Task 1: Risk analysis: Transport time„Contaminant source ...

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Exercises for the course: „Remediation of contaminated sites: Innovative groundwater remediation methods1 Task 1: Risk analysis: Transport time„Contaminant source Receptor“ in groundwater Processes: Convection + Adsorption = Advection Contaminant: Benzene (K OC = 38) Distance Contaminant source Receptor: 1 km Hydraulic gradient: 0.01 Sediment: medium sand k f = 10 -3 m/s = 86.4 m/d Solid density s = 2.65 kg/l Total porosity = 0.35 Effective Porosiy = 0.2 Content of organic carbon = 0.01 Solution: 1. Darcy-law Darcy-velocity 2. effective Porosity mean travel velocity 3. Adsorption Retardation Particle velocity Time Task 2 5: Equilibrium mass partitioning of DNAPL-contaminant TCE in different phases At the aquifer basis in a aquitard wanne(?) a TCE-Pool has been formed. The extensions in x- and y-direction amount 10m and the hight 1m. Task 2: Calculate the TCE-mass within the pool (pure TCE-Phase). The aquifer consists of medium sand with a total porosity of 0.35. The density of TCE amounts 1.46 kg/l. Task 3: The TCE Phase stays in solution equilibrium with groundwater. How much TCE can maximal dissolve into the water phase? The geometric dimensions of both adjacent phases are the same, namely 10m x 10m x 1m and the the porosity (= 0.35), too. The maximal solution of TCE in water amounts 1100 mg/l. Task 4: How much TCE can be adsorbed at the solid matrix? Solid density ρ s = 2.65 kg/l Organic carbon content of the sediment: f OC = 0.004 mg-OC/mg-sed K OC = 18.2 l/kg Hint: Calculate the mass of the solid matrix (medium sand) that is contained in the control volume. With this you can calculate the adsorbed TCE mass. Task 5: Because of the high volatility (VOC) a large part of the TCE will be degass into the above-lying unsaturated zone. How much TCE will be degass into the gas phase ? Assume the same geometry as for the water phase. Henry-coefficient of TCE H TCE = 0.417

Transcript of Task 1: Risk analysis: Transport time„Contaminant source ...

Page 1: Task 1: Risk analysis: Transport time„Contaminant source ...

Exercises for the course: „Remediation of contaminated sites: Innovative groundwater remediation methods“

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Task 1: Risk analysis: Transport time„Contaminant source – Receptor“ in groundwater

Processes: Convection + Adsorption = Advection

Contaminant: Benzene (KOC = 38)

Distance „Contaminant source – Receptor“: 1 km

Hydraulic gradient: 0.01

Sediment: medium sand kf = 10-3

m/s = 86.4 m/d

Solid density s= 2.65 kg/l

Total porosity = 0.35

Effective Porosiy = 0.2

Content of organic carbon = 0.01

Solution:

1. Darcy-law Darcy-velocity

2. effective Porosity mean travel velocity

3. Adsorption Retardation Particle velocity Time

Task 2 – 5: Equilibrium mass partitioning of DNAPL-contaminant TCE in different phases At the aquifer basis in a aquitard wanne(?) a TCE-Pool has been formed. The extensions in x-

and y-direction amount 10m and the hight 1m.

Task 2: Calculate the TCE-mass within the pool (pure TCE-Phase).

The aquifer consists of medium sand with a total porosity of 0.35.

The density of TCE amounts 1.46 kg/l.

Task 3: The TCE – Phase stays in solution equilibrium with groundwater. How much TCE can

maximal dissolve into the water phase?

The geometric dimensions of both adjacent phases are the same, namely 10m x 10m x 1m and the

the porosity (= 0.35), too. The maximal solution of TCE in water amounts 1100 mg/l.

Task 4: How much TCE can be adsorbed at the solid matrix?

Solid density ρs = 2.65 kg/l

Organic carbon content of the sediment: fOC = 0.004 mg-OC/mg-sed

KOC = 18.2 l/kg

Hint: Calculate the mass of the solid matrix (medium sand) that is contained in the control

volume. With this you can calculate the adsorbed TCE – mass.

Task 5: Because of the high volatility (VOC) a large part of the TCE will be degass into the

above-lying unsaturated zone. How much TCE will be degass into the gas phase ? Assume the

same geometry as for the water phase.

Henry-coefficient of TCE HTCE = 0.417

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Time scales

Task 6: How many pore volumes (= PV) have to be exchanged over the TCE-Pool, till the natural

groundwater flow has completely dissolved the TCE-Pool ?

(partitioning equilibrium is assumed !)

Task 7: What time (convective time scale for Pool-dissolution) will pass, if the mean velocity

v = 1m/d ?

Task 8: What time (= tp&t) is necessary to pump the contaminated water bulk (= 1 pore volume) with

5 pumping wells; each operates with a pumping rate of 100 m3/d ?

Task 9: How much kg TCE will be released diffusively by the TCE-Pool during 1 day?

Hint:

Diffusive mass flux: QTCE = AjTCE, Dimension: kg/d

Phase boundary: A = A

mass flux density (1. Fick’s law): jTCE = DTCECTCE /

Diffusion coefficient: DTCE = 1.0510-8

m2/s

Diffusion layer thickness: 1mm

Concentration difference: CTCE = 1100 mg/l

Task 10: How much TCE will be released diffusively during tp&t ?

Task 11: Which concentration corresponds to the released mass?

Time scales:

Zeitskala: Bioremdiation

Übungsaufgabe 12A: TCE (Aliphat) Eine TCE-Fahne hat eine transversale Ausdehnung von 10m und eine vertikale Ausdehnung von

1m. Die natürliche Grundwassergeschwindigkeit beträgt 1m/d. Die TCE-Concentration beträgt

500mg/l.

Stellen Sie die stöchiometrische Reaktionsgleichung für den aeroben Umsatz von TCE zu

CO2 und H2O auf!

Berechnen Sie den massenstöchiometrischen Faktor: f = O2Masse/TCE-Masse.

Übungsaufgabe 12B: Benzen (Aromat) a) Stellen Sie die stöchiometrische Reaktionsgleichung für den aeroben Umsatz von Benzen zu

CO2 und H2O auf!

b) Berechnen Sie den massenstöchiometrischen Faktor: f = O2Masse/Benzen-Masse.

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Übungsaufgabe 13: Es soll A) eine Sauerstoffgas-Injektion und B) eine Gelöst-

Sauerstoffinjektion über Injektionsbrunnen durchgeführt werden. Die Gelöst-Concentration

beträgt unter Atmosphärendruck (pO2 = 1atm) ca. 50 mg/l. Zeigen Sie mit dem Henry-Gesetz,

dass sich diese bei einer Injektionstiefe von 10m unter GW-Spiegel verdoppelt.

