Targeting for Safety Nets - World Bank · 2019-08-21 · Implementation arrangements have much in...
Transcript of Targeting for Safety Nets - World Bank · 2019-08-21 · Implementation arrangements have much in...
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Targeting
Social
Safety
Nets
Programs
SSN Core Course, December 12, 2014
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Outline
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1. Why targeting – the poor--?
2. A balancing act
3. How to target? Methods
4. How to target? Implementation
1. Four principles of good practice
Five key decisions
1. How to register?
2. Who takes the eligibility decision (and the other decisions)?
3. How to deal with errors and fraud?
4. How to deal with changes (in policies and hh circumstances)
5. The architecture of targeting: MIS and staff
5. Targeting
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1. Why – the poor --?
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select as an object of
attention or attack
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The politics - Who deserves assistance?
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Larsen (2008) 5 criteria:
1) Control
2) Need
3) Identity
4) Attitude.
5) Reciprocity
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Why consider targeting?
Focus resources where they are most needed
Limited financing means universal is not viable
Maximize impact within a given budget
Minimize cost to reach a given impact
Historically public spending go to higher income groups (e.g., formal sector, where the poor are few)
Without active outreach to the poor, even «universal» programs tend to miss them
Concentrate resources may yield more than dispersing them by activating synergies
Maximize coverage
of the poor with
limited resources
Higher gaps
in education,
nutrition and
health among
the poor
Exclusion
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Poverty may be linked to your objective
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Malnutrition Poor education
Unemployment, underemployment
Vulnerability
Poverty
Targeting on your objective may undermine it
The malnourished children of Bolsa Alimentação
The orphans in Kenya
Sometimes other categories may work
Widows in rural Africa
Families with no able-bodied workers
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The benefits of targeting
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Equity and efficiency
Fraction of the Social Assistance Budget Captured by Each
Quintile, Armenia 1998 and 1999
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2. A balancing act
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Targeting is NEVER perfect
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Never 100% accurate
What do these errors cost?
Efficiency
Social and political capital
Inclusion: Media attention
Exclusion: disenfranchisement
What does it take to address them?
A fine balance between the costs of accuracy and
errors and the goals of targeting .Costs
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Inclusion and Exclusion Errors
Eligibility
Threshold
Non-Poor population
Poor Population Errors of Exclusion
Errors of Inclusion
Of Non-Poor
Beneficiaries
of social
Assistance
Program
Overall Population
PROGRAM
Income or Consumption,
per capita or adult
equivalent
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Coverage and accuracy (poorest 20%)
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CCT
Mx: 37%
Br: 47%
Ind: 31%
Gh: 9%
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The treatment of Bolsa Familia in the media
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Source: Lindert and Vincensini, 2010
The press paid more attention to inclusion errors in electoral periods
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Targeting has costs
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Intake Registry
Lots of set-up costs, ↘ as
programs scale-up
Difficult to measure b/c of shared staff and
functions
Documents (IDs, proof of status)
Need to go to an office, spend time,
work requirement in workfare
Stigma (public list)
Work effort: benefit levels,
sliding withdrawals, periodicity
Crowding out private transfers
or complementing them
Fertility effects: quantity and
quality of children
Is a program for the poor a poor
program?
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3. How to target?
Methods
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Targeting methods
Geographical
Self-selection
Categorical
Community-based
(Proxy) Means Test
Combination
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Geographical targeting
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When location is an important determinant of poverty
Macro regions
Micro-area poverty maps: based on census and household surveys
Can be important when administrative capacity is low
Often used as a first step: Panama’s Red de Protección Social (CCT) Program
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Self-targeting
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Open to everyone but only the poor will be interested
Food subsidies of staples consumed by the poor: are they really consuming less? Midly progressive at best. Little exclusion and stigmatization but high inclusion errors.
Example: Food subsidies in MENA
Labor intensive public works with wages set very low: works for targeting. Stignatization can be high, exclusion errors can be high.
Example: Trabajar in Argentina
Some elements of self-targeting in a lot of programs: long waiting lines, compliance with conditionalities
Categorical targeting
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Categorical (demographic) targeting
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Characteristics that are linked to poverty or vulnerability
Age: pre-school children and old-age
Marital status: single parent
Ethnicity: scheduled castes in India,
native American
Technical Requirements
• Good civil registry
Appropriate Circumstances
• When targeting specific vulnerabilities (malnutrition)
CONS
Weak correlation with
poverty
PROS Administratively simple Low cost
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Household targeting
PMT Means-Tests Community-based targeting
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Proxy-means testing (CCT in LAC)
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Multi-dimensional notion of poverty (politically palatable) Eligibility based on weighted index of observable
characteristics (score), not easily manipulated and associated with poverty:
Variables and weights can be determined using regression (predictors) or principal components analysis
Variables typically include: location, housing quality, assets/durables, education, occupation and income, and a variety of others (disability, health, etc.)
