, ZuZum-wovrebi da TviT adamianic Tanabrad arian dacilebulni sicocxlis umartivesi formebisgan — baqteriebisgan. es ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom TiToeuli forma Seiqmna damo-ukideblad da ara winapari formebis ganviTarebiT.

adamianis tvinSi daaxloebiT 10-12 miliardi nervu-li ujredia (neironebi), romlebic dakavSirebulia 400 aTas kilometrian 10 aTas sxva nervul ujredTan urTu-lesi badiT, rac, saerTo jamSi, Seadgens 100 trilion kavSirs, ris wyalobiTac Cven SegviZlia fiqri, fantazi-roroba, ocneba... tvini wamSi amuSavebs milionze met in-formacias. Tu SevkrebT yvela informaciul process, romlebic mimdinareobs cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad, miviRebT, rom adamianis tvinis mier erT dReSi damuSa-vebuli informacia kacobriobis saerTo codnas mili-onjer aRemateba. saRi azri ver egueba gamartivebul-ma-terialistur warmodgenebs imis Sesaxeb, rom yovelive es SemTxveviT, TavisTavad warmoiSva usulo, mudmivi ma-teriis qaosisgan.

evoluciuri ideebis srul ususurobaze metyve-lebs, rogorc zemoT iyo naTqvami, bunebis erT-erTi fundamenturi kanoni — Termodinamikis meore sawyisi, romlis Tanaxmad, yvela fizikuri sistema miiswrafvis dezorganizaciisken, uwesrigobisken, daSlisken. am ka-nons ZirSive ewinaaRmdegeba evoluciuri doqtrina bu-nebaSi wesrigisa da sirTulis TviTneburi zrdis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, didi afeTqebiT qaosma dabada uricxvi var-skvlavi da galaqtika, xolo usicocxlo materiam — si-cocxle). Termodinamikis meore kanonis Tanaxmad samya-

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ro moZraobs Tavis dasasrulisken — siTburi sikvdilis-ken, sruli qaosis mdgomareobisken, mTeli misi energiis gadasvlisken Tanabrad ganawilebel energiad, e.i. uwes-rigod moZrav molekulaTa energiad. samyaro mudmivi rom yofiliyo, siTburi sikvdili karga xnis win dadge-boda. ar iqneboda varskvlavebi da civi varskvlavTSo-risi sivrce. temperatura yvelgan Tanabrad civi iqne-boda. maSasadame, samyaros dasawyisi hqonia! magram TviTSeqmnis idea ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis pir-vel kanons, romlis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia energiis da materiis TavisTavad warmoqmna. es ki niSnavs, rom samya-ro aseTi maRalorganizebuli saxiT viRacas unda Seeq-mna.

sicocxle Cvens planetaze, Tavisi ganumeorebeli sirTuliTa da formaTa gansakuTrebeli mravalferov-nebiT, rogorc amas damajereblad mowmobs mecnieruli monacemebi, SeuZlebelia warmoadgendes qimiuri evolu-ciis Sedegs, e.i. jer SedarebiT martivi, Semdeg ki ufro rTuli biologiuri molekulebis SemTxveviT warmoq-mnis Sedegs, romlebic Semdeg kvlav SemTxveviT erTian-debian cocxal ujredad. mecnieruli faqtebi imaze metyvelebs, rom ujredis iseTi fundamenturi kompo-nentebis jaWvebis (polimerebis) TviTneburi awyoba, ro-goricaa cilebi da nukleinis mJavebi, maTi rgolebisgan (monomerebisgan) — aminmJavebisa da nukleotidebisgan — ubralod SeuZlebelia.

is faqti, rom cocxali organizmebi Seicaven amin-mJavebisa da nukleotidebis oridan mxolod erT e.w. sarkul formas, mTlianad da erTmniSvnelovnad gamo-ricxavs cilebisa da nukleinis mJavaTa SemTxveviT war-moqmnas. cocxali organizmebis gareT ki orive sarkuli forma daaxloebiT Tanabari raodenobiT arsebobs. ci-lebisa da nukleinis mJavebis molekulebi unda Seicav-des TavianTi monomerebis mkacrad gansazRvrul Tana-mimdevrobas, sxvagvarad es iqneba araaqtiuri, “uazro”

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molekulebi, romlebic ver Seasruleben TavianT fun-qcias. magaliTad, cilis molekulaSi gansazRvruli Ta-namimdevrobiT 500 aminmJavas SemTxveviT dakavSirebas gaaCnia 1 Sansi 10950-idan. es movlena ki absoluturad warmoudgenelia. movlenis albaToba, romelsac aqvs 1 Sansi 1050-idan, nulad iTvleba. amgvarad, SemTxveviT arc biomolekulebs, arc ujredis struqturebs, arc TviT ujredebs warmoqmna ar SeuZliaT, araferi rom ar vTqvaT imaze, rom cocxali ujredi aRWurvilia gayo-fis, nukleinis mJavebSi Cawerili programiT cilebis sinTezis, organuli nivTierebebidan energiis amoRebis urTulesi meqanizmebiT. vin moaxdina maTi daproeqteba da sicocxled gansaxiereba? Tu adamianis gonebam ver SeZlo laboratoriaSi sicocxlis Seqmna, gana SeiZleba gvjerods, rom ugunur materias es rodesme SeZleboda? nebismieri organizmis struqtura sxvadasxva organoe-bisgan (RviZli, Tirkmlebi da a.S.) Sedgeba. isini ki, Tavis mxriv, Sedgebian ujredebisgan. ujredi warmoadgens aTasobiT biomolekulaTa nakrebs. erTi umniSvnelo cvlilebac ki xels uSlis ujredis normalur funqcio-nirebas. warmoudgenelia, biomolekulas ganecada evo-lucia mcire cvlilebaTa Tanamimdevrobis gziT.

nukleinis mJavebSi Cadebulia genetikuri informa-cia kodis saxiT, romelic erTnairia yvela cocxali or-ganizmisTvis. informacia ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas Sem-TxveviTi procesebis xarjze, igi gulisxmobs gonier Ca-nafiqrs. cocxal ujredSi yvela molekula erTmaneT-Tan SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs. TiToeuli konstituciu-ri molekula mTlianad dakavebulia mxolod imiT, rom ujredma iarsebos da gamravldes. magaliTad, ujredSi cilovani molekulis sinTezisTvis saWiroa asobiT sxva gansxvavebuli cilebi, romlebic SeTanxmebulad moqme-deben nukleinis mJavebTan erTad. Zneli warmosadgenia pirveli protoujredi, romelSic es procesi jer kidev

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ar iyo dasrulebuli. es kompleqsuri funqcia Zalian rTulia imisaTvis, rom igi SemTxveviT warmoSobiliyo.

dedamiwaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis scenari, evo-luciuri Teoriis mixedviT, unda eyrdnobodes mraval-ricxovan gardamaval (“martivi” organizmebidan “rTul” organizmebamde) formaTa narCenebis namarxebis arsebo-bas. magram aseTi formebi dedamiwis mateaneSi ar arse-bobs, iseve rogorc ar arsebobs Sualedi rgolebi mai-munidan adamianamde gamogonil evoluciur jaWvSi.

samyaroSi saocari harmonia, gansacvifrebeli diza-ini, ferTa da bgeraTa ubadlo simdidre sufevs. buneba-Si Cven vxedavT genialur sainJinro mowyobilobebs, ro-gorebicaa mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi sistemebi, Tavdac-visa da Tavdasxmis eleqtruli organizmebi, eqolokaci-uri sistemebi, gadaadgilebis reaqtiuli sistemebi, safreni aparati da mravali sxva.

evoluciur hipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmad evoluciis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens memkvidreobiT miRebu-li sasargeblo niSan-TvisebaTa bunebrivi SerCeva, rom-lebic organizmebs upiratesobas aniWebs arsebobisaT-vis brZolaSi, ar SeuZlia axsnas, magaliTad, iseTi rTu-li organos gaCena, rogoric Tvalia. gana SesaZlebelia, rom Tanmimdevrulad warmoqmniliyo misi yvela struq-tura (broli, rqovana, badura fotoreceptorebiT da sxv.), Tu saTiTaod isini organizms araviTar upirateso-bas ar aniWeben? “nawilobriv Camoyalibebuli” organos ar SeuZlia funqcionireba da rogorc anomalia, sima-xinje da organizmisTvis zedmeti tvirTi gauqmdeba bu-nebrivi SerCeviT. araviTar milion wels da araviTar SemTxveviTobas ar SeuZlia Seqmnas is umaRlesi teqno-logiebi da SesaniSnavi dizaini, romelTac Cven vxedavT bunebaSi.

gasaocaria mcenareTa fotosinTezis meqanizmi, romlis saSualebiT xdeba mzis energiis dagroveba or-ganul molekulebSi. romelma genialurma inJinerma Se-

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Zlo am meqanizmebis proeqtireba da maTi sicocxled ga-daqceva? saRi azri gvkarnaxobs, rom SeuZlebelia es Ta-visTavad momxdariyo.

evoluciuri Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs, magaliTad, “bombdamSeni xoWo”. es mweri mters, Tavdas-xmis SemTxvevaSi, bombavs mduRare Sxamiani siTxiT, ro-melic myisve iqceva gazisebr Rrublad. xoWos sxeulSi aqvs rezervuari, romelSic specialuri jirkvlebidan gamoiyofa ori nivTiereba — wyalbadis zeJangi da hid-roqinoni neitralizatorTan (maTi urTierTmoqmedebis asacileblad) erTad. saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi ixsneba kunTis sarqveli da es nivTierebebi xvdebian gaqvavebul “wvis kameraSi”, romelic or ferments Seicavs. es fer-mentebi akatalizeben wyalbadis zeJangis da hidroqino-nis urTierTmoqmedebis reaqcias, romlis Sedegad war-moiqmneba qinoni. neitralizatori iblokeba. reaqcias Tan axlavs afeTqeba da Sxamiani siTxis gamotyorcna specialuri “lulidan”. sruliad naTelia, rom aseTi rTuli da specifikuri meqanizmi muSaobs mxolod yvela komponentis arsebobisas, rac SeuZlebelia TandaTano-biT warmoqmniliyo. moreagire nivTierebaTa koncentra-ciebSi sul raRac 1%-is Secdomis SemTxvevaSi mTeli me-qanizmi efeqturobas kargavs. rogor SeiZleba evoluci-uri TeoriiT aixsnas neitralizatoris Camoyalibeba (nivTierebis tipi, koncentracia, saWiro adgilas da sa-Wiro momentSi blokireba)? aseTi eqsperimentirebis procesSi xoWos nasaxic ar darCeboda.

ganvixiloT Tundac futkris arqiteqtoruli Se-devri — fiWa. ratomaa igi eqvskuTxa? imitom rom igi yve-laze idealuri geometriuli formaa farTobis maqsima-lurad gamosayeneblad; maTi aSeneba minimaluri raode-nobis masaliT SeiZleba. fiWis ujredis Svidi measedi milimetris sisqis kedlebi imdenad mtkicea, rom 1 ki-logrami fiWa uZlebs 25 kilogram Tafls.

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aRwerilia saocari SemTxveva. XVIII saukunis dasaw-yisSi maTematikosebma diferencialuri gamoTvlebiT aCvenes, rom eqvskuTxediani ujredebis asagebad, masa-lis umciresi raodenobiT, aucilebelia, rom didi kuT-xe iyos 106026’, xolo mcire 70034’. futkris fiWaSi kuTxe-ebis gazomvisas aRmoCnda, rom es kuTxeebi Seadgens 109028’-s da 70032’-s. marTalia, sxvaoba Zalian mcirea, magram mecnieruli koreqturobisaTvis daiwyes am gan-sxvavebis mizezis Zebna. gamoirkva, rom maTematikosTa Secdoma mdgomareobda imdroindeli logariTmuli cxrilebis uzustobaSi. ase “Seaswores” futkrebma XVIII saukuneSi logariTmuli cxrilebi.

futkari SesaniSnavi mfrinavia. mas SeuZlia myisieri afrena da dajdoma, gaCerdes haerSi wamSi 240-260-jer frTebis moqneviT. SeuZlia aswios sakuTari sxeulis toli wona. Tanamedrove sabargo TviTmfrinavebi Zalian Sorsaa aseTi konstruqciebisgan.

sruliad gansacvifrebulia futkrebis zogierTi Taviseburebani. ramdenime kilometriT dacilebuli mdelodan yvavilebiT skaSi dabrunebuli futkari sxva futkrebs gadacems informacias misi adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. amas igi akeTebs fiWaze ucnauri cekvis Sesru-lebiT — iseT bruns akeTebs, rom misi RerZi mimarTulia ayvavebuli mdelos mimarTulebiT. misi garemomceli futkrebi imaxsovreben am marSruts da zustad mifrina-ven neqtrisken.

meore magaliTi. skisgan moSorebiT moaTavses Wur-Weli Saqris sirofiT. roca futkrebma sirofs miagnes, WurWeli gadaadgiles gansazRvruli manZilis daSore-biT, Semdeg kvlav imave manZilis daSorebiT da ase mra-valgzis. morigi gadaadgilebisas aRmoCnda, rom axal adgilze futkrebi ukve mifreniliyvnen da elodebod-nen sirofs. futkrebma icodnen, rom manZili Tanabrad izrdeboda gansazRvruli manZiliT da gamoTvales, Tu sad unda yofilyo sirofi. SeuZlebelia, rom futkrebis

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es mravalricxovani Taviseburebani SemTxveviT, Tanda-TanobiT Seqmniliyo. futkris ojaxi Tavis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi didi xnis win gadaSendeboda, radgan cal-calke an daumTavrebeli saxiT yvela fenomenaluri una-ri, Taviseburebani usargeblo iqneboda. isini efeqtur-ni arian mxolod dasrulebuli saxiT da yvela erTad. aviRoT, magaliTad, mweriWamia mcenareebi, romlebic ga-moyofen saWmlis momnelebel wvenebs da mwerebis dasa-Werad zusti mowyobiloba gaaCniaT; foTlebiani Camketi xafangi, romelic myis modis moqmedebaSi, rogorc ki mweri daajdeba mas. msxverpli mwebvare foTols sasik-vdilod ewebeba. amis Semdeg damWeri buStebiT (romleb-Sic Semcirebuli wnevaa) iwoven mwerebs. mcenareebi msxverplis mosazidad specialur qimiur nivTierebebs gamoyofen. cxadia, es unikaluri mowyobiloba imuSavebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yvela misi nawili dasrulebuli sa-xiT arsebobs mcenareSi.

uamravi mtkiceba arsebobs cocxal bunebaSi, rom Zlevamosilma Semoqmedma yvela cocxali arseba Seqmna ukve dasrulebuli saxiT yvela TaviseburebiTa da gare-mos gansazRvrul pirobebSi sicocxlisaTvis aucilebe-li mowyobilobiT. organizmis funqcionirebisaTvis au-cilebelia yvela Tvisebis, struqturis da Tvisebis er-Tdroulad warmoqmna. araviTar evoluciur models ar SeuZlia axsnas formaTa gansacvifrebuli mravalfe-rovneba cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaroSi. garda amisa, ar aris aRmoCenili gardamavali formebi, romlebic da-adasturebdnen evoluciur gadasvlebs cocxal arseba-Ta saocar TvisebaTa da TaviseburebaTa formirebaSi. paleontologiaSi ar aris cnobili sxvadasxva kisris mqone namarxi Jirafebis narCenebi. araviTar miliono-biT wels da brma SemTxveviTobas ar SeuZlia usicoc-xlo materiis qaosidan mogvces ubadlo sainJinro ga-dawyvetilebebi, umaRlesi teqnologiebi da SesaniSnavi dizaini, rasac Cven cocxal bunebaSi vxvdebiT.

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sicocxle umaRlesi xelovnebis ubadlo nimuSia. rac ufro Rrmad vwvdebiT cocxali ujredis saidumlo-ebebs, miT ufro gaocebas iwvevs, Tu rogor warmoudgen-lad rTulad aris igi mowyobili. rogorc mikrobiolo-gi maikl dentoni ambobs — ujredis samyaro “umaRlesi teqnologiebisa da ganumeorebeli sirTulis samyaroa”, romelsac ver Seedreba adamianis gonebiT Seqmnili verc erTi nawarmoebi. darvinistebi ki gvTavazoben gvjero-des qimiuri evoluciisa: oTxi miliardi wlis win daiwyo biologiuri molekulebis SemTxveviT warmoqmna, jer martivis, Semdeg SedarebiT rTulis, romlebic aseve SemTxveviT gaerTiandnen da warmoqmnes ujredi.

genialurma frangma qimikosma, mikrobiologiis, vi-rusologiis, imunologiis fuZemdebelma lui pasterma aCvena sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis SeuZlebloba da daam-kvidra principi “yovelive cocxali cocxlisgan”. evo-lucionistebma ixtibari ar gaitexes da ganacxades, rom miliardi wlebis win bunebrivi pirobebi dedamiwaze sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo da sicocxle araorganuli materiisgan warmoiSva.

mTeli informacia cocxali organizmis struqtu-ris, Tvisebebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb Cawerilia ujre-dis birTvis qromosomebSi. qromosoma wamoadgens de-zoqsiribonukleinis mJavas (dnm) ormag spiralurad daxveul jaWvs (polimeri), romlis rgolebia (monomere-bi) nukleotidebi. isini oTxi saxisaa. dnm-is monakveTi aris geni. masSi kodirebulia romelime erTi cilis struqtura, romelic ujredSi Tavis funqcias asru-lebs. adamianis organizmi aTeuli aTasobiT sxvadasxva cilas Seicavs. dnm-is yvela informacia uSecdomod, zustad unda iyos wakiTxuli da gadacemuli cilis bio-sinTezis adgilze ujredSi. dnm-is molekulaSi infor-maciis simkvrive uzarmazaria, igi 1013-jer metia, vidre yvelaze Tanamedrove eleqtronul mikrosqemebSi. dnm,

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yvelaze cnobil sistemasTan SedarebiT, informaciis Senaxvis yvelaze efeqturi sistemaa.

Tanamedrove darvinistebi evoluciis “mamoZrave-bel Zalad” mutaciebs miiCneven. mutacia memkvidruli (genetikuri) informaciis Semcveli struqturis cvli-lebaa, romelic SeiZleba moxdes rogorc TviTneburad, ise e.w. mutagenuri faqtorebis (radiaciuli gamosxive-ba, ultraiisferi sxivebi, zogierTi qimiuri nivTiere-ba, maRali temperaturebi da sxv.) zemoqmedebiT. sponta-nuri mutaciebi Zalzed umniSvneloa, radgan ujreds ga-aCnia maTgan dacvis damatebiTi meqanizmebi.

evolucionistebi (yvela faqtis sawinaaRmdegod) amtkiceben, rom dadebiTi mutaciebi qmnian axal niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebic zrdian organizmebis mdgradobas da Semgueblobas garemosadmi. axal niSan-TvisebaTa ga-Cena iwvevs axal saxeobaTa warmoqmnas. magram mutacia yovelTvis iwvevs genetikuri masalis gafuWebas an misi nawilis dakargvas da axali (damatebiTi) genetikuri in-formaciis Seqmnas. mutaciis matareblebi xasiaTdebian dabali sicocxlis unarianobiT da umravles SemTxveva-Si unayofoni arian. kreacionistebi ar uaryofen mikro-evolucias, e.i. organizmebSi ama Tu im niSan-TvisebaTa cvalebadobas saxeobis sazRvrebSi. kreaciuli modelis Tanaxmad, RmerTma imTaviTve Seqmna organizmTa jgufe-bi “Tavisi gvarisda mixedviT”, e.i. TavianT gansazRvrul genetikur CarCoebSi. da TiToeul niSan-TvisebaSi Cado misi cvalebadobis mniSvnelovani potenciali. aman ki organizmebs saSualeba misca, Seguebodnen garemos sxva-dasxva pirobebs. saeWvoa, mutacia evoluciis mamoZrave-bel Zalad CaiTvalos. igi ar warmoqmnis axal saxeobas da gvars. adamiani farTod iyenebs xelovnur SerCevas cxovelTa da mcenareTa mravalricxovani jiSis misaRe-bad. xelovnuri “saxeobaTSoriso” hibridebi ki arasi-cocxlisunarianni da unayofoni aRmoCndnen [36].

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unikaluri wignia biblia. verc erTi wigni ver Seed-reba mas popularobiT. igi Targmnilia msoflios ori aTas enaze. igi iwereboda 1600 wlis ganmavlobaSi (60 Ta-oba) 41 avtoris mier, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom asobiT Temas moicavs, mas gasaocari mTlianoba da simwyobre gaaCnia. biblia rogorc istoriulad, ise geografiulad absoluturad zustia, rac dasturdeba samecniero wya-roebiT da arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT.

arc Tu ise didi xnis win mecnierTa wreSi popula-ruli iyo Tvalzarisi imis Sesaxeb, rom biblia warmoad-gens mxolod Zveli miTebisa da legendebis krebuls da amis gamo mas sarwmuno istoriul wyarod ar miiCnevdnen. aseTi midgomis erT-erTi momxre iyo gamoCenili arqeo-logi uiliam ramsei. roca man daiwyo arqeologiuri gaTxrebi mcire aziis raionSi, darwmunebuli iyo, rom “mociqulTa saqmeebSi” (axali aRTqmis wigni) mxolod legendebi Sedioda da amitom am raionis iq mocemul aR-weras araviTari istoriuli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnda. Tumca, mravalwliani kvlevebis safuZvelze mecnierma aRmoaCina, rom wignSi mocemuli cnobebi gasaocrad zus-tia umcires detalebSic ki [37]. am aRmoCenam iseTi ze-gavlena moaxdina ramseize, rom dawera Semdegi saxelwo-debis wigni: “axali aRTqmis axali kvlevebis Sedegebi”, sadac mecnieri werda: “rac ufro metad vswavlobdi mo-ciqulTa saqmeebis wigns da wlidan wlamde berZnul-ro-mauli civilizaciis wes-Cveulebebs, miT ufro aRfrTo-vanebaSi movdiodi lukas monaTxrobiT. yvelaze skurpu-lozuri SemowmebiTac ki misi sityvebi ufro zusti aR-moCnda, vidre sxva istorikosTa nawerebi” [38]. arqeo-logiis ganviTrebam XX saukuneSi kidev ufro meti naTe-li mohfina bibliis istoriul utyuarobas.

arqeologi uiliam olbraiti, romelic palestinaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi awarmoebda gaTxrebs, werda: “TiToeuli arqeologiuri aRmoCena sul ufro da ufro adasturebs bibliis, rogorc istoriuli wyaros, utyu-

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arobas” [39]. magaliTad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi istori-kosebs eWvi eparebodaT mefe daviTis arsebobaSi, rom-lis Sesaxeb saubaria Zvel aRTqmaSi, radgan im periodis istoriaSi mis Sesaxeb xsenebac ar iyo. mxolod 1993 wels israelSi aRmoCenil iqna qva warweriT “daviTis saxli” da “israelis mefe”, romelic TariRdeba IX saukuniT Cvens welTaRricxvamde [40]. 25 aTasi adgilis arqeolo-giurma gaTxrebma daadastura bibliaSi aRwerili faq-tebis da movlenebis istoriuloba. arqeologebma swo-red bibliuri monacemebis safuZvelze aRmoaCines mra-vali uZvelesi qalaqi, magaliTad, qaldevelTa uri da ninevia. mravali personaJi, romelTac kritikosebi mi-Tiurad Tvlidnen arqeologiuri gaTxrebis safuZvelze gaxdnen realur istoriul pirebad. arcerT wyaroSi xe-Tebi naxsenebi ar yofila. mxolod bibliaSi iyo aRweri-li isini rogorc Soreuli warsulis Zlevamosili impe-ria.

aseve konkretuli da absoluturad zustia bibliu-ri winaswarmetyvelebani. magaliTad, zustad asrulda daniel winaswarmetyvelis wignSi mocemuli winaswar-metyveleba udides msoflio saxelmwifoTa (babilonis imperia, midia-sparseTi, saberZneTi, romis imperia) Sesa-xeb. zustad sruldeba winaswarmetyveleba ebrael xal-xze. aseve saocaria detaluri aRsruleba winaswarmet-yvelebisa, romelic exeba Semdegi qalaqebis beds: babi-loni, tvirosi, cidoni, Raza, aSkeloni, memfisi, fivi da sxv. esaia winaswarmetyvelma 150 wliT adre iwinaswar-metyvela, rom babilonis tyveobaSi myof ebraelebs sam-SobloSi dabrunebis nebas darTavdnen da amas gaakeTeb-da sparseTis mefe kirosi. im dros sparseTi Zalian sus-ti iyo da veravin warmoidgenda, rom igi babilonis impe-rias daipyrobda. winaswarmetyvelma mefis saxelic daa-

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saxela∗. Zvel aRTqmaSi samasze meti aRsrulebuli winas-warmetyvelebaa mocemuli ieso qristes Sesaxeb, rome-lic zustad aRsrulda. sul biblia Seicavs 6408 winas-warmetyvelebas, romelTaganac 3268 ukve asrulda. maga-liTad, erT-erTi maTgani didi xani ar aris, rac asrul-

da. saqme exeba Cernobilis tragedias∗∗. bibliaSi moce-mulia atomuri katastrofis suraTi da miTiTebulia adgilsamyofeli: “mesame angelozma daukra buki da ci-dan Camovarda didi varskvlavi, gaxurebuli CiraRdani-viT iwvoda, da davarda mdinareebis mesamed nawilze da wyalTa wyaroebze. am varskvlavis saxeli iyo abzinda; da wylebis mesamedi nawili abzindad iqca da didZali xal-xi daixoca wylebisagan, vinaidan mware gaxdnen isini” (gamocxadeba ioanesi, 8:10,11). abzinda Sxamiani mcenaris saxelwodebaa. mas Zvel slavurad “Cernobili” ewodeba.

biblia gvawvdis zust informacias, romlebic Tana-medrove mecnierul warmodgenebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba. zogierT sakiTxSi biblia saukuneebiT da aTaswleule-biTac win uswrebs mecnierebas.

materia Seqmnilia energiisgan (ebr. 11:3; daax. 61 ax.w.);

dedamiwa mrgvalia, garSemortymuli atmosferos Txeli feniT, romlis qveSac SesaZlebelia sicocxle (dab. 40:22; daax. 732 Zv.w.);

dedamiwas ar gaaCnia sayrdeni sivrceSi; dedamiwis garSemo ufskrulia (iob. 26:7; daax. 1473 Zv.w.);

dedamiwis guli gavarvarebulia (“cecxlisgan aris saxecvlili”); zRvis fskeri ar aris swori (zRvebi mTeb-zea moTavsebuli); dedamiwis qerqi moZravia (fs. 104:6,8; 460 Zv.w.);

∗ dawvrilebiT ix.: g. kaWarava. bibliur winaswarmetyvelebaTa aRsru-leba. Tbilisi, gamomc. “dia”, 2001. ∗∗ r. gaxokiZe. gza xsnisa. Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomc., 1991, gv. 57-58.

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atmosfero Sedgeba nivTierebisgan da ar aris usaz-Rvro (dab. 1:2, 6-8; 1513 Zv.w.);

dRe-Ramis, qaris cikluroba, wylis wrebrunva bune-baSi (ek. 1:5-7; 1000-mde Zv.w.);

Rrublebi wylisgan Sedgeba da anaorTqlisgan war-moqmneba (iob. 36:27; daax. 1473 Zv.w.);

frinvelTa sezonuri migracia (ier. 8:7; 580 Zv.w.). ra aris mecniereba? rogoria misi roli samyaros

suraTis formirebaSi? rogoria misi roli Tanamedrove msoflioSi? am filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva Tan axlda Tanamedrove mecnierebis Camoyalibebasa da gan-viTarebas da warmoadgenda rogorc TviT mecnierebis, ise im civilizaciis TaviseburebaTa gacnobierebis au-cilebel formas, romlis CarCoebSic samyarosadmi mec-nieruli damokidebuleba gaxda SesaZlebeli.

yvelaze zusti mecniereba maTematika efuZneba aqsi-omebsa da postulatebs, romelTa damtkiceba SeuZlebe-lia da romelTac mxolod rwmeniT iReben. WeSmaritad sworia wminda basili didi, romelic amtkicebs, rom mec-nierebaSi “rwmena uswrebs codnas”. mecnierul codnaSi yvelaferi ZiriTadi da umTavresi daumtkicaria da war-moadgens rwmenis aqts. mecniereba, romelic dRes iT-vleba adamianis moRvaweobis yvelaze zust da mtkicebad sferod, Sedgeba ara marto faqtebisa da empiriuli mo-nacemebisgan (romlebic jer kidev ar gvaZleven mecnie-rul codnas), aramed Seicavs spekulatiur msjelobebs, romelTa Sesaxeb mudmivad SeiZleba dava, radgan SeuZ-lebelia filosofiuri msjelobebis gareSe misi ganvi-Tareba. is, rom zust mecnierebas ar SeuZlia maTemati-kuri sizustiT daamtkicos ZiriTadi religiuri WeSma-riteba, miuTiTebs mxolod Semecnebis mecnieruli me-Todis SezRudulobaze. religiuri WeSmaritebani, maTi zusti maTematikuri mtkicebis SeuZleblobis gamo, ada-mianis Tavisufali nebis sagani xdeba.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom materializmis, evolucio-nizmisa da aTeizmis ideebi myarad damkvidrda sazoga-doebriv cnobierebaSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi da politi-kaSi, mecnierebam daagrova uzarmazari informacia, ro-melic msgavs Teoriebs adgils ar utovebs.

kosmologia mivida daskvnamde, rom materialuri samyaro maradiuli ar aris. igi drois konkretul sawyis momentSi myisierad warmoiSva;

Termodinamikam daadgina, rom sasargeblo ener-gia droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba da nulisken miis-wrafvis. samyaroSi ki am energiis didi raodenobiT ar-seboba miuTiTebs mis SedarebiT axalgazrdul asakze;

mikrobiologiam “umartivesi” erTujrediani or-ganizmebis SeswavliT aCvena aseTi rTuli da awyobili meqanizmebis SemTxveviT warmoSobis SeuZlebloba;

paleontologiam uZvelesi organizmebis namarxe-bis milionobiT narCenebSi saxeobebis ganviTarebis gar-damavali formis verc erTi magaliTi ver ipova;

genetikam aCvena, rom mutaciebi genetikur done-ze mxolod degeneraciul xasiaTs atarebs da dnm-is erT molekulaSi informaciis raodenoba imdenad didia, rom mis SemTxveviT warmoSobas Cveni samyaros asakze mili-ardjer meti droc ki ar eyofoda;

sistematikam daadgina, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva, pirvel rigSi, mimarTulia saxeobebis ara axali, aramed Zveli niSan-Tvisebebis SesanarCuneblad.

Tanamedrove qimiis, fizikis da biologiis ganvi-Tarebam daamtkica organizmTa SemTxveviTi warmoSobis SeuZlebloba.

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RAMAZ GAKHOKIDZE

THE UNITY OF SCIENCE, RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

Abstract

A battle experience for superiority between religion and science shows that a monopolistic effort of the solution of all problems from side as of science so the religion one, can not be effective. The science has no possibility to solve the question about origination or absolute. These questions belong to the philosophy and religions. As well it will not be resultant a religion effort to solve concrete scientific problems. This fact points to the inevitability of their coexistence and collaboration, especially today, when the global ecological catastrophe threatens to the mankind and it is forced to find a general way of self-preservation.

Confrontation of the religion with science and philosophy causes far-reaching psychological, moral and practical results, which are most negatively reflected on the human being. If there will not be created the united world ideology, the mankind never comprehend the real essence of life and creation.

Despite that the ideas of materialism, evolution and atheism are inculcated in the social consciousness, the science obtained tremendous information, disclaiming such theories system of education and politics.

literatura:

1. R. Price. Science and the Bible 2001. www.creation.crimea.com. 2. К. Делокаров. Мировоззренические основания современной

цивилизации и ее глобальный кризис. Общественные наука и современность, 1994, № 2.

3. Л. Витгенштейн. Философские работы, ч.1.Москва, 1994, с. 484-485.

4. П. Тейяр де Шарден. Феномен человека. М.,1987, с. 222.

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5. Ч. Таунс. Слияние науки и религии. «Диалогии современной науки». Москва, 1979, с.59.

6. A. Eddington. The Nature of Physical World. Cambridge, 1928, p. 350.

7. http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/data/573/958/1217/008–-1–Delokarov.pdf

8. К.-Г. Юнг. О психологии восточных религий и философии. Москва, 1994, с. 94.

9. D. Wilkerson. God, time and Stephen Hawking , London, W.W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.

10. R. Jastrow, New York, London, W.W. Norton and Company, 1992, p.21.

11. А. Рос. Наука открывает Бога, 2009, Изд-во «Источник жизни», пер. с англ.

12. M.H. Hart. Habitable zones about main sequence stars. Icarus, 37, 1979, 351.

13. M. Rees. Just six numbers: The Deep Forces that Shape the Universe. New York, Basic Books, 2000, p. 47.

14. www.assessor.ru/bill/spead.html. 15. R.A. Lyttleton. Mysteries of the Solar System. Clarendon Press.

Oxford, 1968, p. 110. 16. H. Patterson. Scientific American. Feb.1960, p. 123. 17. P.M. Steidl. The Earth, the Stars, and the Bible. Ground Rapids:

Baker Book House, 1979, pp. 60-61. 18. T.G. Barnes. Origin and Destiny of the Earth’s Magnetic Field.

San Diego, 1973, p. 25. 19. M.A.Cook, Do Radiobilogical Cloks Need Repair? Creation

Research Society Quarterly, 1968, v.5, p. 70. 20. M.A.Cook. Where is the Earth’s Radiogenic Helium? Nature,

1957, v.779, p.213. 21. J.C. Whitcomb, H.M. Morris. The Genesis Flood, 1961,

Philadelphia Presbyterian and Reformed Company. 22. B.F. Alien. The Geologic Age of the Mississippi River. Creation

Research Society Quarterly, 1972, v.9, pp.96-114. 23. H.S.Slusher. Some Astronomical Evidences for a Youthful Solar

System. Creation Research Society Quarterly, 1971, v.8, pp. 55-57.

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24. Chemical Oceanography, Ed. by J.P.Riley, G. Skirrow, New York, Academic Press, 1965, v.1, p164.

