Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report...Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report 2019 4...

Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report 2 0 1 9

Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report 2019

© The State of Tasmania, Tasmanian Climate Change Office 2019

ISBN: 978-1-925906-01-1

REF: 19/28960

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Tasmania as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Tasmanian Government logo and the Tasmanian Climate Change Office (TCCO) logo, which remain the exclusive property of the State of Tasmania. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Disclaimer

This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Tasmania and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.

Tasmanian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report 2019 Tasmanian Climate Change Office | Department of Premier and Cabinet 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS Minister’s message .............................................................................. 4

Snapshot of Tasmania’s emissions ................................................... 5

Introduction ......................................................................................... 6

1. Changes in Tasmania’s emissions ................................................ 9

2. Tasmania’s emissions by sector ................................................ 16

Abbreviations and acronyms ......................................................... 38

Figures ................................................................................................ 39

Tables ................................................................................................. 40

References ......................................................................................... 41


MINISTER’S MESSAGE I am pleased to report on the latest greenhouse gas inventory for Tasmania, which confirms Tasmania’s status as Australia’s lowest emitter. The State’s greenhouse gas emissions have declined by 95 per cent from 1990 levels. For the sixth year in a row we have achieved our legislated emissions reduction target.

This accomplishment reflects our longstanding investment in renewable energy and the carbon sink in our forests. However, there is more we can do to reduce the State’s emissions, as we continually work towards our commitment to zero net emissions.

That is why the Tasmanian Government developed Climate Action 21: Tasmania’s Climate Change Action Plan 2017-2021 (Climate Action 21). Under Climate Action 21, the Government has committed $3.25 million towards taking practical actions to reduce emissions across a range of sectors, including transport, electricity generation, agriculture and waste. Key Tasmanian Government programs include:

• ChargeSmart and Smarter Fleets – supporting the rollout of a statewide electric vehicle charging network, and integration of electric vehicles into fleets;

• Power$mart Homes – supplying low income Tasmanian households with a range of high-quality upgrades and professional energy efficiency advice;

• Power$mart Businesses – assisting Tasmanian businesses to identify and implement energy efficiency measures;

• Fert$mart – aiding farmers to improve the efficiency of their fertiliser and irrigation practices; and

• Business Resource Efficiency Program – improving the efficiency of business resource use across production cycles.

The Tasmanian Government is also delivering on its commitment to make Tasmania energy self-sufficient by the end of 2022, with major wind farms at Cattle Hill and Granville Harbour to start producing clean energy by the end of the year.

I am proud of our achievements as Tasmania continues to successfully transition to a lower carbon economy.

Peter Gutwein MP

Minister for the Environment, Parks and Heritage

Image to be supplied


SNAPSHOT OF TASMANIA’S EMISSIONS


INTRODUCTION This Report presents an overview of Tasmania’s greenhouse gas emissions (emissions) from 1990 to 2017. It includes an explanation of sources of emissions, how emissions have changed over time and likely reasons for those changes.

Under the Climate Change (State Action) Act 2008 (the Act), Tasmania has an emissions reduction target of 60 per cent below 1990 baseline levels by 2050. The Climate Change (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Regulations 2012 (the Regulations) require the Minister to publish the reduction in emissions compared with the 1990 baseline level.

The Regulations set out the approach for measuring Tasmania’s 1990 baseline emissions, and changes to the State’s emissions over time. The approach outlined in the Regulations is consistent with national and international emissions reporting requirements.

What are greenhouse gases? Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer. Those with the most significant impact on global warming are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Other common greenhouse gases include ozone and chlorofluorocarbons.

How are emissions measured? Each greenhouse gas varies in terms of its contribution to climate change. Global warming potentials are used as a measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. They compare the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of each gas to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. Using this method, greenhouse gases are combined into a single, consistent, value of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e), which is presented in this Report.

What are carbon sinks? A carbon, or emissions, sink removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it emits. The removed carbon is stored, often in the form of growing vegetation.

How are emissions reported?

Reporting framework Tasmania’s emissions are reported in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reporting framework for national greenhouse gas inventories (IPCC 2006).

Data sources

State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories (STGGI) The main source of data on Tasmania’s emissions is the Australian Government’s State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2017 (STGGI).

The STGGI is prepared as part of the National Inventory Report, which is submitted annually in accordance with the international guidelines agreed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol (KP).

The National Inventory Report runs two years behind the current date, and represents the most recent official data in Australia on annual emissions. The current National Inventory Report details estimates of


Australia’s emissions for the period 1990 to 2017. It reports in financial years to 30 June. The year 2017 refers to the Australian financial year 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017.

Under the UNFCCC, the National Inventory Report must report net emissions from the following sectors:

• energy;

• industrial processes and product use (IPPU);

• agriculture;

• land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF); and

• waste.

Sectors are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2016).

For the purposes of this Report, the energy sector is further broken down into three sub-sectors:

• electricity generation;

• the direct combustion of fuels from all other forms of stationary energy excluding electricity generation (direct combustion); and

• transport.

Within the STGGI, electricity generation is reported under the energy sub-sector ‘Energy Industries’. Direct combustion has been aggregated to include the STGGI energy sub-sectors of ‘Manufacturing Industries and Construction’, ‘Other Sectors’ and ‘Other’.

‘Fugitive emissions’ forms another energy sub-sector. The Australian Government treats Tasmania’s fugitive emissions as confidential, so these emissions are reported in the total emissions from the energy sector.

The STGGI uses the information provided in the National Inventory Report and disaggregates it for each jurisdiction.

The STGGI data relates to production-based, rather than consumption-based emissions in Tasmania. The data account for emissions from goods and services produced in, and exported from, Tasmania.

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGGI) This Report also draws on data in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGGI) (DoEE 2019C), which is publicly available on the Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS) website (DoEE 2019A). The NGGI is prepared under the reporting provisions of the Kyoto Protocol, as opposed to the UNFCCC. The main difference between the two accounting frameworks is the treatment of emissions sources and sinks from the LULUCF sector.

The emissions figures reported in the 2017 STGGI and NGGI are not directly comparable to the figures published in the STGGI and NGGI reports of previous years. Each year the Australian Government updates how it calculates the national emissions figures, including Tasmania’s, for the reporting year. The figures are then updated from 1990 to the previous reporting year using the latest available data, improved modelling techniques, land use reclassifications and accounting methodologies. The figures are recalculated to ensure that the estimates of emissions are accurate, transparent, complete, consistent through time and comparable with those produced in other countries.

