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Tardigrades: Bears of the Moss
Transcript of Tardigrades: Bears of the Moss
TARDIGRADES:
Dr. William R. Miller Southwestern CollegeDr. William R. Miller Southwestern College
Bears of the Moss
Winfield, KS 67152 316-442-6051 [email protected]
C
WHAT IS A TARDIGRADE?A Tardigrade is a microscopic aquatic animal that lives in mosses and lichens.
It looks like a little caterpillar that is less than 1/2 mm in length.
0.5 mm
A TARDIGRADE has:
5 body segments5 body segments Separate sexes, lays eggsSeparate sexes, lays eggs 4 pair of legs ending in claws4 pair of legs ending in claws Nervous System with light sensitive spotsNervous System with light sensitive spots Full Digestive & Excretory SystemsFull Digestive & Excretory Systems Complex mouth & pharynx SystemComplex mouth & pharynx System Well developed musclesWell developed muscles NO Respiratory or Circulatory SystemsNO Respiratory or Circulatory Systems
Phylum TARDIGRADAFUNGI ANIMALS PLANTS
MONERA (Bacteria)
(Ciliates)
SpongesFlatworms Roundworms
Mollusks Echinoderms
Arthropods
Annelids
VertebratesFungi
Mushrooms
MoldAlgae
Ferns
BryophytesVascular
PROTISTA (Amoeba)
Tardigrada
Phylum TARDIGRADAArthropods NematodesArthropods NematodesInsects, Ticks, Mites Insects, Ticks, Mites Round WormsRound Worms
LegsLegs * No legs* No legsRespiratory Sys Respiratory Sys No Respiratory Sys No Respiratory Sys **Ladder Nervous Sys Ladder Nervous Sys * Straight Nervous Sys* Straight Nervous SysCirculatory Sys Circulatory Sys No Circulatory Sys No Circulatory Sys **Crossed Muscles Crossed Muscles * Longitudinal Muscles * Longitudinal Muscles Chewing Mouth PartsChewing Mouth Parts Sucking Mouth Parts Sucking Mouth Parts **
* Tardigrade trait
TARDIGRADE Structures:
Sacklike OvaryExcretory Gland
CloacaRectum
Eyespot
Brain
Claw Gland
EsophagusMalpighian Tubule
Oviduct
Stomach
Salivary Gland
SuckingPharynx
Stylet
Ventral Ganglion
TubularPharynx
Immature Eggs
Buccal Aparatus
lateral view
TARDIGRADE Life (stages)
ActiveEat, grow, move, & reproduce
Anoxybiosis
Reaction to reduction in oxygen(Asphyxia)
Encystment
Reaction to slow change in environment(Cyst)
Cryobiosis
Reaction to freezing(Tun)
Osmobiosis
Reaction to increased salinity(Tun)
Anhydrobiosis
Reaction to loss of water(Tun)
EXHIBIT: CRYPTOBIOSIS (lack of life) CRYPTOBIOSIS (lack of life)
Desiccation as environment driesDesiccation as environment dries
Animal shrivels into a “Tun” Animal shrivels into a “Tun” Waits for moisture to returnWaits for moisture to return
TARDIGRADES
ARE CAPABLE OF SURVIVING:
0.05 deg Kelvin (-272.95 deg C) 20 Hours0.05 deg Kelvin (-272.95 deg C) 20 Hours -200 deg C 20 Months-200 deg C 20 Months +120 deg C Above boiling+120 deg C Above boiling 1000 Atmospheres of Pressure 27,000 PSI1000 Atmospheres of Pressure 27,000 PSI Pure VacuumPure Vacuum Excessive concentrations: CO, COExcessive concentrations: CO, CO22, N, N22, H, H22SS Live over 125 YearsLive over 125 Years
TARDIGRADES IN CRYPTOBIOSIS
SPACE TRAVELSPACE TRAVELCold, Heat, Time, Vacuum, Cold, Heat, Time, Vacuum, Pressure, GasesPressure, Gaseshave little or no effecthave little or no effect
on existing formon existing form
TARDIGRADES IN CRYPTOBIOSISARE CAPABLE OF SURVIVING:
Cryptobiotic “Catch 22” Cryptobiotic “Catch 22” Water molecule required for metabolism !Water molecule required for metabolism ! Water molecule expands at freezing point !Water molecule expands at freezing point ! Molecular expansion ruptures cells !Molecular expansion ruptures cells ! NO metabolism !NO metabolism !