25. H. Cambing. Let the Oceans Speak. Creation Research Society Quarterly, 1974, v.11, pp.39-45.

26. H. M. Morris. The Scientific Case for Creation. San Diego, Creation-Life Publishers, 1982

27. a. gaxokiZe. 2-meTilheptanis sinTezi glukozidan. sa-qarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 1942, t. 3, gv. 521.

28. A. J. Monty White. How Old is The Earth? 1994, christine-fadhley.suite101.com/is-the-earth-as-old-as-scientists-believe-a191117.

29. M.A. Cook. Prehystory and Earth Models. London, Max Parrish, 1966.

30. Антарктический журнал, 1971, т.6, с.211. 31. Science, 1984, v.224, p. 58-61. 32. Science, 1963, v.141, p. 634-637. 33. T.L. Peve. Quaternary Strigraphic Nomenclature in Uniglaciated

Central Alaska. USA, 1975, p.30. 34. Ch. Darwin, The Origin of Species. The New American Library,

1958, p. 202. 35. D. Rosevear. Origin of Man. Pamphlet 306, 1996. 36. Е. Титова. Эволюционное учение Дарвина – гимн материа-

лизму, или творение без Творца. с. 18-39. 37. W. W. Gasque, W. M. Ramsay. Archeological and New Testa-

ment Scholar. A Survey of His Contribution to the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Boot House, 1996, p. 17

38. W. M. Ramsay. The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament, p. 89.

39. W. F. Albright. The Archeology of Palestine. Revised edition, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Pelican Books, 1960, p.127.

40. M. Haughwout. www.markhaughwout. com/Bible/Tel_Dan.htm. 41. `filosofiuri Ziebani~, VI, XI, XII.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis religiis filosofiisa da

religiaTmcodneobis ganyofilebam.

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mamuka doliZe

MAMUKA DOLIDZE (Tbilisi)

mamuka doliZe — filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mec-nierebaTa akademiis akademikosi. muSaobs fenomenologiis, esTetikis, mxatvruli Se-moqmedebis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli

aqvs wignebi: `damatebiToba, rogorc zogadfilosofiuri principi~ (Tb., 1989); `Phenomenology of Quantum Physics and Stream of Consciousness in Polyphonic Fiction~ (2005) da `kulturis fenomeno-logia da kvanturi fizikis filosofiuri problemebi~ (Tb., 2008). m. doliZe aris mwerali; gamoqveynebuli aqvs ramdenime mxatvruli nawarmoebi.

codviTdacemis gancda

(fenomenologiuri analizi)

bedisweraze adamianis gamarjvebis SesaZlebloba

axali aRqmiT aris gaxsnili. sinanulis gancdaa megzuri SesaZleblobis am axali horizontisken. sinanuli usas-rulod ukufenilia warsulSi, rogorc sinanuli dakar-guli siwmindis mimarT, uerTdeba awmyos, rogorc cod-vaTa aRiareba da gancda da warmarTulia momavlisaken, rogorc rwmena da RvTis Semweobis imedi srulyofisa-ken.

gavarCioT monaniebis es samive droiTi forma cal-calke.

uxsovari warsulisken ukufenaSi sinanuli misti-ris dakargul samoTxes, magram es nostalgiuri ukuqce-va ar xdeba pirdapiri azriT - xdeba misi gadatana da gardasaxva sxva gancdaSi. sinanuli rom pirdapir ukav-Sirdebodes kacobriobis bibliur fesvebs, maSin iarse-bebda raRac fataluri, warsulis usasrulobaSi gam-

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jdari aucilebloba da sinanuli aRar iqneboda sulis Tavisufali Semoqmedebis Sedegi. arada, monanieba Tavi-sufali qmedebaa mis samive fazaSi. amitom monaniebis me-tamorfozis mizania sinanulis gamoTavisufleba cod-viTdacemis sabediswero determinizmisgan, bibliuri sinanulis gansxviseba da nebayoflobiTi gadatana sxva mimarTebebze. monaniebis aqtSi codvilobis Tandayoli-li gancda pirobiTad unda mowydes pirvel codviTda-cemis memkvidreobas da simbolurad gardaisaxos adami-anis konkretul codvaTa aRiarebaSi. es pirobiTi simbo-lizacia amsxvrevs adamianis genetikurad gansazRvrul determinizms da Tandayolil codvilobas amyofebs ga-nusazRvrel TavisuflebaSi, rogorc upirobo, TavisTa-vad sawyiss, romelic win uswrebs am "sawyisi gancdis" gadatanas faqtobriv codvebze. es gardasaxva-gadatana sul unda xdebodes, raTa apriorulad mocemulma gan-cdam sawyisi ideis TavisTavadoba da Tavisufleba ar dakargos, ar aRsdges determinizmis dasabamidan Tav-smoxveuli jaWvi da isev ar ganaxldes sasjeli uxsovari codviTdacemis gamo. amitom monaniebis procesi daus-rulebelia - SeuZlebelia ucodvelad yofna, radgan Tuki ar arsebobs konkretuli codva, maSin bibliuri codviTdacemis gancda moklebul iqneba konkretuli gardasaxvisa da realizaciis SesaZleblobas adamianis Tavisufali arCevanis gziT. bibliuri gancda isev daib-runebs absolutur Zalauflebas da gadaiqceva adamia-nis damsjel, sabediswero Zalad. ( adamianze pirveladi codvis, rogorc damsjeli Zalis sabediswero zemoqme-deba SesaniSnavad aris naCvenebi da mxatvrulad simbo-lizebuli franc kafkas romanSi — “ procesi” — (1) )

amgvarad, maradisobaSi ganfenili gancda saxes ic-vlis da adamianis realur cxovrebas miewereba, magram meores mxriv, igi ver eteva cxovrebiseuli realobis farglebSi da maradisobas danatrebuli adamiani saku-Tari warsulis idealizacias axdens.

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am problemasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, Tu ro-gor xdeba warsulis idealizacia Tanamedroveobis udi-des frang mweral, marsel prustis SemoqmedebaSi.

usazRvroa avtoris nostalgia gardasuli drois mimarT, magram SeuZlebelia mexsierebaSi ase wvrilad, ase gafaqizebulad arsebobdes misi bavSvoba. qarTveli filosofosi merab mamardaSvili SeniSnavs ( 2 ), rom mwe-rali igonebs ara Tavis bavSvobas, aramed qmnis warsu-lis ekvivalentur axal realobas. ra Tqma unda, yoveli mogoneba, rogorc mxatvruli movlena, Semoqmedebaa; ki ar asaxavs gardasuls, aramed rogorc TviTnabadi feno-meni, pirobiTad Seesatyviseba mas, magram marsel prus-tTan es Sesatyvisobac darRveulia. misi "mogonebebis" warsulTan Sesabamisoba TiTqos aris da arc aris. Txro-bis mixedviT aris, Txrobis maneris mixedviT ki - roca xdeba samyaros aRweris usasrulo detalizacia da ada-mianur urTierTobaTa zRvardaudebeli refleqsia - Cndeba eWvi, rom aq raRac sxva sulier movlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme; iqneb arc arasodes yofila is, rasac mo-goneba ase mondomebiT gvixatavs? warsuls xom awmyos gadasaxedidan eniWeba gansakuTrebuli azri da xibli, is misi Ziebis, misken ukuqcevis ZaliT itvirTeba axali mniSvnelobebiT da Tu es Zieba dausrulebelia, maSin warsulis samyaroc usasrulod farTovdeba.

swored aseTi gafarToeba xdeba prustTan; xdeba imitom, rom mwerali gardasulis Ziebas usasrulo pro-cesad miiCnevs, sadac zRvari ikargeba mogonebasa da ga-mogonebas Soris; Zieba dausrulebelia, radgan warsuli erTxel Cavlili mdinarea; misi ganmeoreba, sityvaSi misi aRdgena SeuZlebelia, magram mwerali eswrafvis am SeuZ-leblobas, raTa dakarguli drois amao ZiebaSi mogoneba gamogonebad aqcios, gardasuliT determinirebuli xsovna "axali warsulis" Tavisufal Semoqmedebad gar-daqmnas.

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rogorc vxedavT, aq sulis iseTive fericvaleba xdeba, rac monaniebis Jams, roca codviTdacemiT gamow-veuli sinanuli Tavisufldeba determinizmisgan da sxva cxovrebiseul gancdaze gadadis; drois dinebidan amovardnili warsuli Tavisufldeba sakuTari realo-bisgan da ixsneba, rogorc miniSneba, rogorc idea, sul sxva warsulis Sesaxeb.

ra aris es sxva warsuli? warsuli, romlis ZaliTac adamiani sakuTari bavSvobis romantizacias da ideali-zacias axdens? es aris codviTdacemiT dakarguli sa-moTxe; misi gaucnobierebeli mogonebaa sinanulis gan-cda uxsovari sisrulisa da bednierebis mimarT.

qristes gamocxadebam gandevna is fataluri auci-lebloba, romlis safuZvelzec sinanuli determinire-buli iyo codviTdacemis faqtiT. sinanulis idea igive darCa, magram TviTon gancda iqca aradeterminirebul, TavisTavad fenomenad da am TavisuflebisaTvis saWiro gaxda misi gardasaxva, misi simbolizacia sxva konkre-tul gancdaSi.

aseTive transformacia xdeba monaniebis meore sa-fexurzec; iseve, rogorc dakarguli samoTxe pirobi-Tad gardaisaxeba konkretuli warsulis idealizaciaSi, aseve pirveladi codviT dacemac ganicdis simboliza-cias adamianis konkretul codvaTa aRiarebis gziT. sim-bolizaciis am ritualSi imsxvreva yovelgvari deter-minizmi. aRsarebis dros adamiani Tavs ar imarTlebs; is garemoebaTa msxverplad ar miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs, rom TiTqos bedisweram Caagdo codvaSi, piriqiT, aRsarebis mTqmeli piradi pasuxismgeblobiT Tavis Tavze iRebs imas, rac mis suls amZimebs da rac mas bedisweris ZaliT emarTeba, radgan mxolod Tavisufal pirovnebas xele-wifeba warsdges uzenaesi samsjavros winaSe, mxolod mas SeuZlia, miiRos codvaTa amnistia da Sevides monaniebis mesame, gadamwyvet fazaSi - rwmenis TavisuflebaSi.

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rwmena, rogorc sulis Tandayolili, zecnobieri marcvali, srul TavisuflebaSi arsebobs. verc gare iZuleba da verc Sinagani aucilebloba ver ganapiro-bebs rwmenis arsebobas. rwmena gamoirCeva sulis sxva, gaucnobierebeli movlenebisgan, sadac farulad mainc "mizezobs" anonimuri determinanti. rwmenis mimarT ase-Ti determinanti dauSvebelia. marTalia, rwmenis arsi aris rwmena absolutis Sesaxeb, magram RmerTisa da ada-mianis Tavisufali mimarTeba uflebas ar gvaZlevs vigu-lisxmoT deterministuli kavSiri rwmenasa da adamianis cnobierebas Soris. rwmena win uswrebs mis yovelgvar motivacias. imitom ki ar mwams, rom RvTis meSinia, an sas-waulis imedad var, piriqiT, SiSic da imedic imitom maqvs, rom ukve gamaCnia RmerTis arsebobis rwmena. imi-tom ki ar irwmunes, rom qristem saswaulebi moaxdina, piriqiT, saswaulebi imitomac moaxdina, rom ukve swam-daT misi. marTalia, rwmenis gaRviveba, aRmoceneba da momwifeba cnobierebis Sinagani aucileblobis niadagze xdeba, magram misi marcvali, misi energetikuli fesvi yovelgvari aucileblobis miRma, upirobod arsebobs da aranair determinizms ar eqvemdebareba.

rogorc vxedavT, monaniebis samive fazaSi - sina-nulSi, aRsarebaSi da rwmenaSic - arsebiTia determiniz-mis daZleva da Tavisuflebis damkvidreba Tandayolili codvis simboluri gardasaxvisa da absolutis mimarT rwmenis mopovebis mizniT.

codviTdacemis gancda aRZravs sinanulsa da Tavi-sufal miswrafebas RvTaebrivi sisrulisaken. monanieba da srul arsTan ziareba adamianis Tavisufali arCeva-nia, rac mis realur cxovrebaSi xdeba. amdenad, monanie-bis aqtSi Cadebulia idea realurisa da irealuris, su-lisa da sxeulis Tavsebadobis Sesaxeb, im Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic bediswerad aRar gardaisaxeba.

qristes fenomeni am Tavisuflebis ganxorciele-baa. macxovari arc gaurbis da arc eqvemdebareba, aramed

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Tavisufali nebiT irCevs sakuTar bedisweras, rogorc Tavisi cxovrebis Sesatyvisobas wminda werilis winas-warxedvasTan. piradi pasuxismgebloba bedisweris wina-Se niSnavs sakuTar codvad itvirTo bediT Tavdatexili siave. qristem nebiT miiRo is, rac mas ewera da amiT au-cilebloba daukarga bedisweras. is, rac iyo saSiSi da gardauvali, WeSmariti gzis arCevanis Tavisuflebad iq-ca. amiT sikvdilsac Seecvala azri - sicocxlis aRsas-ruli axal cxovrebaSi gardacvaleba aRmoCnda.

geTsimaniis baRSi qristem winaswar ukve miiRo jvarcma, roca daTrguna sikvdilis adamianuri SiSi da gaakeTa arCevani uzenaesi nebis mixedviT. aq man gadaabi-ja bedis sazRvarsac (bediswera Tavisuflebad aqcia) da Sinagan aucileblobasac - dasZlia mowameobrivi sikvdi-lis SiSi. am gadamwyveti nabijiT, srul TavisuflebaSi dairRva yovelgvari determinizmi - rogorc bedis gar-dauvaloba (determinizmi garedan), aseve Sinagani auci-lebloba.

macxovarma bedisweris tyveobidan ixsna adamiani da misi codvili buneba RvTaebrivi sisrulis perpeqti-vaSi ganaTavsa.

es RvTaebrivi sisrule aris TavisTavadi, dausaba-mo arsi — mamazecieri. qriste ki warmoadgens mis feno-mens - TavisTavadi arsis Riaobas realobis (cnobierebi-saTvis misawvdomi realobis) mimarT. sakuTriv Riaobis Tvisebas ki ganasaxierebs suliwminda - misi madlis mo-feniT TavisTavadi arsi erwymis fenomens da ixsneba mis mierve Seqmnili samyaros winaSe.

ase warmogvidgeba wminda sameba fenomenologiur interpretaciaSi - cnobierebis miznad myofi, metafizi-kuri arsi, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara TviTon cno-biereba, aRebuli Tavis absolutur mTlianobaSi. es aris absoluturi suli, romlis TavisTavadi da maradi-uli arseboba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is dausrulebliv ixsneba, rogorc fenomeni cnobierebis winaSe. ase gage-

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bul arqetips ki zustad Seesatyviseba absolutis qris-tianuli cneba - wminda sameba.

MAMUKA DOLIDZE

THE EXPERIENCE OF THE FALL

ABSTRACT

The motive of the Fall is freedom, and the New Testament discovers how to defeat the destiny. This new horizon of opportunity can be discovered through the experience of regret. Regret is stretched endlessly backward to the past as regret about lost perfection. It joins the present as recognition and experience of the Fall and It is directed toward the future as belief and hope of the God's support on the way of perfection.

The experience of the Fall raises regret and a free striving toward divine perfection. Confession and receiving communion with the perfect substance constitute a free choice by a human being in his real life. Thus, the act of confession implies an idea of the comparability of the real and unreal, soul and body, an idea of freedom, which is no longer transformed into fate.

The phenomenon of Christ realizes this idea of freedom. The Redeemer neither avoids nor obeys his fate; it is his free choice, as correspondence of his life with the prophecies of the Old Testament. The personal responsibility for fate means, that one is ready to bear the burden of the malice of fate as his own sins. Christ fully accepted his fate and by this act fate lost its necessity. Everything, that was fatal, became a free choice of the way of truth. Consequently, even death changed its meaning – from being the end of life it became the process of transformation into a new life.

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literatura: 1. franc kafka. procesi. moskovi, “progresi” 1972 2. merab mamardaSvili — gzis fsiqologiuri topolo-

gia. moskovi 1996

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis religiis filosofiisa da

religiaTmcodneobis ganyofilebam.

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Teimuraz fanjikiZe

(Tbilisi)

Teimuraz fanjikiZe — filosofiis mecnie-rebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-mikosi. religiis filosofiisa da religi-aTmcodneobis cnobili mkvlevari; avtori mravali wignisa da samecniero statiisa am dargSi.

saentologiuri religiis raoba da

misi perspeqtivebi saqarTvelos

religiur sivrceSi

(2011 wlis 11 dekembers Tbilisis saentologiuri eklesiis daarsebis or wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT

mowyobil sazeimo Sexvedraze warmoTqmuli sityv Tezisebi)

saqarTveloSi axla namdvili religiuri bumia.

ramdenime aTeuli wlis win Znelad Tu warmoidgenda vin-me religiuri situaciis aseT radikalur Secvlas. es moxda mas Semdeg, rac yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceze 70 wlis manZilze batonobda materialistur-aTeisturi msoflmxedveloba, romelic sazogadoebaSi religii-saTvis adgils aRar tovebda.

aseT mkveTr cvlilebaSi mravalma faqtorma iTama-Sa Tavisi roli. erTi mxriv, imZlavra akrZaluli xilis sindromma, aTwleulobiT CaxSobilma religiurma wyur-vilma. meore mxriv, amqveyniuri cxovrebis mouwyoblo-bam, dangreulma idealebma, cxovrebaSi raRac dasayrde-nis Ziebis aucileblobam, bevrma sxva mniSvnelovanma faqtormac...

  255

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis, saqarTvelos damouki-deblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, Cvens qveyanaSi srulad dad-ga fexze rogorc marTlmadidebeli eklesia, ise sxva tradiciuli religiebi. aRorZinda Zveli da aSenda axa-li eklesiebi. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sasuliero pirTa raodenoba da Sesabamisad, mrevlic. magram am siaxleebs Tan sdevda sxva procesebic; kerZod, qveynis sazRvrebis gaxsnam, globalizaciis Seuqcevadma procesma sruliad axali viTareba Seqmna. qveyanaSi amoqmedda bevri iseTi konfesia, romelic adre iatakqveS arsebobda an sulac axla Semovida.

rasakvirvelia, es religiuri organizaciebi mkveT-rad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. Tu erTni metad agre-siulia, mtrulad uyureben Cvens erovnulsa da tradi-ciul Rirebulebebs, meoreni meti tolerantobiT da SemgueblobiT gamoirCeva. bolo xans Zalze gaizarda sxvadasxva konfesiaTa religiuri literaturis Semota-na, gamoiyeneba propagandis mravali sxva saSualebac...

am religiur denominaciaTagan bevri sakmao xnis win aris Semosuli. zogi ki sul ramdenime wels iTvlis. cxadia, Cven unda verkveodeT da vicodeT Tu vin arian isini, ras qadageben da ra sargeblis Tu zianis motana SeuZliaT maT Cveni qveynisaTvis.

* * *

ron habardis fenomeni

meoce saukuneSi kacobriobis istoriaSi momxdar

mniSvnelovan raligiur movlenaTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukavia ron habardis gamosvlas jer literatu-rul, Semdeg ki samecniero da sulier asparezze; mis mi-er jer dianetikis (mecniereba gonebis Sesaxeb), Semdeg ki axali, araordinaluri religiis — saentologiis Seqmnas, riTac man religia gabedulad daukavSira mec-nierebas.

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CemTvis, religiaTmcodnisaTvis, es moZRvreba sain-tereso aRmoCnda mravali mimarTulebiT:

1. ron habardi, gansxvavebiT adreuli winaswarmet-yvelebisagan, Cveulebrivi adamiani iyo. Tumca dajildoebuli mravali sakacobrio niWiT. misi biografia ar Seicavda zebunebriv saswaulebs da arc mis gardacvalebas gamouwvevia iseTi di-di movlenebi, rac ieso qristes jvarcmas mohyva, magram misi mizani aranakleb diadi da keTilSo-biluri iyo — gaexada adamiani ufro unariani, ukeTesi da zneobrivi, da man am mimarTulebiT seriozuli praqtikuli nabijebic gadadga. Se-mogvTavaza axali meTodebi, programebi da teq-nologiebi.

2. niSandoblivia, rom habardis moZRvreba mowyve-tili ar aris warsulis sibrZnes. mravali mkvle-varis azriT, igi ikvebeba ufro Rrma fesvebiT, vidre bevri sxva religia, radgan saTaves iRebs Soreul warsulSi, rogorc aRmosavlur, ise da-savluri civilizaciebisagan. TviT ron habardma ki, momxreTa mtkicebiT, Tavisi axleburi midgo-miT da swavlebiT Segviyvana axali, aranaklebi saswaulebis epoqaSi.

3. ron habardis Semoqmedebas, romelic 40 milion-ze met sityvas Seicavs, seriozuli pretenzia aqvs, rom pasuxs scems dRemde pasuxgaucemel kiTxvebze.

4. ron habardis moZRvreba, mravali eqspertis mier samarTlianad ganimarteba rogorc sulis Ses-wavla da misi marTva, raTa adamianma, rogorc sulierma arsebam, daibrunos Tavisi WeSmariti buneba, ukeT gaacnobieros Tavisi damokidebu-leba samyarosTan da adamianTa modgmasTan.

5. saentologia imiTac aris gamorCeuli moZRvre-ba, rom, bevri sxva religiisagan gansxvavebiT,

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adamianuri problemebis gadawyveta ar gadaaqvs imqveyniur cxovrebaSi da xalxs aRuTqvams rea-lur daxmarebas aqve, miwier cxovrebaSi. igi sTa-vazobs Tavis mrevls iseT saintereso progra-mebsa da teqnologiebs, romlebmac unda srul-yon adamiani da gauadvilon mas cxovreba.

6. aranakleb mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom saen-tologia Tavis saeklesio praqtikaSi Tavisufa-lia yovelgvari zedmeti da uazro akrZalvebi-sagan, izuveruli wesebisagan, laRi, bunebrivi cxovrebis SemzRudavi normebisagan, ramac, sa-boloo jamSi, unda miiyvanos adamianebi sulier Tavisuflebamde da Rirseul cxovrebamde.

7. Cemi azriT, saentologTa did Rirsebad CaiT-vleba is faqtic, rom maTi moZRvrebis gamziare-belni am Sexedulebamde brma rwmeniT ki ara, ara-med codniT unda mividnen, sxvagvarad, Segnebu-lad acnobierebdnen imas, Tu ramdenad gonivru-lia is, rac maT swamT.

8. misasalmebelia isic, rom ron habardis mier da-fuZnebuli religia yvela adamianisaken aris mi-marTuli, radgan, rogorc TviTon ityoda: `WeS-mariteba da sibrZne unda ekuTvnodes yvelas, vinc ki misken iswrafvis~.

9. CemTvis, rogorc religiaTmcodnisaTvis, sru-liadac ar aris gasakviri is didi warmateba, ro-melic am religiam mokle istoriul periodSi miaRwia da msoflios mraval qveyanaSi gavrcel-da.

10. imedia, saqarTveloSi arcTu ise didi xnis win Semosuli religia sikeTes da met SemarTebas SesZens Cvens xalxs. es ki moxdeba mxolod im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tuki igi angariSs gauwevs im tradici-ebs, im kulturas, im sulierebas, rac saqarTve-loSi Seqmnila saukuneTa manZilze, tolerantu-

 258

li iqneba qarTvelTaTvis tradiciuli, mar-Tlmadidebluri rwmenisadmi, romelzedac da-fuZnebulia qarTuli kultura, aSenebulia qar-Tuli cxovrebis wesi; Tuki igi gaiziarebs im Ri-rebulebebs, rac faseulia saqarTveloSi da amasTan, adamianebs gaxdis ufro unarians, mobi-lurs, saqmisadmi midrekils, moqmeds, zneobri-vad amaRlebuls da acxovrebs maT ukeTes gare-moSi.

TEIMURAZ PANJIKIDZE

ESSENCE OF SCIENTOLOGY AND ITS PERSPECTIVES IN RELIGIOUS SPACE OF GEORGIA

ABSTRACT

The work considers doctrine and core principles of Scientology –

the newly founded religion of the twentieht century. The attention is paid to introduction of this doctrine in Georgia its further perspectives in our religious space.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis religiis filosofiisa da

religiaTmcodneobis ganyofilebam.

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manana CiteiSvili

(quTaisi)

manana CiteiSvili — filosofiis doqtori, ak. wereTlis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori; muSaobs religiisa da eTikis sakiTxebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: `religiis istoriis sakiTxebi~ (quTaisi,

2004); `qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis sakiTxebi~ (quTaisi, 2005); `biznesis eTika~ (quTaisi, 2008); avtoria samecniero statiebisa filosofiis problemebze.

marine kuxalaSvili

(quTaisi) marine kuxalaSvili — asistent. prof. fi-losofiis doqtori, ak. wereTlis saxelo-bis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis ak-ademiuri doqtori; avtori wignebisa enaT-mecnierebis problemebze; ikvlevs reli-giisa da eTikis problemebs. gamoqveynebu-

li aqvs samecniero statiebi.

religiuri moZRvrebani da adamianis

religiuri uflebebi

adamianis ufleba religiisa da rwmenis Tavisufle-baze msoflio masStabiT aisaxa saxelmwifoTa konsti-tuciebis umravlesobaSi. religiis Tavisuflebis sa-marTlebrivi dacva mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadas-xva saxelmwifoSi da damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, mag., politikuri reJimis stabilurobaze da eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis istoriaze, domi-nanti religiis xasiaTze, religiuri jgufebis urTier-kavSiris istoriasa da sxva mraval garemoebaze.

 260

religia WeSmariti, nebayoflobiTi, Tavisufali aq-tis Sedegia. religiis Tavisuflebis aRiarebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc TviT religiuri, ise sxva yve-la uflebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi (1948) srulad marTebulad moxsenebulia `rwmenis Tavisufleba, rogorc sakacob-rio ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirseba~ da `adamianis pirovnebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba~.

gabatonebuli iyo varaudi, rom SeuZlebeli iyo sa-zogadoebaSi stabilurobis miRweva dawesebuli gabato-nebuli religiis gareSe, romelic, erTis mxriv, iqnebo-da Semkvreli socialuri rgoli, meores mxriv, arsebu-li reJimisadmi erTgulebis mZlavri motivacia. jon lokma Tavis naSromSi `Letter Concerning Toleration~ (werili Semwynareblobis Taobaze) warmoadgina zemoxsenebuli Sexedulebisagan STambeWdavad gansxvavebuli mosazre-ba. lokis Sexedulebebi aRsaniSnavia im myari argumente-bis gamo, romelTa mixedviTac saxelmwifo iZulebis man-qana araefeqturia religiur sferoSi:

saxelmwifos Zalebs aRemateba vinmes iZulebiT RmerTisken Semobruneba. lokis azriT, `Tu eklesia, romlis religiasac eTanxmeba xelmwife, isargeblebs sa-moqalaqo xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT, es mxolod imi-tom moxdeba, rom xelmwife keTili, xolo kanonebi mis mimarT keTilganwyobilia; raoden ufro didi iqneba xe-lisuflebis usafrTxoeba, sadac yvela kargi subieqti, miuxedavad misi religiisa da religiis mniSvnelobis ni-adagze yovelgvari gansxvavebis gareSe, isargeblebs sa-xelmwifosa da kanonebis mxardaWeriT, am ukanasknelTa saerTo mxardamWerebad da damcvelad gadaiqceva; aq aravis eqneba kanonebis simkacrisadmi SiSis safuZveli, imaT garda, vinc zians ayenebs mezoblebs da danaSauls Cadis samoqalaqo mSvidobis winaaRmdeg!~

lokis mosazrebis arsi is aris, rom umciresobebi imdenad madlierni iqnebian maT mimarT gamJRavnebuli

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pativiscemisaTvis, rom ganxeTqilebis sanacvlod, arse-buli reJimisadmi loialuri damokidebulebiT ganim-sWvalebian, rac, bunebrivia, gacilebiT mtkice socia-luri stabilurobis safuZvelia. Tu kantma filosofia-Si revolucia moaxdina gare obieqtidan Sinaganze yu-radRebis centris gadataniT rogorc empiriuli samya-ros, ise eTikis safuZvlebis gagebaSi, lokma Tavisi war-modgeniT, Tu rogor SeiZleba religiurma Tavisufle-bam, romelsac yovelTvis anarqiis wyarod ganixilav-dnen, politikur azrovnebaSi revolucias daudo saTa-ve. lokma politikuri sazogadoebebis stabilizebisa da legitimaciis safuZvlebis transformireba moaxdina.

mravlismetyvelia is, rom religiis Tavisuflebis principi sul ufro met mxardaWeras iZens religiur tradiciebSi, iseve rogorc pluralistul sazogadoe-bebSi, maT xelisuflebasa da konstituciebSi.

Tavad loki ar ganixilavda religiis Tavisuflebas usazRvro movlenad. man sul mcire, sami ZiriTadi kiT-xva aRiara marTebulad: 1. ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogadoeba maT mimarT, vinc ar iziarebs urTier-TSemwynareblobasa da urTierTpativiscemis principe-bis mxardaWeras? 2. ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogadoeba maT mimarT, vinc ar Seasrulebs dadebul fics, an mocemul dapirebas? 3. ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogadoeba maT mimarT, vinc miiswrafvis ga-anadguros sazogadoeba Sinagani amboxisa da saerTaSo-riso omebis gziT? es sami kiTxva moiTxovs Sesabamisi TanamimdevrobiT, urTierTSemwynareblobis, valdebu-lebaTa Sesrulebisa da sazogadoebrivi TviTgadarCe-nis normebis formulirebas.

religiis Tavisufleba moiTxovs samoqalaqo Tavi-suflebas, es ukanaskneli – sindisis Tavisuflebas. mas-ze religiuri uflebis aRiareba gulisxmobs adamianis uflebis dadasturebas, iwamos an ar iwamos esa Tu is re-ligiuri dogma da a. S. iqamde, sanam aseTi gamoxatva ar

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aris zianis momtani sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaT-vis.

rwmenis qona nebayoflobiTi aqtia, rasac eklesiis mamebic aRiareben. II saukunis qristianma mweralma, ius-tine mowamem dawera: `araferi ar aris iseT winaaRmdego-baSi religiasTan, rogorc iZulebao.~ III saukunis romSi gamoica dekreti, romelic qristianobaze iZulebiT moqcevas krZalavda.

sayuradReboa tertulianes, laqtanciusis da sxv. damokidebuleba religiis Tavisuflebisadmi, rogorc adamianis fundamenturi uflebisadmi.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania radikali reformis-tebis roli, rac efuZneboda saxarebaze araiZulebiTi reagirebis princips. rac, maTi azriT, iyo WeSmariti ek-lesiis ZiriTadi niSani.

religiis Tavisuflebis koncefcias xangrZlivi is-toria aqvs, religiuri uflebebis aRmocenebisagan gan-sxvavebiT. individis religiuri identuroba qmnida, er-Tis mxriv, gvaris, Temis da a.S. erTianobis safuZvels da, meores mxriv, danarCeni samyarosagan gansxvavebis niSnis matarebeli iyo. xSirad religia iqceoda jgufebs Soris konfliqtis safuZvlad. Zalian Zveli da kritiku-lia daZabuloba islamsa da qristianobas Soris. koli-zia, dasavlur, aRmosavlursa da muslimur msoflmxed-velobas Soris gamoCnda bosniaSi. grZeldeba ebrauli konfliqti sxva msoflio religiebTan, romlis gamoxa-tulebaa ebraelebis genocidi. msoflios sxva ZiriTadi religiebi da msoflmxedvelobebi qmnian sxva ZiriTad kulturebs.

amgvari damokidebulebis mizezi religiebis war-modgenebia WeSmaritebaze, rac efuZneba winaswarmetyve-lur gamocxadebebs, an problemis sxva saxis gaazrebas. yvela religia gamodis WeSmaritebis pretenziiT, rasac asabuTebs Tavis filosofiur an Teologiur koncefci-ebSi.

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aRniSnulis miuxedavad, uZveles msoflioSi uxva-daa religiuri uflebebis pativiscemis mowodebis kva-li. budizmis mimdevarma mefe aSokam brZana: `vinc pativs miagebs Tavis Tems da sxvas ki Seuracxyofs, sinamdvile-Si udides zians gvris mSobliur Tems~.

induizmis wm. teqstebSi Cans sxvisi religiuri tra-diciebisadmi Semwynarebloba, romlis safuZvels war-moadgens rwmena, romlis mixedviTac, yvela religiaSi SesaZlebelia kargis monaxva. es swavlebani uzrunvel-yofs religiis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb konstituciuri da samarTlebrivi debulebebis mxardaWeras.

sxva religiuri tradiciebic mouwodeben gansxvave-buli mrwamsebis mimdevarTa mimarT pativiscemisken. Cv. w. aR–mde VI -s. jainizmis wm. teqstebis Tanaxmad: `isini, vinc TavianT doqtrinebs xotbas asxamen da sxvebisas Se-uracxyofen, ver gadaWrian verc erT sirTules~.

TalmudSi vkiTxulobT: `da qmnili iqneba adamiani erTi (pirveli), rom gvaswavlos, Tuki vinme moklavs erT adamians... wm. werili mas miusjis qveynierebis mkvlelo-bas da vinc gadaarCens erT suls ... wm. werili mas qveyni-erebis gadarCenas miawers... amitom yvelam unda Tqvas, CemTvis yofila samyaro Seqmnilio~.

bibliac gamoxatavs tolerantobis ideas ucxoelTa mimarT, roca acxadebs: `Tu ucxoeli mova SenTan, nura-fers dauSaveb, miiRe, rogorc Seni naTesavi da Seiyvare, rogorc Tavi Seni, radgan ucxoni viyaviT egviptelTa miwaze. me var ufali RmerTi Seni~.

yurani kategoriulad acxadebs: rwmena arCevanis sakiTxia: `Tqvi, WeSmariteba RvTisgan modis; visac unda morwmune iyos, irwmunos da visac unda urjulo iyos, iyos~.

amrigad, amgvari Tvalsazrisebis miuxedavad, ro-melsac esa Tu is religia avlenda, istoriulad arse-bobda winaaRmdegoba rwmenasa da praqtikas Soris. Tum-ca, religiuri uflebebis koncefciis aRiarebas Tavda-

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pirvelad swored religiaTa wm. werilebSi gansakuTre-buli mniSvneloba aqvs. aRniSnuliT irkveva, rom reli-giur uflebaTa koncefcia ar yofila ucxo msoflios ZiriTadi religiebisaTvis, rac maT swavlebebSic ikiT-xeba.