Units of measure Greenhouse gases are frequently reported in megatonnes (Mt) CO2-e, with 1 Mt CO2-e equal to 1,000 kilotonnes (kt) CO2-e and 1 kt CO2-e equal to 1,000 tonnes (t) CO2-e.


Because Tasmania is a small jurisdiction with relatively low emissions levels compared with other Australian states and territories, reporting in Mt CO2-e at a sub-sector level can obscure data, and introduce rounding anomalies. To avoid this, Tasmania’s sectoral emissions are reported in kt CO2-e in Chapter 2.

Confidential Information In accordance with Australian Government protocol, where reporting at a sub-sector level could lead to the disclosure of commercially sensitive emissions data, the Australian Government treats the information as confidential and aggregates it with other sectors before publication. Examples in Tasmania include fugitive emissions, which are reported in the total emissions from the energy sector, and emissions from the metal industry and chemical industry, which are reported as combined emissions in the IPPU sector under ‘Other’.

Discrepancies in Table totals Data in the tables of this Report are sourced directly from the STGGI. Any discrepancy between table totals and the sum of sectors and sub-sectors reflects rounding anomalies and/or the inclusion of confidential emissions data in the total figure.

Report structure Chapter One presents changes in Tasmania’s emissions over the periods 1990 to 2017 and 2016 to 2017, Tasmania’s emissions per person and per unit of Gross State Product (GSP), and Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions.

Chapter Two presents Tasmanian emissions by sector and sub-sectors using the IPCC sector categories. It describes historical changes in emissions in each sector and sub-sector, and identifies likely reasons for these changes.

A list of Abbreviations and Acronyms is included at the end of this Report.


1. CHANGES IN TASMANIA’S EMISSIONS This chapter presents changes in Tasmania’s emissions over the periods 1990 to 2017 and 2016 to 2017, Tasmania’s emissions per person and per unit of GSP, and Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions.

1.1 Tasmania’s emissions - 1990 to 2017 Tasmania’s emissions decreased by 17.74 Mt CO2-e between 1990 and 2017, which is a 95 per cent reduction from the 1990 baseline, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 highlights the downward trend in Tasmania’s annual emissions from 1990 to 2017 by sector and energy sub-sector.

Figure 1: Tasmania’s emissions by sector and energy sub-sector - 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Table 1 shows the change in both total and sectoral, and energy sub-sectoral emissions between 1990 and 2017. Changes in the LULUCF sector have had a major influence on Tasmania’s total annual emissions, reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration by 18.14 Mt CO2-e (172 per cent decrease).

Modest reductions in emissions also occurred in the following sectors and sub-sectors: electricity generation (0.13 Mt CO2-e, or 23 per cent); waste (0.11 Mt CO2-e, or 22 per cent); and agriculture (0.01 Mt CO2-e, or 1 per cent).

Sectors and energy sub-sectors where emissions increased over this period were: direct combustion (0.34 Mt CO2-e, or 22 per cent); IPPU (0.22 Mt CO2-e, or 14 per cent); and transport (0.05 Mt CO2-e, or 3 per cent).

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Table 1: Tasmania’s emissions by sector and energy sub-sector - 1990 to 2017

Sector/Sub-sector Emissions (Mt CO2-e)

Change (%) 1990 2017

Energy (including fugitive emissions) 3.72 4.01 8

Direct combustion 1.56 1.90 22

Transport 1.58 1.63 3

Electricity generation 0.57 0.44 -23

Agriculture 2.32 2.31 -1

IPPU 1.56 1.77 14

Waste 0.48 0.37 -22

LULUCF 10.54 -7.59 -172

Total 18.61 0.87 -95

Source: DoEE 2019B.

1.2 Tasmania’s emissions – 2016 to 2017 In 2016 Tasmania was the first jurisdiction in Australia to achieve zero net emissions. This was of international significance and reflected Tasmania’s longstanding investment in renewable energy and the carbon sink in our forests. Tasmania’s emissions profile is subject to change and ongoing emissions abatement efforts are required for the State to maintain zero net emissions in the longer-term.

Between 2016 and 2017, Tasmania’s emissions increased by 1.20 Mt CO2-e. Table 2 highlights the change in sectoral and energy sub-sectoral emissions between 2016 and 2017. The main contributor to this increase was the LULUCF sector, with lower rates of sequestration and re-growth in previously harvested native forests and plantations (0.91 Mt CO2-e, or 9 per cent).

There was also an increase in emissions from: manufacturing industries and construction in the direct combustion sub-sector (0.14 Mt CO2-e, or 11 per cent); the mineral industry in the IPPU sector (0.05 Mt CO2-e, or 7 per cent); enteric fermentation from cows and sheep in the agriculture sector (0.14 Mt CO2-e, or 9 per cent); and solid waste disposal in the waste sector (0.03 Mt CO2-e, or 10 per cent).

Reductions in emissions occurred in: electricity generation (0.04 Mt CO2-e, or 9 per cent); transport (0.08 Mt CO2-e, or 5 per cent); and wastewater treatment and disposal in the waste sector (0.01 Mt CO2-e, or 8 per cent).


Table 2: Tasmania’s emissions by sector and energy sub-sector - 2016 to 2017

Sector/Sub-sector Emissions (Mt CO2-e)

Change (%) 2016 2017

Energy (including fugitive emissions) 3.99 4.01 1

Direct combustion 1.74 1.90 9

Transport 1.71 1.63 -5

Electricity generation 0.48 0.44 -9

Agriculture 2.10 2.31 10

IPPU 1.61 1.77 10

Waste 0.36 0.37 5

LULUCF -8.38 -7.59 9

Source: DoEE 2019B.

The relative contribution of each sector to the change in Tasmania’s emissions between 2016 to 2017 is presented in Figure 2. Figure 2 highlights the large proportional contribution of the LULUCF sector (66 per cent) to the increase in Tasmania’s emissions, and relatively moderate contributions by the agriculture (17 per cent), IPPU (13 per cent), energy (2 per cent), and waste (2 per cent) sectors.

Figure 2: Relative contribution of sectors to the change in Tasmania’s emissions - 2016 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Waste

Energy

IPPU

Agriculture

LULUCF


1.3 Tasmanian emissions per person Figure 3 shows that in 2017, Tasmania had the lowest emissions per person of any Australian jurisdiction, at 1.7 t CO2-e. This is substantially less than the national average of 21.7 t CO2-e per person.

