TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt...

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5/19/2016 1 TB Intensive April 58, 2016 San Antonio, TX Extrapulmonary TB Linda Dooley, MD April 7, 2016 No conflict of interests No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity Linda Dooley, MD has the following disclosures to make:

Transcript of TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt...

Page 1: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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TB IntensiveApril 5‐8, 2016San Antonio, TX

ExtrapulmonaryTBLindaDooley,MDApril7,2016

• No conflict of interests

• No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity

Linda Dooley, MD has the followingdisclosures to make:

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• Treated the same as pulmonary TB: same meds, DOT necessary

• May be harder to diagnose; AFB culture often negative

• Can be (almost) anywhere

• Some patients have unsuspected pulmonary disease and may be infectious

Generalizations about Extrapulmonary TB

• Sometimes treat longer: meningitis, miliary

• Extrapulmonary TB more common in immune suppressed patients (HIV, TNF blockers)

• More common in Asian patients

More generalizations

Page 3: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Distribution of Extrapulmonary TB

LymphaticPleuralMeningitisGIBone and jointMiliaryGenitourinaryOther

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Patients with extrapulmonary TB may also have pulmonary involvement, even 

with a normal chest x‐ray

ALWAYS GET SPUTUM FOR AFB EVEN IF THE CHEST X‐RAY IS NORMAL

• 2nd most common form of extra‐pulmonary TB (15‐20%)

• In most of the world, TB is the most common cause of pleural effusions

• Higher incidence in HIV+ patients

• Commonly a manifestation of primary TB

• May progress from an exudative effusion to an empyema or bronchopleural fistula

Pleural Tuberculosis

Page 5: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Pleural TB

TB Empyema

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• Thoracentesis with pleural biopsy• 30% yield for MTB from pleural fluid• Exudative fluid with lymphocyte

predominance, protein more than 4 g/l ; glucose varies

• Pleural biopsy and culture may double yield of + culture

• Adenosine deaminase not sensitive nor specific

Diagnosis

Tuberculous pleural effusions often resolve without treatment but high risk for later pulmonary 

disease: treat as TB disease anyway since can progress to 

pulmonary disease

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• Same as pulmonary TB

• 6 months adequate if no drug resistance or immune problems

• Drop PZA at 2 months and leave EMB in regimen if cultures negative

Treatment

• Initial diagnosis: thoracentesis and pleural biopsy

• More rarely for repeat thoracentesis if pleural fluid re‐accumulates 

• Chest tube placement and possible decortication if empyema develops 

(surgery, cardiovascular surgery)

Surgical/ Specialist Involvement(surgeon, ER, radiology, hospitalist)

Page 8: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Lymphatic TB

• Most common form of extra-pulmonary TB (30-40%)• Most common sites are cervical (scrofula) or mediastinal but can affect any node

Page 9: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Fine needle aspirate or open biopsy

• Culture for AFB

• Don’t forget CXR and sputum

• More common in women, Asian population, immune suppression (HIV, TNF blockers)

• Treat like pulmonary TB

• Immune reconstitution may occur even with HIV negative patients

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Site determines specialist:

• ENT for cervical, pulmonary, radiology for hilar; surgeon for other LN

• Initial diagnosis by fine needle aspirate or biopsy

• Repeat I&D if swelling worsens

• Immune reconstitution can cause obstruction

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

Page 10: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• 300‐400 patients annually in US

• 1% of TB disease

• Even with effective treatment, case fatality high: 15‐40%

• Early diagnosis both difficult and critical

TB Meningitis

• TB granuloma spills into subarachnoid space producing inflammation, proliferative arachnoiditis, vasculitis and communicating hydrocephalus

• Localized initially to base of brain

Pathogenesis

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Necrotizing granulomatous changes in arachnoid and blood vessels

Basilar meningitis

• Presentation may mimic bacterial meningitis: acute, rapidly progressive

• May be a slowly progressive dementia over months with personality change, social withdrawal or memory deficits

Diagnosis

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• Lumbar puncture: AFB stain and culture, PCR, NAAT, low CSF glucose, high protein, lymphocyte predominance

• Serial examination of the CSF by AFB stain and culture is the best diagnostic approach 