M. CHITEISHVILI M. KUKHALASHVILI

RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES AND HUMAN RELIGIOUS

RIGHTS ABSTRACT

Religion is a result of true, voluntary, free act. Recognition of

religion freedom is significant for assurance of religious as well all other rights. In Human Rights General Declaration ( 1948 ) is mentioned sufficiently correctly: Characterizing dignity for all members of the human family”and “Dignity and value of the person”.

Religion freedom reguires civil freedom, and the last one – conscience freedom. Recognition of religious right on it implies confirmation of the human right, whether believe or not believe this or that religious dogma and etc. while such expression isn’t harmful for public security.

Religion freedom conception has a long history as distinct from the beginning of religious rights. On the one hand religious identity of individual made a basis ofunification of the kin and community and on the other hand, it was a bearer of distinguished sign from other world. Frequently, religion was a reason of conflict between the groups. The reason of such attitude is relifions’ notions on truth based upon prophetical occurrences or other interpretation of tre oroblem. All religion appears with truts claim that substantiates its philosophic or theological conceptions.

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literatura: 1. biblia 2. yurani 3. mahabharata

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis religiis filosofiisa da

religiaTmcodneobis ganyofilebam.

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socialuri da politikuri

filosofia

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

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kaxa qecbaia (Tbilisi) kaxa qecbaia — filosofiis doq-tori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademiko-si; soxumis saxelmwifo universi-tetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis socio-logiis mimarTulebis sruli pro-

fesori. savle wereTlis filosofiis institutis di-reqtoris moadgile. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis (ontologia, gnoseologia), sociologiis (Teoriuli da praqtikuli sociologia, metasociologia) da religiis filosofiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti samecniero statia mecnierebis am sferoebSi da Svidi wigni (maTs Soris ori saxelmZRvanelo). eweva aq-tiur pedagogiursa da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.

modernistuli sociologia postTanamedrove

gamowvevaTa winaSe

(sazogadoebidan postsazogadoebisaken)

`damcirda adamiani, damdablda kaci.~ esaia: 2.9.

cnobilma frangma moazrovnem Jan-fransua lio-

tarma, romelmac kacobriobas postmodernuli mdgoma-reobis dadgoma amcno (ix. liotaris `postmodernuli mdgomareoba~) postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamia-niTa erTferovani yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi Semdeg-nairad daaxasiaTa: radioSi regis usmenen da kinoSi ves-trens uyureben. lanCze makdonaldsSi midian, xolo sa-dils adgilobrivi samzareulos restornebSi miirTme-ven; tokioSi frangul sunamos xmaroben da retros sti-

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lis tansacmeli acviaT honkongSi. ase xdeba yvelgan. msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. liotaris TqmiT, es yove-live postTanamedove sazogadoebis efemeruli socia-luri yofis calkeuli fragmentebia, romelic cxovre-bis axali stilisa da strategiis warmoSobaze miuTi-Tebs.

dRes ukve aravin ar davobs imaze, rom kacobrioba postklasikur, postTanamedrove epoqaSi imyofeba, ro-melic mTeli rigi `ucnauri siurprizebiT~ gamoirCeva. am procesis erT-erTi pirveli macne fridrix nicSe iyo, romelmac Tamamad wamoayena `absurduli Tezisi~ `Rmer-Tis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb. `RmerTis sikvdili~ `adamianis sikvdilsac~ niSnavda, magram `damcrobil da damdable-bul,~ fufunebas, komfortsa da yoveldRiur cxovrebi-seul wvrilmanebs gamodevnebul kacobriobas nicSes am naTqvamisaTvis saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia. sabo-lood ki yovelive imiT damTavrda, rom `RmerTis mkvlelma~ kacobriobam `adamianic mokla~ (bodriari). Tuki XX saukune `RmerTis sikvdiliT~ aris gamorCeuli, XXI saukunisaTvis amgvari gamorCeulobis niSani `adami-anis sikvdilia~.

Seqmnil realobas kargad esadageba nicSes mier az-rovnebis sistemuri wesis uaryofa da mis nacvlad frag-mentaciuli diskursi, aforistuli maqsimebiTa da sen-tenciebiT operireba; RirebulebaTa radikaluri gada-faseba da ontologiuri nihilizmi; absoluturi WeSma-ritebis uaryofa da racionaluri azrovnebis (`kanon-mdebeli gonebis~) interpretaciiT (`interpretaciuli gonebiT~) Canacvleba; nicSes amgvari msoflmxedvelobi-dan arc ise Sori manZilia deridas dekonstruqciamde.

nicSes Semdeg haidegeria is, vinc xelsayrel inte-leqtualur sivrces qmnis postTanamedrove azrovnebi-saTvis. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs haidegeris mier gonebis kritika, romlis mixedviTac igi instru-mentuli da pragmatuli gaxda. haidegeris TqmiT, amgva-

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ri gonebis umaRlesi forma teqnikaa, romelic humaniz-misaTvis adgils ar tovebs. `humanizmis horizontze barbarosoba Cndeba.~ am SemTxvevaSi haidegers bevri ram daejereba, radganac postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi dehumanizacia realuri faqtia.

socialuri TvalsazrisiT, postTanamedrove sazo-gadoeba igive momxmarebluri sazogadoebaa. misi Ziri-Tadi niSani pragmatizmi, merkantilizmi da cinizmia. `wminda gonebis kritikis~ avtorisagan gansxvavebiT sloterdaikma `cinikuri gonebis kritikiT~ (1983 w.) mia-niSna, rom amJamindeli cinizmi ganmanaTleblobis idea-lebis gaufasurebiTaa gamowveuli. postmodernma ada-mianTa cnobierebaSi kulturuli paradigmebis cvlile-bebi da transformireba gamowvia. postTanamedrove adamianma ara mxolod uari Tqva WeSmaritebaze, aramed budovani da gaugebari gaxada misi statusi; man diadi da amaRlebuli moraluri da religiuri, egzistencialu-ri miznebisadmi interesi dakarga. kultura maskultu-rad, Sinaarsiani da sazrisiani cxovreba cariel, efeme-rul da virtualur relobad gadaiqca, romelmac adami-ani namdvil sinamdviles mowyvita. sazogadoeba `speq-taklis sazogadoeba~ gaxda, romelic reklamisa da me-diis totalur Zalauflebazea damyarebuli. realuri politika polit-teqnologiebma, xolo sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTareba `Sou-xelisuflebam~ Secvala; am tipis sazogadoebaSi yvelaferi — seqsualuri cxov-rebiT dawyebuli fexburTiTa da politikiT damTavre-buli, Teatralizebulia. amieridan politika aRar aris adamianis seriozuli saqmianoba. igi Zalze xmauriani sa-naxaoba da emociuri gantvirTvis adgilia, xolo namdvi-li politikosi is aris, romelic karg Sousa da sanaxao-bas moifiqrebs da dadgams. amitomac Tanamedrove poli-tikuri bataliebi revoluciebiT ar sruledba. garTo-baze orientirebuli karnavaluri politika revoluci-uri gardaqmnebisagan Sors dgas. aseT viTarebaSi poli-

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tika transpolitikad, sazogadoeba ki transazogadoe-bad gadaiqceva.

postmoderni inteleqtualTa sasaflaoa (liota-ri), radganac is cvlis inteleqtualTa mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi. tradiciuli sazogadoebis inteleqtu-alTa fena postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi gamousa-degari xdeba (`Carecxilebi~). postmodenma maT yvlafe-ri waarTva da istoriis sanagveze moisrola. Semoqmedi-sa da moazrovnis adgili e. w. eqspertma daikava. pirov-neba ki zombiT iqna Canacvlebuli, romelic yovelgvar pirovnul Rirsebasa da damoukidebel azrovnebas mok-lebulia da mxolod situaciebis Sesabamisi unar-Cveve-bis amaraa darCenili. ganaTlebis sistema ki msgavsi unar-Cvevebis formirebazea orientirebuli. modernis-tul sazogadoebaSi inetleqtualebs wamyvani poziciebi ekavaT kulturis, xelovnebis, ganaTlebis, politikisa da ideologiis sferoSi. postTanamedrove sazogadoe-bam mTlianad waarTva maT es adrindeli privilegiebi. Tuki maT adre adamianebi `bastiliis asaRebad~ mihyav-daT, axla ukve amisaTvis aRar scaliaT, radgan sakuTa-ri karierisaTvis zrunviT arian dakavebuli da amisaT-vis aTasgvar konkursebSi uwevT monawileobis miReba. amieridan isini mmarTveli da kanonmdebeli elitaruli gonebis pretendentebi ki ar arian, aramed konkretuli funqciis Sesrulebaze akeTeben orientacias. liotaris TqmiT, sartri iyo ukanaskneli inteleqtuali, romel-sac `marTebuli saqmis~ sjeroda. dRes aseTi ram iluzi-aa, romlisTvisac adgili ar rCeba. liotaris mixedviT, Semoqmedis adgili uniWo da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unars moklebulma adamianebma daikaves. modernistuli epoqis inteleqtualebi postmodenistulma realobam kargaxania saflavs miabara (ix. liotaris `inteleqtua-lis saflavi~).

postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi tipuri gavrce-lebuli figuraa `iapi~ — calkeuli konkretuli fun-

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qciebis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli `axalgazrda pro-fesionali moqalaqe.~ igi saSualo fenis warmomadgene-lia, romelic klasikuri gagebiT `inteleqtualur kom-pleqsebs~ absoluturad moklebulia da mxolod misi Tanamedrove ganaTlebisa da civilizaciis sikeTeebiT cxovrobs. man zedmiwevniT icis cxovrebiT tkboba da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, rogor iSovos fuli. misi codnis arsenali biznes-gegmis daweriT, kompiuteris (bodria-ris mixedviT, `adamianuri gonebis xelovnuri proTe-zis~) codniTa da piradi karieruli warmatebis miRwevi-saTvis saWiro unar-CvevbiT amoiwureba. erTi sityviT, is qalaqis civilizaciis kacia, romelsac soflis buneb-rivi garemo cudad xdis. nicSes sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi kaci ki ar aris, aramed `kacunaa.~ misTvis samSoblo da msgavsi moraluri idealebi arafrismTqmeli sityve-bia.

postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi kidev ufro gav-rcelebuli figuraa zombi — daprogramebuli arseba (`manqurTi~), romelic yovelgvar pirovnul Rirsebas da damoukidebel azrovnebas moklebulia. es aris masis ka-ci. igi im magnitofons hgavs, romelic televizorzea mierTebuli da mis gareSe moqmedeba da funqcionireba ar SeuZlia.

postTanamedrove sazogadoebis adamiani moklebu-lia yovelgvar asketizms. is mxolod erTi dRisTvis cxovrobs. igi faqtobrivad ar fiqrobs xvalindel dRe-ze, xolo Soreuli momavalis cneba misTvis sruliad ucxoa. misi cxovrebis mTavari stimuli profesiuli da finansuri warmatebaa, romelsac unda miaRwios ara cxovrebis bolos, aramed amwuTas, axla da aq. rac SeiZ-leba male. am amocanis Sesasruleblad ki cxovrebis ne-bismieri wesi, stili da strategiaa misaRebi. Tundac yvelaze amoraluric ki. Tuki modernistuli sazogado-ebis adamiani ityoda: `aqa vdgavar da sxvagvarad ar Zal-miZs,~ postmodernistuli sazogadoebis adamiani ityvis:

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`vdgavar iq sadc minda da rogorc minda.~ amitom mas klasikuri gagebiT myari, erTxel da samudamod mocemu-li sayrdeni ar aqvs. misTvis ar arsebobs iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa memarjvene, memarcxene an centristi. Sesaba-misad, arc msgavsi ideologiebi. igi e. w. `soft-ideolo-giis~ momxrea, romelSic mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobs iseTi faqtebi da movlenebi, rac adre erTmaneTTan Seu-Tavsebeli da winaaRmdgeobrivi iyo. msgavsi viTareba raRac neofatalizmis msgavs miToss qmnis, romelSic adamiani umweod gamoiyureba. iapi erTi SexedviT TiT-qos aqtiuri, moqmedi da TviTdajerebulia, magram mas mainc ar mieyeneba aRorZinebisdroindeli formula: `adamiani, romelmac sakuTari Tavi TviTon Seqmna,~ rad-ganac Seqmnil axal socialur sinamdvileSi bevri ram SemTxveviTobasa da TamaSzea damokidebuli. igi ver it-yvis, rom yvelaferi nulidan daiwyo da yovelives Tvi-Ton miaRwia. amitomac amgvar sazogadoebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli aTasgvari latarea da saTamaSo biznesi.

postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi dakargulia inte-resi yovelgvari miznisadmi. aq ar arsebobs diadi mizne-bi imitom, rom zogadad mizani ar warmoadgens aranair Rirebulebas. pol rikioris TqmiT, dRes SesamCnevia `miznebis atrofia da saSualebebis hipertrofia~, rac am miznebiTa da idealebiT imedgacruebam gamoiwvia. maT ver Seasrules TavianTi piroba. verc erTma modernis-tulma ideam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. amitom ada-mianebs momavlis imedi gauqra. igi TiTqos viRacam moi-para.

modernistuli sazogadoeba da adamiani istoriu-lobiT xasiaTeba. is istoriul droSi arsebobs. drois amgvari aRqma posTanamedroveobaSi uaryofilia. man amowura Tavisi Tavi. amieridan adamiani sivrciT azrov-nebazea orientirebuli, radganac realoba, romelSic is aRmoCnda hiperrealobas warmoadgens, amitomac dro-is tradiciuli gageba gamousadegaria.

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sazogadoebis postmodernistuli transformacia yvelaze metad mtkivneulad kulturaze aisaxeba. am Sem-TxvevaSi kulturuli meinstrimis radikalur cvlile-basTan gvaqvs saqme.

postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul mdgomareobas ikavebs maskultura, xolo masSi moda da reklama. Seqmnil axal realobaSi moda im rolsa da fun-qcias asrulebs, rasac modernistul sazogadoebaSi mi-Tosi, religia, filosofia da mecniereba asrulebda. is moicavs yovelives da akanonebs, radganac yovelive, ra-sac moda ar Sexebia, miuReblad iTvleba, arsebobis uf-leba ara aqvs da kulturis elementad ar aRiqmeba. es mecnierul Teoriebsac Seexeba. dRes yuradsaRebi mxo-lod moduri mecnieruli Teoriebia, romelTa Rirebu-leba ara Sinagani Rirseba da WeSmaritebis wvdomaa, ara-med garegnuli efeqtebi da mimzidveloba. modaze saub-risas unda gvaxsovdes, rom is Zalze Wirveuli fenome-nia, romlis winaswar ganWvreta TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. misi amgvari buneba garkveulwilad mTeli postTanamed-rove sazogadoebis aramyari bunebis ganmsazRvreli xdeba. misi aramyari, efemeruli da mouxelTebeli bune-bis Sedegad postTanamedrove sazogadoebis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebeli xdba. frangi sociologis J. lio-vecis TqmiT, amgvari sazogadoeba sicarielisa da efeme-rulobis imperias warmoadgens.

aqve aRsaniSnavia agreTve is, rom postmodenistul transformacias ganicdis iseTi myari da tradiciuli socialuri institutebi, rogoricaa ojaxi da religia. amis magaliTebia e. w. `erTjeradi ojaxebis gaCena,~ `Ta-visufali seqsualuri cxovrebis~ propaganda da sxva. religiis sferoSi adamianisa da sazogadoebis totaluri desakralizacia, religiuri cxovrebis vir-tualizacia, profanacia da a. S.

postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis yvelafe-ri Teatralizebulia. nebismieri saxis movlena praqti-

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kulad efemeruli speqtaklisa da Sous nawilebia mxo-lod.

postTanamedrove sazogadoebisa da adamianis es fragmentuli daxasiaTeba imisTvis dagvWirda, rom gveC-venebia Tu ra gamowvevebis winaSe imyofeba modernistu-li sociologia, romelic radikaluri postmodenistu-li sociologiis warmomadgenlis Jan bodriaris mixed-viT, uZluria maT winaSe. amitom dRis wesrigSi dgeba al-ternatiuli sociologiis Seqmis aucilebloba. pos-tmodernistuli diskursi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs modernistuli sociologiis, ara rogorc epistemolo-giis, aramed zogadad, rogorc sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Te-oriis arsebobas. bodriaris TqmiT, modernistulma so-ciologiam amowura Tavisi Tavi. ufro metic, dRes misi kvlevis sagani, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. modernis-tuli sociologia sociumis totalobaze iyo orienti-rebuli, rac postTanamedrove sociologiaSi miuRebe-lia. totalurma sociumma totaluri dekonstruqcia ganicada. garda amisa, klasikur sociologiaSi sazoga-doebis tipologiis ganmsazRvreli faqtori ekonomika iyo, rac postTanamedrove sociologiam uaryo. mis mi-xedviT, tradiciuli gagebiT ekonomika, trans da vir-tualurma ekonomikam Secvala. Tuki modernistuli so-ciologiis sagani modrenistuli sazogadoeba iyo. Ta-namedrove gagebiT sociologia, am tipis sazogadoebis analizis Sedegad gaCnda. dRes saxezea modernistuli sazogadoebis transsazogadoebad gadaqceva, romlis SeswavlaSi modernistuli sociologia uZluria. pos-tsazogadoeba postsociologiam unda gaanalizos, ro-melic axali ganzomilebis sociologia iqneba, rasac bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevari sociologiis sikvdilad miiCnevs, magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. am SemTxve-vaSi sociologiis axal, aramodernistul modelzea sa-ubari, romelsac kvlevis modernistulisagan gansxvave-buli sagani gaaCnia. bodriaris mixedviT, es marTlac

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klasikuri sociologiis sikvdilia, radganac klasiku-ri gagebiT socialuri sinamdvile ukve aRar arsebobs. amas bdriaris enaze `socialuris sikvdili~ hqvia.

amieridan postsociologiis sagania postsazoga-doeba, e. w. hipersazogadoeba (amgvari sazogadoeba bod-riarma aRwera Tavis mxatvrul-filosofiur eseSi `ame-rika~). modrenistuli sociologia socialuris maradi-ulobis Sesaxeb Sexedulebas amkvidrebda. Tumca amgvari Sexedulebis marTebuloba dRes kiTxvis niSnis qveS un-da davayenoT, ramdenadac amieridan socialuri simuli-rebulia. is masa, romelic postTanamedrove sazogadoe-bas qmnis, socialurobas, socialur bunebas moklebu-lia anu raime saxis sociologiur realobas ar warmoad-gens. socialur realobas virtualuri hipersazogadoe-ba Caenacvla, romelic socialuris axal ganzomilebas warmoadgens. bodriaris azriT, mas raime saxis konkre-tuli gansazRvruloba ar gaaCnia. garkveulobis arqo-naa misi garkveuloba. sazogadoebis am axali tipis — postsazogadoebis analizma, bodriari misda uneburad sociologiis axli tipis — postsociologiis ideamde miiyvana. amitom bodriaris samizned iqca momxmareblu-ri sazogadoeba Tavisi reklamiT, yoveldRiurobiT, to-taluri TavisuflebiTa da simulaciebiT. did naraci-ebze uaris Tqmam sociologiaSi axali modelis — potso-ciologiis aucilebloba gamoiwvia. sociologiis amgva-ri modelis av-kargianobaze dRes saubari Zalze Znelia. Tu rogor iqneba misi momavali, amas, albaT, dro gvaCve-nebs.

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KAKHA KETSBAIA

MODERN SOCIOLOGY IN FRONT OF POSTMODERN CHALLENGES

(From Society to Post society)

ABSTRACT

Postmodern transformations of man and society set new challenges to modern sociology which failed to answer them. Therefore it became necessary to form an alternative sociology. Postmodern discourse questions existence of modern sociology not as epistemology but as a theory of society in general. As Baudrillard shows modern sociology has exhausted itself, even more, nowadays it has no subject to study. Modern sociology was oriented to totality and it is unacceptable for postmodern sociology. Total society underwent total deconstruction. Besides, in classical sociology economics was the factor determining typology of society. Postmodern sociology rejects such a position. According to postmodern sociology economics in a traditional sense of the word is replaced by trans and virtual economics. If the subject matter of modern sociology was modern society and sociology came into existence in result of analysis of such type of society, today we see that modern society has turned into trans-society and modern sociology is unable to study it. Post-society is to be analyzed by post-sociology which will be a sociology of a new dimension though many contemporary scientists think that it is death of sociology. But it is not correct. In this case we speak about a new non-modern model of sociology which has a different subject of research. A new type of society has replaced modern society and consequently traditional sociology is replaced by trans-sociology.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis socialuri da politikuri

filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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revaz jorbenaZe

(Tbilisi)

revaz jorbenaZe — ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, fsiqologiis doq-tori

amiran berZeniSvili

(Tbilisi)

amiran berZeniSvili — filosofiis doqto-ri, iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, sociologiuri problemebis cnobili mkvlevari; avtori mravali gamokvlevisa sociologiis sfero-Si.

speqtaklis sazogadoebis qarTuli versia

saqarTveloSi, damoukideblobis miRebidan moyo-

lebuli, TiTqmis yovelwliurad politikur cvlile-bebs vadevnebT Tvals da misi uSualo monawileebic vxdebiT. 2011 weli gansakuTrebuli iyo am Tvalsazri-siT, radgan politikur asparezze gamoCnda axali saxee-bi, romelmac radikalurad Secvala mdgomareoba. es procesi 2011 wlis dasasruls, bolo trimestrSi gan-xorcielda. Camoyalibda ori politikuri polusi, ro-melTagan erTi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, xolo meore axal Zalas warmoadgens. aqve unda iTqvas, rom es axali Zala imiT gamoirCeva, rom lideri biznesidan mo-suli, mecenati, aRiarebuli qvelmoqmedia. aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebis polarizeba liderebis m. saakaSvilis da

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b.ivaniSvilis saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi maT saqmiani da biznes urTier-Toba akavSirebdaT, magram dReisaTvis dapirispirebul mxareebs warmoadgenen. sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT ki dedaqalaqis, am procesebs miesalmeba da sxvadasxva par-tiebTan erTad identobis Zieba daiwyes. identobis obi-eqti maleve aRmoCnda da imedgacruebulma sazogadoe-bam da gakotrebulma politikurma partiebma Tavi axal erTobas Seafares, romelic dRes ukve angariSgasawev politikur Zalas warmoadgens.Sesabamisad, saqme kvlav-sazogadoebis umravlesi wevris politizirebasTan-gvaqvs.

es procesebi SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc Teatra-lizirebuli da Cvens sazogadoebasac vuwodoT speqtak-lis sazogadoeba. speqtaklis sazogadoeba kapitalizmis pirobebSi iCens Tavs, magram saqarTveloSi is gansakuT-rebul formas iRebs. jer SevexoT sxvadasxva Sexedule-bebs speqtaklis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.

meoce saukunis 80–ian wlebSi ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo Teoriebi da Sexedulebebi, romelic sazogadoebas, rogorc speqtakls, aRwerda. moCvenebiTobas anu `simu-laciebis sistemas~ uwodebs J. bodriari, `speqtaklis sazogadoebas~ gi-ernest debori, `Teatrokratias~ J.ba-lande, `vakuumis (sicarielis) eras~ Jil lipovecki, `ne-obarokos eras~ o.kalambreze, `sazogadoebas, rogorc Teatri~ r.seneti. maTi azriT, sazogadoebam ise moirgo Seqspiriseuli metafora `mTeli samyaro – Teatria~, rom dReisaTvis sazogadoebis motivaciur mxaresac warmoadgens.

r.seneti ( 5 ) sazogadoebis ganxilvisas sajaro da privatul sferoebze saubrobs. misi azriT, meoce sau-kunem sajarosa da privatuls Soris balansi daarRvia. adamianebi CaerTvnen Teatralur samyaroSi da dReisaT-vis iseTi suraTi miviReT, rodesac maT mierve, sakuTari nebiT xorcieldeba am realobaSi rolebis gadanawile-

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ba. aseTi roli adamians garkveuli saxis qcevas aiZu-lebs, romelic Sesabamis situaciaSi vlindeba. maTi Ses-ruleba ara meqanikurad, aramed rwmenaTa sistemis sa-fuZvelze xdeba. situaciac realuri sazomiT axorcie-lebinebs adamians qcevas, rac roliT dawesebul pres-krifciebSi Cans. TiTqmis ori saukunea mecnierebi saub-roben Teatralizirebul aqtivobebze sazogadoebaSi, romelic iluzias warmoadgens da yuradReba maxvilde-ba socialur qcevaze. aqcenti im mocemulobaze keTdeba rasac theatrum mundi–s uwodeben, rac aris warmodgenebi, romelsac adamianebi mimarTaven da romlebic maT saja-ro da privatul cxovrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

r.seneti miiCnevs, rom rac ufro dro gadis Tana-medrove adamiani miT ufro Sordeba sajaro sivrces da Sesabamisad aqcenti privatul cxovrebas eniWeba. priva-tulze orientireba, socialur cxovrebaSi pirovnebis primats gulisxmobs, rac pirvel rigSi kapitalisturi wyobis damsaxurebaa, sadac sxvisi neba daCagrulia, ig-norirebulia. es procesi didi intensivobiT safrange-Tis revoluciis Semdeg daiwyo. swored masebis moZrao-bisa da mobilobis Semdeg aqcenti pirovnebaze gadaita-nes. es is pirovnebebia, vinc socialur cxovrebas axor-cieleben, magram SezRudulad. isini mcire jgufTan ur-TierTobiT kmayofildebian. sadac pirovnebis rols mniSvnelobas aniWeben, xazgasmaa maT individualobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, daaskvnis r.seneti, meoce saukuneSi sajaro kultura dasrulda da daiwyo privatuli cxov-reba, romelmac cxovrebaSi ufro metad fsiqologiuri ideologia Semoitana. msgavsi suraTia politikaSic, sa-dac politikuri cxovrebis subieqti individia. poli-tikuri cxovrebis meore elementia mayurebeli, romlis roli liderTa privatul rolTan mimarTebaSi yalibde-ba. aseT sazogadoebaSi pirovnebaze aqcentirebiT Camo-yalibda socialuri cxovrebis narcisuli stili. maT jgufuri interesebi Semcirebuli aqvT, adamianebi moq-

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medeben niRbiT, maT Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodoT ada-miani moTamaSe, romlebic ramdenime rols kargad asru-leben sxvadasxva situaciaSi. maTi mTavari sazrunavia ar dakargon roli da TamaSis unari. lideri harizmatu-lia da masmedia aqcents swored am kuTxiT akeTebs. li-derebi ase axdenen Zalauflebis gamoyenebas vinmeze. ma-Ti amgvari saxis SenarCunebisaTvis iqmneba Tanamedrove miTebi. lideris gmiruli roli sazogadoebis yuradRe-bas iqcevs. es procesi uwyvetia, raTa ar moxdes sxva ra-meze yuradRebis koncentrireba. marTalia, privatul sazogadoebaSi Semcirda socialuri kontaqtebi , magram am procesis proporciulad gaizarda informirebulo-ba. amas teqnikis da teqnologiebis ganviTarebamac Se-yuwyo xeli. aseTi saxiTaa Seqmnili Teatris sazogadoe-ba, sadac aris ZiriTadi aqtiorebi anu msaxiobebi da ma-yurebeli. am sazogadoebaSi yvela emorCileba Teatris, scenis wesebs. dReisaTvis politikosi isaa, vinc kargi msaxiobia, kargadaa dauflebuli TamaSis wesebs da amis niWsac amJRavnebs.lideri politikaSi rols garkveuli wesebiT TamaSobs da mas ar gadauxvevs gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis garda. maT moqmedebebSi Cans narcisizmi, radgan sakuTar Tavzea aqcenti da Sesabamisad mayurebe-li, xalxic msgavsadve moqmedebs.

frangi Teatrmcodne an iubersfildi ( 2 ) konkre-tulad speqtakls, komunikacias ukavSirebs sazogado-ebriv cxovrebas. aseTi mimarTebebi `mes~ dacviT meqa-nizmebs saWiroebs. gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavs uaryo-fis meqanizms (negation). saerTo jamSi es dacviTi meqaniz-mi realobaze uaris Tqmaa. avtori am meqanizms Teat-rTan mimarTebiT ganixilavs, rac TavisTavad warmosa-xul samyaroSi yofnas niSnavs, magram yovelive amas rea-lobad miiCnevs. es is realobaa, rasac scenis plastikas-Tan an moZraobebTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs. aqedan mayurebeli xedavs scenaze mimdinare realobas, aseve xedavs msaxiobebis mier gaTamaSebul realobas da swo-

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red amis Sesaxeb icis, rom es realoba ar aris, magram aRiqvams, rogorc realobas. ase xdeba sinamdvilis kon-struireba. asevea politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi.

rac Seexeba `mes~ dacviT meqanizmebs, is z.froidis mieraa Semotanili fsiqologiaSi da Tavidan or aseT uaryofas gamoyofda. dReisaTvis ki am or cnebas Sereu-lad xmaroben. realobaze uaris Tqma (verleugnung ) gan-sxvavdeba uaris Tqmisgan, uaryofisgan (verneinung). pir-veli exeba subieqtis im mdgomareobas, rodesac travmi-rebul realobaze uars ambobs, xolo meore exeba subi-eqtis mdgomareobas, rodesac is gandevnil survilebs, azrebs, grZnobebs uaryofs, rom es misi survili, azri, grZnoba ar aris. a.iubersfildi am meore dacviT meqa-nizmss exeba da avrcelebs xalxze, mayurebelze. aseT SemTxvevaSi uari niSnavs gaqcevas realobidan, raTa is cnobierebisTvis autaneli ar gaxdes. es adamianTa is ka-tegoriaa da, umetes SemTxvevaSi umravlesoba, romelic realobis mZime suraTs ignorirebs, demonstrireben iseT qmedebas, romliTac gamoxataven, rom yvelaferi rigzea. axal realobaSi Cadgoma emociurad gadarCenis tolfasia. ase xdeba im realobasTan adaptireba, romel-Tanac Sexeba aqvT. Tu fsiqopaTologias davesesxebiT, maniakaluri aqcentuaciis dros saqme exeba srul uar-yofas, romlebic aseT uarSi Zlier radikalizmsac gu-lisxmoben da srul emociur rigiTobas iCenen. aseve xdeba Teatralizirebul samyaroSi. misi azriT, swored msaxiob–mayurebels Soris mimdinareobs ZiriTadi komu-nikaciebi.

aseTi komunikaciuri sqemebiT speqtaklis sazoga-doeba TeatralizmiT gamoirCeva. adresatia xalxi, mayu-rebeli, xolo msaxiobi Setyobinebis gamgzavni. mayure-beli, erTi mxriv, afasebs speqtakls, xolo, meore mxriv, TviTonve monawileobs am speqtaklSi. aqedan, politi-kur movlenebSi CarTulni garkveuli saxis TamaSs axor-

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cieleben da konkretul situaciaSi Sesabamisi rolic akisriaT. am process kargad warmoaCens masmedia.

politikuri cxovreba sxvadasxva qmedebebs moiT-xovs da yovel maTgans eniWeba Teatraluri terminolo-gia, magaliTad, komedias – umeteswilad uwodeben xeli-suflebis qmedebebs, tragedias – xelisuflebis Zala-dobriv qmedebebs, masxaras – pirvelpirs, saxelmwifos liders, speqtakls – arCevnebs, partiul moZraobebs, teqstis avtorebs – miToSemoqmedebs, msaxiobebs – po-litikoss, dekoraciis SemqmnelT – sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis specialistebs, kulisebs – saidumlo po-licias da sxva. aseTi saxiT viTardeba speqtakli, rome-lic speqtaklis sazogadoebas marTavs.( 7 )

aseT speqtaklSi prosceniumze gamodis lideri. scenis am nawilSi dgoma niSnavs auditoriasTan komuni-kaciis mzaobas. am adgilidan da scenis sxva adgilebidan kargad ganxorcielebuli rolis Sedegad konfliqteb-Si, debatebSi gamarjvebuli scenaze rCeba da imsaxurebs mayureblis mxardaWeras. Teatris analogiiT viRebT Semdeg suraTs – msaxiobi (aqtiori) – politikosi Sesaba-misi rolis SesrulebiT; moqmedeba – sazogadoebis rea-lur scenaze; scena – is, sadac moqmedeba xdeba; adresa-ti – `xalxi~, romelic procesebis sajaro ganxilvas mo-iTxovs ( 4 ).

sazogadoebaSi amgvarad moqmedi pirebi ukve indivi-debi arian, ambobs Jil lipovecki (3). speqtaklis sazoga-doebaSi aRzrdilT narcisizmi axasiaTebT. Tanamedrove narcisi xasiaTdeba demokratiuli ideebiT da qmedebiT moqnilia, mobiluria, mimRebia da amave dros mxolod sakuTar TavTan amJRavnebs interesebs. aseT Tanamedro-ve adamianebSi individualuri moTxovnilebebi Warbobs. TviT sazogadoeba zrunavs da xels uwyobs narcisis moqmedebas, romelic Tavisi ekonomikiT da struqturiT zrunavs maT dakmayofilebaze. narcisTa didi nawili

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garkveul jgufebTan erTiandeba, swored amitom maTi depolitizireba ver xerxdeba . aseT jgufebSi narcisTa Tavyrilobaa, romlebsac erTi da igive problema aerTi-anebT. roca problema masiuri xdeba, is sazriss kargavs. ase Seicvala tradiciuli cxovreba, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavlur samyaroSi. J.lipovecki Tvlis, rom narcisebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ideologiiT Camoyalib-dnen da dReisaTvis maTi kulturis nawilia. narcisTa politikuri ena ufro fsiqologiuria, raTa sakuTari Tavi sayovelTao yuradRebis centrad aqcion.