Figure 3: Tasmania’s emissions per person relative to Australia and other states and territories – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B, ABS2017A.

Figure 4 highlights that Tasmania’s emissions per person have decreased from 40.3 t CO2-e in 1990 to 1.7 t CO2-e in 2017, a reduction of 96 per cent (38.6 t CO2-e) over 18 years.

Figure 4: Change in Tasmania’s emissions per person - 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B, ABS2017A.

Figure 5 provides information on the percentage change in Tasmania’s population and emissions per person, with and without the LULUCF sector, from 1990 to 2017 relative to the 1990 baseline. When emissions from the LULUCF sector are excluded, the percentage change in Tasmania’s emissions per person relative to the 1990 baseline also declines, while Tasmania’s population has steadily grown.

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Figure 5: Percentage change in Tasmania’s population and emissions per person – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B, ABS 2017A.

1.4 Tasmania’s emissions and Gross State Product Figure 6 shows the change in Tasmania’s emissions and real GSP from 1990 to 2017. During this period Tasmania’s real GSP increased by 74 per cent while Tasmania’s emissions decreased by 95 per cent.

Figure 6: Change in Tasmanian emissions and real Gross State Product – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B, ABS2017B.

The rise in Tasmania’s GSP, coupled with the decrease in Tasmania’s emissions, resulted in a reduction in emissions intensity of the Tasmanian economy, from 1,135 to 30 tonnes (t) CO2-e per million dollars (98 per cent reduction).

When the emissions from the LULUCF sector are excluded, the emissions intensity of Tasmania’s economy demonstrates a downward trend, declining from 492 to 296 t CO2-e per $M GSP between 1990 and 2017, which is a reduction of 40 per cent over time. This trend reflects Tasmania’s ongoing transition to a lower carbon economy.

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Figure 7 provides information on the percentage change in Tasmania’s real GSP and emissions intensity, with and without the LULUCF sector, from 1990 to 2017 relative to the 1990 baseline.

Figure 7: Percentage change in Tasmania’s real GSP and emissions intensity – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B, ABS2017B.

1.5 Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions In 2017, Tasmania made the smallest contribution to Australia’s total emissions (534.67 Mt CO2-e), contributing 0.16 per cent (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Figure 9 highlights Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions from 1990 to 2017. Tasmania’s share of Australia’s total emissions has decreased significantly since 1990 from 3.1 per cent in 1990 to 0.16 per cent in 2017.

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Figure 9: Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions - 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

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2. TASMANIA’S EMISSIONS BY SECTOR This chapter presents information on Tasmania’s emissions by sector, the activities that are responsible for these emissions, and the likely factors that have influenced trends in emissions in each sector over time.

Tasmania’s net emissions in 2017 Figure 10 shows Tasmania’s net emissions for 2017 by sector and energy sub-sector.

Tasmania’s net emissions in 2017 were 0.87 Mt CO2-e.

The Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector provided net sequestration of emissions (carbon sink) of minus 7.59 Mt CO2-e, offsetting the majority of emissions from all other sectors.

Excluding LULUCF, the remaining sectors contributed 8.46 Mt CO2-e to Tasmania’s emissions: energy (47 per cent); agriculture (27 per cent); industrial processes and product use (IPPU) (21 per cent); and waste (4 per cent).

The energy sector contributed 4.01 Mt CO2-e to Tasmania’s net emissions, made up of sub-sectors: direct combustion (22 per cent); transport (19 per cent); and electricity generation (5 per cent of net emissions excluding LULUCF).

Figure 10: Tasmanian emissions by sector and energy sub-sectors – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Figure 11 highlights the differences in the relative contribution of each sector and energy-subsector to an Australian state or territory’s total emissions, noting LULUCF has been excluded from this analysis. The ACT is also excluded from this analysis as it only has a partial inventory, because its electricity is supplied by New South Wales.

Tasmania’s emissions profile differs from other Australian states and territories, with much lower contributions from the electricity generation sub-sector to Tasmania’s total emissions. Emissions from

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Tasmania’s transport, direct combustion, IPPU and agriculture sectors make a larger relative contribution to the State’s total emissions than in most other jurisdictions.

Figure 11: Relative contribution of each sector and energy-subsector to an Australian state or territory’s emissions, excluding LULUCF – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

2.1 Energy Tasmania’s energy sector comprises electricity generation, direct combustion, transport, and fugitive emissions, and contributed 4,013 kt CO2-e in 2017. This accounted for 47 per cent of Tasmania’s emissions when LULUCF is excluded. Unlike other states and territories (Figure 11), Tasmania has high levels of renewable energy generation. This means the majority of Tasmania’s energy emissions are attributed to direct combustion and transport (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Breakdown of Tasmanian emissions by energy sub-sector – 2017

Energy (47%)

Stationary energy

Transport - 41% Electricity generation - 11% Direct combustion - 47%

Source: DoEE 2019B.

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2.1.1 Direct combustion

Sources of emissions Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels for stationary energy purposes used directly on site have been aggregated into the direct combustion sub-sector. Activities aggregated into direct combustion include burning coal, gas, agricultural waste or forestry residue to generate heat, steam or pressure for commercial and major industrial operations, and burning wood or gas for household heating and cooking. The activities and industries that cause these emissions include manufacturing, construction, agriculture and fisheries, residential, and commercial operations.

Emissions associated with the use of electricity, or fuel combustion in transport, are accounted for in the electricity generation and transport sub-sectors respectively.

Key trends and drivers The change in Tasmania’s emissions from direct combustion is presented in Figure 13. Direct combustion accounts for 21 per cent of Tasmania’s emissions, excluding LULUCF.

Figure 13: Tasmanian emissions from direct combustion – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Manufacturing industries and construction are the largest source of emissions from direct combustion in Tasmania, followed by the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries (Figure 14). By contrast, in other states emissions from residential activities make a larger contribution to emissions from direct combustion. For comparison, the direct combustion emissions by sub-categories for Victoria are provided at Figure 15. The differences may be attributed to the relatively high use of natural gas for household heating and cooking in other states, as well as the importance of the major industrials to the Tasmanian economy.

