12 November 2012philosophicalinvestigations.co.uk Utilitarianism Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism.
Target Source: John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism
Transcript of Target Source: John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism
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What is The Good?
• The Question of Value• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value• The Source of Value• Assertions of Brute Fact vs. Conclusions
of Arguments
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Pleasure, I.e, Happiness
• The Doctrine of Hedonism• Pyschological vs. Ethical• The Independence of the Two• Mill’s Commitment to them Both
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The tangential issue of egoism
• Egoism is also both a psychological andan ethical doctrine
• Psychological egoism is the doctrine thatall one’s actions are purely self regarding
• Ethical egoism is the doctrine that all ofone’s actions ought to be purely selfregarding
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Psychological hedonism istypically egoistic
• On the assumption that you can only feelyour pleasures, if pleasure is the only endof action of all action, as a psychologicalfact, then all action will be self regarding
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Ethical egoism, though
• Need not be coextensive with ethical hedonism• That is, one can be a non-hedonistic egoist
(though it’s not clear what the value would be)• But, more importantly, one can be a non-
egoistic hedonist• That, as we’ll see, is a fair description of Mill
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What Kinds of Pleasure AreThere?
• Distinctions in the Cause• Distinctions in the Quantity• Distinctions in the Quality
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Mill’s Answer: Distinction inQuality
• The Fundamental QualititativeDistinction:– Lower– Higher
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The Lingering Question
• Are We Really Beyond Distinctions inthe Cause?
• More to Come
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If Qualititative’s theDistinction, How are Pleasures
So Distinguished?
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Questions About the DecisionMatrix
• What are Available Alternatives?
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Who’s a Qualified Judge?
• The Central Qualification: Neutrality asBetween the Alternatives
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How is Neutrality Guaranteed?
• Ask someone who’s experienced themboth
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Will this Yield Mill’s Result?
• Homer vs. Lisa?• Rigging the Procedure?
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Ask the Majority?
• Is This Serious?• What Principle Would Have to be
Appealed to to Move to a MajoritarianCondition from a Simple CaseIndeterminate One?
• Quality Detection as a ‘Convergent’Property?
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Contentment vs. Happiness
• Socrates Dissatisfied vs. Fool Satisfied• Human Dissatisfied vs. Pig Satisfied• Are these Contrasts Parallel?• Questions of Neutrality Again?
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Mill’s Best Response
• A Challenge– Life of a Cat– 10 points off the I.Q.– Essentially, the Pleasure Machine (more on
this later)
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Attend to The Consequences
• I.e., The Morality of an Action is aFunction of Its Consequences
• Consequentialism as Value Neutral
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Mix in the Hedonism With theConsequentialism
• So, What We Are We Morally Obligatedto Do vis-à-vis Consequences forPleasure?
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Maximize The Consequencesfor Pleasure
• High Quality Pleasure• Maximizing vs. Satisficing
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Maximize in What Sense andFor Whom?
• Total or Average?• For Myself (Egoism)?• For Some Select Group (Elitism)?• For All (Egalitarianism)?
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Mill’s Answer On Maximizing
• Maximize the Net Aggregate– Everyone Counts for One and Only One– This makes Mill an egalitarian non-egoist
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Problems for Mill
• Typically Counterexamples Directed atVarious Facets of the Picture– Problems with Hedonism– Problems with Consequentialism
(Hedonistic and Otherwise)– Problems with Maximizing
Consequentialism (Hedonistic andOtherwise)
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Problems for Consequentialism
• The General Problem:– The Use of People, I.e., People as Vessels for
Delivery of Value (Whatever It Is)– Christians and Romans; Forced Organ
Donation– Changing Values Has No Affect
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Problems With Maximizing
• The General Problem– Delineating the Moral, the Immoral, The
Amoral, and the Supererogatory– Reducing Four Categories to Two– Cheerios vs. Egg McMuffin