Appropriate in situations with high degree of informality, seasonality, or in-kind earnings;
where chronic poor are the target group;
where benefits will be granted for long periods of time
Fairly good results
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Jamaica PATH (CCT) program Replaces and merges Food Stamps and Poor Relief which
used unverified means tests
PMT is administered by personnel from Ministry of Welfare
Better targeting accuracy
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For your
information
F o o d S ta m p
P r o g r a m P o o r R e lie f P A T H
2 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 4
P o o re s t 3 7 3 8 5 1
2 2 5 3 3 3 0
3 2 0 1 5 1 1
4 1 2 1 1 6
W e a lth ie s t 7 4 1
Q u in tile
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Means Testing (MT) (welfare in ECA and
OECD)
Eligibility determined based on income and asset tests or self-declaration
Verification of information, sometimes extensive Documentation provided by applicant (payroll statements, benefit
letters, banking statements, vehicle documentation, etc.)
Third party documentation, usually automated (tax records, social security registry, unemployment listings, immigration, banking information)
Appropriate conditions:
Incomes, expenditures, wealth are formal, monetized and well-
documented;
Where benefits are high
Used in OECD, Central/Eastern Europe, South Africa
Can generate strong targeting outcomes but low take-up
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MT, PMT or both?
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Overlap in approaches is common. Bulgaria, Romania, Kyrgyzstan MT systems impute the
income potential of land and livestock, thus using them as proxies
Brazil uses PMT-models to check unverified declared means
Chile, Armenia PMT have some income questions on their form
Implementation arrangements have much in common: Verification strategies – home visit versus computerized
cross-checks of databases
Outreach, re-certification, quality control, system design, staffing, etc.
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Community-based targeting
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Uses a group of community members or leaders (whose
functions are not related to the program)
They must identify those
most in need according to
program criteria (often OVC,
elderly, hh w/o able-bodied
adult)
Good results
Community meeting SCT Zambia
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Community-based targeting
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PROS
Good information
Low(on the books) administrative cost
Local monitoring may reduce disincentives
CONS
Unknown effects on roles of local actors
Costly for the community
May reinforce existing power structures or patterns of exclusion
May generate conflict and divisiveness
Local definitions may vary
Technical Requirements
•Intensive outreach to decision-makers
•Cohesive, well-defined communities
Appropriate Circumstances
•Low administrative capacity
•Strong community structures, political economy
•Low benefit that must be finely targeted
Cost to
communities
Scalability
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Targeting methods
Geographical
Self-selection
Categorical
Community-based
(Proxy) Means Test
Combine
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No single method is best
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Targeting performance by targeting method
-
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
An
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od
An
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Mea
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test
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Pro
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Ag
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Pu
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Individual assessment Categorical Any selection method
% o
f b
en
efi
ts / %
of
po
pu
lati
on
75th perc. 25th perc. Median
Coady, Grosh and Hoddinott, 2004
Handa et al., CBT 2010
Huge variation within
method according to
implementation
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Mozambique (combination)
• Geographical identification of the
poorest areas with poverty map
• Identification of the poorest districts
• Quota system at the locality level,
based on the poverty map
• Initial selection by formal community
institutions
• PMT to select the poorest
beneficiaries
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Combining methods may improve accuracy
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Often a first step is geographical targeting
Then collect some information at the household-level
Triangulate from several sources:
Respondent
Community
Administrative records at local and central level
Grievance and redress mechanisms
No matter which combination, implementation is key.
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4. How to target?
Implementation issues
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4.1. Four principles of good practice
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A good targeting system provides…
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• Clear and consistent application of centralized criteria
• Low political interference and manipulation
Transparency and consistency
• People who think they are eligible should be able to apply on an on-going basis
• Budget and outreach
Maximum inclusion of the poor
• As technically possible to the near poor, errors rather than fraud
Minimum leakage to the non-poor
• Under 10% of costs at scale
Cost-efficiency
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4.2. Five key decisions
More details during the day and next week
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Five key decisions
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• Survey, application, community
How to register?
• Local intake
• Central database and rules
Who takes the eligibility and other decisions? Technology can not substitute for institutional design
• Internal and external checks and balances
• Supply and demand-side accountability
How to deal with errors and fraud?
How to deal with changes?
How to build the targeting architecture? MIS and staff
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5. New challenges
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Targeting when everybody needs?
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Focus on children: not losing the next generation, politically acceptable (even if they do not vote) AIDS and its stigma
Giving transfers to children?
When poverty (crisis) is very deep: Should you target the poor who have a chance?
Should you give a chance to those who would sink?
Households with «able-bodied» workers or not (who defines?)
We know the PMT does not function very well
Who takes the decision? Make the criteria as extensive as possible to minimize the arbitrariness at the local level but politically difficult
How to support communities, build appeals and grievance and genuine participation?
Source: Kenya CT-OVC
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Targeting a program
or a system?
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The registry may be used for different
programs with different cut-offs
interventions: applicant ≠ beneficiary
Use different sets of the information (multi-dimensions of
poverty) => a planning tool
The idea is to focus programs on the needs of poor households
and communities
Cadastro Unico (Brazil) and popular housing, training and
literacy, micro-credit
Ethiopia: efforts to merge different databases
Respect confidentiality/privacy among different systems.
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More information
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www.worldbank.org/safetynets
Enrollment in the Safety Net How-to
From Protection to Promotion, Chapter 4
Governance and service delivery in SSN working paper
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Thank you!
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Training
Source: Bolsa Familia
municipal manager manual
The database
Intake Storing and archiving
Database