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Figure 14: Tasmanian emissions by direct combustion sub-categories – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

Figure 15: Victorian emissions by direct combustion sub-categories – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

Figure 16 shows the change in Tasmanian emissions from direct combustion sub-categories from 1990 to 2017.

Manufacturing industries and construction

74%

Agriculture, forestry and fishing14%

Residential8%

Commercial / institutional5%

Manufacturing industries and construction

35%

Agriculture, forestry and fishing29%

Residential13%

Commercial / institutional7%


Figure 16: Tasmanian emissions by direct combustion sub-categories – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

Emissions from the manufacturing industries and construction sub-sector have increased from a minimum in 2003 to reach a maximum in 2017.

Emissions from manufacturing industries and construction can be split into sub-categories including: iron and steel; non-ferrous metals; chemicals; pulp, paper and print; food processing, beverages and tobacco; non-metallic minerals; and other. The Australian Government treats emissions from these sub-categories as confidential. In Tasmania, the majority of emissions are mainly attributable to burning coal (4 petajoules [PJ]), gas (6.3 PJ) and wood waste (3.6 PJ) (DoEE 2018A). The energy contained in 1 PJ is equivalent to about 29 million litres of petrol (DoEE 2017).

Emissions from direct combustion in Tasmania’s agriculture, forestry and fishing industries have increased by around 125 per cent from 1990 to 2017, while emissions from the residential sector have decreased by around 64 per cent over this period (DoEE 2019A).

The key driver of direct combustion emissions in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector is the use of diesel for equipment and machinery (eg pumps, tractors, log skidders) which has increased by 111 per cent between 1990 and 2017 (DoEE 2018A). The increased use of diesel is likely to be linked to growth in the Tasmanian agricultural and fishery industries.

The changing role of wood as the dominant form of heating in Tasmanian homes is an important factor driving the reduction in residential emissions from direct combustion. Residential use of wood fuel has decreased by 44 per cent since 1990 (DoEE 2018A). Other contributing factors to the decline in residential emissions are the shift to high efficiency heat-pumps and increasing efficiency of wood heaters, through improved standards and technologies.

2.1.2 Transport

Sources of emissions Emissions from the transport sub-sector are produced by the combustion of fuels such as petrol, diesel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), in passenger and commercial motor vehicles, railways, domestic aviation and shipping.

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Emissions from electricity used to power electric vehicles, and liquid fuels used to run logging and farming machinery such as log skidders and tractors, are accounted for in the electricity generation and direct combustion sub-sectors.

Key trends and drivers The change in Tasmania’s transport emissions from 1990 to 2017 is presented in Figure 17. Transport accounts for 19 per cent of Tasmania’s emissions, excluding LULUCF.

Figure 17: Tasmanian emissions from transport – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Road transportation was the main contributor to Tasmania’s transport emissions (97 per cent) in 2017. The leading contributor to road transportation emissions was cars (48 per cent), followed by heavy duty trucks and buses (29 per cent) (Figure 18). Motorcycles only contributed 0.3 per cent to Tasmania’s transportation emissions and are therefore not included in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Tasmanian emissions by mode and road transport sub-categories – 2017

Transport (19%)

Road transport 97%

Domestic aviation

0.3%

Railways 1%

Domestic Navigation

2%

Cars 48%

Light commercial vehicles - 19%

Heavy duty trucks and buses 29%

Source: DoEE 2019A.

The change in Tasmanian emissions from road transport sub-categories is presented in Figure 19.

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Figure 19: Tasmanian emissions by road transport sub-categories – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

To understand changes within the sector, emissions data have been overlaid with fuel and vehicle registration data. The road transport sub-category consumed 22.6 PJ of energy in 2017, comprising diesel (53 per cent), petrol (46 per cent) and LPG (1 per cent) (DoEE 2018A).

The total number of vehicles registered in Tasmania has increased by 56 per cent since 1991, with passenger cars increasing by 45 per cent, light commercial vehicles by 95 per cent, and heavy duty trucks, buses and other modes by 77 per cent (ABS 2017C; ABS 1991).

However, total energy consumption from road transportation has only increased by 9 per cent. Energy from petrol use decreased by 31 per cent, while diesel use has increased by 127 per cent (DoEE 2018A).

Road transportation is becoming more efficient, using less fuel to travel the same distance. This is contributing to the decrease in emissions from cars (13 per cent), despite the increasing number of passenger vehicle registrations. The overall increase in emissions from the transport sector is explained by strong growth in freight transport and an increase in commercial activity, which has offset emissions savings from efficiency improvements within these vehicle classes. The significant increase in diesel is concentrated in the heavy duty trucks and buses sub-category.

2.1.3 Electricity generation

Sources of emissions Emissions from electricity generation are produced by the combustion of fuels to generate electricity that is supplied to the electricity grid for domestic and commercial use.

This sub-sector covers emissions from electricity that is generated in Tasmania, some of which is exported to the National Electricity Market via Basslink. Emissions from electricity imported into Tasmania via Basslink are accounted for in the greenhouse gas inventory of the state generating the electricity.

Key trends and drivers The change in Tasmania’s emissions from 1990 to 2017 from electricity generation is presented in Figure 20. Electricity generation only accounts for 5 per cent of Tasmania’s emissions, excluding LULUCF.

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Figure 20: Tasmanian emissions from electricity generation – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Unlike other states and territories, the majority of Tasmania’s electricity is generated using renewable resources including wind (10 per cent) and hydroelectricity (80 per cent).

Figure 21 shows Tasmania’s emissions from electricity generation using non-renewable fuels from 1990 to 2017. In 2017, non-renewable electricity generation accounted for around 9 per cent (915 Gigawatt hours (GWh)) of electricity generated in Tasmania (DoEE 2018B), noting this trend is variable over time. The use of natural gas at the Tamar Valley Power Station is responsible for the majority of Tasmania’s emissions from electricity generation. Key factors influencing its operation are water inflows into Hydro Tasmania’s storages and interstate demand (Figure 21).

Figure 21: Tasmanian emissions from electricity generation using non-renewable fuels – 2009 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2018B and DoEE 2019B.

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

kt CO

2 -e

GW

h

Other nonrenewables

Oil products

Natural gas

Emissions fromelectricitygeneration

-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

80019

90

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

2017

kt C

O2-

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Electricity generaiton Other sectors


2.2 Agriculture

Sources of emissions Some of the sources of agriculture sector emissions are livestock digestive systems (enteric fermentation), the release of nitrous oxide from cropping and pasture land, and manure management.