Freezing
AliveWater
Expands
Alive
Thaw
TARDIGRADES IN CRYPTOBIOSISARE CAPABLE OF SURVIVING:
TARDIGRADE RESEARCH
Ecology, Habitat, & DistributionEcology, Habitat, & Distribution Evolution & Phylogenetic positioningEvolution & Phylogenetic positioning Population Dynamics & AssociationsPopulation Dynamics & Associations Taxonomy & SpeciationTaxonomy & Speciation ZoogeographyZoogeography BiodiversityBiodiversity VectorsVectors DNADNA
50 m
opportunities
TARDIGRADE ClassificationClass
OrderFamily
Family
HeterotardigradaMesotardigrada
Eutardigrada
Oreellidae Echiniscidae Thermozodidae Milnesiidae
Necopinatidae Eohypsibidae Calohypsibidae Hypsibidae Macrobiotidae
Echiniscoidae Thermozodia Parachela Apochela
TARDIGRADE Identification
MouthLamellae
Buccal tube
StyletsPharynxApophysesMacroplacoidsMicroplacoidSeptulum
Reinforcement bar
Eutardigrada Heterotardigrada
Buccal Apparatus
TARDIGRADE Identification
Secondary branchPrimary branchAccessory spine
Milnesiidae
External
Internal
Spur
Echiniscidae
Hypsibidae &Macrobiotidae
2-1-1-2 Type Claws 2-1-2-1 Type ClawsAccessory spinePrimary branch
Secondary branchLight areas
Flexable jointBase
Cuticular barLunule
Calohypsibidae
Claws
Dorsal PlatesTARDIGRADE Identification
Cirrus A
Cirrus B
Cirrus C
Cirrus D
Cirrus E Slit
Cd
Bd
Cl
Dl
Dd
Dentate collar
Terminal platePseudosegmental
M1
M2
M3M3
Paired plate 1
Internal buccal cirrus
External buccal cirrus
Cephalic papilla
Bl
Scapular plate
Paired plate 2
Terminal
plate
Frontal plate
plate
Echiniscus Pseudechiniscus
Clava
Dorsal Cirri
Eye
Papilla
Paired plate 1
M2
M1
Paired plate 2
Scapular plate
Frontal plate
TARDIGRADE Eggs (fragments)
1 0 mMacrobiotus Macrobiotus
10 m
15 m
Dactylobiotus 20 m
Minibiotus
Hypsibius 10 m
Shed skin50 m
Eggs in.
TARDIGRADES live in: MossMoss LichenLichen SoilSoil Leaf LitterLeaf Litter Beach SandBeach Sand Marine SedimentMarine Sediment Fresh Water Algae Fresh Water Algae On ALL ContinentsOn ALL Continents
TARDIGRADES move around:On the Winds On Birds FeetOn the Winds On Birds Feet
OnOn Floating Floating PlantsPlants
Yet sometimes Tardigrades are not found?Yet sometimes Tardigrades are not found?
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
TARDIGRADES and Distribution
RILEY CO.
CRAWFORD CO.COWLEY CO.
ATCHISON CO.
WILSON CO.
Unpublished Records of Tardigrades - Lehman 1972Published Records of Tardigrades - Beasley 1967
NEOSHO CO.
LEVENWORTH CO.
JOHNSON CO.DOUGLAS CO.
OSAGE CO.
SHAWNEE CO.
JACKSON CO.
NEMAHA CO.
POTTAWATOMIE CO.
ANDERSEN CO.
BROWN CO.MARSHALL CO.
DONIPHAN CO.
JEFFERSON CO.
Unpublished Records of Tardigrades - Miller 1998
3
2
4
1 1
114 1
2
1
3
2
1 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
2
1010
1
4
4
3
7
2
31
1
22
0
0
0
00
00
0 00
0
0
0
KANSAS
USA
DISTRIBUTION
DENSITY
DIVERSITY
Hunting TARDIGRADES (where)
Lichens
TREES
TREES
FENCE POSTS
ROCKS
LEAF LITTER
LichensMoss Mosses
STREAMS
Algae
Working with TARDIGRADES (easy)
Mount Tardigrades on Glass Slides
HOYERS
Separate from PlantTake Sample
ARC CITY8/24/97Walnut RiverMoss, Rock, Dry
M97-0023
Dry in Paper Bag
Soak in Water for 24 - 48 Hours
M97-0023Ark City, Ks8/24/97Walnut RiverMoss, Rock, Dry
Store in Formalin or Alcohol
Identify Specimens at 40X, 400X, 1000X
TARDIGRADES and KanCRN
Level 3 Level 3 Collect Tardigrades, identify to species, and Collect Tardigrades, identify to species, and develop advanced projects using Tardigrades as develop advanced projects using Tardigrades as indicators of results. indicators of results. Suitable for Science Fair presentations.Suitable for Science Fair presentations.
Level 2 Level 2 Collect tardigrades, identify to family, Collect tardigrades, identify to family, and submit to International Survey.and submit to International Survey.
Level 1 Level 1 Collect moss & lichen, submit samples Collect moss & lichen, submit samples & get back a report of tardigrades in them.& get back a report of tardigrades in them.
INTERNATIONAL TARDIGRADE SURVEY
TARDIGRADE References
Kinchin, I.M., 1994, Kinchin, I.M., 1994, The Biology of TardigradesThe Biology of Tardigrades, Portland , Portland Press, pp 186.Press, pp 186.
Miller, W.R., 1997, Miller, W.R., 1997, Bears of the MossBears of the Moss, The , The Kansas School Naturalist, Vol. 43, Kansas School Naturalist, Vol. 43, No. 3. pp. 16. No. 3. pp. 16.
Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W., 1983, Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W., 1983, Il Phylum Tardigrada Il Phylum Tardigrada (3rd ed.), Memorie dell’Istuto italiano di Idrobiologia (3rd ed.), Memorie dell’Istuto italiano di Idrobiologia Marco Marchi, Vol. 41, pp. 1-1012.Marco Marchi, Vol. 41, pp. 1-1012.
Nelson, D.R. 1982, Nelson, D.R. 1982, Proceedings of the third International Proceedings of the third International Symposium on TardigradesSymposium on Tardigrades. . August 3-6, 1980. Johnson August 3-6, 1980. Johnson City, Tennessee, USACity, Tennessee, USA. East Tennessee State University . East Tennessee State University Press, pp. 1-236.Press, pp. 1-236.