Übungsaufgabe 14: Um das Strömungsfeld nicht wesentlich zu stören, können Sie mit einer

Injektionsrate von 100 Liter/Tag arbeiten. Bestimmen Sie die Anzahl N und die Anordnung der

Injektionsbrunnen A) für eine Sauerstoffgasinjektion und B) für eine Gelöst-Gasinjektion.

Übungsaufgabe 15: Bestimmen Sie die optimale Mischstrecke LDisp, wenn die transversale

Dispersivity αT = 0.1m beträgt.

Lösung:

transversale Dispersionsstrecke: LT2

= DT⋅t, LT = 1m

transversaler Dispersionskoeffizient: DT

= αT⋅v

Übungsaufgabe 16: Bestimmen Sie die Ausdehnung des aeroben Reaktionsraumes für die in

situ-Sanierungsmassnahme, wenn das Sanierungsziel 25 mg/l beträgt. Der aerobe Bioabbau wird

durch eine Kinetik 1. Ordnung beschrieben; die Halbwertszeit von TCE beträgt 30 Tage.

Die Contaminantfahne befindet sich im steady-state.

Übungsaufgabe 17: Leiten Sie das hydarulische Kriterium für eine reaktive Wand ab!

Übungsaufgabe 18: Die gesamte Contaminantmasse MTCE soll in der reaktiven Wand /

abstromseitigen Reaktionsraum adsorbiert, chemisch umgewandelt bzw. biologisch abgebaut

werden. Leiten Sie dafür dass Massenbilanzkriterium ab!

Übungsaufgabe 19: Ein Trägergasstrom wird mittels 3 Air-sparging-Brunnen in den Aquifer

gepumpt und danach mit einer SVE-Einrichtung wieder abgesaugt. Der kontaminierte GW-

Körper besitzt ein Volumen von 35 m3

(= VP = Porenvolumen). Die Concentration von TCE

beträgt 500 mg/l und der dimensionslose Henry-Koeffizient ist 0.42.

Mit jedem Injektionsbrunnen können Sie 100 Liter Trägergas pro Stunde injizieren.

Wie lange dauert eine vollständige Sanierung mittels Stripping ?

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Übungsaufgabe 20

Sie sollen für einen Toluol-Schadensfall eine geeignete Sanierungsmaßnahme vorschlagen. Aus

einer Risikoanalyse wissen Sie, dass die NA-Prozesse nicht ausreichen, um das Sanierungsziel,

d.h. eine Zielconcentration von 1% der maximal lösbaren Concentration Cmax = 515 mg/L, am

Rezeptorstandort zu erreichen. Da Toluol gut aerob abbaubar ist, entscheiden Sie sich für eine

Sauerstoffinjektion, d.h. für eine reaktive Sauerstoffwand.

Die Ausdehnung der Contaminantfahne im Anstrom der Reaktiven Wand (RW) und die

hydraulischen Parameter sind:

Parameter der Contaminantfahne:

Breite der Fahne LF = 30 m

mittlere Länge der Fahne Lx = 200 m

Aquifermächtigkeit bF = 10 m

Porosity = 0.2

hydraul. Gradient i = 0.01

hydraul. Conductivity kf = 10-3

m/s

Parameter der Reaktiven Wand/ des Reaktionsraumes:

Breite der Wand BRW = 10 m

Länge des Reaktionsraumes LRW = 10 m

Aquifermächtigkeit bRW = 10 m

Porosity = 0.2

Im Abstrom der reaktiven Wand (Reaktionsraum) findet ein mikrobieller Abbau von Toluol statt.

In erster Näherung können Sie die Abbaukinetik als Kinetik 1. Ordnung beschreiben und

annehmen, dass nach einer Einlauf-Phase sich ein „steady-state“ einstellt. Aus der Vorlesung

„Bioremediation“ wissen Sie, dass die Ratenkonstante k1 proportional zur Elektronenakzeptor-

Concentration ist:

wOAk ][ 21 (*)

mit A = 0.4 L/(mg·Tag).

Welche mittlere Sauerstoffconcentration müssen Sie im Reaktionsraum gewährleisten, damit Ihr

Sanierungsziel erreicht wird?

Hinweis: Bestimmen Sie zuerst k1 und dann über die Formel (*) die mittlere

Sauerstoffconcentration.

Task 21: Pump and Treat: Best case scenario (Domenico & Schwarz D 20.1 und D20.2)

A) A contaminant plume covers a x-y-area of 41490 m2 and extends through the whole aquifer (B

= 16.7m). The porosity amounts 0.3. How long takes P&T with 3 pumping wells (Q = 0.13

m3/min) ?

B) If one assumes that the contaminant with a Kd-value of 0.2 L/kg will be adsorbed at the solid

matrix (s = 2.65 kg/L), to which factor changes the in A) calculated Clean-up-time ?

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Tasks with EXCEL-worksheets

Task 22: Risk-Analysis for the SAFIRA-test site Leuna

Sketch:

Parameter:

Benzene-concentration C0 = 1780 mg/L

effective porosity eff = 0.3

hydraulic conductivity kf = 0.001 m/s

Potential difference h = h1 – h2 = 0.1m

L = 100m

longitudinal dispersivity = 10m

Dg,eff = 3.8 10-6

m2/s

HBz = 0.24

LNAPL 0.5 m

z

x 50 m

100 m

Gasphase

0

10 m z = z2-z1

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Questions:

1. Which Benzene mass reaches the atmosphere at the third day?

(cross section: 10 m x 10 m)? Transport path: soil air – atmosphere –man.

You can calculate the flux density both analytically and numerically

(Finite Differences: j = - Dg,eff C/z, z = 0.01m; see sketch).

2. Which Benzene mass reaches the groundwater at the 10th day?

(groundwater body: 50m × 10m × 0.5 m)?

3. After how many days the MAK-Concentration (10 micro-g/L) is exceeded within the drinking

well SAFLEU2?

Technical Guide Concentration (TRK) = 3.25 micro-g/L

EU-Guide value = 0.001 micro-g/L

Tasks: Answer the questions with an EXCEL-work-sheet!

Hints:

EXCEL 2010:

1. ERFC() = GAUSSFKOMPL() = 1 – GAUSSFEHLER()

2. Calculation options: click “automatically”

EXCEL 2003:

3. Activate the list of available Add-Ins, click the control box Analyse-functions and

click OK.