ganxilul avtorebze, qronologiurad ufro adre, speqtaklis sazogadoebas calke monografia miuZRvna gi deborma. naSromi 70–ian wlebSi gamovida, xolo 90–ian wlebSi avtorma sakuTari Teoriis revizia moaxdina da darwmunda, rom speqtaklis sazogadoeba ganviTarebis maRal safexurzea.

gi debori ( 1 ) speqtaklis sazogadoebis sam saxes ga-moyofs da sxvadasxva qveynebis ideologias ukavSirebs. aq Sefasebis kriteriumebia – dapirispireba da Tanamim-devroba, romelic `koncentrirebas an gaSlas~ ukavSir-deba.pirvel jgufSi aerTianebs nacistur germanias da stalinis Seqmnil sabWoTa kavSirs, sadac avtoritaru-li wyobaa da am periodisTvis gansxvavebuli azri kon-trevoluciad aRiqmeboda. meore jgufSi Sedis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da misi sateliti samyaro, sadac sayovelTao siuxve daqiravebulT uaxlesi saqonlis sa-xiT did arCevans sTavazobs. siuxve qmnis arCevanis pi-robas da dapirispireba swored aq Cndeba. mesame jgufSi gaerTianebulia italia da safrangeTi, sadac Serwymaa `gaSlis da koncentrirebis~, rac axali saxis Teatrali-zebas gulisxmobs, dReisaTvis ki es mTel msoflioSia sxvadasxva formebiT gavrcelebuli. pirveli forma mTeli xelisuflebis koncentracias gulisxmobs, meore gaSlas decentralizireba), mesame ki am oris mimarTeba-zea agebuli. mesame SemTxvevaSi Teatralizebaa CarTu-

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li, romelic Zalauflebis orTave formidan iRebs sa-Taves da Sesabamisad sargebels.

gi deboris mixedviT, sabWoTa kavSirSi Teatrali-zebas xelisufleba axorcielebs da mkacr CarCoebSi moqceuli. aq gansxvavebuli azris adamianebi disidente-bi iyvnen da maT gulagSi miuCendnen adgils, sxva Sem-TxvevaSi fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi. saqarTveloc sabWoTa wyobaSi aseTi sistemis farglebSi funqcioni-rebda da aqedan gadasvla sxva formaze sakmaod Zneli aRmoCnda. arsebobs faqtorebi, romelic am process uS-lis xels, mag. iseTi, rogoricaa sabazro ekonomika, axa-li Rirebulebebi, ideologiuri wnexis moxsna da axali identobebis Zieba. transformirebisTvis saWiro iyo axal rolTan Segueba, romelic axal Teatralizebul dadgmaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. es ukanaskneli ki moiTxovda axal dekoraciebs, axal reJisors, axal ro-lebs da axal moCvenebiTobas. Zvel sabWoTa speqtakls dRes, realobad miiCneven, magram es Secdomaa, metic, is subieqturad konstruirebul da adaptaciur Tvisebebs saWiroebda. Teatralizebuli garemos Secvla, axali – speqtaklis sazogadoebasTan morgeba, anu axali realo-bebis mimarT tolerantoba, rTuli aRmoCnda. es ar niS-navs, rom Cven cudad vTamaSobT rolebs, rigidulni varT. piriqiT, saxecvlileba pirvel rigSi swored fun-qcioner komunistebs daetyoT. maTi axal rolTan mor-geba groteskulicaa, roca yofili komunisti erovnuli moZraobis saTaveebTan mdgomad saRdeboda. esec Teat-ralizebis dasturia. swored axali speqtakli, axal formaSi unda gadasuliyo, razedac saubrobda gi debo-ri, magram Cven ver SevZeliT aseTi naxtomis gakeTeba. SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom mesame dones garkveuli imitire-bis saSualebiT vimeorebT. meore formaSi gadasvla ga-moricxulia, radgan saqarTvelom damoukideblobis oci wlis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZlo ekonomikuri winsvla da damoukidebeli warmoebis Seqmna. dReisaTvis saqar-

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TveloSi mxolod ramdenime orgainzacia axerxebs aseT damoukidebel warmoebas. ZiriTadad ki saqarTvelos ba-zari ucxoeTis bazarzea mibmuli. es Cveni speqtaklis sazogadoebis Semadgeneli nawilia, rac gansakuTrebu-li formiT mJRavndeba. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdgom isev gaCnda axal formaze gadasvlis Sansi, magram Sem-dgomi wlebis gamocdilebam dagvanaxa, rom garkveulwi-lad pirvel etapze, formaze xdeba dabruneba. es aSka-rad SeimCneva gansxvavebuli azris CamoyalibebasTan da-kavSirebiT. kvlav yalibdeba mtris xati, sazogadoebaSi veZiebT agentebs, anu isev koncentrireba xdeba xeli-suflebasTan da izRudeba gansxvavebuli azri. es ukve aris monapovaris dakargva, is, rac miRwevadi iyo, kvlav daSorda realobas. am procesebs xeli Seuwyo sayovel-Tao TvalTvalma, rac Cveni sazogadoebis warmatebadaa miCneuli, magram amiT speqtaklis sazogadoebis es mxare yvelaze kargad iqna gadmoRebuli. aqac inovaciuri aR-movCndiT da kontroli dawesda yvela imaTze, vinc gan-sxvavebul azrs gamoxatavs. es ki is adamianebia, vinc ver CaerTo ekonomikis ararsebobis pirobebSi sazogadoeb-riv saqmianobaSi. maTi ukmayofileba sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba. aseTi gansakuTrebuli azris gamoxatva, Zlieri saxiT, bolo rva wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime-jer moxda. vgulisxmobT opoziciis gaaqtiurebas, mag-ram maTi Zalisxmeva an ignorirebuli an CaxSobili iqna. am procesebma saqarTveloSi Seqmnes iseTi situacia, rom opoziciam momxreebi dakarga, magram xelisuflebis mimarT brazi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. aseTi situacia gagrZelda 2011 wlis oqtombramde, iqamde sanam axali Zala ar gamoCnda politikaSi. am axal Zalas SeuerTda opoziciis nawili da solidarobas ucxadebs mosaxleo-bis didi nawilic. axali aqtiorebi arsebuli politikis Sesaxeb protests gamoTqvamen da upirispirdebian xeli-suflebis qmedebebs. es ki TavisTavad aris speqtaklis sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg moZraoba, romelic totali-

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taruls daemsgavsa.axali realobebis Seqmna, Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs speqtaklis sazogadoebaSi CarTvas. es uka-naskneli imas niSnavs, rom axali politikuri Zalac av-tomaturad Teatralizebul moqmedebebSi erTveba. ase-ve Teatralizebuli iyo opoziciis moqmedebebi 2009 wlidan moyolebuli. magaliTad, e.w. `karvis qalaqis~ Seqmna, romlis safuZvlis Camyrelia msaxiobi g.gaCeCi-laZe. man sakuTari niWis, TamaSis da Teatralizebis sa-SualebiT SeZlo quCaSi gamoeyvana didi masebi. amas pir-vel rigSi xeli Seuwyo iman, rom mosaxleobam funqcia dakarga speqtaklSi da eZebdnen axal gamosavals, raTa mayureblis roli mainc SerCenodaT.

isev mivsdioT gi deboriseul speqtaklis sazoga-doebis aRsawerad gamoyofil konstruqtebs, romelmac, avtoris azriT, meoTxed saukunes gauZlo da dResac Ta-namedrove sazogadoebis daxasiaTebis saukeTeso saSua-lebas iZleva.

gi deboris (1) azriT, adamianebi did Zalisxmevas aq-soven sanaxaobiT saxelmwifoSi, magram arsebobs nawili, romelic upirispirdeba aseT sazogadoebas da ebrZvis mas. ukanasknelni mZime pirobebSi xvdebian im elementa-ruli mizezis gamo, rom sazogadoebrivad miuRebelni xdebian. maT gariyaven da gantevebis vacad Seracxen. aqe-dan gamomdinare, maTi Zalisxmeva sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba, xolo proporciulad izrdeba speqtaklis sa-zogadoebis arsi. saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli azris warmomadgenlebis ignorireba moxda xelisuflebis war-momadgenelTa mxridan da iseTi situacia Seiqmna, rome-lic TviT arsebuli speqtaklis sazogadoebas ar awyob-da, radgan opoziciis sruli kraxi niSnavs direqtiuli mmarTvelobis dasawyiss. speqtaklis sazogadoeba saqar-TveloSi isev emsgavseboda sabWour speqtakls, dasav-luri ieriT da movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rogorc Tana-medrove speqtakli iTxovda. axla scenazea axali Zala da is dgas prosceniumze da xalxTan dialogs warmar-

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Tavs. mayurebeli, xalxi sixaruliT Seegeba am axal tal-Ras da TiTqos Svebac ki igrZno. aqedan, yvelaferi speq-taklis sazogadoebis scenariT iwyebs ganviTarebas. isev iZabeba situacia, isev krizisi mZafrdeba, konfliq-tis eskalacia matulobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi TiTqos Cans, rom yvelaferi kargad midis, magram sazogadoebis mar-Tva xelisuflebis mxridan direqtiuli xdeba da warmo-iSveba – speqtakli–politika, speqtakli–iusticia, speq-takli–masmedia. aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebis mar-Tva am principiT mizanicaa da saSualebac.

gi debori Tvlis, rom speqtaklis sazogadoeba xasi-aTdeba ganviTarebis uwyvetobiT da droTa ganmavloba-Si ganviTarebis ufro maRal dones aRwevs. swored es ar moxda saqarTveloSi, radgan rva weliwadi ar eyo axali Taobis aRzrdas, romelic daemorCileba miRebul we-sebs, kanonebs, normebs, daemorCileba da gaiSinagnebs axal rols, sadac is ufro metad individualisti unda gaxdes da daSordes koleqtivistur sazogadoebas. axalgazrda Taoba, marTalia, mxars uWers xelisufle-bas, magram dReisaTvis iluziebis gafantva xdeba, sanam axali iluzia ar daikavebs mis adgils.

CvenSi warmoebis ganviTareba maRal doneze ver mo-xerxda, rac speqtaklis sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani na-wilia da suverenitets aniWebs am sferos. aq teqnolo-giuradac uzrunvelyofilia yvela sfero. paradoqsia magram saqarTveloSi amis gareSe moxda speqtaklis sa-zogadoebis ganviTareba, amitomac man gansxvavebuli sa-xe miiRo. speqtaklis sazogadoebas aseve vgavarT Sromis gadanawilebis mxriv, sadac umaRlesdamTavrebulebi mZRolebia, literaturul konkursSi gamarjvebuli – mzareulia, policiasTan TanamSromlobs veqili da a.S. es procesebi sajaroa da adamianebis mier Sewynarebuli.

gi debori gamoyofs Teatralizebuli stilis xuT maxasiaTebels: pirveli – teqnologiis mudmivi ganaxle-ba; meore – ekonomikisa da saxelmwifos Serwyma; mesame –

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sayovelTao gasaidumloeba; meoTxe – upirobo tyuile-bi da mexuTe – mudmivi awmyo anu moqmedebis principi `aq da amJamad~.

teqnikuri bumi im konkurentuli samyaros Sedegia, romelic kapitalisturi wyobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. speqtaklis sazogadoebas ganamtkicebs saxelmwifosa da ekonomikis Serwyma. sayovelTao gasaidumloeba, tyui-lebi da mudmiv awmyoSi yofna niSnavs sazogadoebis in-tegracias, romelSic pirveli qmnis speqtaklis ZiriTad fons, xolo meore da principi `aq da amJamad~ mianiSnebs informaciis uwyvetobaze, romelsac cikluri buneba aqvs da sazogadoebis wevrebs aviwyebs warsuls da zRu-davs perspeqtivebs. es ki niSnavs, rom speqtaklis sazo-gadoeba istoriul Semecnebas ewinaaRmdegeba da infor-macia naklebad eyrdnoba warsuls. aqedan im iluzias ey-reba safuZveli, romelic cxovrebis dinebis aTvlas speqtaklis sazogadoebis sawyisidan anu mocemuli mo-mentidan iwyebs da amis Sesaxeb yovel wuTs axseneben xalxs. am process xels uwyobs masmedia, romelic isto-riaze informacias Semcirebuli saxiT gadascems, magram aSkarad qmnis Tanamedrove miTebs. saxelmwifos eqsper-tebi argumentirebulad avrceleben amgvar informaci-as. es eqspertebi ki ostaturad axerxeben tyuilis Tqmas. aseT process adgili aqvs saqarTveloSi, rode-sac aTvlis sazomi mxolod ramdenime wels iTvlis da istoria mxolod turistebisTvis sanaxaobad iqca. Tana-medroveoba warsulis da Tanmimdevrobis gareSe qmnis falsifikaciis saWiroebas. falsifikaciac garkveuli zRvris Semdgom daujerebeli xdeba da adamianebi iden-tobas an simpaTias umJRavneben opoziciur azrs. `eq-spertebic~ amtkiceben, rom yvelaferi rigzea, saxel-mwifo Sedga, ekonomikaSi winsvla gvaqvs da a.S. xelisuf-lebac maT ajildoebs da waaxalisebs, rogorc SekveTi-li rolis karg Semsruleblebs. xelisuflebis xelSi aseTi qmedebebi marTvis saukeTeso iaraRi xdeba. aseTi

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saxiT Seqmnili miTebi SesaZloa iracionaluri rwmenis saxiT gamovlindes da masebis mier maTi interiorizeba saSiSic gaxdes.

mayurebeli , anu xalxi , romelic didi doziT iRebs sicrues, ijerebs mas, radgan xelarewifeba informacia, romelic simarTles etyoda. es xdeba im pirobebSi, ro-desac sazogadoebaSi yvelaferi gasaidumloebulia. xSirad isic xdeba, rom Zalovani struqturebi mizanmi-marTul xmebs avrceleben, romlis arsebobas saxelmwi-fosTvis saWirod Tvlian. saqarTveloSi ase xdeba daWe-rebi, samxedro qmedebebi, mafiur wreebze Tavdasxma da aRkveTa da yovelive keTdeba qmedebis, aqtivobis dasa-naxad, xolo ra Sedegi eqneba didi mniSvneloba ar eniWe-ba. amgvarad, masebma unda naxon qmedeba speqtaklis mTa-vari gmirebis monawileobiT.

aseTi sazogadoeba kontrolis qveS unda iyos, rom gansxvavebulma azrma ar gamoiwvios sxva qmedeba. amis-Tvis Cveni sazogadoeba iTvisebs TvalTvalis msoflio gamocdilebas da sxvadasxva teqnikuri saSualebebiT iw-yebs zedamxedvelis rolSi Cadgomas. swored aseT cal-mxriv kontrolze saubrobs m.fuko ( 6 ). misi azriT, dis-ciplinis axali formebi ambivalenturi bunebiT xasiaT-deba, sadac ara mxolod kontrolis, TvalTvalis siste-maa, aramed mogvianebiT is iRebs TviTkontrolis for-masac. es ukve axali koleqtiuri qmedebisTvis safuZve-lia, sadac dasjac arsebobs, Tu ki miRebul wesebs gada-uxvie. aseTi proeqtebi speqtaklis sazogadoebaSi mniS-vnelobas iZens. es ideaa panoptikonis, romelSic Zala-uflebis meqanizmi Cans, anu aq saqme ubralo teqnikur sferosTan ara gvaqvs, aramed, is aris politikuri teq-nologia. aseT sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba mxolod sa-kuTar TavTan darCenilebs aqvT, danarCen SemTxvevaSi is SezRudulia da iluzorul saxes iRebs. dasavleTi aseT TvalTvals Seegua da es gamowveulia speqtaklis sazo-gadoebis mier Taobebis aRzrdiT , rimlebic dRes maT

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daqvemdebarebaSi arian. saqarTveloSi `vardebis revo-luciis~ Semdeg kontroli ufro da ufro izrdeba. kon-troldeba TiTqmis yvela adamiani da fizikuri garemo. aseTi sayovelTao TvalTvalis pirobebSi iqna SesaZle-beli opoziciis ignorireba xelisuflebis mxridan, rac TavisTavad Secdomaa. saqarTveloSi kontrolis da TviTkontrolis gaZliereba speqtaklis sazogadoebis gaZlierebas niSnavs, magram es ar aris sakmarisi misi ar-sebobisaTvis. swored saqarTveloSi moxda ise, rom gi deboris mier daSvebuli xuTi maxasiaTeblidan mxolod sami muSaobs, xolo mniSvnelovani wili teqnologiuri ganviTarebis, ekonomikisa da saxelmwifos Serwymis ar xdeba CvenSi. aseT SemTxvevaSic arsebobs speqtaklis sa-zogadoeba da albaT postsabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi es mniSvnelovania. aq saxelmwifos mxridan didi Zalisxme-vaa saWiro, raTa kontroli ganaxorcielos da radgan saqarTveloSi ver Seiqmna Zlieri ekonomika da warmoeba ver qmnis bevr produqts. mxolod tyuili da kontroli qmnis saxifaTo tendencias, romelic dRes miviReT di-reqtiuli marTvelobis saxiT.

speqtaklis sazogadoebasTan dapirispirebulebi Tvlian, rom am sazogadoebis sruli demontaJia saWiro da axlidan unda moxdes misi awyoba. xolo speqtaklis sazogadoebis momxreebi ki cdiloben SeinarCunon vir-tualuri yofa. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos politikur rukaze. axali politikuri Zalis gamoCenam (jer–jero-biT sazogadoebrivi moZraobis saxiT arsebobs) politi-kuri daZabuloba gamoiwvia da mimdinareobs brZola fa-ruli an aSkara manifestirebiT. aseT brZolebSi status qvos SenarCunebisaTvis xalxi ar unda daupirispirdes erTmaneTs, rasac politikosebi kargad axerxeben; SesaZ-lebelia SeTanxmeba, radgan romeli politikuri Zalac ar unda arsebobdes, is adre Tu gvian speqtaklis sazo-gadoebis ZiriTad principebs daeqvemdebareba. aq mTava-ria ar davubrundeT Zalauflebis koncentrirebis mo-

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dels. decentralizeba saSualebas mogvcems, marTalia, speqtaklis sazogadoebis farglebSi ufro Tavisuflad da aqtiurad vicxovroT. aqve individualurisa da ko-leqtivisturi cxovrebis wesis Tanafardoba axali xed-vis saSualebas mogvcems, romelic momavalzea orienti-rebuli.

amgvarad aSkaraa, rom Cveni sazogadoeba es aris speqtaklis sazogadoeba, magram sxva msgavsi dasaxele-bis sazogadoebisagan gansxvavdeba, rac ZiriTadad eko-nomikasa da teqnologiebis maRal ganviTarebas exeba. es ki umeteswilad sazogadoebis direqtiuli meTodebiT marTvis saSiSroebas qmnis, rac saqarTvelosTvis gan-vlil etapad unda CaiTvalos; sxva SemTxvevaSi speq-takls moulodneli finali eqneba.

REVAZ JORBENADZE AMIRAN BERDZENISHVILI

PERFORMANCE SOCIETY GEORGIAN VERSION

ABSTRACT

In the given article a performance society is discussed based on Michel Foucault, R. Senet, Gi Debor, Žil Lipovecki and Ann Ubersfeld views. The performance model of a society is an instrument for analyzing current political reality in a new way. According to the listed above authors’ views the performance society in Georgia is performed differently, that is expressed only by political actors’ activities and support where the action is ruled by the confrontation-violence principles in the conditions of poverty, but not in the conditions of economic well-being.

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literatura:

1. Ги Девор Общество спектакля. ЛОГОС.М.2000. 2. Ильин Ил. Постмодернизм.ИНТРАДА.М.2001. 3. Липовецки Ж. Эра пустоты. ВЛАДИМИР ДАЛЬ.СПБ.2001. 4. Пажес Ж-П. Конфликты и общественное мнение. Ст.108-115.

Социологические исследования.1991. № 7. 5. Сеннет Р. Падение публичного человека. ЛОГОС.М.2002. 6. Фуко М. Надзирать и наказывать. Рождение тюрмы. М.

AdMARGINEM.1999. 7. Шейгал Е. Семиотика политического дискурса. ГНОЗИС.

М.2004.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis socialuri da politikuri

filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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Sorena kortava

(Tbilisi) Sorena kortava — sociologiis doqtori. avtori samecniero statiebisa Tbilissa da sankt-peterburgSi sociologiis dargSi.

sazogadoeba, rogorc moqmedebis

sistemis qvesistema

amerikeli sociologi talkot parsonsi (1902 ko-

lorado-springsi — 1979 miunxeni) sociologiaSi struq-turuli funqcionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenelia. swavlobda londonis ekonomikur sko-laSi, xolo Semdgom, 1927 wlidan aswavlida harvardis universitetSi. 1949 wels iyo arCeuli amerikis socio-logTa asociaciis prezidentad. igia e.w. moqmedebis Te-oriis Semqmeneli da sociologiaSi sistemur-funqcio-naluri skolis damaarsebeli. cdilobda aego saerTo analogiuri logikur-deduqciuri Teoriuli sistema, romelic moicavda adamianur realobas mTels mis mra-valferovnebaSi. misi koncefciis mTavari elementebi iyo: socialuri moqmedebis Teoria; invariantuli nak-rebi funqcionaluri problemebisa: adaptacia, miznis miRweva, integracia, struqturis kvlavwarmoeba. 60-iani wlebis naSromebSi parsonsi dainteresda sazogadoeba-Ta evoluciis problemiT. Tavisi evoluciuri doqtri-nis safuZvelSi Cado ra idea diferenciaciisa, rac mdgomareobda socialur organizaciaTa da funqciona-lur diferenciaciaTa garTulebis tendenciaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi stabilurobis zrdas.

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mocemuli statiis farglebSi me ganvixilav parson-sis gaxmaurebul naSroms “Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa sistema”, sadac parsonsi sazogadoebas funqcionalu-rad urTierTkavSirSi myof qvesistemaTa erTianobad warmogvidgens. parsonsisaTvis aqtualuria fizikur-geografiuli garemos mniSvneloba sazogadoebisaTvis. is mocemuli naSromis dasawyisSive ganixilavs fizikuri garemos rols sazogadoebisaTvis, rogorc Tundac ma-terialuri resursebis uSret wyaros; aseve garemos, rogorc teritoriis funqcias ama Tuim sazogadoebaTa ganTavsebisaTvis.

axla zogadidan gadavideT konkretulze da vnaxoT, Tu rogor ilustracias mimarTavs parsonsi sazogadoe-bis gardaqmnisa moqmedebis sistemis qvesistemad.

socialur qvesistemebs, ambobs parsonsi, Cven ganvi-xilavT ufro zogadi moqmedebis sistemis Semadgenel nawilebad. moqmedebis sistemis Semadgeneli nawilebi gaxlavT aseve kulturuli qvesistema, pirovnuli qve-sistema da qceviTi organizmebi. yvela isini abstraqci-ebs warmoadgens da analitikurad aris gamoyofili so-cialuri urTierTqmedebebis realuri nakadidan. par-sonsiseul midgomaSi axlaxan CamoTvlili sami qvesis-tema socialuri qvesistemasTan mimarTebaSi warmoad-gens misi garemos Semadgenel komponentebs.

moqmedebis nebismier sistemas miewereba misTvis ni-Sandoblivi funqcia, magaliTad, nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba, integracia, mizanTmiRweva da adaptacia.

moqmedebis nebismieri sistemis pirvelad intergra-ciul problemas, parsonsis Tanaxmad, misi elementebis, pirvel yovlisa, individebis koordinacia warmoadgens, Tumca gansazRvruli miznebiT moqmedebis subieqtad Se-saZloa koleqtivebic ganvixiloT. intergraciuli fun-qcia upiratesad socialur qvesistemas axasiaTebs.

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kulturuli qvesistemis funqcia mdgomareobs ni-muSis SenarCunebasa da kvlavwarmoebaSi, aseve mis Semoq-medebiT gardaqmnaSi.

individis pirovnebas ZiriTadad ganekuTvneba miz-nis miRwevis funqciis Sesruleba. pirovnuli qvesistema moqmedebis procesTa umTavresi aRmasrulebelia, e.i. is Tavis TavSi ganasaxierebs kulturul principebsa da mi-werilobebs. moqmedebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens pi-rovnebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba. pirovnebis dakmayofileba, rogorc Taviseburi dajildoeba, sa-fuZvlad edeba motivacias.

qceviTi organizmi interpretirdeba, rogorc adap-taciuri sistema, rogorc adamianis ZiriTad SesaZleb-lobaTa koncentracia, romelsac danarCeni sistemebi eyrdnoba.

parsonsi Tavis klasifikaciisaTvis adgens sqemas, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis misi vizualuri aRqmiT gageba ufro ioli gaxdes. igi am sqemas arqmevs `moqmedebas~ 24 (parsonsi talkot 1998: 16)

qvesistemebi upiratesi funqciebi

socialuri integracia

kulturuli nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba

pirovnuli mizanTmiRweva

qceviTi organizmi adaptacia

sqemis Camuqebuli nawili warmoadgens socialuri

qvesistemis garemos.

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socialuri sistemisaTvis garemos warmoadgens ase-ve fizikuri sferoc, saidanac sazogadoeba misi arsebo-bisaTvis saWiro resursebs iRebs.

radgan parsonsi xazs usvams socialuri sistemis garemoSi CarTulobas, cxadia, imasac SeniSnavs, rom so-cialuri sistemebi `RiaobiT~ xasiaTdeba da mudmiv ur-TierTqmedebaSia garemosTan e.w. SesasvlelebiT da ga-mosasvlelebTi. qvesistemebi Tavis mxriv nawevrdeba Se-madgenel elementebad da isinic urTierTgacvlis pro-cesSi mudmivad CarTulia.

socialuri sistemis analizisas unda gamoviyenoT (parsonsis Tanaxmad) 4 damoukidebuli cvladi, esenia: Rirebulebebi, normebi, koleqtivebi da rolebi. `Rire-bulebani~ sxva araferia, Tu ara warmodgenebi socialu-ri sistemis sasurvel tipze; isini aregulireben moqme-debis struqturaTa mier gansazRvrul valdebulebaTa Tavis Tavze aRebas. `normebis~ ZiriTadi funqcia sazo-gadoebis integraciaa, isini konkretulni da speciali-zirebulia da miesadagebian gansazRvruli tipis socia-lur situaciebs. isini Seicaven RirebulebiTi sistemis elementebs, aseve orientaciis konkretul saSualebebs funqcionalursa da situaciur pirobebSi moqmedebi-saTvis, romelnic specifikuria gansazRvruli koleq-tivebisa da rolebisaTvis. `koleqtivebi~ im struqtu-rul komponentebs ganekuTvneba, romelTaTvis pirvel planze dgas miznis miRwevis funqcia. masebs parsonsi im-TaviTve gamoricxavs koleqtivTa rigebidan da CamoT-vlis 2 kriteriums, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes jgufi koleqtivad wodebis SemTxvevaSi:

I - wevrobis gansazRvruli statusis qona, ris sa-fuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda koleqtivis wevrTa da arawevrTa gansxvaveba.

II - koleqtivis SigniT adgili unda hqondes statu-sisa da funqciis mixedviT mis wevrTa diferenciacias.

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amrigad, TiToeuli Tavis Tavze miiRebs im movale-obebs, romelTa aRsrulebasac sxva wevrTagan ar moeli-an. `roli~ pirvel yovlisa asrulebs adaptaciur fun-qcias; roli, esaa saSualeba individTa klasebis gansa-sazRvravad. roli socialuri sistemisa da individis pirovnebis urTierTgadakveTis zonaSi arsebul elemen-tebs moicavs. Tumca, romeliRac calke aRebuli roli arasodes ar warmoadgens konkretuli individis ganmas-xvavebel Taviseburebas. mama, gansakuTrebuli mamaa mxo-lod Tavisi SvilisaTvis. Tavisi sazogadoebis roluri struqturis TvalsazrisiT is mxolod mravalTagan erT-erTi mamaa. igi amavdroulad monawileobs sxva mra-vali tipis urTierTqmedebaSi, magaliTad, aRasrulebs Tavis rols profesiul struqturaSi.

parsonsis TqmiT, sazogadoeba es iseTi tipis socia-luri sistemaa, romelic flobs TviTkmarobis umaRles xarisxs. parsonsis azriT, sazogadoeba TviTkmaria mxo-lod maSin, rodesac misi wevrebis moRvaweoba gvevline-ba imavdroulad sazogadoebis societalur funqcioni-rebaSi Setanil wvlilad. pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia maTi ab-soluturi integracia, Tuki romeliRac sazogadoebis wevrTa soliduri umetesoba ganicdis ukidures `gauc-xoebas~, am sazogadoebaze, rogorc TviTkmarze saubari azrsmoklebulia, es, diurkemis sityvebiT Tu vityviT, `anomiuri~ sazogadoebaa.

parsonsi analitikurad sazogadoebis sistemas 4 qvesistemad yofs da kvlavac gvTavazobs sqemas am dife-renciaciis vizualurad gasaazreblad. `sazogadoeba~25 (parsonsi talkot 1998: 24)

qvesistemebi

struqturu-li komponen-

tebi

ganviTarebis procesis as-

peqtebi

ZiriTadi funqcia

socialuri sa-zogadoeba

normebi CarTva integracia

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nimuSis kvlav-warmoeba anu fiduciaruli sazogadoeba

Rirebulebebi Rirebuleba-Ta generali-zacia

nimuSis kvlavwarmoe-ba

politika koleqtivebi diferencia-cia

mizanTmiRwe-va

ekonomika rolebi adaptaciuri potencialis amaRleba

adaptacia

nimuSis SenarCunebisa da kvlavwarmoebis qvesistema

uSualod sazogadoebis kulturul sistemas da misi meSveobiT `umaRles realobas~ ukavSirdeba. mizanTmiR-weva, anu politikuri qvesistema pirovnebaTa sistemas-Tan, xolo ekonomikuri qvesistema qceviT organizmTan da misi meSveobiT materialur samyarosTanaa dakavSire-buli. parsonsi Tavisi naSromis `Tanamedrove sazoga-doebaTa sistema~ dasawyisSive gvaZlevs e.w. umaRlesi realobis gansazRvrebas: `gvaqvs realobis 2 sistema, romelic moqmedebis sistemasTan damokidebulebaSi mis garemod gvevlineba. pirveli maTgani fizikuri gare-moa... meore sistema damokidebulia rogorc fizikuri garemosagan, aseve Tavad moqmedebis sistemebisagan da Cven mas filosofiuri tradiciebis midevnebiT davar-qmevT `umaRles realobas~. es Seexeba imas, rasac m. vebe-ri uwodebda adamianuri qmedebis `sazrisis problemas~ da igi moqmedebis sistemas ukavSirdeba kulturul sis-temaSi azrobrivi orientaciis struqturebis meSveo-biT, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs SemecnebiT `pasuxebs~ 26 (parsonsi talkot 1998: 17)

sazogadoebis birTvs, parsonsis azriT, warmoad-gens misi maintegrirebeli sistema da igi iwodeba socie-talurad.

parsonsis centraluri cneba — societaluri erTo-ba, ramdenadme uCveulod JRers albaT imis gamo (amas parsonsic varaudobs), rom mis mier moculi problemebi

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Cveulebriv ganixileboda politikuri an religiuri terminebiT da ara socialur planSi am sistemis ZiriTa-di funqcia sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis im movaleobaTa gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, romlebic socialuri ko-leqtivisadmi loialobidan gamomdinareobs. parsonsi xazs gausvams roluri pluralizmis mniSvnelobas. ro-luri pluralizmi esaa yoveli sazogadoebrivi erTobis fundamenturi maxasiaTebeli — erTi da igive adamiane-bis mTel rig koleqtivebSi monawileoba. roluri plu-ralizmis gafarToeba mniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs dife-renciaciis process, rac, Tavis mxriv, Tanamedrove ti-pis sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels... gamomdi-nare aqedan, societaluri erTobis umTavresi proble-maa sazogadoebis wevrebSi loialobis uzrunvelyofa rogorc Tavisi Tavis mimarT, aseve sxadasxva koleqti-vebTan mimarTebaSi.

roluri pluralizmis arsebobis pirobebSi aRmo-cendeba stratifikaciul sistemaSi individTa statu-sis gansakuTrebulad rTuli problema. istoriulad, ambobs parsonsi, stratifikaciul meqanizmebs sCveodaT individTa ganxilva maTi didi koleqtiuri sistemebi-sadmi mikuTvnebiT, romelSic wevroba gansazRvravda maT statuss. msgavs rols TamaSobda gvarovnuli ko-leqtivebi, eTnikuri jgufebi, fenebi, socialuri kla-sebi. Tumca, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba moiTxovs indivi-dualuri statusebis gamoTavisuflebas msgavsi tipis koleqtiuri borkilebidan.

stratifikaciul sitemaSi, parsonsis Tanaxmad, ko-leqtivisa Tu individis mdgomareoba izomeba misi pres-tiJiT anu zegavlenis moxdenis unariT. ukanaskneli Se-iZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc societaluri urTier-Tgacvlis erT-erTi ganzogadoebuli simboluri saSua-leba, fulisa da Zalauflebis gverdiT. zegavlena esaa sxva socialuri agentebis mxridan sasurveli Sedegis miRwevis unari, is rom maT cdunebis saxiT ar warvudgi-

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noT raimegvari Rirebuli da arc davemuqroT maT rai-megvari damRupveli qmedebebiT. es quid pro quo zegavlena unda moqmedebdes darwmunebis ZaliT, TiTqosda gadaw-yvetileba, romelsac mas (zegavlenis obieqts) unergavs zegavlenis subieqti, aris moqmedeba koleqtiuri siste-mis interesebSi myofi, romelTa mimarTebaSic zegavle-nis subieqtic da obieqtic — orive solidarulia. is, upirveles yovlisa, apelirebs koleqtiur interesebze, magram Cveulebriv amodis iqedan, rom orive mxare, uz-runvelyofs ra koleqtiur interess da urTierTsoli-darobas, aseve kerZo interesebsac ikmayofileben.

zegavlenis gamoyenebis tipuri SemTxvevaa dayolie-ba kontraqtze, romelic `patiosan sityvas~ anda rome-lime politikuri kandidatisaTvis arCevnebSi xmis mice-mas efuZneba. zegavlena SeiZleba gaicvalos, ambobs par-sonsi, situaciis Sesatyvis raimegvar sikeTeze anda ze-gavlenis sxva formebze, im gagebiT, ra gagebiTac fula-di resursebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas iseve rogorc saqonlis SesaZenad, aseve dasagroveblad anda sxva va-lutaze gasacvlelad. zegavlena SesaZloa gaicvalos gacvlis sxva ganzogadebul saSualebebze, rogoricaa fuli anda Zalaufleba. zegavlena da RirebulebiTi mi-kuTvnebuloba nebayoflobis principiT, darwmunebis sindisisa da Rirsebisadmi apelirebiT moqmedeba. Tumca verc erTi msxvili da rTuli socialuri sistema ver Se-narCundeba, Tuki misi normatiuli safuZvlebis umete-sobis mimarT Tanxmoba ar iqoniebs aucileblobis xasi-aTs, e.i. daumorCileblobas Tuki ar daupirispirdeba negatiuri sanqcia. aseTi sanqciebi, erTis mxriv, kanon-morCil moqalaqeebs `Seaxseneben~ Tvinierebas, xolo, meores mxriv, msaxuroben sasjelad maTi damrRvevebi-saTvis. negatiuri sanqciebis socialurad organizebu-li marTvadi gamoyeneba iwodeba iZulebis funqciad. rac ufro metadaa sazogadoeba diferencirebuli, miT ufro savaraudoa, rom iZuleba ganxorcieldeba specia-

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luri organoebis mier, rogoricaa policia da gasamxed-roebuli samsaxurebi. marTvadi iZuleba moiTxovs rea-luri viTarebis — faqtis, subieqtisa da normis darRve-vis garemoebebis dasadgenad gansazRvruli saSualebe-bis arsebobas. am mimarTulebiT moqmed specialur or-ganoTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT sasamar-Tlo da iuridiul gildiebs. rTuli normatiuli wesri-gi, Tumca, saWiroebs ara mxolod iZulebas, aramed av-toritetul interpretaciebsac. Zalian xSirad sasamar-Tlo sistemebi iZulebulia SeiTavsos gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi gansazRvruli movaleobani, sasjeli da amasTan normaTa mniSvnelovnobis interpretacia, rac im momentSi warmoadgens sakmaod angariSgasawev proble-mas. naklebad ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi, xazs usvams parsonsi, es ukanaskneli funqcia rCeba religiuri in-stanciebis kompetenciaSi, xolo Tanamedrove tipis sa-zogadoebebSi is sul ufro da ufro elitur sasamar-Tlo dawesebulebaTa kompetenciaSi gadadis.

yvela am problemas societalur erTobasa da poli-tikur qvesistems Soris arsebul urTierTobamde mivya-varT.

politika moicavs ara marto mmarTvelobis ZiriTad funqcias, aramed nebismieri koleqtivis Sesatyvis as-peqtebsac. Cven, ambobs parsonsi, raimegvar movlenas ganvixilavT politikurad im zomiT, ra zomiTac is da-kavSirebulia romeliRac koleqtivis mier misi miznis misaRwevad resursTa mobilizaciasa da organizebulo-basTan. moRvaweobis politikuri aspeqtebi saxezea saq-mian kompaniebSi, universitetebSi, eklesiebSi. Tanamed-rove sazogadoebaTa ganviTarebaSi, aRniSnavs parsonsi, Tumca saxelmwifo sul ufro diferencirdeba socia-luri erTobisagan, rogorc sazogadoebis specializi-rebuli organo, romelic misi politikuri sistemis birTvs Seadgens.