• Enteric fermentation of plant material that is digested by livestock (eg cattle, sheep and pigs) results in methane emissions.

• Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals, and nitrogen leaching and run-off, result in emissions from microbial and chemical transformations that produce and consume nitrous oxide in the soil.

• Manure management produces emissions through the anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of the organic matter contained in manure.

• Land management practices such as lime, fertiliser and urea applications produce nitrous oxide emissions.

Emissions associated with the use of electricity, fuel consumption from operating agricultural equipment, and fuel consumption in transport, are accounted for in the energy sector.

Key trends and drivers Tasmania’s agriculture sector contributed 2,305 kt CO2-e in 2017. This accounted for 27 per cent of Tasmania’s emissions when LULUCF is excluded (Figure 22).

Figure 22: Tasmanian emissions from agriculture – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Enteric fermentation was the largest source of emissions from agriculture in Tasmania in 2017, followed by agricultural soils, manure management, and liming (Figure 23). Field burning of agricultural residues (0.02 per cent) and urea application (1.54 per cent) only made minor contributions to the sector’s total emissions.

-

500

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1,500

2,000

2,500

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

2017

kt C

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e


Agriculture Other sectors


Figure 23: Tasmanian emissions by agricultural sub-sectors – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

The change in Tasmanian emissions from agricultural sub-sectors is presented in Figure 24.

Figure 24: Tasmanian emissions by agricultural sub-sectors – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 219A.

Emissions from enteric fermentation have decreased by 10 per cent between 1990 and 2017. Over the same period, emissions have increased from agricultural soils (17 per cent), manure management (102 per cent) and liming (174 per cent).

Cattle and sheep make the largest contribution to Tasmania’s enteric fermentation emissions (Figure 25).

Enteric Fermentation

74% Agricultural Soils18%

Manure Management

4%

Liming2%

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

kt C

O2-

e

Liming

ManureManagement

AgriculturalSoils

EntericFermentation


Figure 25: Tasmanian enteric fermentation emissions by livestock type – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 219A.

While enteric fermentation emissions from cattle increased by 43 per cent between 1990 and 2017, emissions from sheep decreased by 61 per cent, resulting in the decrease in total enteric fermentation emissions. Cattle can be further split into beef cattle and dairy cattle. While beef cattle numbers have fallen by 13 per cent since 1990, dairy cattle numbers have nearly doubled (ABS 2017D).

2.3 Industrial processes and product use

Sources of emissions Emissions from the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector are generated from a range of production processes that include: the calcination of carbonate compounds (eg cement, lime or glass production); carbon when used as a chemical reductant (eg iron and steel or aluminium production); and the production and use of synthetic gases such as hydrofluorocarbons (eg refrigeration, air conditioning, solvents) and sulphur hexafluoride (electrical equipment).

Emissions associated with the energy used in industrial production processes are accounted for in the electricity generation and direct combustion sub-sectors. For example, the emissions from cement manufacture include combustion of fuels (coal or natural gas) used to heat kilns in the manufacturing process. However, these combustion-related emissions are reported as energy emissions (direct combustion) and not with IPPU, which only includes the emissions from calcination.

Key trends and drivers Tasmania’s IPPU sector contributed 1,771 kt CO2-e in 2017. This accounted for 21 per cent of Tasmania’s emissions when LULUCF is excluded (Figure 26).

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

kt C

O2-

e

Swine andotherlivestock

Sheep

Cattle


Figure 26: Tasmanian emissions from IPPU – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Emissions from IPPU can be split into a number of sub-sectors. The disaggregated emissions from the chemical industry and metal industry are treated as confidential by the Australian Government. Emissions from these sub-sectors are reported in the STGGI as combined emissions under ‘Other’.

The combined emissions from the metal and chemical industries (44 per cent) was the largest source of emissions from IPPU in Tasmania, with the mineral industry (41 per cent) also making a large contribution (Figure 27). Emissions from Tasmania’s electronics industry are not calculated, while emissions from other sub-sectors are not reported here due to their small contribution (less than 1 per cent).

Figure 27: Tasmanian emissions by IPPU sub-sectors – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

The change in Tasmanian emissions from 1990 to 2017 from IPPU sub-sectors is presented in Figure 28.

Mineral Industry41%

Metal and Chemical Industries

44%

Product uses as substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

15%

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

2017

kt C

O2-

e


Industrial processes Other sectors


Figure 28: Tasmanian emissions by IPPU sub-sectors – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

Emissions from the metal industry are often attributable to the production of iron and steel, ferroalloys, aluminum, magnesium, lead and zinc (IPCC 2016, Vol 3, Ch 4). Tasmania has smelters producing aluminum, ferromanganese and zinc.

Emissions from the mineral industry are usually attributable to three source categories, comprising cement production, lime production and glass production (IPCC 2016, Vol 3, Ch 2). In Tasmania, the majority of emissions from this sub-category are likely to be attributable to the production of clinker (used in the manufacture of Portland cement).

2.4 Waste

Sources of emissions Emissions are produced by the decomposition of organic waste in landfills and from the release of greenhouse gases during the treatment of wastewater. The anaerobic decomposition of organic matter from solid waste in landfills and wastewater treatment plants produces methane. The nitrification and denitrification of urea and ammonia in wastewater treatment plants produces nitrous oxide emissions.

Emissions associated with the energy used in the management and transportation of waste are reported in the electricity generation, direct combustion and transport sub-sectors.

Key trends and drivers Tasmania’s waste sector contributed 372 kt CO2-e in 2017. This accounted for 4 per cent of Tasmania’s emissions when LULUCF is excluded (Figure 29).

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1,800

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1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

kt C

O2-

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Product uses assubstitutes for OzoneDepleting Substances

Mineral Industry

Metal and ChemicalIndustries


Figure 29: Tasmanian emissions from the waste sector – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Solid waste disposal was the largest source of emissions from waste in Tasmania, followed by wastewater treatment and discharge (Figure 30). Emissions from other sub-categories are not reported here due to their small contribution (less than 1 per cent).

Figure 30: Tasmanian emissions by waste sub-categories – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

The change in Tasmanian emissions from waste sub-categories is presented in Figure 31.