4. For small arguments there is an error #ZAHL! Ignore!

5. Options -> calculations -> automatically

Task 23: Risk-Analysis for the SAFIRA-test site Bitterfeld

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Processes

The contaminant Monochlorbenzene (MCB = ClBz = DNAPL) migrates due to leakages during

industrial operation/production as phase into the groundwater and will be hindered and adsorbed

by the lignite seam (Aquitard). There a DNAPL-Pool is formed.

Process A): MCB dissolved into the above flowing groundwater and will be transported by the

groundwater flow. In the nearness of the lignite the sediment will contain a high content of

organic carbon foc, and hence a high degree of adsorption.

Process B): MCB will migrate through the lignite seam by diffusion and gets into the tertiary

aquifer.

Estimate the risk (time scales) for both processes!

Questions:

1. Which MCB/TCE-mass dissolved maximally into the groundwater body (100m × 100m × 1m)

that lies above the MCB/TCE-Pool ?

2. After which time reaches MCB/TCE (Climit = 10 micro-g/L) the river ‚Mulde‘ with and without

adsorption at lignite seam?

Hint: Since the lignite leads to a higher foc only over a partial distance (section) of 2 km, you can

calculate the time difference for the transport along the lignite, i.e. the retardation takes place

only on the lignite section.

3. Which MCB/TCE-mass gets into the atmosphere at the first day after reaching the limit value

Climit at the “Fuhne”-wetland (cross section: 100 m x 1 m) ?

4. After which time MCB reaches the tertiary aquifer with a breakthrough concentration of 10

micro-g/L due to diffusion through the lignite seam? The lignite seam has a mean thickness of

about 6m?

Tasks: Answer the questions with an EXCEL-work-sheet!

Sketch:

Parameter:

Contaminant: Monochlorbenzene (Abbreviation: MCB or in sketch ClBz)

Maximal MCB-Dissolved-Concentration max

MCBC = 500 mg/L

Geometry „MCB-Pool“: 100m × 100m × 1m

1 m

z

x 2 km 4 km 0

100 m

Kohle

GW-Körper

DNAPL-Pool

foc = 0.01 foc = 0

foc = 0.4

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distance SAFBIT2 – SAFBIT3 = 4 km

Quartary Aquifer:

Content organic carbon in the aquifer obove the lignite seam : foc = 0.01

Total Porosity tot = 0.35

effective Porosity eff = 0.3

solid density s = 2.65 kg/l

hydraulic conductivity kf = 0.005 m/s

Potential difference h = h2 – h3 = 4m

Transport

longitudinal dispersivity = 10 m

lignite/coal seam

Length Lcoal = 2 km

Thickness Dcoal = 6 m

Total Porosity tot = 0.6

solid density s = 1.2 kg/l

Content organic carbon of the lignite seam foc = 0.4

KOC = 136 l/kg

molecular diffusion coefficent of MCB in water MCB

wD 0, = 2×10-9

m/s2

effectiver diffusion coefficient RDD MCB

w

MCB

effw /0,,

(R – retardation coefficient due to adsorption)

Übungsaufgabe 24: Pump and Treat: Single-well-capture zone

A) Erstellen Sie ein EXCEL-file zur Berechnung der Single-Well-Capture Zone !

B) Die Dimension der Pachtfläche, z.B. Oxywall-Leuna, beträgt 100m x 50m und die

Fahnenbreite 50m. Sie sollen einen Pumpbrunnen bei minimalen Betriebskosten installieren! Sie

müssen sicherstellen, dass Sie nur GW Ihrer Pachtfläche bewegen, d.h. die Capture Zone muß

vollständig in Ihrer Pachtfläche liegen.

Gegeben:

kf = 10-4

m/s (Feinsand)

i = 0.1 (starker hydraulischer Gradient)

B = 5 m (Aquifermächtigkeit)

Bestimmen Sie die Position (x-Koordinate) des Pumpbrunnens und dessen Pumprate!

Übungsaufgabe 25: Bioremediation

Am Safira-Standort Bitterfeld befinden sich grosse Mengen chlorierter Aliphaten (PCE: Per- oder

Tetrachlorethen, TCE, DCE, VC) und Aromaten (HCH, DCB, MCB). Am ‚Hot Spot: Grube

Antonie’ liegt PCE in Phase vor und das vorbeiströmende GW befindet sich im lokalen

Gleichgewicht mit dem Hot Spot: max

PCEC = 155 mg/L (Vergleiche mit max

TCEC = 1100 mg/L!).

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Gegeben:

Porosity = 0.3

kf = 10-3

m/s (Mittelsand)

i = 0.001

A = 10 m2 (durchflossene Cross section)

kPCE = 0.001 1/d

F = mTCE/mPCE : massenstöchiometrischer Faktor

A) Infolge mikrobieller Dechlorierung wird PCE zu TCE abgebaut. Berechnen Sie die

Wegstrecke nach der die PCE-Concentration kleiner als 1 mg/L ist. Verwenden Sie die steady-

state-Näherung !

Lösung: 1460 m

B) Berechnen Sie den steady-state-Concentrationsverlauf von TCE! Variieren Sie die TCE-

Ratenkonstanten (0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.0011, 0.001, 0.00099, 0.0005 1/d) und diskutieren Sie

die Singularität bei TCE = 0.001!

C) Welche PCE-Masse wird innerhalb eines Tages umgesetzt ?

Hinweis: Integrieren Sie über Wegstrecke, die eine Wasservolumen x A während Zeit t

zurücklegt! Differenz zu M0 ergibt abgebaute Masse.

D) Welche TCE-Masse entsteht während eines Tages ?

Aufgabe 26 Modulare Bioremediation-Technologie

Sie wissen, dass Sanierungstechnologien für kontaminierte Böden (= unsaturated zone) und für

kontaminierte Grundwässer (= saturated zone) modular aufgebaut sind. In Abb. 1 ist ein

modulares Sanierungskonzept dargestellt.

A) Diskutieren Sie die hydraulischen Sanierungsmaßnahmen und den Verlauf des

Grundwasserspiegels!

--> P&T, Absenkung des GW-Spiegels

B) Charakterisieren Sie die Bioremediation-Sanierungsmaßnahme! Nennen Sie

Elektronenakzeptor und Elektronendonator! Begründen Sie dies mit dem Partialladungskonzept,

wenn der Contaminant Benzen ist!

C) Welches Redoxpotenzial stellt sich infolge der Sanierung ein?

D) Welche physiko-chemische Sanierungsmaßnahme wird durchgeführt?

--> Air stripping, Air sparging: Henry-Gesetz

E) Welche Injektionen (Phasen?) werden durchgeführt?

F) Charakterisieren Sie die jeweiligen Prozesse, die in den einzelnen Sanierungsmodulen

ausgenutzt werden, um die organischen Contaminants hoher Volatilität (VOCs) aus dem Boden

und dem Grundwasser zu beseitigen!

