Taxonomy of Projections FVFHP Figure 6.10. Taxonomy of Projections.
TAXONOMY
-
Upload
erasmus-copeland -
Category
Documents
-
view
21 -
download
1
description
Transcript of TAXONOMY
TAXONOMY
• Taxonomy is the science of grouping and naming organisms.
• Classification the grouping of information or objects based on similarities.
Why use a dead language?
•We only know about a fraction of the organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.
•Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it’s alive today or extinct.
• The scientific name comes from one of two “dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek.
Devil Cat
Ghost Cat
Mountain Lion
Screaming Cat
Puma
Florida Panther
Cougar
•There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
•Common names vary according to region.
•Soooo……why use a scientific name?
•a two name system for writing scientific names.•The genus name is written first (always Capitalized). •The species name is written second (never capitalized). •Both words are
italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.
Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor
Which is the genus? The species?
Binomial Nomenclature
Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an organism, is the cornerstone of a branch of biology called systematic taxonomy.
A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. It does not show the actual evolutionary history of organisms.
Why a hypothesis?
Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence:
Fossil record
Morphology
Embryological patterns of development
Chromosomes and DNA
Fossil
Morphology
Homologous Structures
Adaptive Radiation -
modifies
homologous
structures
Modifies homologous structures
These animals have evolved similar adaptations for obtaining food because they occupy similar niches. What can you infer about their phylogeny from their geographic locations?
Convergent Evolution
Analogous Structures -
•Traits that are morphologically and functionally similar even though there is no common ancestor.
Convergent evolution leads to……….
Embryology
Cladistics - is a relatively new system of phylogenetics classification that uses shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships. A derived character is a feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration.
DNA
A phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis is called a cladogram.
What derived character is shared by all the animals on the cladogram on the next slide?
The acacia and its ants are an example of coevolution. Eachinfluences the others evolution.
Can you think of any other examples ofcoevolution?
• A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism.
• The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences.
• The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.
The Dichotomous Key
1.
A. one pair of wings
B. Two pairs of wings
The Kingdoms 1. Bacteria
– Includes other members of old kingdom Monera
2.– Protist3.– Fungi 4.– Animalia 5.– Plantae
The major classification levels,from most general to most specific
(several of these have subdivisions)
A group at any level is a taxon.
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
Categories within Kingdoms
•Phylogeny•Systematics Hypothesis•Cladistics •Derived character •Cladogram •Dichotomous Key
•Classification•Taxonomy•Aristotle•Linnaeus •Kingdom•Phylum •Class
•Order•Family •Genus•Species•Common name•Scientificname•Binomial nomenclature