Solid Waste Disposal

75%

Biological treatment of solid

waste1%

Wastewater treatment and

discharge24%

-

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400

500

60019

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1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

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2014

2017

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Waste Other sectors


Figure 31: Tasmanian emissions by waste sub-categories – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

Emissions from solid waste disposal decreased by 11 per cent between 1990 and 2017, and emissions from wastewater treatment decreased by 47 per cent. These reductions occurred despite a growing population (14 per cent) and increasing GSP (74 per cent).

The reduction in solid waste emissions can be partly attributed to improved recycling rates which divert organic material from landfill. From 2006 to 2017, the total resource recovery rate (energy recovery and recycling) in Tasmania has improved from 40 to 53 per cent (Pickin & Randell 2018). Capturing methane from landfill and either flaring or generating bio-energy has also contributed to the reduction in emissions from solid waste disposal.

Emissions from wastewater treatment are separated into domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater. While emissions from industrial wastewater have been falling steadily since 1990, emissions from domestic wastewater increased until 2010, before falling sharply in 2011 and stabilising in 2015 (Figure 32).

Figure 32: Tasmanian emissions by types of wastewater treatment and discharge – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019A.

0

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600

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

kt C

O2-

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Wastewatertreatment anddischarge

Solid WasteDisposal

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80

100

120

140

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180

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

kt C

O2-

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DomesticWastewater


2.5 Land use, land use change, and forestry

Sources of emissions The land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector includes emissions and sequestration (removals or carbon sinks) of greenhouse gases from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities. This includes emissions and sequestration associated with:

• clearance of forested land and conversion to other land uses (eg. cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements);

• the establishment of new forests planted on previously unforested land; and

• other practices that change emissions and sequestration, such as forest management, cropland management and grazing land management.

Emissions from fuelwood consumption, controlled burning and bushfires on forest land are also included, as are removals associated with post-fire recovery. Carbon that is stored in harvested wood products is included as a carbon sink.

Combustion of fossil fuels associated with forestry and land management (eg diesel to run logging machinery and farming equipment) are accounted for in the direct combustion sub-sector. Emissions associated with livestock (eg enteric fermentation) and cropping (eg release of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils) are accounted for in the agriculture sector.

Key trends and drivers In 2017, Tasmania’s LULUCF sector was a net carbon sink, contributing minus 7,594 kt CO2-e. This offset the majority of emissions from other sectors that had a combined contribution of 8,462 kt CO2-e in 2017 (Figure 33).

Figure 33: Tasmanian emissions from LULUCF relative to other sectors – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

-10,000

-5,000

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5,000

10,000

15,000

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

kt C

O2-

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LULUCF-7,594

Other sectors8,462

2017


The largest source of sequestration of emissions from LULUCF was the forest land remaining forest land sub-category followed by the land converted to forest land sub-category. The largest contributor to positive emissions was the forest converted to other land uses sub-category (eg cropland, grassland, wetland and settlements) (Figure 34).

Figure 34: Tasmanian emissions by LULUCF sub-categories – 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

The change in Tasmanian emissions from LULUCF sub-categories is presented in Figure 35.

Figure 35: Change in Tasmanian emissions by LULUCF sub-categories – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

-12,000

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1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

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Harvested WoodProducts

Other land uses

Forest converted toother land uses

Land converted toforest land

Forest landremaining forest land

Total net emissionsLULUCF

-12,000

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-8,000

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4,000

kt C

O2-

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Other land uses

Forest converted to other land uses

Land converted to forest land

Forest land remaining forest land

kt CO2-e

-402

113

2323

-2108

-7519

Total -7594


Forest land remaining forest land The largest contributor to Tasmania’s LULUCF emissions is the forest land remaining forest land sub-category. It has influenced both increases and decreases in Tasmania’s total net emissions since 1990 (Figure 35). The sub-category comprises emissions from changes in carbon stored in harvested native forests, other native forests, plantations established before 1990, and fuelwood (for residential use).

Changes in emissions from the forest land remaining forest land sub-category have been largely driven by changes in the levels of timber harvesting in Tasmania’s native forests. Net annual emissions decrease when the growth in forests (carbon sequestration) exceeds emissions associated with timber harvesting activity, or when there is a significant reduction in harvesting levels from native forests relative to a baseline position.

Over the past 10 years, the total volume of logs harvested from Tasmania’s forests has decreased by around 65 per cent due to multiple factors, including changes in global commodity prices and demand for plantation timber over native forests (Figure 36).

Figure 36: Volume of logs harvested in Tasmania by forest type – 1997 to 2017

Source: ABARES 2017, ABARES 2016, FPA 2002, and, FPA 2007.

Note: Figures for 1997 to 2005 are sourced from the Forest Practices Authority which reports pulpwood in tonnes. These figures have been converted to cubic meters using a 1:1 conversion factor, as data post-2005 is sourced from ABARES which reports all figures in cubic metres. This conversion factor is an assumption and has been used to show the overarching trends over time.

Figure 37 shows Tasmania’s LULUCF emissions and volume of logs harvested from native forests from 1990 to 2017. The decrease in harvesting activity has led to substantial reductions in annual emissions, as well as the regeneration and regrowth of previously harvested native forests that contributed to higher rates of carbon sequestration (Figure 37).

0

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1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Vol

ume

in '0

00 m

³

Softwood

Hardwoodplantation

Hardwoodnative


Figure 37: Tasmania’s LULUCF emissions and volume of logs harvested from native forests – 1990 to 2017

Source: ABARES 2017, ABARES 2016, FPA 2002, FPA 2007, and DoEE 2019B.

Since 2014 the level of timber harvesting in native forests and pre-1990 plantations has steadied, and there has been increased harvesting in the post-1990 plantations, largely comprising hardwood plantations (see the Land converted to forest land sub-category below). However, net annual emissions from the LULUCF sector have continued to decline as carbon sequestration (from growing forests) has exceeded annual emissions from timber harvesting activity.

Land converted to forest land The land converted to forest land sub-category comprises regrowth on deforested land, and post-1990 plantations and natural regeneration. The latter has made a significant contribution to Tasmania’s emissions profile, with carbon sequestration from post-1990 plantations and natural regeneration reaching minus 1,922 kt CO2-e in 2016, before decreasing slightly in 2017. Carbon sequestration from regrowth on deforested land has also increased considerably, from minus 25 to minus 555 kt CO2-e between 1990 and 2017 (Figure 38).