• Use last fluid obtained; higher yield for larger volume CSF (10‐15cc)

CSF examinationNegative results do NOT exclude the 

diagnosis

• Typically elevated protein, low glucose, and lymphocyte predominance

• Early CSF may be relatively acellular or PMN predominant

• Smears and cultures may yield positive results days to weeks after therapy has been initiated or may be negative

CSF studies

Page 13: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Nov

CT and MRI helpful in diagnosis

Multiple tuberculomas along enhanced dural reflections

Basilar enhancement and hydrocephalus

Page 14: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Treat if TB meningitis suspected

• Early treatment essential

Treatment

• 9‐12 months for drug sensitive disease

• 18 months if no PZA

• Extend to 18‐24 months for severe illness, slow clinical response, or immune suppression

• No guidelines for length of treatment for MDR or XDR TB: expert consult essential

Treatment

Page 15: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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CSF Penetration of TB Meds

GOOD FAIR POOR

Isoniazid * Rifampin * Streptomycin *

Pyrazimamide Ethambutol Capreomycin *

Ethionamide Quinolones * Amikacin *

Cycloserine Kanamycin *

Linezolid *

* Can Be Given IV

• Adjunctive corticosteroids may be beneficial and are recommended for all children and adults being treated for TB meningitis

• Doses– Children: 2‐4 mg/kg prednisone tapered over 4 weeks

– Adults: 60 mg/d prednisone tapered over 6 weeks or .4 mg/kg/day dexamethasone IV tapered to .1 mg/kg/day

– May need longer slower taper

Steroids

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• ER doc, radiologist or hospital doc for initial LP for diagnosis

• Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

Neurosurgical Involvement

• Hydrocephalus may require urgent shunting. 

• Serial LP and steroid therapy may suffice for Stage I patients awaiting response to antibiotics 

• Shunting should not be delayed in patients with stupor, coma or progressive neurologic signs

Nov 2009

Page 17: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Fine needle aspirate: granulomatous tissue

• Normal CXR

• Consultant recommended LN biopsy for better chance MTB and sensitivities

• Pt declined: did not have $8000 required down payment

• Abnormal CT head; no LP done

Case: 20 yo Pakistani woman with severe headache and swollen neck 

nodes

• Observed induced sputum collection done by NCM had positive NAAT

• Drug sensitive MTB from sputum 

• One month later also grew TB from  neck aspirate

• Headache resolved on TB therapy

Page 18: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Pericardial TB

Pericardial TB

Page 19: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Uncommon and difficult diagnosis

• Presents with acute or insidious onset; nonspecific symptoms

• Ultrasound helpful; acid fast studies may not be positive

• Surgery for progressive tamponnade or recurrent effusions on TB Rx

• Steroids reduce mortality and need for surgery or repeat pericardiocentesis: start at 60 mg/d 1st month and reduce over 11 weeks

Pericardial TB

• Cardiothoracic surgeon: essential for initial diagnosis as well as for management of recurrent effusion or tamponnade

• May require urgent management

• Pericardial stripping may be needed

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

Page 20: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Bone and Joint TB

• Spinal TB (Pott’s disease) most common location: 40%

• Next most common: hip (40%) and knee (10%)

• Can be anywhere

• Frequently delayed diagnosis

• X‐ray not helpful in distinguishing other infectious destructive etiology

Skeletal TB

Page 21: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Joint aspiration: WBC may be granulocytes or lymphocytes

• WBC count varies widely

• Protein 4‐6 g/dl; glucose may be low

• Acid fast culture yield high (up to 80%)

• Presence of positive smear much lower (20%)

Diagnosis

• Standard TB therapy with extended treatment

• 6‐12 months: extend therapy for slow or uncertain response

Treatment of TB Osteomyelitis

Page 22: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Orthopedist, primary care, or rheumatologist may do initial arthrocentesis for diagnosis

• Surgery may be needed if bone/joint stabilization required or if prosthesis needs to be removed

• With spinal TB, neurosurgery or spine surgeon involvement essential for spine stabilization (external or surgical)