--> SAN1-Modul: P&T; SAN2-Modul: techn.-gesteuerte BR; SAN3-Modul: physiko-chemisch,

Air stripping

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Abbildung 1 Bioremediation

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Übungsaufgabe 27: Natural Attenuation

A) Betrachten Sie den aeroben Abbau von TCE. Stellen Sie stöchiometrische Reaktionsgleichung

auf, welche die Massenbilanz und Ladungsbilanz erfüllt!

B) Betrachten Sie den aeroben Abbau von Benzen. Stellen Sie stöchiometrische

Reaktionsgleichung auf und berechnen Sie den stöchiometrischen Faktor!

C) Berechnen Sie die Benzen-Masse, die sich je Liter nach 50 Tagen aerob umgesetzt hat,

dabei soll das GW als ruhend betrachtet werden. Vergleichen Sie den Umsatz, welcher sich

infolge einer Monod-Kinetik ergibt mit dem Umsatz einer 1.order-Kinetik und erstellen Sie dazu

ein EXCEL-file !

Gegeben:

[O2] = 10 mg/L

[Bz] = 500 mg/L

M = 1 mg/L

kmax = 1.56 1/Tag

KS = 10 mg/L

KO2 = 1 mg/L

ÜA 28 Case-Study 1: PCE-Schadensfall „Auensee-Leipzig“

In der unmittelbaren Nähe des Erholungsgebietes „Auensee-Leipzig“ wurde über ca. 40 Jahre

eine chemische Reinigung mit chlorierten Lösungsmittel (TCE, PCE) betrieben. Durch Leckagen

im Entsorgungssystem sind diese Lösungsmittel in den Untergrund gelangt. Die geologische

Struktur wird von oben nach unten wie folgt charakterisiert:

Obere Schicht: mittelsandiger bis feinkiesiger oberer quartärer Grundwasserleiter (GWL)

Mittlere Schicht: Braunkohle (BK)-Schicht, die aber nicht durchgängig zusammenhängend ist;

sondern eher als stückige BK im mittelsandigen Sediment charakterisiert werden kann

Untere Schicht: mittelsandiger, unterer, tertiärer GWL

Basis: Rubelton-Aquitard.

A) Charakterisieren Sie eine mögliche Contaminantverteilung im Querschnitt vom oberen GWL

bis zum Rupelton-Aquitard.

B) Welche Sanierungsmaßnahmen halten Sie für geeignet und welche für ungeeignet (jeweils 2)?

Begründen Sie Ihre Vorschläge!

C) Wichtig für Ihre Entscheidung, welche Sanierungsmaßnahme geeignet ist, ist die Zeit, die Sie

bis zum Eintreffen des Contaminants am Rezeptor zur Verfügung haben.

Führen Sie eine Risikoanalyse durch, indem Sie die Zeit „Quelle-Rezeptor“ berechnen (in

Tagen!):

A) für den oberen GWL und

B) für die BK.

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Verwenden Sie dazu den Isohypsenplan (siehe Abb. 2)!

Zur Vereinfachung nehmen Sie einen konstanten hydraulische Gradienten an. Diesen berechnen

Sie an der Bilanzebene!

D) Ihre in B) aufgezählten Sanierungsmaßnahmen müssen die notwendige Bedingung des

stöchiometrischen Massenumsatzes erfüllen (ankommende Contaminantfracht muss zu x%

entsprechend Ihrem Sanierungsziel umgesetzt werden). Folglich benötigen Sie zur

Dimensionierung Ihrer Sanierungsmaßnahme die Contaminantfracht.

Berechnen Sie die spezifische Contaminantfracht (in mg/Tage) für die in Abbildung 1

dargestellte Bilanzebene entlang der Hauptstrombahn (durchflossene Fläche A = 1 m2)

A) für den oberen GWL und

B) für die BK.

E) Die PCE-Kontamination in der BK-Schicht ist um einen Faktor 15 höher. Leitet sich daraus

auch ein 15mal höheres Risiko für den Auensee ab. Begründen Sie Ihre Antwort!

Parmeter Contaminant: PCE

Log(Koc) = 2.42 (Dimension von Koc [kg/L])

A = 1 m2,

Abstand Quelle-Rezeptor = 500 m

Feststoffdichte s = 2.5 kg/L

Tabelle 1: Parmeter für oberen GWL und BK-Schicht.

PCE [mg/L] kf [m/s] fOC Tot Porosity Eff. Porosity

Oberer GWL 10 3 × 103

2.46 × 103

0.35 0.3

BK-Schicht 150 5 × 106

1.62 × 102

0.4 0.3

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Abbildung 2 Isohypsenplan für Schadensfall „Auensee-Leipzig“:

Blauer Pfeil entspricht Hauptstrombahn.

Rote dicke Linie: Bilanzebene

Maßstab: schwarzer Pfeil (obere linke Ecke) entspricht 50 m in der Realität.

Übungsaufgabe 29: Case Study 2 „Bitterfeld-Bayer-Riegel“: P&T – 4-Brunnen-Gallerie

Im Anstrom einer Investorfläche (Bayer-AG) auf dem ehemaligen Gelände des

Chemiekombinates Bitterfeld soll der Contaminantstrom (Concentration ca. 1000 mg/L)

hydraulisch mit einer 4-Brunnen-Gallerie abgefangen werden. Die Contaminantconcentrationen

in den Beobachtungsbrunnen P4 (700,0) und P5(700,1000) (alle Längenangaben in Meter!) sind

unterhalb 1 mg/L.

Die Koordinaten der Eckpunkte der Investorfläche sind: (0,0), (0,1000), (-1000,0), (-1000,1000).

Bestimmen sie die x- und y-Koordinaten jedes Pumpbrunnens und die Pumpleistung mit Hilfe

des Four-well-Capture-Zone Diagramms (siehe Vorlesungsskript). Der Abstand der Brunnen

beträgt 100 m.

Im Anstrom der Investorfläche haben Sie 3 Beobachtungsbrunnen, P1, P2, P3, zur Verfügung.

Sie messen die folgenden Grundwasserhöhen in Bezug zur Geländeoberkante (!): h1 = 5 m, h2 =

5 m, h3 = 4.132 m. Die Koordinaten der Beobachtungsbrunnen sind: P1(250,200), P2(250,800),

P3(500,500).

Die Grundwassergeschwindigkeit bestimmen Sie mit Hilfe des hydraulischen Dreiecks.

Die hydraulischen Eigenschaften des Aquifers sind:

Mächtigkeit 10 m

Effektive Porosity 0.3

Hydraulische Conductivity 0.001 m/s.