Figure 38: Net Tasmanian emissions from land converted to forest land – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

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-3,000

-2,500

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-1,500

-1,000

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500

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

kt C

O2-

e

Regrowth ondeforestedland

Plantationsand naturalregeneration


The impact of plantation establishment on the emissions profile for the LULUCF sector has been significant, and the trend of net carbon sequestration from this activity is increasing in Tasmania. Figure 39 shows a substantial number of new plantations were established in Tasmania between 1996 and 2010. This has resulted in increased levels of carbon sequestration, reflected several years later due to a delay between planting and the maximum rate of sequestration in newly established plantations.

The total area of Tasmania’s plantation forest estate is currently around 310,000 hectares. Over 95 per cent of these plantations were established after 1990, and are therefore classed as land converted to forest land (ABARES 2017).

Figure 39: Plantation area by type and establishment year – pre-1976 to 2015

Source: ABARES 2017.

Forest land converted to other land uses The forest land converted to other land uses sub-category is currently the largest source of positive net emissions within the LULUCF sector. It comprises emissions from four sub-categories:

• land converted to grassland;

• land converted to cropland;

• land converted to wetland; and

• land converted to settlements.

The conversion of forest land to the above land uses is responsible for the majority of emissions for each sub-category, with the conversion of other land use categories accounting for only 48 kt CO2-e per annum across all sub-categories.

The land converted to grassland sub-category was the largest source of emissions within the category (Figure 40).

020,00040,00060,00080,000

100,000120,000140,000

hect

ares

Softwood

Hardwood


Figure 40: Tasmanian emissions by forest converted to other land uses sub-categories – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

Land converted to grassland comprises forest land or other land use categories that are cleared and then maintained as grassland. In Tasmania, it is driven primarily by the re-clearing of regrowth vegetation (eg for pastoral farming). Where vegetation has subsequently regrown to become a forest, the associated carbon sequestration is reported under land converted to forest land.

Forest converted to other land uses was the second largest source of emissions within the LULUCF sector in Tasmania since 1990, and has been the largest source of emissions since 2010 (Figure 35). From a peak in 1991, emissions were relatively stable between 1994 and 2011, before experiencing a notable decrease in 2012. This reduction reflects the exclusion of areas that were once converted to grassland, and where regrowth and natural regeneration has taken place and led to the subsequent formation of forest.

The contribution to the sub-category of direct emissions from forest clearing, relative to indirect emissions from post-clearing land uses, has averaged 69 per cent, with some fluctuation depending on the rate of clearing of vegetation (Figure 41).

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1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

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Land convertedto settlements

Land convertedto cropland

Land convertedto wetland

Land convertedto grassland


Figure 41: Direct and indirect emissions from forest land converted to other land uses – 1990 to 2017

Source: DoEE 2019B.

-

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Direct emissionsfrom forestclearing


ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Acronym or Abbreviation Description

ABARES Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Science

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics

The Act The Climate Change (State Action) Act 2008

AGEIS Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System

ANZSIC Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification

CO2 Carbon dioxide; a greenhouse gas

CO2-e Carbon dioxide equivalent

DoEE Commonwealth Department of Environment and Energy

Emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions

FPA Forest Practices Authority

GSP Gross State Product

GWh Gigawatt hours

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use

KP Kyoto Protocol

kt Kilotonnes

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

Mt Megatonnes

NGGI National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

PJ Petajoule

The Regulations The Climate Change (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Regulations 2012

STGGI State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories


Acronym or Abbreviation Description

t Tonnes

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

FIGURES Figure 1: Tasmania’s emissions by sector and energy sub-sector - 1990 to 2017 ............................................................ 9

Figure 2: Relative contribution of sectors to the change in Tasmania’s emissions - 2016 to 2017 .......................11

Figure 3: Tasmania’s emissions per person relative to Australia and other States and Territories – 2017 .......12

Figure 4: Change in Tasmania’s emissions per person - 1990 to 2017 .................................................................................12

Figure 5: Percentage change in Tasmania’s population and emissions per person – 1990 to 2017 .....................13

Figure 6: Change in Tasmanian emissions and real Gross State Product – 1990 to 2017 .........................................13

Figure 7: Percentage change in Tasmania’s real GSP and emissions intensity – 1990 to 2017................................14

Figure 8: Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions – 2017 ..............................................................................................14

Figure 9: Tasmania’s contribution to national emissions - 1990 to 2017 .............................................................................15

Figure 10: Tasmanian emissions by sector and energy sub-sectors – 2017 .......................................................................16

Figure 11: Relative contribution of each sector and energy-subsector to an Australian state or territory’s emissions, excluding LULUCF – 2017.....................................................................................................................................................17

Figure 12: Breakdown of Tasmanian emissions by energy sub-sector – 2017 ..................................................................17

Figure 13: Tasmanian emissions from direct combustion – 1990 to 2017 .........................................................................18

Figure 14: Tasmanian emissions by direct combustion sub-categories – 2017 ................................................................19

Figure 15: Victorian emissions by direct combustion sub-categories – 2017 ....................................................................19

Figure 16: Tasmanian emissions by direct combustion sub-categories – 1990 to 2017 .............................................20

Figure 17: Tasmanian emissions from transport – 1990 to 2017 ............................................................................................21

Figure 18: Tasmanian emissions by mode and road transport sub-categories – 2017.................................................21

Figure 19: Tasmanian emissions by road transportation sub-categories – 1990 to 2017 ...........................................22

Figure 20: Tasmanian emissions from electricity generation – 1990 to 2017 ...................................................................23

Figure 21: Tasmanian emissions from electricity generation using non-renewable fuels – 1990 to 2017 .........23

Figure 22: Tasmanian emissions from agriculture – 1990 to 2017 ..........................................................................................24

Figure 23: Tasmanian emissions by agricultural sub-categories – 2017.................................................................................25

Figure 24: Tasmanian emissions by agricultural sub-sectors – 1990 to 2017 ....................................................................25

Figure 25: Tasmanian enteric fermentation emissions by livestock type – 1990 to 2017 ..........................................26

Figure 26: Tasmanian emissions from IPPU – 1990 to 2017 ......................................................................................................27

Figure 27: Tasmanian emissions by IPPU sub-categories – 2017 .............................................................................................27

Figure 28: Tasmanian emissions by IPPU sub-sectors – 1990 to 2017 .................................................................................28


Figure 29: Tasmanian emissions from the waste sector – 1990 to 2017 ............................................................................29