• Effective treatment may preclude need for surgery

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

Soft Tissue TB

Page 23: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Often adjacent to bony and may be direct spread from bony structure or may erode into bone: can be difficult to know if bone involved

• If not sure if bone involved, treat like skeletal TB (longer duration)

• I&D of abscess will only be diagnostic if acid fast cultures done

• Surgical involvement for diagnosis and management of large abscesses: type depends on site

Soft Tissue TB

• Peritoneal TB 10% extra‐pulmonary

• GI tract: any site possible but more common terminal ileum and cecum then rest of colon

• Often delayed diagnosis 

• TB bacilli may be ingested rather than inspired: consider early if patient drank or ate unpasteurized milk products

• Acid fast cultures frequently negative: pathology caseating necrotizing granulomas

Gastrointestinal and Peritoneal TB

Page 24: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Peritoneal TB

Laparoscopic view of peritoneal granulomas

Peritoneal TB: laparoscopic view of spiderweb adhesions

Page 25: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• If cultures negative or pending, assume PZA resistance

Treatment

Esophageal TB Duodenal TB

Consider the age of your patient and possible childhood exposure to M. bovis

84 yo man with normal CXR

Page 26: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Gastroenterologist or general surgery may make initial diagnosis

• Patient may need paracentesis for initial diagnosis or management of recalcitrant ascites

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

Urogenital TB

Page 27: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• 10‐15% extrapulmonary TB

• Often insidious onset, subtle nonspecific symptoms, delay in diagnosis

• Hematogenous spread from primary site, often years after infection

• Any part of GU tract may be affected

Genitourinary TB

Ureteral abnormalities (multiple “beading” strictures); may be virtually diagnostic of renal TB

Page 28: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• May have pyuria or hematuria or both

• Acid fast cultures of urine for sterile pyuria

• May need more than 3 specimens of first morning urine collection

• Urine AFB studies not always positive

• NAAT testing may be helpful but negative result does not preclude diagnosis

• Surgery or stenting for obstruction

Renal TB

Prostatic TB

Page 29: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Testicular TB

Uterine TB

Page 30: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• With Fallopian tube involvement, unlikely that preservation of fertility possible since usual scarring

• Often diagnosed by pathology after hysterectomy: treat even if involved organ removed

Female Genital TB

• Urology or gynecology involved in initial diagnosis

• Urologist essential if renal obstruction develops for ureteral stent placement and removal

• Obstruction may develop after therapy underway: immune reconstitution

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

Page 31: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Other TB

Laryngeal TB

Tuberculous Otitis Media

Page 32: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

TB Mastoiditis

Adrenal TB

Page 33: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• May have unsuspected adrenal involvement alone or with disseminated TB

• Assessment of adrenal function if slow response or hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypotension

• Don’t forget adrenal insufficiency possiblity if steroids were stopped after long use

Adrenal insufficiency and TB

Ocular TB

Page 34: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Diagnosis made by ophthalmologist

• Diagnosis of exclusion: patient should be followed by ophthalmology during TB treatment

• Usually no cultures available

• Treat same as pulmonary TB

TB of the Eye

Dermatologic Tuberculous

Page 35: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• May be hematogenous or direct spread

• May be injection: accidents in pathology or microbiology lab

• Treatment same as pulmonary TB

TB of the Skin

What’s left??

Page 36: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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TB Everywhere

• Tiny lesions spread throughout the body

• Distinctive pattern on CXR or CT

Miliary or Disseminated TB

Page 37: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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• Pulmonary involvement may not be present

• Frequently subacute presentation with fever and weight loss

• More rarely can be a fulminant sepsis‐like presentation with acute onset and rapid deterioration (usually fatal)

• Liver biopsy may be helpful

• Blood cultures may be positive if acid fast studies done

• All AFB may be negative

Miliary TB

• Usually prolonged treatment needed: 9‐12 months or more

• Cultures may be negative: paucibacillary disease

• Don’t let negative cultures or normal CXR tempt you to shorten therapy

Treatment of Disseminated TB

Page 38: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...LP for diagnosis • Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later: surgery need can be urgent ... • May have pyuria or

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Thank you

Don’t forget to get sputum AFB even if you think only extrapulmonary TB