Naherholungsgebie

500

50 m m

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Task 30: Case Study 3 "Dimensioning of modular reactive walls" For groundwater contamination, caused by (1,2)-di-chlorobenzene (DCB: 2 Cl-atoms substituting

two hydrogen atoms), you have to dimension a modular, two-step reactive wall. The length of the

lease area is L. You know that with increasing degree of chlorination aerobic degradation

becomes very slow.

Therefore, you decide to carry out a reductive dechlorination of DCB to mono-chlorobenzene (=

MCB) using a reactive iron wall. Down-gradient, directly into the effluent from the iron wall, you

inject oxygen (reactive oxygen wall), since MCB is well aerobically degradable and can be

mineralized completely to CO2 and H2O. For simplicity, you can assume that the oxygen wall

(aerobic reaction zone) is connected directly to the reactive iron wall!

Hint: Make yourself clear the geometry with a sketch, before you start your calculation!

The steady-state solution, you must apply for each reactive wall separately, where the left edge of

each wall has always to be chosen as x = 0 (This is also logical!).

Parameters: Length of the lease area L = 500 m

Width of the lease area = 10 m

More of the reactive iron wall = 10m

Width of the reactive iron wall = 10 m

Aquifer thickness = 15 m

Contaminant plume width = 10 m

Groundwater velocity located upstream of the iron wall u = 1 m / day

DCB concentration located upstream: CDCB(x = 0) = 140 mg / L

Porosity of the aquifer = 0.3

Porosity of the iron wall = 0.4

Molar mass of chlorine is 35 g / mol

A) The reactivity of the reactive iron wall (rate constant kIron [1/day]?) should be dimensioned

in such a manner that 90% of the influent DCB will be de-chlorinated. Use the steady-state

solution. In the application of the hydraulic criterion (equal sign!) use the relationship between

volumetric flux density and flow velocity.

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B) How long is the aerobic reaction zone?

The effluent MCB-contaminant load (= mass flux =QMCB = CMCB Qw, convective approach)

from the iron wall has to be completely degraded within the lease area. What oxygen mass per

unit time (= QO2) you have to inject?

Hints:

1. The water flow rate Qw, you can easily calculate.

2. To calculate CMCB (MCB-concentration at the output of the iron wall that is the input

concentration of the oxygen wall), you first have to calculate the reductively dechlorinated DCB-

mols per liter and then to take into account the stoichiometry of the reductive dechlorination:

x Mole DCB x Mole MCB!

3. First, establish the stoichiometric equation for aerobic degradation of MCB and calculate the

stoichiometric factor: fO2 = O2-mass / MCB-mass, so that you can meet the required

stoichiometry condition for the complete degradation, i.e. MCB each molecule gets x oxygen

molecules!

C) The reactivity of the downstream aerobic reaction zone is kO2 = 6.0 103

1/day. What goal

concentration you reach at the end of the aerobic reaction zone, i.e. at the end of the lease area?

Task 31 Case-Study 4: Dimensioning of modular Reactive Walls

GAC-Wall/ORC-Wall

A) GAC-Wand

A DNAPL pool consisting of PCE, TCE and DCE is a continuous source of groundwater

contamination. The contaminant plume should be cleaned up through a 2-stage modular reactive

wall. The reactive walls extend over the entire aquifer thickness.

In a first step a reactive adsorption wall consisting of granular activated carbon (GAC) should

bind the chlorinated aliphatics. The width of the GAC-wall is adjusted to the width of the

contaminant plume. The flow rate of groundwater is small compared to the adsorption rate, so

that you can assume partitioning equilibrium between the aqueous phase and adsorptive-bound

chlorinated aliphatics. The technical Kd values (L/kg) of activated carbon are:

Log(Kd,PCE) = 2.19

Log(Kd,TCE) = 2.97

Log(Kd,DCE) = 0.046

Determine the PCE, TCE, and DCE concentration at the exit of the GAC-wall!

Note: Make yourself clear the geometry with a sketch before you start your calculation!

Because of the mass balance, the inflowing contaminant concentration in

iwC , (mg/L) is equal to the

sum of adsorptive-bound contaminant concentration iadsC , (mg/kg) and outflowing contaminant

concentration out

iwC , (mg/L) (mg/L) (i = PCE, TCE, DCE)! Think about between what

concentrations partitioning equilibrium (PartEqu) holds. The contaminant flux always needs a

certain amount of time (relaxation time) before PartEqu is establisehd. In the mass balance

equation, all concentrations must have the same dimension, namely mg/L. Therefore, you must

multiply iadsC , by a factor b/, where b is the GAC-bulk density and the porosity.

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B) ORC-Wall

You know that the sorption capacity decreases with the degree of chlorination. Consequently,

most of the DCE will pass the GAC-wall. However, since the reactivity of aerobic microbial

degradation increases with decreasing degree of chlorination, you install directly to the GAC-

wall, a ORC-wall (ORC-oxygen releasing compound). Dimension the ORC wall so that the

released oxygen per day is sufficient for complete aerobic degradation of DCE, i.e. which

oxygen mass must release the ORC-wall per day?

Parameters:

Width of the GAC-Wall = 12 m

Width of the ORC-Wand = 12 m

Width of the contaminant plume = 12 m

Aquifer thickness = 13 m

Groundwater velocity upstream of the GAC-Wall u = 1 m/Tag

Porosity of the Aquifer = 0.4

Porosity of the GAC-Wall = 0.4

GAC-solid density = 0.6 kg/L

Porosity of the ORC-Wall = 0.4

Concentrations upstream of the GAC-wall:

PCE-Concentration = 140 mg/L

TCE-Concentration = 840 mg/L

DCE-Concentration = 600 mg/L

Mol-Masse von Chlor ist 35 g/Mol

Ü-Aufgabe 32 Case-Study 5:„Auensee“ : Gekoppelte Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Gaswand

In der unmittelbaren Nähe des Erholungsgebietes „Leipzig- Auensee“ wurde über ca. 40 Jahre

eine chemische Reinigung mit chlorierten Lösungsmittel (PCE, TCE) betrieben. Durch Leckagen

im Entsorgungssystem sind diese Lösungsmittel in den Untergrund gelangt. Der kontaminierte

Grundwasserstrom führt direkt zum Auensee. Mit Hilfe einer Gekoppelten Wasserstoff-

Sauerstoff-Gaswand (ED-EA-Technologie) soll der Grundwasserstrom gereinigt werden, bevor

er den Auensee erreicht. Dimensionieren Sie die beiden reaktiven Gaswände!

Für eine erste Abschätzung, soll angenommen werden, dass sich die hydraulische Conductivity

des Aquifers durch die Gasinjektionen nicht ändern soll, was natürlich nicht richtig ist!