Figure 30: Tasmanian emissions by waste sub-categories – 2017 ...........................................................................................29

Figure 31: Tasmanian emissions by waste sub-categories – 1990 to 2017 ........................................................................30

Figure 32: Tasmanian emissions by types of wastewater treatment and discharge – 1990 to 2017....................30

Figure 33: Tasmanian emissions from LULUCF relative to other sectors – 1990 to 2017 .......................................31

Figure 34: Tasmanian emissions by LULUCF sub-categories – 2017 .....................................................................................32

Figure 35: Change in Tasmanian emissions by LULUCF sub-categories – 1990 to 2017 ..........................................32

Figure 36: Volume of logs harvested in Tasmania by forest type – 1997 to 2017 .........................................................33

Figure 37: Tasmania’s LULUCF emissions and volume of logs harvested from native forests – 1990 to 2017 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34

Figure 38: Net Tasmanian emissions from land converted to forest land – 1990 to 2017 .......................................34

Figure 39: Plantation area by type and establishment year – pre-1976 to 2015 .............................................................35

Figure 40: Tasmanian emissions by forest converted to other land uses sub-categories – 1990 to 2017 ........36

Figure 41: Direct and indirect emissions from forest land converted to other land uses – 1990 to 2017 .......37

TABLES Table 1: Tasmania’s emissions by sector and energy sub-sector - 1990 to 2017 ...........................................................10

Table 2: Tasmania’s emissions by sector and energy sub-sector - 2016 to 2017 ...........................................................11


REFERENCES

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) 2016, Australian forest and wood products statistics, March and June quarters 2016, viewed 20 June 2019. http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/forests/forest-data#australian-forest-and-wood-products-statistics

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) 2017, Australian forest and wood products statistics, September and December quarters 2017, viewed 20 June 2019. http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/forests/forest-data#australian-forest-and-wood-products-statistics

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 1991, Motor Vehicle Census, Australia, Cat. No. 9309.0, Table 1, viewed 13 June 2019. https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/9309.030%20September%201991?OpenDocument

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2017A, Australian Demographic Statistics 2016, Cat. No. 3101.0, Table 4, ABS, Canberra, viewed 13 June 2019. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/3101.0Dec%202016?OpenDocument

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2017B, Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2016-17, Cat. No. 5220.0, Table 1, viewed 13 June 2019. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/5220.02016-17?OpenDocument

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2017C, Motor Vehicle Census, Australia, Cat. No. 9309.0, viewed 13 June 2019. https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/allprimarymainfeatures/AFE43252F544460ACA2582D60014CB0F?opendocument

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Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE) 2017, Guide to the Australian Energy Statistics, viewed 10 June 2019. https://www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/guide-to-australian-energy-statistics-2017.pdf

Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE) 2018A, Australian Energy Statistics – Table F; Australian energy consumption, by state, by industry and fuel type, viewed 10 June 2019. https://www.energy.gov.au/publications/australian-energy-update-2018

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Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE) 2018C, National Greenhouse Accounts Factors, Table 34: Carbon content factors – Liquid fuels and certain petroleum based products, viewed 10 June 2019. http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/80f603e7-175b-4f97-8a9b-2d207f46594a/files/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-july-2018.pdf

http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/forests/forest-data#australian-forest-and-wood-products-statistics




https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/9309.030%20September%201991?OpenDocument

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https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/allprimarymainfeatures/AFE43252F544460ACA2582D60014CB0F?opendocument

https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/allprimarymainfeatures/AFE43252F544460ACA2582D60014CB0F?opendocument

https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/7121.02016-17?OpenDocument

https://www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/guide-to-australian-energy-statistics-2017.pdf

https://www.energy.gov.au/publications/australian-energy-update-2018

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https://www.energy.gov.au/publications/australian-energy-statistics-table-o-electricity-generation-fuel-type-2016-17-and-2017

http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/80f603e7-175b-4f97-8a9b-2d207f46594a/files/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-july-2018.pdf

http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/80f603e7-175b-4f97-8a9b-2d207f46594a/files/national-greenhouse-accounts-factors-july-2018.pdf


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Department of Environment and Energy (DoEE) 2019B, State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2017, viewed 18 June 2019. http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/greenhouse-gas-measurement/publications/state-and-territory-greenhouse-gas-inventories-2017

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Forest Practices Authority (FPA) 2002, State of the Forests Report 2002, Table 2.1.d: Annual removal of wood products on public and private land, viewed 18 June 2019. https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/110398/State_of_the_forests_2002_report.pdf

Forest Practices Authority (FPA) 2007, Sustainability Indicators for Tasmanian Forests 2001 - 2006, Table 2.1.c.1: Annual removal of wood on public and private land, viewed 18 June 2019. https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/110400/Sustainability_indicators_for_Tasmanian_forests_2001-06_report.pdf

Forest Practices Authority (FPA) 2017, State of the forests Tasmania 2017, Table 2.1.b.1: Area of Tasmanian plantations in five-year age classes, viewed 18 June 2019. https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/163418/State_of_the_Forests_Report_2017_-_erratum_Feb_2018.pdf

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http://ageis.climatechange.gov.au/NGGITrend.aspx

http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/greenhouse-gas-measurement/publications/state-and-territory-greenhouse-gas-inventories-2017

http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/greenhouse-gas-measurement/publications/state-and-territory-greenhouse-gas-inventories-2017

http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/greenhouse-gas-measurement/publications/national-inventory-report-2017

http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/greenhouse-gas-measurement/publications/national-inventory-report-2017

https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/110398/State_of_the_forests_2002_report.pdf

https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/110400/Sustainability_indicators_for_Tasmanian_forests_2001-06_report.pdf

https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/110400/Sustainability_indicators_for_Tasmanian_forests_2001-06_report.pdf

https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/163418/State_of_the_Forests_Report_2017_-_erratum_Feb_2018.pdf

https://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/163418/State_of_the_Forests_Report_2017_-_erratum_Feb_2018.pdf

https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/

https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/7381c1de-31d0-429b-912c-91a6dbc83af7/files/national-waste-report-2018.pdf

https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/7381c1de-31d0-429b-912c-91a6dbc83af7/files/national-waste-report-2018.pdf

Department of Premier and Cabinet

GPO Box 123 HOBART TAS 7001 Phone: 03 6232 7173 Email: [email protected] Visit: www.climatechange.tas.gov.au

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