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diferencirebisas saxelmwifo or ZiriTad funqci-onalur kompleqtze koncentrirebis tendencias av-lens. pirveli moicavs societaluri erTobis mTliano-bis mxardaWeris pasuxismgeblobas globalur safrTxe-Ta winaSe. aqve unda ganvaTavsoT iZulebis funqcia, ase-ve sakanonmdeblo moRvaweoba... meore kompleqsi moicavs saxelmwifos aRmasrulebeli moRvaweobis yvela saxeo-bas, romelic dakavSirebulia koleqtiur qmedebebTan nebismier situaciaSi. amasTan roca isini miuTiTeben `sazogadoebriv~ interesebSi myof RonisZiebaTa auci-leblobaze .am pasuxismgeblobis sazRvrebi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva, sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da nebismieri proble-mis mxardaWera, romelic `xelyofs sazogadoebriv inte-resebs~.

Zalauflebas, politikuri sistemis am (da ara mar-to politikuris) umniSvnelovanes komponents, parson-si gansazRvravs rogorc socialuri urTierTgacvlis saSualebas. `Zalauflebas Cven gansazRvravT rogorc gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da Tavsmoxvevis unars, ro-melic arsebuli koleqtivebisa da maTi wevrebisaTvis aucilebelia, ramdenadac maTi statusebi am gadawyve-tilebebiT navaraudev movaleobebs iTvaliswinebs. Za-laufleba unda ganvasxvavoT zegavlenisagan... moqala-qe, romelic arCevnebze aZlevs xmas, axorcielebs Zala-uflebas, ramdenadac erTianoba msgavs xmaTa mavalde-bulebeli saxiT gansazRvravs arCevnebis Sedegs. Zala-uflebis mcire doza — mainc Zalauflebaa, iseve ro-gorc 1 dolari mcire Tanxaa, magram mainc fulia” 27 (parsonsi talkot 1998: 31).

parsonTan uaRresad sainteresoa mis mier sazoga-doebaTa tipebis klasifikacia. igi gamoyofs 4 tipis sa-zogadoebas:

pirvelia, miRwevis universalisturi tipis sazoga-doeba (igive industriuli sazogadoeba). igi xasiaTdeba

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maRali SefasebiT pluralisturi da individualisturi miznebisa da maTi miRwevisa instrumentaluri qmedebe-bis saSualebiT. universalisturi normebi aregulirebs miRwevaTa Sefasebas da mimarTebas miRwevasa da dajil-doebas Soris. es iwvevs institucionalizacias profe-sionaluri rolebisa, qonebrivi urTierTobebisa da gacvliTi procesebisa. dajildoebis sistemis umniSvne-lovanesi safuZveli gaxlavT`warmateba~_ rogorc miR-wevebis aRiareba. stratifikaciuli sistemis CarCoebSi prestiJTan damokidebulebaSi arsebuli SefardebiTi pativiscema socialuri diferenciaciis Ria sistemas ganapirobebs, romelic SansTa Tanasworobaze, warmoe-bis saSualebaTa da rolebis matarebelTa mobiluroba-zea dafuZnebuli.

meorea, universalisturi miwerilobebis tipis sa-zogadoeba. sazogadoebis am tipSi avtoritaruli regu-lirebisadmi da ierarqiuli kontrolisadmi tendencia batonobs, ramdenadac miwerilobebi pirdapir miajaW-vavs socialur statuss koleqtivis struqturasTan, es tipi mTlianad koleqtivisturad orientirebulia. sta-tusi ganisazRvreba ara miRwevis wyalobiT, aramed pro-fesionalur-struqturulisagan gansxvavebuli, upira-tesad, difuziuri meqanizmebiT. koleqtivizmis safuZ-velze dominirebs aseve mkacri dualizmi imaTi dayofi-sa, vincaa `CvenTan~ da `Cvens winaaRmdeg~. es esadageba aseve konservatiul RirebulebiT orientaciebs, rome-lic SesaZloa isev axali antagonisturi, ukiduresad radikaluri orientaciebis aRmocenebis mizezi gaxdes. parsonsis azriT, nacionalur-socialisturi germania da sabWoTa kavSiri am tipis ilustraciad gvevlineba.

mesame, partikularistuli miRwevebis tipis sazo-gadoeba. am tipis gansaxierebad parsonss Zveli CineTis imperia miaCnia. partikularizmi ojaxuri kavSirebis mniSvnelobas, aseve Tanasoflelebs Soris kavSirebs efuZneba, romelTa SigniTac gare samyarosTan arsebobs

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ara pasiuri, aramed aqtiuri damokidebuleba. es vlin-deba individebis gamokveTil subordinaciaSi maTi oja-xuri Tu Temuri kavSirebisagan damoukideblad, rome-lic vrceldeba mTels sazogadoebaze imperatoris CaT-vliT. miRwevis komponenti gansazRvra iman, rom sazoga-doeba ar darCa wminda agrarul-feodalurad, aramed masSi ganviTarda rogorc vaWroba, aseve biurokratia miRwevis elementebiT. amasTan mkacri subordinaciis gamo miRwevis principi moqmedebda sakmaod ganfenilad (zedapirulad) da unarebsa da warmatebaze orientire-buli ar iyo.

meoTxea, partikularuli miwerilobebis tipis sa-zogadoeba. partikularizmi aqac mianiWebs did mniSvne-lobas sisxlismiersa da erTobiseul kavSirebs, rogorc RirebulebiT orientaciebis amosaval sidideebs, Tumca misi socialuri struqtura da organizacia aRiqmeba rogorc mocemuloba. miRwevaze orientaciis ararsebo-ba aiZulebs Sroma CaiTvalos ucilobel borotebad; adamiani egueba arsebul pirobebs: reagirebis erTxel Camoyalibebuli nimuSebi narCundeba. aseTi sazogadoe-bis struqtura sustadaa diferencirebuli da misTvis qcevis wesebSi tradicionalizmia damaxasiaTebeli, ma-Sinac ki, roca gvarovnuli Tu sofluri tipis sazoga-doeba msxvil saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebad iqceva. sa-xelmwifos koleqtiuroba adgils uTmobs ufro wvril erTeulebs, adgili aqvs segmentacias. Tuki kontroli centris mxridan Zlierdeba, maSin amgvar saxelmwifoeb-Si diqtatura aRmocendeba. laTinuri amerika parsonss amgvari sazogadoebis tipiur nimuSad warmoedgina.

Tu parsonsiseul sazogadoebaTa klasifikacias mi-vusadagebT poperi-sorosiseul modelebs, gamova, rom `universaluri miRwevis tipis sazogadoeba~ es sxva ara-feria, Tu ara `Ria, wonasworobis sazogadoeba~. univer-saluri miwerilobebis sazogadoeba~ `daxuruli, anu statikuri uwonasworobis, sazogadoeba,~ rac Seexeba

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`partikularuli miRwevebis sazogadoebas~ sorosiseu-li modeliT igi moeqceva `tradiciuli sazogadoebis statusis qveS, xolo `partikularistuli miwerilobe-bis tipis sazogadoeba~ igivea, rac sorosTan e.w. `orga-nuli sazogadoeba~.

SHORENA KORTAVA

SOSIETY AS DOWNSYSTEM

ABSTRACT The given article shows that Talcott Parsons studies society

through dividing it by elements and deepening the functioning of the elements and mechanisms of their interaction. For Parsons society is the self-reliant system involved in physical reality. This system is divided by functional subsystems those with specific structural components, aspects of development process and main tasks.

The classification of society by types is extremely important for Parsons theoretical frame. The Universalistic-Achievement pattern is one of the most important patterns for the principal type of social structure. As Parsons notes, it is an ideal type of “an open society”. It is like an “ideal model” for defining and measuring the quality of democracy in different societies.

literatura:

1. Парсонс Талькот, «Система современных обществ», М. «Ас-пект пресс», 1998.

2. «Современная западная социология», Ростов-на-Дану. «Фен-икс», 2002.

3. berZeniSvili amiran, “politikuri sociologia”,Tbi-lisi. gamomcemloba “inteleqti” ,2011.

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4. kaWkaWiSvili iago, “socialuri moqmedebis Teorie-bi” Tbilisi, gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 2001.

5. kaWkaWiSvili iago, “socialuri Teoria”,Tbilisi, ga-momcemloba “inteleqti”, 2008.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofiis ganyofilebam.

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qarTuli filosofiis

istoria

HISTORY OF GEORGIAN PHILOSOPHY

 308

mixeil maxaraZe

(Tbilisi)

mixeil maxaraZe — filosofiis mecniere-baTa doqtori, profesori; saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi avtori mravali wignisa da

samecniero statiisa qarTuli filosofiis istoriis problemebze.

areopagitul TxzulebaTa saZiebeli avtoris

erTi usafuZvlo versiis Taobaze

gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi jer akad. Salva nucu-

biZe, Semdeg ki misgan damoukideblad belgieli orien-talisti ernest honigmani (1892-1954) mividnen im das-kvnamde, rom V-VI saukuneebis mijnaze Seqmnili umniSvne-lovanesi religiur-filosofiuri traqtatebis — areo-pagituli Txzulebebis — namdvili avtori aris cnobili qarTveli saeklesio moRvawe palestinaSi, maiumis epis-koposi petre iberi (411-491). es Tvalsazrisi mecniere-baSi Sesulia nucubiZe-honigmanis Teoriis saxeliT.

nucubiZe-honigmanis Teorias hyavs rogorc momxre-ebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi.

am sakiTxs exeba somexi mecnieris sen arevSatianis mier 30 wlis win gamoqveynebuli erTi opusi, romelSic man areopagituli Txzulebebis yvelaze SesaZlebel av-torad gamoacxada V-VI saukuneebis gamoCenili somexi filosofosi daviT anhaRTi (uZleveli). es Tvalsazrisi avtors gamoTqmuli aqvs 1980wels erevanSi somxurad

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gamocemuli daviT anhaRTis filosofiuri Txzulebe-bis winasityvaSi*.

s. arevSatians fsevdo-dionise areopagelisa da da-viT anhaRTis igiveobisTvis ori argumenti mohyavs:

1. s. arevSatianis azriT, daviT anhaRTisa da dioni-se areopagelisadmi miweril TxzulebebSi aris Sexedu-lebebis garkveuli erToba da zogjer igiveoba. avtors ZiriTadad mxedvelobaSi aqvs daviT anhaRTis ,,gansaz-RvrebaTa wigni” da areopagituli traqtati ,,zeciuri ierarqia”, sadac gatarebuli azrebi RmerTis Semecneba-sa da wvdomaze, RmerTTan gaerTianebaze, erTmaneTTan axlosaa, ramac avtors Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebisken ubiZ-ga. kerZod, misive aRniSvniT, es Tanxvedra imiT xom ar aris gamowveuli, rom orive naSroms erTi da igive avto-ri hyavs(1, gv. 202).

ra SeiZleba iTqvas am argumentis Sesaxeb? jer-erTi, Sua saukuneebis rogorc religiuri, ise

religiur-filosofiuri azrovnebisTvis amgvari azre-bi imdenad saerToa da sayovelTaodaa damaxasiaTebeli, rom konkretul moazrovneebTan, Cven SemTxvevaSi daviT anhaRTisa da fsevdo-dionises msoflmxedvelobebSi am azrebis msgavseba da Tundac igiveoba, ver gamodgeba am avtorTa identifikaciisTvis.

meore da mTavari: s. arevSatianis damowmebuli az-rebi anhaRTis ,,gansazRvrebaTa wignidan” da areopagi-tuli ,,zeciuri ierarqiidan” sworedac rom ar Tanxvde-ba erTmaneTs. kerZod, rogorc es daviT anhaRTis ,,gan-sazRvrebaTa wigni”-s erTi adgilis arevSatianiseuli perifrazidan Cans, anhaRTi Teoriul filosofias yofs fizikad, maTematikad da RvTismetyvelebad. anhaRTis

*s. arevSatianis winasityvis es adgili somxuri enidan qarTulad Targmna filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtorma zaza aleqsiZem da igi Sesulia revaz TvaraZis werilis – ,,petre iberieli da daviT uZleve-li” — minawerSi. ix. r. TvaraZe — TxuTmet-saukunovani mTlianoba. Tb., 1985, gv. 201-204  

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azriT, brZens mxolod abstraqtuli azrovnebis, maTema-tikis saSualebiT SeuZlia xidi gasdos grZnobadsa da zegrZnobads Soris da gadavides RvTismetyvelebaze (iqve). avtori SeniSnavs, rom amasve ambobs areopagelio da imowmebs ,,zeciur ierarqias”: ,,amis gamo Cveni bunebis Tvisebaa is, rom Cven ar SegviZlia uSualod avmaRldeT sulieri arsis Semecnebamde”.

aq motanili Tvalsazrisebis ubralod Sedarebida-nac naTlad Cans, rom sruliad usafuZvloa am azrebis identobaze saubari. rac Seexeba msgavsebas, vimeorebT, msgavsi azrebi Sua saukuneebis azrovnebisTvis, Cveu-lebrivi movlenaa.

2. s. arevSatianis azriT, ,,gansazRvrebaTa wignSi” daviT anhaRTi aRniSnavs, rom filosofiis mizania — ,,ka-ci SeZlebisamebr” daemsgavsos RmerTs, rom filosofo-si aris ara is, vinc Zalian bevri icis da bevris Sesaxeb SeuZlia msjeloba, aramed is, vinc wmindad da mociqu-lebrivad cxovrobs, vinc cdilobs daemsgavsos umaR-les arsebas, RmerTs (iqve). arevSatianis azriT, amasve amtkicebs fsevdo-dionise ,,zeciuri ierarqiaSi”, ,,Cemi azriT mRvdeloba aris mecniereba da moqmedeba, rome-lic SeZlebisamebr amsgavsebs RmerTis mSvenierebas da mihyavs SesaZlebel RmerTisadmi msgavsebamde” (iqve).

jer erTi, damowmebuli adgili ,,zeciuri ierarqii-dan” sulac ar amtkicebs daviT anhaRTis filosofiidan arevSatianiseuli perifrazSi gatarebul azrs da meo-rec: asec rom iyos, arc anhaRTisa da arc fsevdo-dioni-ses es azrebi ar aris originaluri. igi zogadad damaxa-siaTebeli iyo Sua saukuneebis religiur-filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobisTvis.

amis Semdeg s. arevSatiani sxva mimarTebiT agrZe-lebs msjelobas. misi aRniSvniT, oTxi areopagituli Txzulebidan oris — ,,zeciuri ierarqia” da ,,saeklesio ierarqia”, somxuri Targmanis xelnawerebs rogorc ma-tenadarisas, ise ierusalimis wm. hakobianTa somxuri mo-

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nastris xelnawerTa sacavSi, Tavsa da boloSi berZnuli asoebiT, wiTeli da Savi melniT aweria: ,,daviTi”, ,,daviT garecav”, ,,daviT — srbuÁn dionise” — ,,daviTis”, ,,daviT-ma dawera”, ,,daviTma — wminda dionises” (iqve).

aRniSnulis safuZvelze s. arevSatiani fiqrobs, rom xelnawerebis gadamwerebma raRac saidumlo icod-nen da es avtors safuZvels aZlevs kategoriuli das-kvnisTvis: ,,areopagituli literaturis avtoris sai-dumlos amosaxsnelad, Cveni azriT, daviT anhaRTis sa-xels meti ufleba aqvs mimoqcevaSi yofnisa, vidre yvela dRemde gamoTqmul hipoTezas” (iqve, gv. 203).

jer vikiTxoT am xelnawerebze arsebul warwerebSi ,,daviTis” Sesaxeb ratom igulisxmeba maincdamainc da-viT anhaRiTi? es s. arevSatianis winasityvidan ar Cans.

ase rom, saTanado kvleva-Ziebis gareSe, es warwere-bi arafris mTqmelia. amasTan, problema, romelic sau-kuneebis ganmavlobaSi ,,awvalebda” mecnierebas da ucxo ar yofila somexi mkvlevrebisTvis (mag. v. Caloiani), da-ujerebelia, rom yuradRebis gareSe darCenodaT es faq-ti.

gakvirvebas iwvevs is faqti, rom aseTi kategoriuli daskvnis avtori ubralodac ar mianiSnebs am sakiTxSi yvelaze gaxmaurebeli nucubiZe-honigmanis Teoriis Se-saxeb, rac TavisTavad badebs eWvs tendenciurobaze.

s. arevSatiani erT winaaRmdegobas awydeba, kerZod: ori, Tanac mTavari areopagituli Txzulebis — ,,RvTa-ebrivi saxelebis Sesaxeb” da ,,mistikuri Teologia” som-xur Targmnebs amgvari warwerebi (,,daviTi” da sxv.) ar aqvs. amitomac avtori erTgvar ,,kompromisze” midis da aRniSnavs: ,,Cveni azriT, areopagituli wignebi koleqti-uri Sromis nayofia” (iqve).

isic unda iTqvas, rom areopagituli moZRvrebis av-toris sidide da sidiade upirvelesad swored — ,,RvTa-ebrivi saxelebis Sesaxeb” da ,,mistikuri Teologiis Se-saxeb” traqtatebSi mJRavndeba. es garemoeba aucileb-

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lad gasaTvaliswinebelia, miT umetes, roca mkvlevars aseT mniSvnelovan mignebaze aqvs pretenzia.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom s. arevSetiani somxuri ekle-siis mier daviT anhaRTis wmindanad Seracxvis faqtsac iyenebs Tavisi mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad. avtoris az-riT, anhaRTis wmindanTa Soris Seracxva gvkarnaxobs, ,,rom somxurma eklesiam scno da daafasa misi raRac gan-sakuTrebuli damsaxureba. mxolod saero filosofiu-ri, logikuri Sromebis avtori verasodes gaxdeboda aseTi gansakuTrebuli pativis Rirsi” (iqve, gv. 302-204).

swored es aris damafiqrebeli. iseT saero filoso-fossa da logikuri Sromebis avtors, rogoric iyo da-viT anhaRTi, Znelad savaraudoa, rom aseTi wminda saek-lesio religiuri traqtatebi daewera. amasTan, oTxive areopagitul traqtatsa da epistoleebs Soris Sinagani kavSiri da siaxlove imdenad cxadia, rom s. arevSatianis mxridan ,,koleqtiur Sromaze” saubari, yovelgvar sa-fuZvelsaa moklebuli.

rac Seexeba somxuri eklesiis mier daviT anhaRTis wmindanad Seracxvas, amisTvis sruliad sakmarisi iyo mi-si didi damsaxureba somxuri kulturis winaSe. amis uam-ravi magaliTi arsebobs sxva xalxTa istoriaSi.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT erTi, arc Tu ise umniSvnelo garemoebac. imave 1980 wels, roca erevanSi gamoqveynda daviT anhaRTis filosofiuri Txzulebebi somxur ena-ze s. arevSatianis winasityvaobiT, moskovSi, gamomcem-loba ,,Наука”-m gamosca imave avtoris naSromi — ,,Давид Непобедимый”, romelSic arevSatiani saerTod arafers ambobs Tavis ,,aRmoCenaze”. metic, am naSromSi gamoTqmu-li azrebi daviT anhaRTis msoflmxedvelobis saero xa-siaTze, Tavdayira ayenebs arevSatianis Sexedulebebs somxuri gamocemis winasityvaSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, s. arevSatianis azriT, somxuri eklesia aseT saero filosofoss wmindanad ar Seracxav-da, Tu ara misi raRac saidumlo damsaxureba eklesiis

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winaSe (pirdapir igulisxmeba anhaRTis mxridan ,,zeciu-ri ierarqiisa” da ,,saeklesio ierarqiis” avtoroba).

axla vnaxoT amis sapirispiro azrebi rusuli ga-mocemidan. s. arevSatianis azriT, XVIII s-Si qarTul ena-ze Targmnilma daviT anhaRTis Sromebma keTilSobilu-ri gavlena moaxdina qarTuli filosofiuri azris sae-ro mimarTulebis ganviTarebaze (2, gv. 5).

aseTive gavlena hqonda daviT anhaRTis msoflmxed-velobas somxur filosofiaze. swored anhaRTis Srome-bisa da Targmnebis wyalobiT, ,,Zveli somxeTis filoso-fiurma azrma Tavi daaRwia qristianuli Teologiis marwuxebs da SeinarCuna Tavisufleba” (iqve, gv. 19. xaz-gasma Cemia — m.m.).

kidev erTi adgili s. arevSatianis wignidan: ,,davi-Tis mecnieruli memkidreoba stimuls aZlevda saero ideebis zrdas, xolo maT avtor-filosofosebs rwmenas matebda imaSi, rom daviTis, rogorc maTi mokavSiris, av-toriteti daexmareboda maT saeklesio mwignobarTa Tavdasxmebisgan” (iqve, gv. 57. xazgasma Cemia — m.m.).

ar aris swori s. arevSatianis azri imis Taobaze, rom areopagitikis somxuri Targmani, romelic Sesru-lebulia 716-717 w.w.-Si uZvelesia sxva TargmanTa Soris. sinamdvileSi areopagituli Txzulebebi pirvelad iTargmna siriul enaze da igi ekuTvnis petre iberis mo-wafes sergios reSainels, romelic moRvaweobda V-VI ss.-Si.

dasasrul ki aRvniSnavT, rom 1980 wlis maisis TveSi somexma xalxma maRal doneze aRniSna daviT anhaRTis da-badebidan 1500 wlisTavi. am iubiles eswreboda da kon-ferenciaze moxsenebiT gamovida cnobili qarTveli mecnieri, profesori revaz TvaraZe (1928-2006). igi Se-niSnavs, rom am saiubileo dReebSi araferi Tqmula am axali saocari ,,aRmoCenis” Sesaxeb da iqve dasZens: ,,ase marjved Seicvala fsevdo-dionise areopagelisa da pet-re iberielis pirovnebaTa identobis nucubiZe-honigma-

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niseuli Teoria areopagelisa da daviT uZlevelis identobis arevSatianiseuli hipoTeziT. Seicvala uw-yinrad, uCumrad, zedmeti xmauris gareSe. xmauri ki ara, imxela iubiles msvlelobis dros krintic arsad daZru-la, xmac aravis gauRia imis Taobaze, Tu rogori masSta-bis saukunovani problema gadaiWra Turme esoden mar-tivad s. arevSatianis mokrZalebul winasityvaSi” (1, gv. 204).

r. TvaraZis SeniSvnaSi yvelaferia naTqvami da mets verafers davamatebT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am etapze areopagituli Txzu-lebebis namdvili avtoris sakiTxi jer kidev ar aris sa-bolood gadawyvetili. Tumca, arsebul hipoTezebs So-ris yvelaze safuZvlianad nucubiZe-honigmanis Teoria gamoiyureba.

literatura

1. r. TvaraZe. TxuTmet-saukunovani mTlianoba. Tb.,

1985 2. С. Аревшатян. Давид Непобедимый. М., 1980

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ucxoeTis filosofiis istoria

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

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revaz gordeziani

(Tbilisi) revaz gordeziani — filosofiis doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universitetis asocirebuli profe-sori; saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-baTa akademiis akademikosi; avtori mravali

samecniero statiisa ucxoeTis filosofiis istoriis prob-lemebze; agreTve wignebisa: `filosofiur-anTropoligiuri problemebi germanul egzistencializmsa da aRmosavleTSi (zen-budizmi)~, Tb., 2009; `Zveli aRmosavleTis filosofia (in-doeTi, CineTi)~, meri WeliZis TanaavtorobiT, Tb., 2001.

yofiereba da `SesaZlo eqsistenci~

k. iaspersis filosofiaSi*

sayovelTaod cnobilia is siZneleebi, rac egzis-

tencis ganmartebis SesaZleblobasTanaa dakavSirebu-li. cnobilia, rom egzistencialisturi filosofiis erT-erTi umTavresi qvakuTxedi — egzistencis buneba - urTulesi gansamartavi da gasagebia. am filosofiis um-Tavresi siZneleebi pirvel rigSi egzistencis cnebiTad miuwvdomlobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rasac erTxmad aRiareben egzistencializmis mTavari warmomadgenlebi. k. iaspersic, rasakvirvelia, sxvebTan erTad aRiarebs egzistencis garkveul arauSualobas, `iracionalobas~, `zeracionalobas~ da am viTarebis aRiarebiT cdilobs sxvebisTvis miswvdomi gaxados egzistencis buneba. ro-gorc viciT, samyaro-yofiereba k. iaspersTan ar aris erTaderTi yofiereba, igi ar amowuravs mTel yofiere-bas. magram ra arsebobs samyaros mTeli yofierebis sapi-rispirod? — kiTxulobs k. iaspersi da iqve pasuxobs:

* nawili pirveli; meore nawili ibeWdeba.

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aseT raimed pirvel rigSi arsebobs yofiereba, romelic aqyofieris (Dasein) movlenaSi saxeze ar aris, magram ro-melsac SeuZlia da unda iyos yofiereba. man droulad unda gadawyvitos, rom igi maradiulia. man unda Tavis-Tvis cxadyos, rom igi droSi zedroulia.

es yofiereba, k.iaspersis azriT, aris TviTon ada-mianis yofiereba, egzistenci, adamianis TviTyofiereba.

egzistenci, egzistencfilosofiis mixedviT, aris adamianuri yofierebis specifikuroba, misi uSinagnesi buneba.

egzistenci var me TviTon, da var imdenad, ramdena-dac me Cemi Tavi obieqtad ar gamixdia.

egzistencSi vici winaswar me Cemi Tavi imisgan da-moukideblad, vidre me daviwyebde imis Wvretas Tu ras vuwodeb me Cems TviTs.

me varsebob da vcxovrob mxolod egzistencis Se-saZleblobidan, mxolod mis ganxorcielebaSi, ganamdvi-lebaSi var me `me TviTon~.

egzistencis erT-erTi ucnauroba isaa, rom roca me vindomeb mis miwvdomas, moxelTebas, maSinve miqreba igi xelidan, radgan is ar aris fsiqologiuri subieqti. igi, rogorc TviTon gamovlenili arayofiereba, subieq-turobisa da obieqturobis polarulobaSi aris erTi. igi, erTiania, am dapirispirebis safuZvelSia.

egzistenci gamovlenili aqyofierebaa, magram ara raRacis gamovlena, romelic rogorc raime sagani SeiZ-leba mogveces da safuZvlianad gagebul iqnas raimed. egzistenci aris movlena mxolod TavisTvis da sxva eg-zistencebisTvis.

ara Cemi aqyofierebaa, maSasadame, egzistenci, ara-med adamiani aris aqyofierebaSi `SesaZlebeli egzisten-ci~.

k. iasperis terminologiiT, adamianis yofiereba, rogorc egzistenci da rogorc aqyofiereba, ar aris erTi da igive. termini egzistenci ar aris sinonimi aqyo-

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fierebis terminisa. am ori sityvis qveS moazrebuli Si-naarsebi srulad ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom `aqyofiereba~, k. iasperis filosofiis mixedviT, ga-moiyeneba im yofierebis aRsaniSnavadac, romelebic ada-mianuri yofierebisagan principulad aris gansxvavebu-li. mag. k. iaspersi xSirad msjelobs samyaros saganTa aqyofierebis Sesaxeb, amave dros adamianis yofierebis aqyofierebasac aRiarebs, Tumca es ukanaskneli, ro-gorc egzistenci, unikaluri, uaRresad specifikuri adamianuri yofierebis gamomxatvelia. es garemoeba miT ufro sainteresoa, rom germanuli egzistencializmis meore fuZemdebeli m. haidegeri Tavisi filosofiis Zi-riTadi principebis gadmocemisas igive pozicias ar icavs. misTvis egzistenci da `aqyofiereba~ garkveuli azriT sinonimebia. egzistenci unikaluri adamianuri yofierebaa da `aqyofierebac~ mxolod adamianuri yofi-erebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. roca m. haidegers surs samyaroseul saganTa yofierebis Tavisebureba aCvenos, igi maT `aqyofierebaze~ki ar laparakobs, aramed maT `saxeze yofnaze~ (Vorhandensein), anda `xelzemyofobaze~ (Zuhandensein). Tuki m. haidegeri `aqyofierebis~ yofnis-saxeze msjelobs, es ukve niSnavs, rom saqme exeba mxo-lod adamianur yofierebas (2, gv. 9-11)

am viTarebas naTlad gviCvenebs k. iaspersis aq moy-vanili msjeloba egzistencisa da aq yofierebis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoT miTiTebuli iqna, k. iaspersis azriT, aq-yofiereba, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas , ufro farToa, ufro meti moculobis Semcvelia, vidre sityva egzistenci. `aqyofiereba~ samyaros sagnebsac moicavs, egzistenci — mxolod adamianis yofierebaa.

aqyofiereba rogorc yofiereba, k. iaspersis az-riT, cxovrobs da kvdeba; egzistencma ar icis sikvdili, aramed Tavis yofierebaSi dgas aRmavlobaSi (Aufschwung) an dacemulobaSi (Abfall). egzistenci Tavis yofierebaSi

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sikvdilTan mimarTebaSia: ganicdis aRmafrenas da dace-mas, fiqrobs sikvdilze da gaurbis maze fiqrs.

aqyofiereba empiriulad aqaa, egzistenci ki mxo-lod rogorc Tavisufleba.

aqyofiereba aris ubralod drouli, egzistenci ki droSi metia, vidre dro (in der Zeit  mehr als Zeit). 

aqyofierebebi gansxvavdeba samyaro yofierebis mo-culobis sxvadasxvaobiT, egzistenci sxva egzistencis-gan gansxvavdeba arsebiTad Tavis Tavisuflebis safuZ-vlidan.

egzistenci cnebiTi azrovnebiT ar moiazreba imi-tom, rom ar arsebobs egzistencis cneba. egzistenci si-namdvilea, Cven vmsjelobT am sinamdvilis yofierebaze, magram Cven ar gvaqvs egzistencis cneba. egzistenci cne-ba ki araa, aramed sityvaa, niSania, romelic pirvelyov-lisa migviTiTebs `yovelgvari sagnobriobis miRmuro-bas~. swored SesaZlo egzistencidan filosofosobas adamiani azrovnebis saSualebiT Taviseburi saxiT mih-yavs carieli siRrmidan ucxades gaawmyoebamde.

k. iaspersis azriT, egzistenci ar unda gavigoT rogorc absoluturi ram, rogorc absoluturi yofie-reba. igi ar aris sisrule, igi ar aris substancialuri mniSvnelobis. piriqiT, igi damokidebulia absolitur yofierebaze. rogorc iTqva, SesaZlo egzistenci tran-scendentTan aucilebeli mimarTebaa. egzistenci aris simSvide da mousvenroba erTianobaSi, erTSi. igi mous-venrobaa ufro xSirad da simSvides ver poulobs verc aqyofierebaSi da verc Tavis TavSi, aramed mxolod nam-dvili Tavisuflebis cnobierebis meSveobiT Tavisi transcendenturi damokidebulebiT absoluturi yofi-erebis gagebaSi.

egzistenci garkveuli azriT imaJinaluri punqtia, romelic me TviTon var, magram romlis moazrebac me ar SemiZlia. me vazrovneb mxolod misgan da vazrovneb Tu ra var me, ramdenadac me TviTon me var. egzistencis ar-

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seba arauSualobaa, igi ar xdeba is yofierebaa, romelic me maqvs, aramed samyaroSi TavisTavTan midis igi aqyofi-erebis gagebiT (1, gv. I, 27)

egzistenci Cveni mxedvelobis areSi arasodes ar eqceva ragind ar unda movindomoT misi danaxva. garkve-ulia is, rac sagnobrivad aris warmomdgari: egzistenci arasagnobrivia. rodesac Cven sagnobriobas vSordebiT da viwyebT svlas egzistencisaken, pirvelad vuaxlov-debiT absoluturad arasagnobrivs, mas, ris TviTsicxa-de, TviTdadastureba (Selbstgewisheit), Cveni aq yofiere-bis centria da romlidanac xdeba yofierebis Zieba. eg-zistenci centria Cveni aq yofierebis, misgan xdeba yo-fierebis Zieba da misganve xdeba naTeli yvela saganTa obieqturoba.

erTi SexedviT, iseTi viTareba iqmneba, rom Tu Ta-namimdevruli viqnebiT, unda vaRiaroT TiTqos egzis-tencze saerTod laparaki SeuZlebelia. ise mosCans, rom radgan egzistenci Semecnebis sagnad arasodes ar iqce-va, amitom TiTqos SeuZlebelia mis Sesaxeb laparaki, xo-lo Tu mis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT, maSin egzistenci iseTi rame ki ar yofila, romelic TiTqos arasodes ar iqceva sagnad, armed, piriqiT, masze msjelobisas, igi ukve sag-nad vaqcieT. sinamdvileSic xSirad ase xdeba: xdeba eg-zistencis fsiqologizireba: misi kvleva-Ziebis dros xSirad iReben moCvenebiTad codniseul rezultatebs da amiT fiqroben TiTqos egzistenci sagnobrivi azrov-nebiTaa misaRwevi. k. iaspersisTvis amgvari kvleva miu-Rebelia. igi icavs princips, rom egzistenci arasagnob-rivia da sagnobrivi azrovnebiT principulad mouazre-belia rogorc sagani. magram, cxadia, k. iaspersisTvis egzistencze azrovneba araa gamoricxuli da es azrov-neba sruliadac ar niSnavs mis gasagnobrivebas, sagnob-rivi azrovnebis sagnad gadaqcevas. saqme isaa, rom k. ias-persis azriT, azrovneba da msjeloba, bWoba SesaZlebe-lia ara mxolod sagnobrivze, aramed arasagnobrivzec.