Hinweis: Machen Sie sich mit einer Skizze die Geometrie klar, bevor Sie anfangen zu rechnen!

Wasserstoff-Gaswand: Reduktive Dechlorierung von PCE zu DCE

32A) Wie viel Norm-Liter gasförmigen Wasserstoff (1 Mol Wasserstoff-Gas entspricht 22.4

Norm-Liter) müssen Sie für die vollständige reduktive Dechlorierung von PCE zu DCE pro Tag

injizieren und unter welchem Druck?

Hinweis: Stellen Sie zuerst die Reaktionsgleichung auf!

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32B) Bestimmen Sie mit Hilfe des Partialladungskonzeptes Elektronendonator und

Elektronenakzeptor!

Sauerstoff-Gaswand: Aerober mikrobieller Abbau von DCE

32C) Wie viel Norm-Liter gasförmigen Sauerstoff (1 Mol Sauerstoff-Gas entspricht 22.4 Norm-

Liter) müssen Sie für den vollständigen aeroben Abbau pro Tag injizieren und unter welchem

Druck?

Hinweis: Stellen Sie zuerst die Reaktionsgleichung auf!

Aus 6A) kennen Sie quasi die DCE-Concentration am Ende des anaeroben Reaktionsraumes (=

Eingangsconcentration für Sauerstoffwand!), wenn Sie eine vollständige Dechlorierung (PCE

DCE) voraussetzen.

32D) Bestimmen Sie mit Hilfe des Partialladungskonzeptes Elektronendonator und

Elektronenakzeptor!

32E) Welche DCE-Concentration wird nach 10 m des aeroben Reaktionsraumes erreicht, wenn

die Ratenkonstante für den aeroben Abbau kO2 = 0.23 1/day beträgt. Es wird steady-state

vorausgesetzt.

Parameter Grundwasserspiegel unter GOK (= Geländeoberkante) = 5 m

Tiefe der Gasinjektion = 15 m unter GOK

Breite der Wasserstoff-Wand = 15 m

Länge des anaeroben Reaktionsraumes = 20 m

Breite der Sauerstoff-Wand = 15 m

Länge des aeroben Reaktionsraumes = 20 m

Aquifermächtigkeit = 10 m

Breite der Contaminantfahne = 15 m

Grundwassergeschwindigkeit im Anstrom der Wasserstoff-Wand u = 1 m/Tag

Porosity des Aquifers = 0.35

PCE-Concentration im Anstrom der Wasserstoff -Wand = 140 mg/L

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Übungsaufgaben: Darcy-Gesetz - REV

Übungsaufgabe 33:

33-1: Berechnen Sie den hydraulischen Druck pw und die hydraulische Conductivity Kf bei x1

= 1 m (h1 = 5.2 m) und bei x2 = 2 m (h1 = 5.0 m) für A) Grobsand (k = 10-9

m2, eff = 0.3) und

für B) Sandstein (k = 10-14

m2, eff = 0.25). Die Dichte von Wasser beträgt 1 kg/L und die

dynamische Viskosität ca. 10-3

Pa s.

33-2: Welcher Druck herrscht direkt an GW-Oberfläche?

33-3: Welcher Druck herrscht 10 m unterhalb der GW-Oberfläche?

33-4: Berechnen Sie die mittlere GW-Geschwindigkeit für A) und B)!

Übungsaufgabe 34: Calculate the permeability and the mean capillary radius for different

porous media, if the hydrualic conductivity is given: fine sand: 10-4

m/s, medium sand: 10-3

m/s, coarse sand: 10-2

m/s. The correction factor C = 0.01.

Übungsaufgabe 35: The hydraulic gradient is 0.001. Calculate the Darcy flux density for

medium sand. The porosity is 0.35. What is the mean velocity?

Übungsaufgabe 36: Using Hagen-Poiseuille-law and assume that the porous media can be

described by a homogeneous capillary bundle model, what is the radius of the capillary?

Übungsaufgabe 37: Write Darcy's law for all 3 directions. Do not forget that the hydrostatic

pressure is ρwgz. The isotropic hydraulic gradient is 0.001. Calculate the Darcy velocity for all

3 directions for fine sand.

Tasks: Darcy-Law – Pore scale

Übungsaufgabe 38: Porous media is described by a capillary bundle model with a lognormal

(pore size) radius distribution. The mean radius is 0.3 mm and the SDV is 0.1 mm. Calculate

the Darcy flux density for a hydraulic gradient of 0.01. Approximate the parabolic velocity

profile by the mean velocity.

Übungsaufgaben*: Air sparging

Übungsaufgabe 39: 1D- Horizontal gas bubble flow

Below an aquitard layer you inject air for short time pulse Δt = 10 s with an injection rate of 1

L/min. The porosity is 0.3. Calculate the radius of the injected gas bubble. Assume that the

bubble is rigid (no deformation) and that only one bubble is formed that travels in positive x-

direction. The cross section at the injection point can be estimated as 25 cm2.

Calculate the maximal travel distance of the gas bubble by applying Newton's second law and

Stokes law for the friction force: Ff = 6πηvR.

A) The dynamic viscosity is given by the rigid gas bubble

B) The dynamic viscosity is given by the adjacent water phase

C) Increase the injection rate by the factor 10 and repeat all calculations.

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Übungsaufgabe 40: 2D- gas bubble flow

The point of injection is within the homogenous aquifer 10m below the groundwater surface.

Calculate the path of the injected gas bubbles (because of symmetry 2 bubbles will be formed

one in negative x-direction and the second in positive x-direction) for Q1 = 1 L/min and Q2 =

10 L/min. Calculate the breakthrough time and the radius of influence.

Task 41: Partitioning equilibrium: LNAPL-Multi-component phase – Raoult’s law

a) A LNAPL-Mixed phase contains the following Mol-fractions: X-Benzene = 0.25, X-

Toluene = 0.35, X-Ethylbenzene = 0.15, X-Xylene = 0.15. Calculate the maximal

concentrations for Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene within the water phase!

Calculate also the corresponding partial pressures of the gas phase, if partitioning equilibrium

holds.

b) Weisen Sie nach, dass in Abbildung: Henry‘s law - Raoult‘s law (Folie 47)

kein Verteilungsgleichgewicht besteht!

Beachten Sie, dass foc maximal gleich 1 sein kann (Koc =38)!

Task 42: Modelling with BIOSCREEN

BIOSCREEN uses an approximate solution (see West et al. (2007) Vol. 45, No. 2, GROUND

WATER, p. 126–135, download from UFZ-webpage). Since BIOSCREEN is used by

engineers and scientists around the world for designing remediation technologies, it is

important to estimate the absolute error (= Abs(Cexact - CBioscreen)). Estimate the absolute error

for the concentration profile of the risk analyses of LNAPL-scenario (Task 22). Compare the

exact 1D-concentration of the advection-dispersion equation with the centerline concentration

for t = 1 year and a modeling area of 500m by 20m. Since no reactive processes are

considered (no biodegradation) you have to set the rate constant zero!

In order to compare the BIOSCREEN solution and the 1D-exact solution you have to set the

transversal and vertical dispersion zero or a very small value, e.g. 0.001.

The original BIOSCREEN software is based on American Units: Length is measured in foots

(1 foot is 0.3048 m).

There is no biodegradation (large half-life time, e.g. 100 years) and the background

concentration of other species, like DO, NO3, etc. is zero.

Parameter

The geometry of the source (pure Benzene phase) is 20m x 20m x 5m.

Hydraulic gradient 0.01

Hydraulic conductivity kf = 10-3

m/s

Solid density s= 2.65 kg/L

Total porosity = Effective porosity = 0.3

Contaminant Benzene (KOC = 38)

Total Benzene mass = 500 t

Content of organic carbon = 0.01

Longitudinal dispersivity δx = αx = 10 m

Download the software (EXCEL-file) and manual from UFZ-webpage.

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Hint: DATA-input in BIOSCREEN can be done directly or indirectly! For indirect data input

you gave the hydraulic gradient and the mean velocity is calculated by BIOSCREEN!

To use the indirect data input you have to push the button “Restore Formulas for Vs ..”!

Use as model area plume length and lateral source extension in foot (1 foot = 0.3048 m)!

Task 43: Bioremediation case study: BTEX-MTBE contamination at Leuna test site

A) General task, test site description, field data

The chemical plant for gasoline production at the Leuna test site operated up to 1990, for

about 50 years. The last 20 years MTBE was used in gasoline instead of lead. Through the

SAFIRA-investigation a large BTEX- and MTBE-contamination of the groundwater were

detected. The lateral dimensions of the source are 100 m by 100 m and the thickness is about

3 m. The total source mass M0 of the different components could be estimated between 100

and 800 t. The maximal concentration at x = 0 (= C0, source output into groundwater) is

equal to the mixed solubility for a specific component that is given by Raoult’s law!

From upgradient field measurements the following ED- and EA-concentrations were obtained

at the plume centerline (see Table 2 and 3).

The aquifer is a medium-sandy aquifer.

The estimated plume length (Lp, unit = ft) is 600 ft.

The fraction of organic carbon foc = 0.02.

The soil bulk density is 1.855 kg/L.

Hint: DATA-input in BIOSCREEN can be done directly or indirectly! For indirect data input

you gave the hydraulic gradient and the mean velocity is calculated by BIOSCREEN!

To use the indirect data input you have to push the button “Restore Formulas for Vs ..”!

Use as model area plume length and lateral source extension in foot (1 foot = 0.3048 m)!

Make sure that your BIOSCREEN field data table has 11 columns at the right x-positions

shown in Table 2 and 3!

Important Note: According to the BIOSCREEN manual the widths of the source zone sections

add to the total width, e.g. 4 sections: 25m + 25m + 25m + 25m = 100 m

Table 1 Pure solubilities of source components.

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Table 2 Electrondonor concentrations measured at plume centerline at Leuna test site in

mg/L.

Table 3 Electron acceptor background concentrations measured at plume centerline at Leuna

test site in mg/L.

Table 4 Mass stoichiometric coefficients (= utilization factor) for the BTEX-group.

B) Additional parameters of the LEUNA-test site

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B1) Transport data for Dispersive-Advective Flow

Hydraulic gradient: 0.005.

Hydraulic conductivity is 0.001 m/s.

Effective Porosity

Typical values

Clay 0.01 - 0.20

Sandstone 0.005 - 0.10

Silt 0.01 - 0.30

Unfract. Limestone 0.001- 0.05

Fract. Granite 0.00005 - 0.01

Fine Sand 0.10 - 0.30

Medium Sand 0.15 - 0.30

Coarse Sand 0.20 - 0.35

Gravel 0.10 - 0.35

Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (Koc, unit: L/kg)

Typical values:

Benzene: 38 L/kg

Ethylbenzene: 95 L/kg

Toluene: 135 L/kg

Xylene: 240 L/kg

MTBE: 11.2 L/kg

Fraction Organic Carbon (foc) = 0.02

Estimated Plume Length (Lp, unit = ft): 600 ft

typical values: For BTEX plumes, 50 - 500 ft. For chlorinated solvents, 50 to 1000 ft.

Dispersivities (unit = ft)

Longitudinal Dispersivity (alpha_x):

Transverse Dispersivity (alpha_y): alpha_y = 0.10 alpha_x

Vertical Dispersivity (alpha_z): alpha_z is very low (i.e. 1 × 10-99

ft)

B2) Source zone data

Source half-life time t1/2,source = ln(2)/ksource = 0.693/ksource ( unit = year)

ksource = source rate constant (unit = 1/year)

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Figure 1 Definition of source zone data.

Description:

The Domenico (1987) model assumes the source is infinite, i.e. the source concentrations are

constant. In BIOSCREEN, however, an approximation for a declining source concentration

has been added. Note that this is an experimental relationship, and it should be applied with

caution. The declining source term is based on the following assumptions:

• There is a finite mass of organics in the source zone present as a free-phase

or residual NAPL. The NAPL in the source zone dissolves slowly as fresh

groundwater passes through.

• The change in source zone concentration can be approximated as a firstorder

decay process. For example, if the source zone concentration "half-life"

is 10 years and the initial source zone concentration is 1 mg/L, then the

source zone concentration will be 0.5 mg/L after 10 years, and 0.25 mg/L after 20

years.

Definition:

t1/2,source = (0.693 * M0 ) / (Q * C0)

Q = Groundwater flow through source zone (L/yr)

C0 = Effective source zone concentrationat t = 0 (mg/L)

B3) Field data: Biodegradation kinetics

First-Order Decay Coefficient (lambda, kbio) unit: 1/day, 1/year

Definition: Rate coefficient describing first-order decay process for dissolved constituents.

The first-order decay coefficient equals 0.693 divided by the half-life of the contaminant in

groundwater. In BIOSCREEN, the first-order decay process assumes that the rate of

biodegradation depends only on the concentration of the contaminant and the rate coefficient.

For example, consider 3 mg/L benzene dissolved in water in a beaker (= Becher). If the half-

life of the benzene in the beaker is 728 days, then the concentration of benzene 728 days from

now will be 1.5 mg/L (ignoring volatilization and other losses).