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Cven SegviZlia azrovneba da laparaki sagnebze. garda amisa, arsebobs saSualeba, rom azrovnebiT Cven TviTon naTelni, cxadni gavxdeT. es imis gareSe, rom es sicxade sagnobrivi sicxade iyos. cxadadgaxdoma (Klarwerden)  aris, k. iaspersis azriT, swored aqyofierebis forma arasagnobrivi `SesaZlo egzistencisa~. adamianis azrov-neba da laparaki (Sprechen), garda sagnobrivi garkveu-lobisa, iZleva agreTve arasagnobriv TviTsicxades. am arasagnobriv TviTsicxadis (Selbstgewisheit) cnobiere-bissinaTles (Bewustseinshelle), cnobierebismdgomareobas (Bewustseinshaltung), yofierebis cnobierebis (Seinsbewus‐tsein), k. iaspersis azriT, SeiZleba ewodos absoluturi cnobiereba. `SesaZlo egzistenci~, rogorc Tavdapirve-li sawyisi, sicxade absoluturi cnobierebaa, magram rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es ar niSnavs amave dros egzis-tencis absoluturobas, substanciur sisrules.

`SesaZlo egzistencs~, rogorc unikalur yofie-rebas, mravali Taviseburebebi gaaCnia. igi mxolod Tavi-si yofnis wesiT arsebobs.

k. iaspersis filosofiiis mixedviT, adamianis aqyo-fierebas arsebiTad axlavs daukmayofilebloba (Unbe‐friedigung), romelic asaxsnelia Tavisi warmoSobisa da raobis, Sinagani bunebis mixedviT. aqyofierebidan, ro-gorc aseTidan, warmosdgeba daufuZnebeli daukmayofi-lebloba.ufro zustad rom iTqvas, es daukmayofileb-loba ar SeiZleba srulad iqnas dafuZnebuli, anu sru-lad dafuZnebadi araa. magram misi arseboba aSkaraa. igi aucileblad Tan axlavs aqyofierebas, rogorc aq yofi-erebas garkveul mdgomareobaSi: kerZod igi mosdevs adamianis aqyofierebas im momentidan, roca adamiani samyaroyofierebas — sul erTia es Teoriulad xdeba Tu praqtikulad — ganixilavs rogorc yovlismomcvel yo-fierebas. igi warmoiSoba maSin, roca adamiani samyaro-yofierebas yvelafrad miiCnevs. es momenti aris, k. ias-

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persis azriT, negatiuri dasawyisi, romelic saSualebas maZlevs samyaroyofierebisagan Cemi egzistencis gamo-yofaSi. am gamoyofis WeSmariteba vigrZno, gavigo. k. ias-persis mixedviT, aqyofierebis es ukmayofileba aris `SesaZlo egzistencis~ yofierebis gamoTqma, gamoxatu-leba. igi `SesaZlo egzistencis~ yofierebis gaoTqmaa da masSi egzistencis mier sxva ramis gageba ki ar xdeba, ara-med sakuTari Tavisa. aqyofierebis daukmayofileblo-biT `SesaZlo egzistenci~ TavisTavs gamoTqvams. es da-ukmayofilebloba ar aris, amitom codnis SeuZlebloba ar aris arc samyaroSi Cemi yovelgvari moqmedebis, miR-wevebis bolos mdebare sicariele, sadac me araras uf-skrulTan vdgevar, aramed igi Tavs amJRavnebs, xdeba, rogorc ukmayofiloba, `ekali~ (stachei) Cemi qmnadobisa. misi meSveobiT me Sevdivar SesaZleblebTan martoobaSi, romlis winaSec yovelgvari samyaro yofiereba qreba. es martooba ar aris mkvlevaris raime gandgoma, gamowveu-li yofierebis namdvili Semecnebis uimedobiT, anda ra-ime usiamovneba moqmedebebis usazrisobiT, uazroebiT gamowveuli anda sxva raime amis msgavsi. amis sawinaaR-mdegod igi aris adamianis ukmayofiloba aqyofierebTan saerTod, rogorc gamoTqma da moTxovna imisa, rom viyo `me TviTon~ Cemi wyarodan. am daukmayofileblobidan warmosdgeba Cemi cnobiereba, rom mTeli samyaro, sadac me vcxovrob, miuxedavad Tavisi sayovelTaobisa da mniS-vnelobisa, ar aris mTeli, yovelgvari, yvela yofiereba (alles  Sein) am ganwyobilebiT me samyarosTan vdgevar ara rogorc codnis survili, rom samyaros gansakuTrebu-lobani, sferoebi gamovikvlio da sxvas gavuziaro, ara-med rogorc yofierebisken mimarTuli Tavdapirveli codnis survili.

daukmayofilebloba, romelic SiSvel aqyofiere-bas axasiaTebs, SeiZleba gamoiTqvas da gagebul iqnas. Tumca rogorc iTqva, igi srulad ar SeiZleba dafuZne-bul iqnas, magram igi Tavis orive saxeSi e.i. Teoriuli

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saxiT — roca samyaros yvela sagnebis ganxilva xdeba da gvaqvs maT Sesaxeb SiSveli codna — da praqtikuli saxiT, roca idealuri mTelis amocanebis, miznebis aRvseba, Sesruleba xdeba — SeiZleba gagebul da gamoTqmul iq-nas TviTon `SesaZlo egzistencis~ daukmayofileblobi-dan. igi Tavis Tavidan gamomdinare aixsneba da ara raime sayovelTao mniSvnelobis safuZvlebidan.

k. iaspersi, rogorc vxedavT, `SesaZlo egzisten-cis~ am ukmayofilebas did ontologiur funqcias ani-Webs. es ukmayofileba aris `SesaZlo egzistencis~ mdgo-mareobis gamoTqma, imis moTxovna, rom igi Tavisi namdvi-li, sakuTari safuZvliT, Tavdapirveli wyaroTi unda arsebobdes da rac mTavaria, am mdgomareobas, k. iasper-sis azriT, mosdevs samyaroaqyofierebis rRveva (Durchruch). SesaZlo TviTyofierebis ukmayofileba ar-Rvevs samyaroyofierebas da erTeuli adamiani e. i. indi-vidi, calkeuli Tavis TavTan ukan gadmosrolili aR-moCndeba im wyaroSi, romelidanac igi Tavis samyaros igebs da romelSic, rogorc egzistencs, sxvasTn erTad ganamdvileba SeuZlia.

k. iaspersis TvalsazrisiT, samyaroyofierebis rRveva SesaZloa namdvilad Sesruldes egzistencis mi-er. me maqvs survili Cemi ukmayofileba gavarkvio da po-zitiurad viazrovno Tu ras exeba es saqme, am dros ub-ralod mas ki ar vicileb Tavidan, aramed me mivdivar eg-zistencis ganaTebamde. egzistencis ganaTebaSi xdeba dadastureba, gacxadeba–darwmunebulebloba rRvevisa da samyaros aqyofierebis meSveobiT. Tu egzistenci axorcielebs, asrulebs samyarosaqyofierebis darRve-vas, maSin ase xdeba egzistencis ganaTeba, azrovnebiTi dadastureba, gacxadeba, am rRvevisa. filosofiuri `ga-naTeba (Erhellung)~ - da ara Semecneba, codnis SemuSaveba Cven SeiZleba yovelnair, TiToeul ideaSi, azrSi vipo-voT. isini exeba romeliRaca mxriT, aspeqtiT swored am rRvevas.

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maSasadame, egzistencis ganaTeba aris `SesaZlo eg-zistencis~ mier samyaros aqyofierebis rRvevis namdvili Sesruleba, riTc egzistencis ganaTeba am rRvevis azrovnebiTi dadastureba xdeba.

sxvadasxva ideebSi daZebnili filosofiuri gana-Teba SeiZleba klasificirebul iqnas tipebis mixedviT. k. iaspersi gamoyofs principulad SesaZlo jgufebs, romlebic gviCvenebs filosofiuri `ganaTebis~ sxvadas-xva saxeebs imisda mixedviT Tu romeli idea, azri Tu ra mxridan gamoxatavs samyarosaqyofierebis rRvevas.

k. iaspersis TvalsazrisiT rRveva xorcieldeba Semdeg viTarebebis dros:

1. rRveva warmoiSoba samyarosaqyofierebis saz-Rvarze. azrs mivyavarT Cven samyarosqyofierebis saz-Rvarze; amiT gamovcdiT sazRvars da am viTarebidan warmosdgeba mowodeba awmyosaken. k. iaspersi miuTiTebs, Tu ra mohyveba am process: jer erTi, am gziT Cven samya-roSi myof situaciebidan, ufro swored samyaroSi yof-nis Cveni situaciebidan miyvanili vxdebiT `sazRvriTsi-tuaciamde~; meore, empiriuli cnobierebidan, mivdi-varT `absolutur cnobierebamde~ da mesamec, mizniT ganpirobebul (mizandasaxul, gansazRvrul) moqmedebe-bidan mivdivarT `upirobo moqmedebebisaken~, Tavisu-fal qmedebamde.

2. k. iaspersis azriT, radgan samyaroaqyofierebis rRvevas Cven mivyavarT sazRvarze da ara samyaros saz-Rvrebs gareT, miRma, e. i. radgan es rRveva samyaroSi sruldeba, amitom axlavs filosofiuri azri samyaroSi egzistencis gamovlenas `istoriul cnobierebaSi~, misi aqyofierebis `subieqturobasa da obieqturobas Soris daZabulobaSi (Spannung)~.

3. rRveva warmoiSoba sawyisidan, saTavidan, wyaro-dan. igi upirvelesi safuZvlidan, wyarodan momdinare-obs. es procesi ar Seedreba samyaroSi mimdinare sagnob-riv procesebs; samyaroSi mimdinareobs procesebi, xdo-

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milobani. samyaros saganT es xdomilobani (Ereignisse) principulad gansxvavebulia egzistencis TviTyofie-rebaSi warmoSobili rRvevisgan, ris Sesaxebac mimdina-reobs axla msjeloba. k. iaspersis azriT, samyarosaqyo-fierebis rRveva, rac adamianuri yofnis ukmayofilobas mosdevs, raime obieqturi, sagnobrivi procesi ki araa, aramed igi aris `SesaZlo egzistencis~ gadawyvetileba. am dros Cems mier xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba. TviT-myofi wyarodan vigeb, viazreb me yofierebas gacnobie-rebiT, rom unda unda gadawyvetil iqnas. mTel am pro-cesSi umTvresia is, rom azri, idea, Tavisi Ziridan, wya-rodan momdinare, momarTuli, eZiebs da cdilobs `Tavi-sufleba~ gaanaTos (die Freiheit zu erhellen). adamianisTvis naTeli xdeba, rom mas samyaros sagnebiviT da movlene-biviT aRar SeuZlia gadauwyveteli darCes.

4. samyarosaqyofierebis rRvevisTvis damaxasiaTe-belia is, rom igi mouazrebeli da daufuZnebelia samya-ros ramenairi codniT, samyarocodniT, rac TviTyofie-rebaSi, egzistencSi am procesis dros unda gadawyveti-li iqnas, misawvdomia ara raime codnis, samyarocodnis meSveobiT, aramed Tavisi mediumis mixedviT. egzisten-cisganaTebisas samyarosaqyofierebaSi SeiWreba egzis-tencisganaTeba, magram ara ise TiTqos gacnobierdeba Tu saqme ras exeba, ara ise TiTqos am process, mis Sesa-xeb codnac Tan axlavs, aramed am dros SesaZleblobebi xdeba sagrZnobi, saqme exeba mas, Tu me rogor vxdebi (Werde), aq umTavresia is, rom `me TviTon~ da TviTyofie-reba mxolod komunikaciaSi arsebulebia. esaa yovelgva-ri egzistencisganaTebis fundamenturi idea.

maSasadame, ra ZiriTadi momentebia xazgasmuli k. iaspersis zemoTgadmocemuli msjelobebidan?

`SesaZlo egzistenci~ axdens marto SiSvel samya-roaqarsebobidan TviTgamoyofas, TviTamaRlebas; mas axlavs ukmayofileba samyarosTan, rogorc aseTTan, yofnisas; amas mosdevs rRvevis cnobiereba gadawyveti-

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lebaSi, yovelive amas ki mosdevs codnis sazRvari e.i. k. iasperss surs aCvenos, rom am momentebidan Tavisufle-bebs kargavs codna, aq Tavdeba codnis sfero, axla ukve sagnobrivi codna aRaraa adrindeli Zalis mqone. cnobi-erdeba sazRvari da is, rom azrovneba pirvel rigSi im sivrcis winaSe dgas, sadac ukve aRaraferi dainaxeba. cnobiereba xdeba sazRvari. amiT iwyeba egzistencisga-naTeba, romlis azrovnebis saSualebebi unda iyos usa-kuTresi xasiaTis. egzistenci, wers k. iaspersi, ar aris arc obieqti samyaroSi da arc idealuri sagani. egzis-tencisgamnaTebeli azrovneba specifikuri sagnobrivi azrovnebisagan gansxvavebuli procesia. egzistencis-gamnaTebeli azrovneba momarTulia egzistencobis si-namdvilisaken, egzistencobisaken (Existiren), romelic Tavis istoriul situaciaSi Tavis Tavisaken transcen-direbaa. maSasadame, transcendireba sazRvrebs gareT (zeviT) myofobaa azrobrivad, magram igi samyaros mTlianobis miRma myofobas, mis moazrebas ki ar gulis-xmobs mxolod, aramed rogorc k. iaspersi aRniSnavs, igi aris TavisTavisken trascendirebac.

k. iaspersis TvalsazrisiT, gamnaTebel azrs sWir-deba, rogorc saSualeba, sagnobrivi azrovneba, romlis meSveobiTac transcendirebs igi egzistencis Tavdapir-vel transcendirebisaken.

k. iaspersi exeba misi Teoriis mniSvnelovan da sa-intereso mxares, kerZod sagnobrivi azrovnebisa da eg-zistencisgamnaTebeli azrovnebis mimarTebis sakiTxs. ukve iTqva, rom am ukanasknels sWirdeba sagnobrivi az-rovneba, rogorc saSualeba da mis gauqmebas ar gulis-xmobs.

egzistencisgamnaTebel azrovnebas k. iaspersi axa-siaTebs rogorc iseT azrovnebas, romelSic erTdrou-lad ori frTa moqmedebs. es azrovneba xorcieldeba mxolod iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca orivees mamoZravebeli frTa sinamdvileSi muSaobs, es frTebia `SesaZlo egzis-

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tenci~ da zogadoebis azrovneba. roca es orive mxare moqmedebaSia, xorcieldeba egzistencgamnaTebeli az-rovneba, xolo roca erT-erTi maTgani gvimtyunebs, ro-ca erT-erTi maTgani wyvets moqmedebas, maSin ecema aR-mavali ganaTeba Tavis niadagze, safuZvelze. filoso-fosobaSi (romlis frTebic isini arian), xvdebian erTma-neTs zogadi da me TviT.

Cven, erTis mxriv, unda mivideT zogadoebis saz-Rvarze da, meores mxriv, zogadobebSi unda vmoZraob-deT, e.i. sagnobrivi, zogadobebis momazrebeli azrovne-biT unda am azrovnebis sazRvramde mivideT, raSic eg-zistencis gamnaTebeli azrovneba mJRavndeba.

egzistencis gamnaTebeli azrovnebis WeSmaritebis kriteriumi ukve aRar aris raime obieqturi sazomi, romlis mixedviTac gairkveoda naTqvamis siswore anda siyalbe. amgvari gamonaTqvamis WeSmaritebis kriteriu-mia TviTon neba (nebisyofa — Wille), romelic adasturebs anda uaryofs.

abstraqtuli zogadobebiT azrovneba egzisten-cisganaTebis erTi mamoZravebeli frTaa, meore frTa ki `SesaZlo egzistencia~, rogorc iTqva. magram es `SesaZ-lo egzistenci~ is Tavdapirveli wyaroa, sawyisia, rome-lic adamianuri yofnis specifikas gansazRvravs. `SesaZ-lo egzistenci~ Tavisuflebaa, xolo egzistencis gamna-Tebeli azrovnebis WeSmaritebis saboloo kriteriumi imitom aris damadasturebeli anda uaryofeli nebisyo-fa, rom `filosofosoba gadamwyvet punqtebSi aris ukve TviTon Tavisuflebis nebis gamoTqmis ganaTeba~. me ro-gorc `SesaZlo egzistenci ~ var Tavisufleba. me ro-gorc Tavisufleba TviTon gamovcdi imas, rom me ara mxolod var, aramed yofna SemiZlia. me gamovcdi, Tu ra msurs viyo da rom me SemiZlia msurdes mxolod cnobie-rebis sinaTleSi. `SesaZlo egzistencis~ ganaTebaa (Erhellung) mxolod is gza, romelsac egzistencis TviT-sicxade da transcendireba mosdevs, transendireba ro-

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gorc TavisTvisadmi, aseve transcendentisken (Rmer-Tisken). absolutTan damakavSirebeli `Sifremis ena~ mxolod asea SesaZlebeli metafizikur azrovnebaSi.  

REVAZ GORDEZIANI

BEING AND POSSIBLE EXISTENCE IN K. JASPER`S PHILOSOPHY

Abstract

According to K. Jaspers`s philosophy man`s being in the

universe is unique. The essence of man`s existence is internal fredoom. Among all the existings (Dasein) in the universe only man is able to become a possible existenz i.e transform from a temporal transiet being a super-temporal one

It is exactly specific feature of human exsitence: to transform from a temporal being into a super-temporal possible existens. Man can achieve it because he/she is internal existential freedom, existence which is not limited by any pre-existing or being.

The essance of man – existenz (internal freedom) is indirect, not non-immediate. It is never given immediately on the screen of rational discursive cognition. As an objact of cognitin it is unattainable for logical-scientific thinking which is split into subject and object. But at the time in the process of such thinking man is capable of enlightenment (Erhellung), of turning into possible existenz.

Man magages to transcend his/her I (selft) and transcendent (God) in the process of his/her self-cognition and self-perfection. Thus, two wings are necessaty for spiritual procesess: 1). conceptual logical-philosophical thinking and 2). existebtial enlightment which has its own specific froms of expression.

Man becomes a super-temporal being which is revealed in relation to God in cipher metaphysical thinking.

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literatura:

1. K. Jaspers, Philosophic, Bd. 1 -3, Berlin.., 1973 2. M. Heidegger, Sein und Zcit, Halle, 1927 3. С.Киркегор. Наслаждение и долг. СМБ 1894 4. И. Бохенский. Современная европейская философия, М,

1959 5. Hans Saner, Jaspers, Rowohet, 1970 6. M. Buber Das Problem des Menschen. Heidepterg, 1982 7. W. S Schneiders, K. Jaspers in der Kritik, Bern, 1965. 8. K. Jaspers. Die grosen Philosophen, Munchen, 1957.

  

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis ucxoeTis filosofiis

istoriis ganyofilebam.

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qeTevan muxiguli

(Tbilisi) qeTevan muxiguli — doqtoranti. iv. javaxi-Svilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis filosofiis ganyofilebis kurs-damTavrebuli

fixte istoriis sawyisis problemis Sesaxeb.

Tavisufleba da fixteseuli hipoTeza;

winaistoria _ “bunebrivi mdgomareoba”

ramdenime wlis win germaniaSi, kerZod, miunxenSi,

Seiqmna filosofiuri skola, romelmac miznad daisaxa fixtes filosofiuri Txzulebebis “axlidan wakiTxva” da misi ganTavisufleba sxvadasxva interpretaciebis-gan.

fixte germanul filosofiaSi iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze rTulad gasageb moazrovned. amas emateba misi “rTuli enac” da TviT germanelebsac Zalian uWirT misi gageba. fixtes naSromebis Targmanebic ar aris srulyo-filad Sesrulebuli. rogorc cnobilia, germanul kla-sikur filosofias da axali drois germanul azrovne-bas axasiaTebda yvelaferi germanulisadmi gansakuTe-buli damokidebuleba da germaneli eris sayovelTaod gamorCeul, “msoflios ganmaTavisuflebel“ erad war-moCena. fixtes “mimarTva germaneli erisadmi”, romelic filosofosma napoleonisagan okupirebuli berlinis universitetSi waikiTxa, swored aseTi suliskveTebis matarebelia. “mimarTva germaneli erisadmi” iZleva mra-valgvari ganmartebis saSualebas. swored am leqciaTa Taviseburi ganmartebis safuZvelze XX saukuneSi nacis-tebma Tamamad ganacxades, rom maTi ideologia fixtes ideebs efuZneboda.

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meore msoflio omis Semdeg germania gaxda faSiste-bis mier kacobriobis winaSe Cadenili danaSaulis mem-kvidre. am faqtma didi gavlena moaxdina germanelebis azrovnebaze. isini faSistur ideologiasTan ramenai-rad daaxloebul ideologias sastikad ufrTxodnen. amis gamo fixte da misi naSromebi TiTqmis amoSales ger-maniis istoriidan. fixtes filosofia tabudadebul Temad iqca. masze sajaro msjelobas gaurbodnen. sava-raudod, erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom fixtes filosofia jerovnad ar aris Sefasebuli filosofiis istorikose-bis mier, swored es faqtia.

neofixteanelTa azriT, fixtes sworad gagebas xe-li SeuSala mravalma momentma. kerZod, tradiciad qce-ulma fixtes filosofiis zedmetad dakavSirebam kan-tTan, rac xSirad ganapirobebda fixtes gnoseologiur ganmartebas. aseve fixte ganixileboda aTeistad, rac “miunxenis skolisTvis” miuRebelia.

TavisTavad misasalmebelia, rom am didi moazrov-nis mimarT interesi ar neldeba da Tanamedrove filo-sofiis istorikosebi cdiloben damsaxurebuli adgili miuCinon mas dasavlur filosofiaSi, magram zogierTi sakiTxis ganxilvisas, kerZod ki fixtes istoriis filo-sofiis gasagebad, albaT, mizanSewonili iqneba istoriis Sesaxeb kantis mosazrebis gaTvaliswineba. miT umetes, rom fixte Tavs yovelTvis kantis mowafed Tvlida. 1790 wliT daTariRebul erT-erT werilSi fixte werda, rom kantis filosofia mas yovelgvar miwier sagnebze aRa-maRlebda — “me aRviqvi ufro Rirseuli morali da am fi-losofias mivuZRvni Cemi cxovrebis ramdenime weli-wads”. valentin asmusi werda: “fixtesaTvis, iseve ro-gorc kantisaTvis, istoria Tavisi SinaarsiT aris mov-lenebisa TariRebis Tanamimdevroba “moklebuli Tavi-suflebis SesaZleblobis aCdilsac ki.”

kants istoriis Sesaxeb sagangebod ar umuSavia. neo-kantianelebi fiqrobdnen, rom man amisTvis ubralod

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ver moicala. man mogvca mxolod zogadi sqematuri mo-naxazi da ramdenime meTodologiuri principi istoriis filosofiisaTvis. raki adamiani or samyaros — bunebasa da Tavisuflebas ekuTvnis, SesaZlebeli Cans adamianTa istoriis filosofiuri ganxilva ori principulad gan-sxvavebuli gziT — sabunebismetyvelo meTodiT da te-lelogiuri meTodiT.

“sayovelTao istoriis ideaSi” kanti pirvel meTods iyenebs, Tumca mis TviTkmar mecnierul RirebulebaSi darwmunebuli araa. amitomac mkacrad hkilavda her-ders istoriis sabunebismetyvelo ganxilvisaTvis. Tu herderi istorias udgeboda bunebismetyveliviT, fixte istorias zneobriv-teleologiuri TvalsazrisiT gani-xilavda. aq is TiTqos kantis erTgulia, magram faqtia: TviTon kants aseTi nabiji ar gadaudgams da, albaT, ara mxolod mouclelobis gamo.

imanuel kanti “praqtikuli gonebis kritikis” das-kvniT nawilSi werda: “ori ram avsebs suls mudam axali da miT ufro Zlieri gakvirvebiT da mokrZalebiT, rac ufro xSirad da dabejiTebiT vazrovneb maTze. esenia varskvlavebiT moWedili ca Cems zemoT da moraluri ka-noni CemSi”. adamiani ori samyaros Svilia: bunebisa da Tavisuflebisa. rogorc bunebis Svili, igi fenomenalu-ri movlenaa; rogorc Tavisuflebis samyaros Svili, igi noumenia, anu “nivTia TavisTavad”. adamiani fizikura-dac da fsiqikuradac movlenaTa aucilebeli mizez-Se-degobrivi jaWvis rgolia. adamianis neba ki adgens mora-lur imperatiul movaleobas, romlis subieqtic Tavad adamiania.

“bunebis” kantiseul gagebaSi moiazreba yvelaferi, rac arsebobs. “Tavisuflebis samyaros” cnebaSi ki moi-azreba is, rac unda iyos, rac “jer ars”. kantis bunebri-vi kanoni aucilebeli da sayovelTao xasiaTisaa. zneob-rivi kanoni ki sayovelTaoa, magram mas bunebrivi auci-

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lebloba ar axasiaTebs. mas regulaturi da teleologi-uri xasiaTi aqvs.

kantis moraluri kanonis ganxilva SesaZlebelia mi-zanSewonilobis TvalsazrisiTac, magram arc es mdgoma-reoba aniWebs mas bunebriv aucileblobas. “kantis mora-luri kanoni jerarsis kanonia. misi Sesruleba — Seus-rulebloba ar moqmedebs mis sayovelTaobasa da Rirse-baze. Tu mizezobriobis kanoni erTxel mainc ar ganxor-cielda movlenaTa sferoSi, es sruli sabuTia misi sayo-velTaobis winaaRmdeg. magram aravinac rom ar ganaxor-cielos moraluri kanoni, es mis Rirsebas verafers da-aklebs” [1. gv. 7]. es winaaRmdegoba arTulebs istoriis filosofiur gaazrebas. “wminda gonebis kritikis” mi-xedviT, istoriuli mecniereba aris mxolod momxdari movlenebisa da faqtebis Sesaxeb codnis aRwera, sadac ar aris Tavisufleba. raki istoria ar qmnis movlenebisa da faqtebis Sesaxeb RirebulebaTa erTobliobas.

kanti fiqrobda, rom istoriis filosofiis mecnie-rulad Camoyalibeba SeuZlebelia, radgan filosofia amodis racionaluri aprioruli principebidan, xolo istoriuli codna faqtebzea empiriulad dafuZnebuli. kantma istoriis filosofiuri gageba axsna ara rogorc istoriuli procesis filosofiuri Teoria, aramed ro-gorc adamianis subieqturi unari — gaiazros istoria filosofiur WrilSi subieqtisave mier gaazrebul bu-nebis mizanTan SesabamisobaSi. bunebis mizani ar aris obieqturi realoba. bunebis miznis moazreba xdeba su-bieqtis, adamianis gonebaSi. bunebis mizani samyaroSi re-alurad arsebuli rom iyos, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneboda misi mecnierul-Teoriuli Semecnebac.

kantisaTvis istorias ar gaaCnia raRac obieqturi “gegma”, romlis mixedviTac miznisken miiwevs. istoriis gegmac, iseve rogorc mizani, subieqtis mieraa gonebaSi moazrebuli. kantis teleologiuri istoriis filoso-fia aris istoriis konstruireba iseTad, rogorc is un-

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da iyos, Tuki masSi ganxorcieldeba bunebis miznebi. un-da moxdes istoriulad momxdari faqtebis gaazreba je-rarsis “miznis mixedviT”. amis mixedviT iZens movlenebi da faqtebi azrs istoriul procesSi. am azrs ki istori-as aniWebs adamiani.

istoriis filosofiis idea kantTan gaigeba, ro-gorc kacobriobis zneobrivi srulyofis procesi. is-toria viTardeba bunebis “miznebis” da “gegmebis” Sesaba-misad. gviandeli periodis naSromebSi kanti met sicxa-des sZens am sakiTxs da istorias ganixilavs kacobrio-bis svlad kategoriuli imperativis ganxocielebisken. es aris gonieri da humanuri sazogadoebis mowyobis mcdeloba.

fixte Tavis filosofiaSi iZleva istoriulad war-moqnili sazogadoebrivi formebis cvlilebaTa filo-sofiur axsnas; cdilobs obieturi, adamianis cnobiere-bisa da nebisagan damoukidebeli istoriuli procesis da adamianTa Segnebuli moRvaweobis morigebas.

istoriis filosofiuri gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT saintereso da sayuradReboa misi “Tana-medrove epoqis ZiriTadi niSnebi”. fixtem am naSromSi SemogvTavaza istoriuli procesis originaluri perio-dizacia; Seecada filosofiurad aexsna istoriulad warmoqmnili sazogadoebis sxva sazogadoebiT Secvlis procesi; daeZlia winaaRmdegoba, romelic Tavs iCens adamianis nebisagan damoukidebel istoriul processa da adamianuri moqmedebiT aRsavse istoriul process Soris. fixtem sakuTari istoriis filosofiis qvakuT-xedad aqcia aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis urTier-TmamarTebis sakiTxi.

Txzulebis dasawyisSi fixte acxadebs, rom is ar apirebs mravalgzis cnobili Tvalsazrisebis ganmeore-bas; is gvaTavazobs axal Sexedulebebs sagnebze. misi mi-zania mogvces “Tanamedrove epoqis filosofiuri sura-Ti”. fixtes azriT, filosofiuria mxolod iseTi “Tval-

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sazrisi, romelic aerTebs mravalferovan gamocdile-bas saerTo sawyisTan da Semdeg gamohyavs am sawyisidan yvela mravalferovneba” [6. gv. 362].

fixte gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs empiriuli faqtebisa da cnobierebis faqtebis urTierTgamijvnas. kacobriobis ganviTarebis sakiTxis Seswavlisas, ro-gorc fixte fiqrobs, empirikosi iZleva mxolod “epoqis qronologias”, xolo filosofosi cdilobs “gadaaqci-os es qronologia istoriad”. filosofosi “daadgens, rom cneba mocemuli epoqisa, rogorc cneba, ar SeiZleba mocemuli iyos rame gamocdilebaSi. filosofosi daad-gens im saSualebebs, romlis meSveobiTac es cneba gamom-JRavndeba gamocdilebaSi, rogorc mocemuli epoqis au-cilebeli movlena. am kvlevaSi is amomwuravad gamoiy-vanda movlenas Semecnebidan da aCvenebda, rom maTi kav-Siris aucilebloba gamomdinareobs maTi saerTo cnebi-dan” [6. gv. 363].

fixte darwmunebulia, rom filosofosi ar unda ga-diodes filosofiis farglebidan, ar unda iTvaliswi-nebdes aranair gamocdilebas da sagnis mimarT ”aprio-ris mdgomareobSi” unda darCes. rogorc vxedavT, fix-tesTvis, iseve rogorc kantisTvis, miuRebelia istori-uli procesis empiriuli ganxilva. isic kantiviT Tvlis, rom istoria, Tavisi empiriuli SinaarsiT, mxolod mov-lenebisa da TariRebis qronologiaa da “moklebulia Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobis aCrdilsac ki”[4. gv. 273].

fixte amtkicebs, rom erTiani drois romelime epo-qa “bunebis ZiriTadi cnebaa”, magram unda ganixilebodes ara calke, erTiani droidan amoglejilad, aramed kav-SirSi erTian drosTan. aqve igi erTiani drois cnebas ganmartavs, rogorc “msoflio gegmas, romelic savse-biT gasagebia Tavis erTianobaSi da saidanac SesaZlebe-li iqneboda adamianis miwieri cxovrebis ZiriTadi epo-qebis gamoyvana da maTi axsna erTmaneTTan kavSirSi”[6. gv. 365].

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“msoflio gegma” kacobriobis miwieri cxovrebis erTianobis gegmaa. erTianobis cneba Tavis TavSi moi-cavs miwieri cxovrebis calkeuli epoqebis gagebas “mxo-lod erTmaneTTan kavSirSi, sadac erTi gamomdinareobs meoresgan”[6. gv. 364]. kacobriobis miwieri cxovrebis epoqaTa ganxilvisas fixte msjelobs mxolod Taobebis ganviTarebaze. individebis ganviTarebas is ar exeba.

msoflio istoriis erTianobaSi mTavaria msoflio istoriis mizani. “kacobriobis miwieri cxovrebis mizani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom davadginoT yvela Cveni urTier-Toba Tavisuflad da gonebis Sesabamisad”[6. gv. 366]. fixtes azriT, “es Tavisufleba unda gamoikveTos Tao-bis saerTo cnebidan da gamomJRavndes, rogorc am uka-nasknelis sakuTari Tavisufleba”[6. gv. 366]. kacobrio-bis miwieri cxovrebis mizani gonebis Tavisuflebaa. re-alur istoriul procesSi es mizani apriorulia, je-rarsia. amitom igi regulaturi anu momwesrigebeli principia da empiriulad arasodes xorcieldeba sruli saxiT

istoriis ganviTarebas fixte yofs or periodad. pirvel periodSi “Taoba cocxlobs da arsebobs magram jer ara aqvs awyobili urTierToba Tavisuflad da go-nebis Sesabamisad. meore periodSi Taoba Tavisuflad axorcielebs am gonebriv mowyobas~ [6. gv. 370].

sxva sityvebiT, istoria iyofa Tavisuflebamdel da Tavisuflebis periodebad. pirvel etapze goneba moqme-debs, oRond ara Tavisuflebis, aramed bunebrivi kano-nis saxiT. am dros is “cnobierebaSi aRmocenebulia sa-fuZvlebis gaazrebis gareSe ... bundovan grZnobaSi”[6. gv. 367]. is “bundovani instinqtia“.

“instinqti brmaa”, radgan is Seimecneba gonebrivi safuZvlebis gareSe, misi sapirispiroa Tavisufleba. is mkafio da naTelia, radgan misi safuZveli gonebaa. rusi filosofosi p. gaidenko marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom fixte da kanti bunebriv kanons sxadasxvagvarad ganmar-

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taven: “kantisaTvis bunebis kanoni adamianTa vnebebiT aRZrul qcevaTa tolqmedia. amitomac igi ewinaaRmdege-ba zneobriv kanons. fixtesaTvis ki bunebis kanoni igi-vea, rac gonebis kanoni (zneobrivi kanoni), oRond — ada-mianebis mier jerac gaucnobierebeli, maT mier instin-qturad ganxorcielebuli”[5. gv. 229].

rogorc Cans, fixte meore periods ufro met mniS-vnelobas aniWebs, vidre pirvels, radgan Tu pirvel pe-riodSi “goneba meufeobs SiSveli instinqtis meSveo-biT”, meore periodSi is meufeobs “Tavisuflebis meSve-obiT”. erTi periodidan meoreze gadasvlis saSualeba egreTwodebuli “gonebis mecnierebaa” (Vernunftwissens-chaft). fixte Tvlis, rom gonebis mecnierebis ganxorcie-leba SesaZlebelia “mecnierebaTa swavlebaSi” da mas msoflio-istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs. erTi periodi-dan meore periodze gadasasvlelad aucilebelia Sua-leduri mdgomareoba, roca xdeba gonebis instinqtisa-gan (garegani avtoritetisagan) gaTavisufleba. kacob-riobis istoria TandaTanobiT miemarTeba gonebis in-stinqtidan gonebis Tavisuflebisaken. am or ZiriTad safexurs garda fixte kidev ramdenime Sualedur safe-xurs gamoyofs da sabolood msoflio istorias xuT epoqad yofs: “pirvelia gonebis usityvo mefobis epoqa instinqtis meSveobiT. es adamianTa gvaris umankoebis mdgomareobaa.

meorea, roca gonebis instinqti gadaiqceva Sinaga-nad maiZulebel avtoritetad. es msoflmxedvelobisa da dadebiTi sistemebis droa; sistemebisa, romlebic ve-rasodes midian saboloo safuZvlamde, ar arian dasabu-Tebulni, amitom isini miiswrafvian iZulebisaken, moiT-xoven brma rwmenasa da usityvo morCilebas; mas fixte codvianobis dasawyisis mdgomareobasac uwodebs.

mesamea Tavsmoxveuli, avtoritetisagan gaTavi-suflebis epoqa. xdeba ,,gonebis instinqtisagan” da go-nebisgan sruli gaTavisufleba. es aris dro upirobo

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gulgrilobisa yovelgvari WeSmaritebisadmi. aRar Cans raime saxelmZRvanelo principi. sufevs sruli aRvirax-sniloba — codvianobis dasasrulis mdgomareoba.

meoTxe epoqa — gonivruli mecnierebis xanaa, roca WeSmariteba miiCneva umaRles da yvelasaTvis sasurvel sawyisad. TiTqos kacobriobis istoria iwyebs sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebas.

mexuTea — ,,gonieri xelovnebis” epoqa; dro, roca kacobrioba sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulia da mtkice xe-liT qmnis Tavisi Tavisgan gonebis zust anabeWds. isto-ria ukve srulad amarTlebs Tavis Tavs; es ganwmendis mdgomareobaa”[6. gv. 370-371].. pirveli ori epoqa da nawi-lobriv mesamec miekuTvneba pirvel periods, mxolod bolo ori epoqa aRwevs Tavisuflebas da is meore peri-ods miekuTvneba. mesame epoqa gardamavali etapia kacob-riobis istoriaSi.

kacobriobis miwieri cxovrebis pirvel epoqaSi adamianTa urTierTobebi pirvelyofilia, martivi in-stinqtebis donezea. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, es aris gonebis batonobis epoqa; meore epoqaSi ki goneba gada-iqceva avtoritetad: “pirvelyofili umankoeba sulisa ixSoba codvianobiT. ixSoba gonebis instinqtic. mxo-lod rCeulebi inarCuneben mas, inaxaven Tavis TavSi. Sem-deg maT xelSi es ukanaskneli iqceva Zalauflebad, av-toritetad, romelic danarCenebisagan moiTxovs brma morCilebas. “individualuri gonebrivi instinqtis ga-daqceva avtoritetad” es aris “is Sualeduri safexuri, romelic adgils ikavebs gonieri instinqtis batonobasa da misgan gaTavisuflebul instinqts Soris”. gonebis instinqtisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba “gonebis mecniereba”. es aris mesame epoqa — garda-mavali periodi, dro avtoritetisagan da amasTanave go-nebisagan ganTavisuflebisa, “upirobo gulgrilobisa yovelgvari WeSmaritebisadmi”, “aRviraxsnilobisa”. me-same epoqaSi kacobrioba win dgams nabijs, ramdenadac

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Tavisufldeba garegani avtoritetisagan da amkvidrebs me-s princips, TviTobas. swored amas vxedavT axali drois dasawyisSi — gonebis Tavisuflebis bekoniseul da kartezianul principebSi. adamianma araferi ar unda miiRos, rac TviTon misTvis, kerZod, misi gonebisaTvis araa naTeli da cxadi. WeSmaritebis erTaderT kriteri-umad amosavali gonebiseuli wesebis simartive da Tavis-Tavadi sicxdea aRiarebuli. magram, meore mxriv, adami-anma dakarga. zneobrivi kanoni. is ar aRmoCnda mTlad gasagebi cnobierebisaTvis. amitom daisadgura egositu-ri individis srulma TviTnebobam. fixte amas uwodebs dasrulebuli codvianobis mdgomareobas.

fixte ganmanaTlebluri optimizmis tipuri warmo-madgenelia da swams, rom am sruliad arasaxarbielo mdgomareobas mohyveba egreTwodebuli meoTxe epoqa — mecnieruli codnis triumfis “dro, roca WeSmariteba miiCneva umaRles da usayvarles sawyisad”[6. gv. 370]. go-neba instinqtis donidan amaRldeba TviTcnobierebamde, rac gamoiwvevs sayovelTao pativiscemas. mxolod meoT-xe epoqidan iwyeba Tavisuflebis zeobis periodi da is sruldeba mexuTe da umaRles, ,,gonieri xelovnebis” epoqaSi.

kacobriobis ganviTareba mTavrdeba xelovnebis ganviTarebiT. adamianTa urTierTobebis yvela formaSi. cxovrebis yvela sferoSi mkvidrdeba gonebis gamoyene-bis didi xelovneba. sabolood, es xelovneba “gadaiqce-va dasrulebul anareklad”[6. gv. 369] da aisaxeba goneba-Si. amiT miiRweva kacobriobis miwieri cxovrebis mizani. kacobrioba Seabijebs maradiulobis umaRles sferoSi — RmerTis meufebaSi.

fixtesTan kacobriobis miwieri cxovrebis ganviTa-rebis gza ubrundeba sawyis safexurs, oRond gamdidre-buli SinaarsiT moixazeba ganviTarebis Taviseburi wre. fixtes istoriuli procesis ganviTarebis es wriuli forma niSnavs sawyis poziciaze dabrunebas, magram axal

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simaRleze. sawyis mdgomareobaze dabruneba imis niSa-nia, rom etapebi sworad iyo ganvlili.

fixtesTan kacobriobis istoriul ganviTarebas aqvs teleologiuri xasiaTi. misi yoveli wina epoqa mom-devnos mizezia. “kacobriobam Tavisi pirvelsawyisi umankoeba gaxarja. magram aq mTavaria, ara “ratom”, ara-med “risTvis”. es “risTvis” aris istoriis saboloo mi-zani, romlis gagebac, fixtes Tanaxmad, aris istoriuli ganviTarebis TiToeuli calkeuli etapis Semecnebis pi-roba”[5. gv. 232].

kacobriobis ganviTarebis etapebis fixteseuli da-xasiaTebidan Cans, rom istoria xorcieldeba meore, me-same da meoTxe epoqebSi. pirvel epoqaSi istoria jer ar dawyebula, mexuTeSi is ukve dasrulebulia. logikurad dgeba sakiTxi: Tu mexuTe epoqaSi kacobrioba aRwevs mi-zans, xom ar niSnavs es, rom istoria mTavrdeba? mkvleva-ri SeniSnavs, rom fixtes mier moyvanili sqema idealuri konstruqciaa da Seqmnilia empiriuli procesis gasage-bad. Tavad fixte ki Tavis TxzulebaSi erTmniSvnelov-nad ganmartavs, rom istoriuli miznis miRweva mxolod usasrulo procesSia SesaZlebeli, gonebis idealis gan-xorcieleba raRac sasrulo droSi SeuZlebelia.

istoriis sawyisis problema. fixteseuli hipoTeza

kacobriobis ganviTarebis istorias fixte codnisa da Semecnebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis istoriad Tvlis. istoriis sagani ganviTarebadi Semecnebaa. Semec-neba Tavidanve absoluturi rom yofiliyo, maSin mas ar dasWirdeboda ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, arc istori-as eqneboda sagani. Tu odesme Semecneba gaxdeboda abso-luturi, maSin istoria dakargavda sagans da Sewyvetda arsebobas[7. gv. 95-96].

“rogorc istoria, aseve ybadaRebuli ,,naxevradfi-losofia” ufro metad unda moeridon ZalTa sruliad

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aragonivrulsa da uSedego xarjvas imisaTvis, rom goni-eri gamoiyvanon aragonieridan, aragonierebis xarisxis SemcirebiT da amiT bolos da bolos orangutangisagan awarmoon laibnici an kanti”[6. gv. 492-93].

rogorc vxedavT, fixtesTvis, iseve rogorc germa-nuli idealizmis sxva warmomadgenlebisaTvis, sruliad miuRebelia umdablesisagan umaRlesis warmoeba, arago-nierebisagan gonierebis warmoSoba. “arafrisagan arafe-ri warmoiSoba”. amitom gonivruloba istoriis sawyisSi-ve arsebobs. “adamianis gvari Tavis uZveles TaobebSi yovelgvari Zalisxmevis an Tavisuflebis gareSe unda yofiliyo savsebiT gonieri, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tavisi arsebobis erT punqtSi mainc”[6. gv. 492].

fixte istoriis sawyisSive uSvebs gonebis arsebo-bas, magram mxolod “erT punqtSi”. aq gonierebas ara aqvs sayovelTao xasiaTi. es swored is mdgomareobaa, sadac kacobrioba flobda gonebas, magram ar flobda Tavi-suflebas, ese igi, iyo instinqturi. kantisagan gansxva-vebiT, fixtes ar ainteresebs buneba, radgan igi ar gan-sazRvravs adamianis sawyiss. fixtesTvis yovlad miuRe-belia adamianis sawyisad gonebis garda sxva raimes moaz-reba. filosofosis mizania aCvenos am “erT punqtSi” ar-sebuli arasrulyofili, instinqturi gonierebis Tan-daTanobiT gadaqceva Tavisufal gonierebad, filoso-fiur Semecnebad.

diax, dasabamier gonierebas sayovelTao xasiaTi rom hqonoda, anu mTeli gvari rom yofiliyo savsebiT gonieri, maSin azrs dakargavda miwieri cxovrebis sabo-loo mizani. mTeli kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoria ki swored saboloo mizniskenaa mimarTuli. Tuki goneba Tavisi dasabamiTve iqneboda absoluturad Tavisufali goniereba, maSin ganviTarebas adgili aRar eqneboda da arc istoria iarsebebda.

es rom ase ar momxdariyo, fixtem mimarTa friad sa-intereso meTods da SemogvTavaza hipoTeza “normalu-

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ri xalxisa” da “veluri xalxebis” Sesaxeb: “sadRac unda earseba absoluturi gonebis mdgomareobas.” unda “viva-raudoT arseboba pirvelyofili normalur xalxisa, romelic TavisTavad, yovelgvari mecnierebisa da xe-lovnebis gareSe, imyofeboda sruliad gonieri kultu-ris mdgomareobaSi. amasTan araferi gviSlis xels viva-raudoT, rom amave periodSi mTel dedamiwaze mimobne-ulni iyvnen mSiSara, xmeleTis velurebi, moklebulni yovelgvar ganviTarebas”[6. gv. 492].

fixtes es hipoTeza sxvadasxvagvarad aris Sefase-buli filosofosebisa da mkvlevarebis mier ufro xSi-rad ki es hipoTeza kritikis obieqti xdeba xolme. erTni fiqroben, rom fixtes hipoTezis siuJeti bibliidan aris gadmoRebuli (v. volJskovi). emil laski ki werda: “ winapari xalxis Sesaxeb hipoTeza iqca wminda logikuri `problemis fantastikur miTologizaciad”.

p. gaidenko fixteseul hipoTezas “normaluri” da “veluri” xalxis arsebobaze uwodebs rusoseuli pir-velyofili sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze parodias. misi azriT, “fixtes koncefciaSi Taviseburad uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs rusosa da hobsis koncefciebi: mdgomareoba, romelsac hobsi gansazRvravs rogorc “yvelas oms yve-las winaaRmdeg”, zustad aisaxa fixteseuli “veluri xalxis” cxovrebaSi, xolo rusos utopiuri Tvalsazri-si pirvelyofili adamianebis cxovrebaze, adamiansa da bunebas Soris harmoniul urTierTobaze — “normaluri xalxis” fixteseul hipoTezaSi”.

ori sruliad gansxvavebuli — “normaluri” da “ve-luri” xalxebis Sesaxeb fixteseuli hipoTeza asrulebs pirvelsawyisi biZgis rols kacobriobis istoriisaTvis. hipoTezis Tanaxmad, dedamiwaze uxsovari droidan, er-Tsa da imave periodSi, magram erTmaneTisagan damouki-deblad da izolirebulad cxovrobdnen “normaluri” adamianebi da “velurebi”. imisaTvis, rom goniereba gam-xdariyo sayovelTao, saWiro iyo am ori xalxis Serwyma,

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maTi gaerTianeba. “aucilebeli iyo raime movlenis wya-lobiT normaluri xalxi gamosuliyo Tavisi adgilsam-yofelidan“[6. gv. 494] da mTel dedamiwaze mimofantuli-yo.

amiT “normalur” xalxs saSualeba eqneboda zegav-lena moexdina “velurebze”, mTel dedamiwaze daemar-cxebina ukulturoba da daemkvidrebina goniereba. “normaluri” adamianebis “velur” xalxze zemoqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba bunebrivi protesti. swored es bunebrivi protestia Tavisuflebis pirveli gamovline-ba samyaroSi. igi biZgs aZlevs istoriis msvlelobas, ka-cobriobis TandaTanobiT ganviTarebas gonierebisa da Tavisuflebisaken.

kacobriobis winaistoria (“bunebrivi mdgomareobis” cneba)

fixteseuli pirveli epoqa kacobriobis winaisto-

riuli periodia. igi drois raRac monakveTia, rodesac istoriis msvleloba ar iyo dawyebuli. am periods xa-tovnad SeiZleba vuwodoT uZraobis periodic. kacobri-oba arsebobs, magram ar viTardeba. istoria win ar mii-wevs. aq jer istoria ar dawyebula.

swored amis Semdeg iRebs saTaves kacobriobis gan-viTarebis Semdgomi oTxi epoqa. “normaluri” da “velu-ri” xalxebis Sejaxebis momentidan bunebrivad iwyeba me-ore epoqa, “roca gonebis instinqti gadaiqceva Sinagan maiZulebel avtoritetad”[6. gv. 494]. winaistoriul pe-riodSi, Tavis mxriv, SegviZlia gamovyoT ori momenti: pirvelia “normaluri” da “veluri” xalxebis arseboba ise, rom maT warmodgenac ara aqvT erTmaneTis Sesaxeb da cxovroben Tavisi cxovrebiT (umankoebis mdgomareo-ba;) meorea bunebiT, cxovrebis wesiT, kulturiT, azrov-nebiTa da zne-CveulebebiT sruliad gansxvavebuli xal-xebis erTmaneTTan dajaxeba. “normaluri” da “veluri”

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xalxebis urTierTobamde “SeuZlebeli iyo istoriis warmoSoba”[6. gv. 393].

es winaistoriuli xanaa. istoria iwyeba meore epo-qaSi. “pirveli da mexuTe epoqebi _samoTxiseuli uman-koebis mdgomareoba da dasrulebuli gonierebis mdgo-mareoba — es, ase vTqvaT, aris winaistoria da istoriis Semdgomi xana, magram ara istoria, am sityvis sakuTrivi azriT. pirvel epoqaSi istoria jer ar dawyebula, xolo ukanasknelSi is ukve dasrulebulia, istoriis ganviTa-rebis mizani ukve miRweulia” wers p.p. gaidenko.

rogorc vxedavT, istoria fixtesTan Semoifargle-ba meore, mesame da meoTxe epoqebiT, xolo pirveli da mexuTe epoqebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT winaistoriulsa da istoriis Semdgom periodebad.

fixtes ,,umankoebis mdgomareoba” SeiZleba Sevada-roT Jan Jak rusos “bunebriv mdgomareobas”. “bunebriv mdgomareobaSi” rusos adamiani cxovrobs sakuTari Ta-vis da sxvebis siyvaruliT. igi daculia uzneo, fuWi qme-debebisagan da azrebisagan. is Seimecnebs mxolod imas, rac misTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia.

magram globalurma cvlilebebma adamiani aiZula gamosuliyo Tavisuflebis mdgomareobidan da daewyo momavalze fiqri. am procesSi ki adamianis gonebisaTvis realurTan erTad xelmisawvdomi gaxda monagoni da SeTxzuli. adamianma SeTxzulSi iswavla realobis ga-dasxvafereba.

realobas adamiani nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebda, radgan realuroba adamianis warmosaxvaSi bundovani Suq-CrdilebiT isaxeboda. sakuTarma warmodgenebma uf-ro meti mniSvneloba SeiZina, vidre TviT realobam. mo-mavalze fiqrma mowyvita adamiani Tavis ZiriTad saqmia-nobas — bunebiT boZebuli sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas.

adamianma daiwyo SedarebebiT azrovneba, iswavla xelovneba, Seqmna mecniereba, daagrova simdidre, iswav-

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la ,,Cemisa” da ,,Senis” gansxvaveba. sakuTrebis gaCenas-Tan erTad adamians gauCnda sakuTrebis dacvis moTxov-nileba da aucilebeli gaxda samarTlis institutebis Seqmna. momavalze fiqris xelovnebam adamiani daaSora pirvelyofil erTian bunebriv Zalas. pirvelyofil umankoebasTan dabruneba SeuZlebelia, radgan adamiani grZnobs Tavissave Seqmnil civilizaciaze damokidebu-lebas da, amasTan, mas aRarc warsulSi dabrunebis sur-vili aqvs.

fixte ewinaaRmdegeba rusoseul naturalistur Teorias da myarad rCeba kantis transcendentaluri fi-losofiis poziciaze. misi azriT, adamiani ki ar aris bu-nebis movlena, aramed buneba warmodgeba adamianis gone-bisagan. swored esaa winaaRmdegobis Tavi da Tavi, dasa-bami, amitom adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis moazreba winaaRmdegobis gareSe warmoudgenelia. bunebriv mdgo-mareobaSi mxolod harmoniuli urTierToba adamianebs Soris ver miiyvanda kacobriobas Tanamedrove mdgoma-reobamde, radgan moadunebda adamianis nebas da gzas ga-dauketavda ganviTarebisaken. mxolod Cagvra da mtroba aRviZebs nebas da ubiZgebs Tavisuflebisaken.

Tuki fixtes “kulturuli xalxis” miTi “keTilSo-bili veluris” rusoseul miTsa hgavs, fixtes “veluri adamianebi” hobsis “bunebrivi mdgomarebis” analogiaa. hobsis “leviaTanis” Tanaxmad, “bunebriv mdgomareobaSi” adamianebi cxovroben Tavisuflad, Tanasworad. isini daaxloebiT Tanasworni arian rogorc fizikurad, ise gonebrivi unarebiT. maTi Tavisufleba “gare SezRudve-bis ararsebobaa.” aseTi SezRudvebi, nawilobriv, ar-Tmevs adamians survilisamebr moqmedebis SesaZleblo-bas, magram xels ver SeuSlis, gamoiyenos darCenili Se-saZleblobebi ise, rogorc misi gansja da goneba ukarna-xebs~ [2. gv. 253].

“bunebriv mdgomareobaSi” gamefebulia veluri in-dividualizmi, qaosi da anarqia. sakuTari moTxovnile-

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bebis dasakmayofileblad gaCaRebulia “yvelas omi yve-las winaaRmdeg”. swored es omia adamianuri gvaris “bu-nebrivi mdgomareoba”. ruso amtkicebda, rom adamiani, Tavisi bunebiT keTilia. borotad mas garemomcveli pi-robebi aqcevs. am optimistur doqtrinas ewinaaRmdegeba hobsi. misi azriT, adamiani bunebiT egoistia. egoizmi adamianuri saqmianobisa da moRvaweobis stimulia. fix-te pirvelyofili velurebis dasaxasiTeblad Semdeg epiTetebs iyenebs: “mSiSara”, “xmeleTis velurebi”, “mok-lebulni yovelgvar ganviTarebas”. hobsic daaxlooe-biT imave leqsikiT axasiTebs “bunebriv mdgomarebas” — “euli”, “Raribi”, “sazizRari,” “sastiki”. adamianebi mok-lebulni arian “aRzrdas da ar uwyian gonebisadmi daq-vemdebareba”.

fixtesTan velurebs “kulturuli xalxis” saxiT Tavs daatydebaT “iZulebiTi avtoriteti”. velurebis cxovrebaSi Sedis kultura da goneba. diqtaturis apo-loget hobsTan ki aseTi avtoriteti saxelmwifoa, ro-melsac Semoaqvs wesrigi. am wesrigs amyarebs apokalif-suri zRvis urCxuli, magram misi mmarTveloba friad mi-sasalmebelia masze bevrad ufro uaresTan — anarqiaTan SedarebiT” .

fixtes hipoTezaSi TiTqos morigda rusosa da hob-sis warmodgenebi pirvelyofili adamianebis Sesaxeb. fixtes bunebrivi mdgomareoba arc mxolod imperatiu-lad gacxadebuli amqveyniuri samoTxea da arc mxolod anarqia, sadac adamians SeuZlia “akeTos yvelaferi, rac mas surs da vis winaaRmdegac surs”. fixte orive xalxis arsebobas uSvebs.

Tavisufleba

fixtes hipoTezis Tanaxmad, kulturis gavrceleba ar aris nebayoflobiTi procesi. es aris “normaluri” xalxis mier “velurebze” Tavisi kulturis Tavsmoxveva

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iZulebiT da ZaldatanebiT, avtoritetis saSualebiT, rac bunebrivad badebs winaaRmdegobas “velurebis” mxridan. swored am winaaRmdegobaSi gamoixateba Tavi-sufleba, Tavisufali neba.

Tavisufleba, fixtes mixedviT, aris transcenden-taluri idea, romelic adamianis gamocdilebis miRmaa. rogorc valentin asmusi SeniSnavs, “fixtesTan Tavi-suflebis problemam manamde ucnobi simZafre SeiZina. TviTon fixte mTel Tavis filosofias axasiaTebs, ro-gorc moZRvrebas Tavisuflebaze, magram Tavisuflebis Teziss fixtesTan uprispirdeba empiriuli samyaros xdomilebaTa mkacri aucileblobis Tezisi. am Teziss fixte iRebs kantis, spinozasa da stoikosebisagan mTeli Tavisi universalurobiT”[3. 52-69]

pirvel epoqaSi Tavisufleba ar arsebobs aranairi formiT, Tundac Zalian susti formiTac ki. es ki niS-navs, rom winaistoriuli periodis damaxasiaTebeli ni-Sania sruli araTavisufleba. magram Tavisufleba Cven gvxvdeba Semdgom epoqebSi. rogor warmoiSva igi? am kiT-xvaze pasuxi Zevs fixtes hipoTezaSi. Tu logikurad miv-yvebiT sakiTxs, samyaroSi unda moxdes “raRac”, rac saw-yiss miscemda Tavisuflebas. es “raRac” ki fixtesTan aris “normaluri” da “veluri” xalxebis Sejaxeba. swo-red am Sejaxebis Sedegad naTdeba Tavisuflebis pirve-li naperwkali. swored am momentidan iRebs saTaves Ta-visufleba. “normaluri” adamianebi cxovrobdnen gone-bisa da zneobis kanonebiT. es niSnavs, rom isini iyvnen Tavisufalni. magram es Tavisufleba ar iyo srulyofi-li. is ar iyo namdvili Tavisufleba, radgan jer kidev ar arsebobda wminda TviTcnobiereba. maSasadame, SeuZ-lebeli iyo zneobrivi kanonisadmi Segnebuli morCile-ba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iyo Tavisufali “kultu-ruli instinqti”, magram ar iyo Tavisufleba.

mesame epoqaSi Tavisufleba iRebs axal Sinaarss — is iqceva gonebisagan Tavisuflebad anu TviTnebobad.

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“am safexurze jer cnobili araa gonebis formebi”[6. gv. 375]. amitom Tavisufleba gonebisagan gaTavisuflebiT moipoveba. esec arasrulyofili, sruliad calmxrivi Tavisuflebaa. adamianma moipova da ganaviTara TviTo-bis principi, magram dakarga zneobrivi kanoni. Turme, roca adamiani gaiazrebs Tavis Tavs da uSualo ueWve-lobas, TviTobas miaRwevs, is swored zneobriv kanons kargavs. Tavisuflebis adgils TviTneboba ikavebs. eW-vqveS dgeba fixtes filosofiis ZiriTadi principi — principi uSualo ueWvelobisa. marTlac, is, rac uSua-lod cxadia, yovelTvis araa gonivruli da zneobrivi. xolo, meore mxriv, gonebisa da zneobis kanonebi yovel-Tvis araa uSualod cxadi. swored aman gamoiwvia Tavi-suflebisa da TviTnebobis urTierTgamijvnis siZnele. fixte Civis: qarafSutobaze miTiTeba Tavisuflebaze Tavdasxmad iTvlebao. igi iZulebulia daubrundes codnisa da Sexedulebis urTierTobis platonur prob-lemas da maT Soris gansxvavebidan axsnas Tavisuflebisa da TviTnebobis gansxvaveba.

magram es safrTxes uqmnis uSualo sicxadis karte-zianul princips, fixtesaTvis umniSvnelovanes amosa-vals. amitom fixte TandaTan ixreboda individualuri ,,me”-s principidan absoluturi “me”-s principisken.

adamianma unda uaryos Tavisi Tavi, rogorc sasru-li egoisti arseba da eziaros gonierebas, gaxdes usas-rulo gonieri arseba. amiT sakuTari Tavisa da samyaros Semoqmedi adamaini moipovebs sakuTar “me”-s.

azris amgvari cvlileba aisaxa Tavisuflebis fix-teseul koncefciazec — adamiani nebayoflobiT aRia-rebs gvareobiT aucileblobas da gaixdis mas Tavisi moqmedebis kanonad. amiT xsenebuli koncefcia Zalian dauaxlovda spinozaseuls. TiTqos es ukanaskneli Seiv-so ”Schturm und Drang” – is epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli subieqturi dinamizmiT da romantizmiT. odnav mogvia-nebiT spinozas amgvari ganviTarebis bevrad ufro

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srulyofili nimuSi fixtes umcrosma Tanamedrovem, he-gelma mogvca.

KETEVAN MUKHIGULI

JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE’S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY ABSTRACT

In the philosophy of German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte

the whole historical process is characterized by lawful nature, everything in the universe is determined and depends on causal law. It excludes the existence of any chance event. For Fichte the universe is governed by only strict necessity and causality. In his philosophy he put forward the issue of the historical development and historically formed eras of mankind as well as of the change for societal forms and tried to explain it from philosophical standpoint. Fichte’s hypothesis explained the issue of the origin and development of culture. In addition, his philosophy of history represented his opinion pertaining to religion – the basis of religion is in moral law, the religion is important means for the fulfillment of duty.

literatura: 1. TevzaZe g. gonebis religiurobis kantiseuli gageba,

winasityvaoba imanuel kantis “religia mxolod go-nebis sazRvrebSi,” Tbilisi, “ganaTleba” 1989

2. hobsi Tomas “leviaTani” — Sesavali Tanamedrove az-rovnebaSi, Tbilisi “ilias sax univeristeti” 2010

3. Асмус В.Ф. Диалектика необходимости свободы в философии истории Гегеля ,,Вопросы философии” – 1995 №1 «Знание» (52-69)

4. Асмус В.Ф Проблема необходимости и свободы в истории Фихте. Москва. том 2. 1971

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5. Гайденко П.П. Философия Фихте и современность, Москва «Мысль» 1991

6. И. Г. Фихте – Основные черты современной эпохи, Соч.в двух томах, том 2 (сост. и примечания В.В.Волжского) СПб, «Мифрл» 1993

7. Фишер К. История новой философии, Фихте, жизнь, сочинения и учение, том 6, «С.пб» 1909

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis ucxoeTis filosofiis

istoriis ganyofilebam.

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filosofiuri alegoria

PHILOSOPHICAL ALLEGORY

 352

anzor bregaZe

(Tbilisi) anzor bregaZe — saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, filoso-fiuri anTropologiis problemebis cnobili specialisti; avtori mravali wignisa da same-cniero statiisa filosofiuri anTropolo-

giis problemebze.

diogenes mogzauroba saqarTveloSi

`sanam saqarTveloSi filosofia iarse-

bebs, anu sanam saqarTvelo iqneba, manam yvela pativs miagebs qarTvel filosofosebs ... xo-lo Tu is aRar iqneba ... maSin (did akakis dave-sesxebi) gardacvlilni ufro bednierni iqne-bian, vidre cocxlebi rom ver moeswrnen `RmerTis sikvdilis~ msgavsi ugnuri (boro-ti) aqtis aRsrulebas.~

anzor bregaZe `qarTveli filosofos-

anTropologebi,~ Tb., 2007.