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TASK:

Source zone characterization of Multi-component LNAPL (BTEX, MTBE)

43-1. Calculate the mixed solubilities for MTBE and BTEX-components using Raoults law!

The mol-fractions are given in Table 1. The density of MTBE is 0.74 kg/L.

43-2. Determine the total source mass by trial-and-error curve fitting and using the MTBE-

field data (see Table 2). In presence of BTEX the MTBE behaves like a conservative tracer,

i.e. no biodegradation! For the best fit the standard deviation (can be calculated in EXCEL)

must be a minimum! Try only values M0 = n × 100 t, where n is a natural number!

The steady-state MTBE-plume is reached after 0.5 years.

43-3. The rate constant of the source zone can be calculated through the following formula:

𝑘𝑠 =𝑄𝑤∙𝐶0

𝑀0 ,

where Qw is the groundwater flow rate [ft3/year].

TASK: Characterization of the MTBE/BTEX-plume 43-4. Calculate the MTBE plume mass!

The time dependence of the source mass is

𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑀0 × exp(−𝑘𝑠 ∙ 𝑡).

The difference mass M(t) = M0 – M(t) is released into the aquifer, i.e. the plume mass. Part

of this mass is adsorbed and the other part is dissolved into the plume. Assuming partitioning

equilibrium you can calculate the plume mass Mplume and the adsorbed mass Mads. Compare

the plume mass with the BIOSCREEN result using a summation over the concentration array!

The steady-state plume for MTBE is reached after 0.5 years.

43-5. Determine the steady-state plume mass for Benzene and Toluene-component without

biodegradation by following the same calculation steps as for MTBE!

The steady-state plume for Benzene is reached after 1 year.

The steady-state plume for Toluene is reached after 4 year.

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TASK:

Biodegradation: Utilization factors, Biodegradation capacity, Instantaneous

reactions

Figure 2 Typical plume centerline concentration profile of EDs (= BTEX) and EAs (O2,

NO3, SO4, CO2, and Fe(3+). Note that Fe(2+) and CH4 are the by-products of anaerobic

biodegradation.

43-6A. Calculate the mass stoichiometric coefficient (or utilization factor) for the BTEX-

group for aerobic biodegradation. Average the 4 utilization factors and compare your result

with the result in Table 4.

43-6B. Calculate the mass stoichiometric coefficient (or utilization factor) for the Benzene for

nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction. Average the 4 utilization factors and compare your

results with the result in Table 4.

43-6C. Calculate the mass stoichiometric coefficient (or utilization factor) for MTBE for

aerobic biodegradation and nitrate reduction.

43-7. Calculate the intrinsic Biodegradation capacity for Benzene for the whole LEUNA test

site. Use the utilization factors from Table 4 and the following general formula:

Biodegradation capacity = ∑ 𝐶𝐸𝐴/𝑈𝐹(𝐵𝑧, 𝐸𝐴)𝐸𝐴𝑠 .

CEA means the averaged concentration of the electron acceptor. The sum runs over all EAs!

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Figure 3 Instantaneous reactions and biodegradation capacity (BC).

43-8. Determine the Benzene and Toluene mass that is removed or mineralized by intrinsic

biodegradation assuming instantaneous reactions!

Calculate the mass flux at source-plume interface (x = 0) and 300 ft downgradient (x = 300

ft).

TASK: Biodegradation: First order kinetics

43-9. Determine the Benzene mass that is removed or mineralized by aerobic biodegradation

during Direct oxygen Gas Injection (DGI). Oxygen gas is injected in a gallery of 10 lances

along the source-groundwater interface. The biodegradation rate constant is 1 1/year.

Calculate the mass flux at source-plume interface (x = 0) and 300 ft downgradient (x = 300

ft). Simulation time is 1 year.

TASK 44: Designing and Dimensioning of Reactive Walls using

BIOSCREEN

Test site description, field data

The chemical plant for gasoline production at the Leuna test site operated up to 1990, for

about 50 years. The last 20 years MTBE was used in gasoline instead of lead. Through the

SAFIRA-investigation a large BTEX- and MTBE-contamination of the groundwater were

detected. The lateral dimensions of the source are 100 m by 100 m and the thickness is about

3 m. The total source mass M0 of the different components could be estimated between 100

and 800 t. The maximal concentration at x = 0 (= C0, source output into groundwater) is

equal to the mixed solubility for a specific component that is given by Raoult’s law!

From upgradient field measurements the following ED- and EA-concentrations were obtained

at the plume centerline (see Table 2 and 3).

The aquifer is a medium-sandy aquifer.

The estimated plume length (Lp, unit = ft) is 600 ft.

The fraction of organic carbon foc = 0.02.

The soil bulk density is 1.855 kg/L.

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Hint: DATA-input in BIOSCREEN can be done directly or indirectly! For indirect data input

you gave the hydraulic gradient and the mean velocity is calculated by BIOSCREEN!

To use the indirect data input you have to push the button “Restore Formulas for Vs ..”!

Use as model area plume length and lateral source extension in foot (1 foot = 0.3048 m)!

Make sure that your BIOSCREEN field data table has 11 columns at the right x-positions

shown in Table 2 and 3(see TASK 43)!

Important Note: According to the BIOSCREEN manual the widths of the source zone sections

add to the total width, e.g. 4 sections: 25m + 25m + 25m + 25m = 100 m

ORC-Wall 300 ft down-gradient of the source-groundwater interface (x = 0) a reactive ORC-wall should

be installed for stimulating the aerobic degradation of Benzene. The geometry of the RW is

(Lx, Ly, Lz). ORC-reactive materials, for instance Permanganate, are cost-intensive materials.

Therefore you have to optimize the costs. The objective is that the concentration at the left

and right boundary (y1 = Ly/2 and y2 = -Ly/2) of the RW is less or equal to 15% of the

Centerline-Benzene concentration. The thickness of the ORC-Wall is Lx = LRW =1 m.

Use for dimensioning the steady-state BIOSCREEN plume shape!

The Benzene source mass can be calculated by trial-and-error fit (see TASK 43-5). The

steady-state plume for Benzene is reached after 1 year.

A) Dimensioning of the ORC-RW Determine the reactive area ARW = Ly x Lz, i.e. lateral extension of the RW and its height Lz.

B) Designing of the ORC-RW

Determine the reactivity of the RW (rate constant k [1/day] using the mass balance criterion

(1) of a RW (see lectures RW(1)). You have to use the exact advective-dispersive mass flux

and not(!) the simple convective approximation, since the error of 20% can lead to serious

contamination down-gradient of the RW! The exact mass flux can be obtained from

BIOSCREEN.