Zveli aTenis quCebSi, umetesad, xalxmravali baz-ris moedanze, dRisiT-mzisiT erTi kaci dadioda anTe-buli fanriT*. mas diogene erqva. gakvirvebulTa kiTxva-ze, Tu ras eZebda, igi pasuxobda: adamianso! sinopeli brZeni kargad xedavda mis garSemo myof uamrav adamians, magram isini ar akmayofilebdnen mis gemovnebas, ar See-sabamebodnen miseuli adamianis xats. didad axirebuli brZandeboda marad maZiebeli Cveni filosofosi, Tana-medroveni rom Serekil sokrates eZaxdnen. wregadasuli ucnaurobebis gamo bevri ver hguobda mas, magram mainc didi saxeli moixveWa, filosofiis istoriaSic daim-kvidra adgili, oRond is ki iyo, rom metafizikis sfe-roSi moikoWlebda, ris gamoc platonis dacinva daimsa-xura. ama qveynis Zlierebic swyalobdnen: erTxel Zleva-

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mosil aleqsandre dids mounaxulebia mzes mificxebu-li, meditaciebSi Cafluli brZeni da nebismieri survi-lis aRsrulebas dahpirebia; man ki: `Tu kaci xar, iqeT mi-iwie, mzes nu miCrdilavo!~ ise ki vin icis, iqneb `gadmo-birebis~ gavrcelebul xerxs mimarTa yovlisSemZle diq-tatorma, rac igrZno diogenem da ar ahyva cdunebas. Tumca cduneba rogor gaCndeboda, roca masSi asketizmi ukidures doneze iyo amaRlebuli.

saukuneebi gavida mas Semdeg, magram araferi Sec-vlila. rogorc Zvel droSi*, aTensa da babilonSi, Tu sxvagan, kvlav sanTliT saZebnia qveli kaci. dadis moxu-ci mogzauri kidiT kidemde ... oRond axla ukve ufan-rod, gzamkvlevi mouparavT misTvis. gamvlelebi damci-navi RimiliT Seavleben Tvals da gulgrilad ganeride-bian daRlil diogens; mas ki imedi ar daukargavs. usaz-Rvroa kacis molodini, imedi ki Zalaa, zogjer fuWi, magram mainc sicocxlisunariani. gana iluziebiT da ime-dis imediT ar vikvebebiT dedamiwis binadarni? amas wi-naT sensaciurma cnobam SesZra mTeli msoflio. erT kacs qurdisTvis xelidan gamouglejia moparuli `dio-genes fanari~ da patronisaTvis daubrunebia. arada, Turme, am kacis ojaxs sinaTle haeriviT sWirdeboda. vi-naoba ukiTxavs misTvis gaxarebul diogens. is ki aCrdi-liviT gamqrala, zecaSi gauCinarebula.

diogenem gza ganagrZo, sacaa Cvens qveyanas estum-reba. momzadeba gvmarTebs; uwinaresad, wyalgareuli Rvino unda davaxvedroT, Torem dagvcinebs berZeni: iberionni kvlav Sum Rvinos svameno (platons, rom Seut-yvia `meore iberiaSi~ Rvinos (yurZnis alal wvens) wyal-gaurevlad miirTmeveno, gancvifrebula friad).

zemomotanilma patara ambavma, rac Tavisi anTro-pologiuri mniSvnelobiT udidesia, sami adamiani gamoa-Cina: Tavad diogene, is, visac ebrZoda igi da visac eZeb-da, vinc uangarod daabruna kuTvnili naTeli. uangaro-ba pirovnebis (pirovnulobis) damadasturebeli aqtia;

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uwinaresad amiT dafasdeba (dadebiTad) im ucnobis saq-cieli, vinc diogene gaaxara, da ara, Tundac, gabedulo-biT. rogorc Cans warmarTobaSic arsebula(n), e. w. qris-tianobamdeli qristiani (`marcxenam ar unda icodes, ra-sa iqmns marjvena~).

rac Seexeba diogenes daucxromel swrafvas — ipov-nos adamiani — sakuTari piradi zraxvac amoZravebs, radgan srul martoobaSi, rac gamowveulia gamgebTa (sulis TanaziarTa) deficitiT, is verc Tavs daadgens da verc TviTSemecnebas ganaxorcilebs srulyofilad. sasurvel pirobebSi piradi maRldeba uzogades gan-cdamde da yalibdeba adamianis yofierebis zogadi gan-msazRvreli wesi. arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca ada-miani garSemortymulia uamravi xalxiT, romlebTanac is TanamSromlobs kidec, magram mainc martoa. Tu ratom amas kargad gamoxatavs ilias gulistkivili:

`magram mamulo, Cemi tanjva mxolod is ari, is ari mxolod savalalo da samwuxaro, rom Sens miwazed, amden xalxSi kaci ar ari, rom fiqri vando, grZnoba Cemi gauziaro!~ diogenes saqciels Tu idealur doneze ganvixi-

lavT Tavisufali interpretaciiT, SeiZleba davas-kvnaT: is eZebs dedamiwaze adamianis ideis srulqmnil gansaxierebas, iesos xilul saxeSi rom gansaxierda Sem-dgom. magram nazarevelis realur movlinebamde jer ki-dev Soria, Tumca kinikosi filosofosi kargad icnobs sokrates, eTayvaneba miseuli cxovrebis wess (aki, Tava-dac uaryofs fufunebas, kasri gauxdia sacxovrisad) da Teoriul ganazrebebs, romlis Tanaxmad, gonebam unda moTokos vnebebi (ltolvebi) da fsiqologiuri SezRu-duloba, Tavis TavSi CaxedviT adamianma moaxdinos obi-eqturi TviTSemecneba.

diogene sinopeli, antikuri samyaros anTropolo-giuri Sexedulebis (`win subieqtisaken~) erT-erTi avto-ri, ar aris Cveulebrivi piri; is yvelasgan gamorCeulia,

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xalxis cnobierebaSi damkvidrebuli filosofosis gan-sakuTrebuli egzemplaris winaparia, amasTan TviTonac bevri pirovnebiseuli niSani axasiaTebs. xolo misi Ziri-Tadi filosofiur-anTropologiuri problema, moT-xovnilebebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb (`moTxovnileba CvenSi~ da `Cveni moTxovnileba~), Cvens droSic didad aqtualuria.

PS. sarwmuno wyarodan Sevityve, rom axlaxans, 2011 w. saocrad cxel zafxuls, diogene uCumrad Se-mosula saqarTveloSi da gezi filosofiis institu-tisaken auRia, sadac misi mimdevari kolegebi egulve-boda. isini, ase smenoda diogenes, arad dagidevdnen fufunebas da erTgulad emsaxurebodnen maT beds Tu arCeul sasicocxlo saqmes — filosofias. magram ga-umtyunda stumars molodini, instituti iavarqmnili daxvda. sad ar yofila, ra ar unaxavs moxuc mogzaurs, magram aseTi barbarosoba arsad. SemaZrwunebeli ki-dev is iyo, rom damrbevTa Soris sisastkiT ori Suax-nis filosofosi gamoirCeoda. daswyevla diogenem av-sulTa modgma da gzas gaudga.

∗ fanari (lampari), viTarca naTlis simbolo, di-

dad popularulia filosofosTa Soris. imiT ara mar-to adamians, RmerTsac eZeben, rogorc es fr. nicSes zmanebaSia.

∗ roca babilonis binadarTa codvam zecamde miaR-wia, RmerTma maTi ganadgureba ganizraxa. evedra ufals abraami: ar gaewira marTlebi. RmerTi daTan-xmda, magram amodena qalaqSi, loTis garda veravin moiZia wesieri. Seiwyala RmerTma misi ojaxi, magram aqac aRmoCnda codvis Svili — miuxedavad gafrTxile-bisa `ukan ar moixedoTo~ loTis colma dananebiT ga-xeda aRviraxsnilTa budes `da iqca igi marilis sve-tad.~

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recenziebi

REVIEWS

  357

anzor bregaZe

(Tbilisi) anzor bregaZe — saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, filoso-fiuri anTropologiis problemebis cnobili specialisti; avtori mravali wignisa da same-cniero statiisa filosofiuri anTropolo-

giis problemebze.

aratipuri gamoxmaureba mamuka doliZis wignze “kulturis fenomenologia da kvanturi fizikis

filosofiuri problemebi“ “wigni yvelasTvis da aravisTvis” - paradoqsuli sa-

xis es didebuli epigrafi waumZRvara fridrix nicSem Tavis Sedevrs - `ese ityoda zaratustra”. — vinc Sinag-nad ar aris mzad, misTvis arc iqneba gankuTvnili es wig-ni! - “zaratustras” am Segonebis gvarad, iqneb metadac ki, arc edmund huserliseuli wminda fenomenologiaa yvelasaTvis gamiznuli da misawvdomi; masac ekuTvnis zemomotanili gafrTxileba, gansakuTrebiT poziti-vist-pragmatistebis mimarT, romlebmac didis ambiT Se-mohkres zars da atexes gangaSi Tanamedrove epoqis kri-zisis gamo; im sulieri krizisis gamo, romlis dasaZle-vad aris faqtobrivad gamiznuli huserlis elitaruli moZRvreba.

fenomenologia Tavisi meTodiTa da mizandasaxu-lobiT RvTis pozicias uaxlovdeba: sinamdviles arsob-riv ganzomilebaSi aRiqvams; faqtebSi uSualod Wvrets universumis esencialur Taviseburebas; cnobierebas warmogvidgens wminda saxiT, misi arsis Sesabamisad; go-nis gzamkvleobiT sulier qaosSi Seaqvs wesrigi; samya-ros amdidrebs axali ferebiT. erTi sityviT, fenomeno-logia TiTqmis imeorebs “arsTa mxadis” mier “arsTa xed-

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vis”(rusTaveli) uSualo aqts. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom araradan ar (an ver) qmnis raobas.

wminda fenomenologias elitarul filosofias uwodeben. misi arc Seqmna SeuZlia “Cveulebriv mok-vdavs” da arc adekvaturi gageba, igi aristokratiuli da ganumeorebelia Tavisi bunebiT (m. gaigeri). fenome-nologiaSi Tavisufali arCevani mkacradaa SezRuduli; adamiani ki ar irCevs mas, aramed is (fenomenologia) ir-Cevs misTvis sasurvel pirs. qarTvel “aristokrat-fi-losofosTa” Soris mniSvnelovani da gamorCeulia mamu-ka doliZis pirovneba, romlis aristokratizmi cxovre-baSi demokratuli ganwyobiTaa damSvenebuli. misi sare-cenzio wigni axali sityvaa wminda fenomenologiaSi, is SeiZleba erTnairad mivakuTvnoT kvlevis Teoriulsa da praqtikul sferoebs, ramdenadac aq cxadyofilia ara marto arsi, aramed arsebobac. arsis pirveladobiT da upiratesobiT aRbeWdili. naSromis warmateba didad ganapiroba avtoris biografiam: is “warmoSobiT” aris fizikosi da emociuri intenciiT — filosofosi da mwe-rali, miswrafebiT da mcdelobiT ki WeSmariti mar-Tlmorwmune qristiani. magram, yoveli es sasurveli mo-cemulobani ar gaxlavT sakmarisi, Tu ara imTaviTve STanergili fenomenologiuri ganwyoba. rogorc Cans, esec uxvad uwyaloba gamCenma Cvens avtors, rasac aRniS-nuli teqsti adasturebs.

mamuka doliZis samecniero SemoqmedebiTi gza iwye-ba kvanturi meqanikis filosofiur problemaTa kvle-viT, mxatvruli interesi ki Seexeba Tanamedrove mxat-vruli literaturis procesebs. azrovnebis am mraval-mxriobam mkvlevari miiyvana atomur fizikaSi Semecne-biT processa da Tanamedrove mwerlobaSi SemoqmedebiT aqts Soris analogiis aRmoCenamde. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma, rac Tavisi arsiT filosofiuria, moiTxovs msgavsebis Ziebas gansxvavebulTa SenarCunebis pirobeb-Si; fizikis wiaRSi iseTi Teoriis da principebis moZeb-

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nas, romlebic siRrmiTa da TvalsawieriT gascdeboda sakuTar farglebs da Seqmnida filosofiuri ganzoga-doebis perspeqtivas. barem aqve vityvi, rom avtoris-Tvis aseTi aris kvanturi Teoria da boris damatebiTo-bis principi (aki, nils boric gulisxmobda kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi aRniSnuli principis gavrcelebis SesaZleblobas). mamuka doliZem praqtikulad cxadyo damatebiTobis ideis gavrceleba mxatvrul literatu-raSi. kerZod, “cnobierebis nakadis” nawarmoebebze. ase-Ti nawarmoebi warmoadgens fenomenologiuri azrovne-bis nakads, romelic gamomdinareobs subieqt-obieqtis erTianobis principidan. kvantur fizikaSi es erTianoba gazomvis procesisa da atomuri nawilakis ganuyofeli mTlianobiT xorcieldeba. rac Seexeba `cnobierebis na-kadis“ literaturas, am SemTxvevaSi, Tuki subieqtad mi-viCnevT nawarmoebis avtors, obieqtad ki masSi moqmed personaJs, davinaxavT, rom aqac iqmneba ganuyofeli mTlianoba: avtoris xma erwymis personaJis xmas, xolo es ukanaskneli arRvevs mxatvruli saxis sazRvrebs da nawarmoebis avtoris rolSi gvevlineba. aseT cnobiere-bas, mis substanciurobas da imavdroulad dinamikuro-bas (“nakads’), veranairi gamomdinareobiTi logikiT ver cxadvyofT, Tvinier fenomenologiuri logikisa.

CemTvis, rogorc religiur-filosofiuri anTro-pologiis mkvlevarisTvis, didad mniSvnelovania mamuka doliZis wignSi warmodgenili Tema: “fenomenologiuri motivebi axal aRTqmaSi”, rac SeiZleba gaerTiandes sa-TaurSi “religia da fenomenologia, anu qristes saswau-lebis filosofiur-fenomenologiuri gageba”. cxadia, RvTis saswaulebi imgvarad unda gavigoT, rogorc wmin-da werili gadmogvcems, yovelgvari eWvisa da orWofo-bis gareSe: rwmena yvelasa da yvelaferze, Tundac, ab-surdze maRla dgas. qriste RmerTia da mas yvelaferi SeuZlia. magram aq mainc ar isvenebs filosofosis maZie-beli goneba da avtori sakuTari resursebiT cdilobs

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saswaulebis gagebasa da interpretacias; miT ufro, rom arsebobs wminda fenomenologia, romelTanac msgavsebis asociacia bunebrivad Cndeba imdenad, rom qriste feno-menologad gvevlineba, xolo filosofos-fenomenolo-gi — mis xatad da msgavsad.

sakiTxis ganxilvamde or garemoebas minda mivaqcio yuradReba. saqme exeba fenomenologiaSi subieqt-obieq-tis Tavdapirvel erTianobas, rac, Cemi azriT, ori hi-posTazis — mamisa da Zis erTobas, erTiT meoris gagebis sakmarisobas gvagonebs da qristianobaSi zogadsakacob-rio ideis — Semwynareblobis arsebobas adasturebs. mkvlevaris azriT,axal aRqmaSi, sadac ufali gvamcnobs rom `me var gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle...~ (ioane,14:6) Semwynarebloba SeuTavsebelia formaluri logikis daskvnasTan: `Tuki mwams, rom WeSmaritia qristianoba unda vaRiaro, rom araWeSmaritia ~(islami).”

qristianuli WeSmaritebisa da Semwynareblobis Se-Tavsebis mizniT avtori amsxvrevs formaluri logikis jaWvs da eZebs azrovnebis iseT pozicias anu logikis iseT saxes, romelic Teoriulad sworad asaxavs saqmis viTarebas. aseTad mas eguleba huserlis fenomenologi-is wiaRSi aRmocenebuli transcendentaluri logika. azrovnebis es forma exeba zogadad “heraklites mdina-res”, - adamians, cnobierebas da saerTod qmnadobaSi ar-sebul movlenebs. aq saqme sul sxvagvarad gvesaxeba, vid-re es warmogvidgeba sagnobriv samyaroSi. Tu qmnadobaSi myofi, ganumeorebeli da amiT metad saintereso sinam-dvilis uaryofa ara gaqvs ganzraxuli (rac sruli uaz-robaa), unda dauSva azrovnebis sxvagvari wesis arseboba da aRiaro cnobierebis uSualo wvdomis unari (intui-cia) - wyaro sruli evidentobisa.

mamuka doliZis Tanaxmad, transcendentaluri lo-gika ara mxolod movlenaTa racionalur urTierTobebs daadgens, aramed iTvaliswinebs maT Sinaarss, maTi yof-nis wessa da movlenaTa wvdomis sulier Zalisxmevasac.

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aseTi logika moqmedebs rwmenis sferoSi da is orgvari — RvTaebrivi da adamianuri ganwyobis erTmaneTTan Sex-vedrisas aRmocendeba. axal aRTqmaSi moxseniebuli wylis, Rvinis da puris avtoriseuli gaazrebani WeSma-ritad fenomenologiuria, masTan dakavSirebuli saswa-ulebi ki fenomenologiuri “epoqes”, fenomenologiuri reduqciis gamoyenebiTaa axsnili. arsi, xelSeuxebeli da TvaliT uxilavi mocemuloba, Tavisi ZalmosilebiT didad aRemateba da win uZRvis realur arsebobas, ara marto qronologiurad, aramed mniSvnelobis mxrivac; iesos mier fenomenologiuri meTodis gamoyeneba ki, saswaulTa tolfasia. mis xelSi fizikuri movlena idea-lur fenomenad iqceva, rameTu mas amoZravebs kacobrio-bis xsnis mZlavri misia. am misiiT da zeSTagonebiT moax-dina qristem pirveli saswauli kanas qorwilSi: wyali aqcia Rvinod, pativi miago stumrebs da sircxvilisgan ixsna maspinZlebi. aseTi aqtis ganxorcieleba, cxadia, bunebrivi gziT SeuZlebelia, magram zebunebrivTan mi-marTeba, moyvasisadmi siyvaruli da Tanalmobis umaR-lesi gancda xSirad SeuZlebels SesaZleblad aqcevs. vfiqrob, swored es Tanalmobaa Caqsovili uflis saswa-ulSi.

wylis simbolo msWvalavs mTel biblias da avtoris Tanaxmad, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs Zvelsa da axal aR-Tqmas. wyalma (warRvnam) waiRo uRirsni da gadarCenilma noem wyliT ganbana da aRadgina adamianis suli. aki, naT-lobac xom wyliT xorcieldeba. rac Seexeba Rvinosa da purs, evqaristiis arsobriv simboloebs, isini codvil-Ta xsnas Sewiruli Zis wminda sisxlsa da xorcs ganasaxi-ereben. da ai, xdeba saswauli udabnoSi, RvTis imedad myof xuTiaTasi kacis winaSe! ieso iRwvis daapuros xal-xi, rac Cveulebriv, xuTi puriT da ori TevziT ver mo-xerxdeba. `ufalma zecas aRapyro Tvalni, akurTxa da datexa puri da misca mowafeebs, xolo maT Camouriges xalxs. da Wama yvelam, da gaZRnen” (maTe, 14: 19, 20). av-

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torma saswauls aseTi fenomenologiuri axsna mouZebna: “SimSilis grZnoba moklul iqna realuri mizezis gare-Se. nakurTxi puri ganiwminda movlenad yofnis materiis-gan da mis raodenobriv gardasaxvaSi gaCnda SimSilis dakmayofilebis gancda, rogorc sulis TavisTavadi fe-nomeni, romelic aRar saWiroebda determinacias mate-riis mxriv”. me ki, am interpretaciam erTi mniSvnelovani pasaJi (“miwieri saswauli”) gamaxsena gonis Teoriidan, sadac sulis da sulier movlenaTa goniT wvdomasTan erTad, sxeulis “gonSesxma”-caa miTiTebuli (aseT sxe-uls Leib-is Sesatyvisad qarTveli anTropologebi “tans” uwodeben). maSin , roca sxeuls goni daeufleba, mcirdeba biologiur moTxovnilebaTa Zala, imdenad, rom SeiZleba madac dagekargos: marxva erTisTvis tan-jvaa, sxvisTvis — netareba. rogorc Cans, ukve Camaba saq-meSi b-ni mamukas sanaqebo azrovnebam - eqspresiis gadam-debma stilma, mkiTxvels rom farul monacemTa gaRviZe-bis da RvTis saidumloebaTa gaxsnisken mouwodebs. me, am SemTxvevaSi, wminda samebis gagebas Sevecdebi fenomeno-logiuri meTodiT. uwinaresad, gamgebisa da gasagebis “fenomenologiuri epoqe” unda movaxdinoT anu droe-biT daviviwyoT (ganze gadavdoT) sakuTari empiriuli yofnis wesi, gamovaTavisufloT intenciuri (yofiere-bisken mimarTuli) cnobiereba da SevamzadoT is axlis miRebisTvis; erTi sityviT, SeviqmnaT fenomenologiuri ganwyoba, didad rom gansxvavdeba mundanuri poziciis-gan; “frCxilebSi CavsvaT” ricxvTa vrceuloba, Tanamim-devroba da empiriulad erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebuli, magram erTi, yovlisgadamwvdomi ideis Semcveli sami er-Teuli, uSualo, kategoriuli aRqmiT moviazroT ro-gorc erTarsi. mama da Ze imTaviTve erTia, mxolod isaa, rom pirveli piri zecaSia, meore — dedamiwaze, orive yvelgan, gareT da SigniT, bunebasa da adamianis gulSi. maT Soris sufevs mesame hipostazi, maTi Rirsi erTarsi, sulTmomfeni goni, suliwminda, siyvaruliT maTi kavSi-

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ris garanti, Suamavali, nugeSismcemeli, maradiuli de-da, zeciuri dedofali. suliwmindis mdedrobiT aspeq-tze miTiTeba grigol noselis da mistikosi filosofo-sis iakob biomes saxels ukavSirdeba; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs am ukanasknelis moZRvreba, “matriqs“-is, pirvel-wyaros, gamCenis, dambadeblis, RvTaebrivi dedis Sesa-xeb. aqve gamoCndeba suliwmindis amqveyniuri emanacia — mariam RvTismSobeli. suliwmindis da miwieri satrfos erToba SesaniSnavad aisaxa daviT guramiSvilis poezia-Si da novalisis SemoqmedebaSi. magram es ukve sxva Temaa.

bolos, Cemi STabeWdileba “namdvil recenzias” rom daemsgavsos, mas SeniSvnebi unda davurTo, rasac ver Se-vasruleb, mizezi subieqturia; ar minda odnav mainc ga-vaqarwylo is uaRresad dadebiTi ganwyoba, rac batoni mamukas wignma Semiqmna, amitom SeniSvnaTa moZieba ar da-misaxavs miznad, albaT, arc TvalSi momxvedria araferi iseTi. erTi zogadi SeniSvna ki mainc unda davafiqsiro ; im SeniSvnis msgavsad, rac saocari moridebiTaa Caqsovi-li sokrates mier heraklites mimarT gamoTqmul `saqe-bar sayvedurSi” “ ... diax, sinaTle, meti sinaTle...”

Cveni azriT, is, rac herakliteze iTqva, esadageba wminda fenomenologias. amitomac gvxvdeba sakuTriv fenomenologiis farglebSi misi uamravi gageba da in-terpretacia, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. fenomenologiis swored aseT gansxvavebul interpretaciad migvaCnia ma-muka doliZis wigni.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebam.

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mauka doliZe

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

filosofiuri codnis popularizatori

(recenzia sergi avalianisa da kaxa qecbaias wignze „filosofia yvelasaTvis“)

filosofiuri codnis erT-erT ZiriTadsa da sxva

mecnierebebisagan ganmasxvavebel niSans msoflmxedve-lobrivi xasiaTi warmoadgens. igi, rogorc mTeli si-namdvilis uzogadesi kanonebis Semswavleli mecniere-ba, yvela specialuri anu kerZo mecnierebis safuZ-vlad Zevs. amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom sabune-bismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa warmo-madgenlebi xSirad TavianTi sagnis kvlevis procesSi filosofiamde midian da ewevian TavianTi mecnieruli moRvaweobis filosofiur interpretacias. amis sau-keTeso magaliTia plankis, ainStainis, boris, haizen-bergis, Seringtonisa da sxva genialur mecnierTa moRvaweoba da maTi filosofiuri erudicia.

magram filosofiuri codnis mniSvneloba marto-oden amiT ar amoiwureba. mas udidesi gavlena aqvs adamianis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis procesze. msoflmxedvelobis SemuSavebas ki yvela ganaTlebuli adamiani eswrafvis. am mimarTebiT filosofia scil-deba misi specialuri Rirebulebis farglebs da yve-la ganaTlebuli adamianis msoflmxedvelobis ZiriTa-di Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.

aqedan naTelia Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs filosofiuri codnis propagandas farTo sazogadoe-baSi. filosofia xom kulturis mTavari fenomenia, kulturisa, romelic nebismieri sazogadoebis, nebis-mieri eris inteleqtualuri donis maCvenebelia. swo-

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red am mizans emsaxureba sergi avalianisa da kaxa qecbaias wigni „filosofia yvelasaTvis“.

qarTvelma filosofo-sebma gasuli saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde mravali fundamentaluri filosofi-uri gamokvleva gamosces filosofiuri statiebis Tu vrceli monografiebis sa-xiT, riTac gaamdidres da ma-Ral safexurze aiyvanes Ta-namedrove qarTuli filoso-fiuri azrovnebis done.

amis miuxedavad gada-Warbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom sergi avalia-

nisa da kaxa qecbaias zemoxsenebuli wignis mniSvne-loba filosofiuri codnis gavrcelebis Tvalsazri-siT bevrad aWarbebs yvela aqamde qarTul enaze gamo-cemul filosofiur gamokvlevebs. sarecenzio wigni ZiriTadad mecnierul-filosofiuri naSromia da ara filosofiuri gamokvleva, romlis mizans filosofi-uri codnis propaganda warmoadgens. swored amitom igi dawerilia uaRresad martivi, gasagebi eniT. rTu-li da urTulesi filosofiuri problemebi gadmoce-mulia naTlad, yvelasaTvis misawvdomad, ris gamoc igi ioli gasagebia yvela ganaTlebuli adamianisaT-vis. swored amitom ewodeba mas „filosofia yvela-saTvis“ da am saxelwodebas kidec amarTlebs. yvela am dadebiTi Tvisebebis gamo wigni gamosvlisTanve bestselerad iqca, mTeli tiraJi didi siswrafiT ga-iyida. dRes bevr umaRles saswavlebelSi filosofias am wignis mixedviT aswavlian. mas didi interesiT kiTxulobs ara marto studenti-axalgazrdoba, ara-med maTi maswavleblebic. am tipis gamocema xom pir-

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velia mTeli qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis is-toriaSi!

sarecenzio wigni arc originalobas aris mok-lebuli; magram misi avtorebis originaluri Tval-sazrisebi agreTve martivi eniT aris gadmocemuli. wignis erT-erT dadebiT mxares isic warmoadgens, rom filosofiuri problemebis dalagebis procesSi SenarCunebulia mecnieruli sizuste. es aris wigni, romelic yvela ganaTlebulma adamianma unda waikiT-xos.

sasurvelia am wignis xelaxali gamocema, romel-sac mkiTxveli uTuod didi interesiT Sexvdeba. masze moTxovnileba xom sul ufro da ufro izrdeba.

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informaciebi

2011

INFORMATIONS 2011

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1. Catarda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis revaz balanCivaZis wignebis `anTropologiuri pedagogika~ da `filosofiuri da publicisturi werilebi~-s prezentacia.

2. daibeWda `filosofiuri Ziebani~-s XV krebuli. 3. filosofiis institutis gauqmebis Sedegad samsaxu-

ridan gaaTavisufles saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosebi: s.avaliani, m.maxaraZe, i.kalandia, k qecbaia, b.bregvaZe, a.bregaZe, T. mTibelaSvili, T. fanjikiZe, g. SuSanaSvili, n. kva-racxelia, m. doliZe, z.xasaia.

4. saqarTvelos erovnuli premiis laureatis wodeba mieniWaT saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosebs: m.maxaraZes, s. avalians, g.SuSanaSvilsa da T. mTibelaSvils `qarTuli filo-sofiuri azris istoriis~ oTxtomeulis gamocemi-saTvis.

5. saqarTvel;os filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikoss baCana bregvaZes Seusrulda dabadebidan 75 weli. vulocavT Rvawlmosil mecniers saiubileo TariRs da vusurvebT didxans sicocxles, janmrTe-lobas da axal miRwevebs samecniero asparezze.

6. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosebad arCeulia filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori arsen burjaliani da filoso-fiis doqtori, profesori revaz gordeziani

7. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi mamuka doliZe monawileobda fenomeno-logiuri kongresebis muSaobaSi stambolsa da mad-ridSi.

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sarCevi

redaqtoris winasityvaoba ................................................. 3

nawili pirveli

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis cnobari

2011 saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

akademikosebi................................................................ 5 saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidiumi .................................................................... 6

nawili meore

filosofiuri Ziebani ontologia

sergi avaliani — mecnieruli ontologiis

SesaZleblobis problema.......................................... 9 zurab xasaia — substanciis problemis sami

aspeqti {rusul enaze}..................................................42

mecnierebis filosofia

guram naWyebia — bralis kategoria sasazRvro

kategoriebis sistemaSi ............................................. 55 murman gorgoSaZe — samarTali da politika

{urTierTmimarTebis Tanamedrove aspeqtebi} ....77

filosofiuri anTropologia

irakli gogiCaZe — neba da adamianis yofierebis mTlianoba...................................................................... 90

vaJa niblaZe — adamianuri yofierebis msoflmxedve-lobrivi problemebi .................................................. 125

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tariel rexviaSvili — ganwyobisa da nebis Tavisuflebis urTierTobis sakiTxi .................... 140

mixeil xalvaSi — arseboba tanjvaa Tu bedniereba? ................................................................... 152

badri forCxiZe — `bunebrivi samarTlis~ socialuri instinqtisa da `marginaluri eqstremizmis~ fsiqologiuri sindromis Sinagani winaaRmdegobis problema ......................................... 168

esTetika

nana guliaSvili — aristoteles `poetika~ da

Seqspiris `hamleti~. paralelebi ........................... 188

religiis filosofia da religiaTmcodneoba

ramaz gaxokiZe — samyaros warmoSobis saidumloeba

naw.V1. mecnierebis, religiisa da filosofiis erTianoba....................................................................... 199

mamuka doliZe — codviTdacemis gancda ....................... 246 Teimuraz fanjikiZe — saentologiuri religiis

raoba da misi perspeqtivebi saqarTvelos religiur sivrceSi ..................................................... 254

manana CiteiSvili da marina kuxalaSvili — religiuri moZRvrebani da adamianis religiuri uflebebi.................................................. 259

socialuri da politikuri filosofia

kaxa qecbaia — modernistuli sociologia

postTanamedrove gamowvevaTa winaSe {sazogadoebidan postsazogadoebisaken} ............267

revaz jorbenaZe, amiran berZeniSvili — speqtaklis sazogadoebis qarTuli versia ................................ 277

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Sorena kortava — sazogadoeba, rogorc moqmedebis sistemis qvesistema .................................................... 293

qarTuli filosofiis istoria

mixeil maxaraZe —areopagitul TxzulebaTa saZiebeli avtoris erTi usafuZvlo versiis Taobaze........................................................................... 308

ucxoeTis filosofiis istoria

revaz gordeziani — yofiereba da `SesaZlo

egzistenci~ k. iaspersis filosofiaSi ................. 316 qeTevan muxiguli — fixte istoriis sawyisis

problemis Sesaxeb. Tavisufleba da fixteseuli hipoTeza; winaistoria — `bunebrivi mdgomareoba~........................................... 330

filosofiuri alegoria

anzor bregaZe — diogenes mogzauroba saqarTveloSi ............................................................... 352

recenziebi

anzor bregaZe — aratipuri gamoxmaureba mamuka doliZis wignze: `kulturis fenomenologia da kvanturi fizikis filosofiuri problemebi~ ................................................................. 357

mamuka doliZe — filosofiuri codnis populari-

zatori (recenzia sergi avalianisa da kaxa qecbaias wignze `filosofia yvelasaTvis~ .......... 364

informaciebi ......................................................................... 368

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CONTENTS Preface ..........................................................................................3

FIRST PART Reference book of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences

of Georgia 2011

Academicians of the Academy of philosophical sciences

of Georgia...........................................................................5 The Presidium of the Academy of Philosophical sciences

of Georgia...........................................................................6

Second part Philosophical investigations

ONTOLOGY

Sergi Avaliani — The problem of the possibility of scientific

ontology .................................................................................9 Surab Khasaia -Three aspects of the substanceproblem

{in Russian}...........................................................................42

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Guram Nachkebia — The category of a guilty in the adjustment of categories system...............................................................55

Murman Gorgoshadze — Law and politics: Modern aspects of interconnection ......................................................................77

PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Irakli Gogichadze — Will and integrity of human being ..................90 Vazha Nibladze — World outlook problems of human existence .....125

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Tariel Rekhviashvili — Issue of interaction between attitude and freedom of will ......................................................................140

Mikheil Khalvashi — Is existence torment or happiness?............... 152 Badri Porchkhidze — The internal resistances problem of ~Natural

law~ biosocial instinct and ~marginal psychological~ extremizm ..............................................................................168

AESTHETICS

Nana Guliashvili — Aristotle’s ~Poetics~ and Shakespeare’s

~Hamlet~. Paralleles...............................................................188

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCES OF RELIGION

Ramaz Gakhokidze — The unity of science, religion and philosophy .............................................................................199

Mamuka Dolidze -The experience of the fall...................................246 Teimuraz Panjikidze — Essence of Scientology and its

perspectives in religious space of Georgia.............................254 Manana Chiteishvili and Marina Kukhalashvili — Religious

doctrines and human religious rights .....................................259

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Kakha Ketsbaia — Modern sociology in front of postmodern

challenges from society to post society..................................267 Revaz Jorbenadze, Amiran Berdzenishvili — Performance

Society of Georgian Version..................................................277 Shorena Kortava — Society as downsystem.....................................293

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HISTORY OF GEORGIAN PHILOSOPHY

Mikheil Makharadze — The polemic about problem of areopagitic .............................................................................308

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Revaz Gordesiani — Being and ~possible existence~ in philosophy of K. Jaspers ........................................................316

Ketevam Mukhiguli — Fichte’s philosophy of history. ....................330

PHILOSOPHICAL ALLEGORY

Anzor Bregadze — Diogenes’ journey in Georgia ............................352

REVIEW

Anzor Bregadze — Review of book: M.Dolidze ~Phenomenology of culture and philosophical problems of quantum mechanics~. ....................................................................... 357

Mamuka Dolidze — Popularizen of Philosophical Knowledge ...... 364 Informations ....................................................................................368

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avtorTa sayuradRebod

1. seriaSi `filosofiuri Ziebani~ ibeWdeba mxolod

mecnieruli gamokvlevis Sedegebi, originaluri Si-naarsis mqone statiebi, romelic warmoadgens mecni-erulad dasabuTebul axal sityvas qarTul filoso-fiur azrovnebaSi. popularuli, ganmanaTleblobis xasiaTis mqone statiebi dasabeWdad ar miiReba.

2. statia awyobili unda iyos kompiuterze da axldes Sesabamisi diski.

3 statiis moculoba ar unda aRematebodes or Tabaxs {80 000 sastambo niSani}.

4. `filosofiuri Ziebani~ sameurneo angariSze ibeWde-ba. statiis avtori ixdis dabeWdvis Rirebulebas. Tu saredaqcio kolegia statias ar miiRebs, maSin igi av-tors ubrundeba statiasTan erTad.

5. stamburi wesiT awyobil statiaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebis Setana akrZalulia; aucileblobis Sem-TxvevaSi avtori gadaixdis damatebiT Rirebulebas.

6. statias Tan unda axldes avtoris fotosuraTi [4X5} da mokle biobibliografiuli cnobebi araumetes na-xevari gverdisa.

7. statias Tan unda axldes reziume ucxo {sasurvelia inglisur} enaze daaxloebiT 1700 sastambo niSnis {erTi gverdi} odenobiT, romelSic naCvenebi iqneba gamokvlevis Sedegebi.

8. literatura erTvis bolos, teqstSi miTiTebuli cifrebis mixedviT.

9. statiis warmodgenis bolo vadaa 15 noemberi. am va-dis Semdeg statia ar miiReba.

10. statia gamogzavnili unda iqnas akademiis preziden-tis an akademikos-mdivnis saxelze.

`filosofiuri Ziebani~-s saredaqcio kolegia

 376

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