Taproot of Palmer Amaranth
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Transcript of Taproot of Palmer Amaranth
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Taproot ofPalmer Amaranth
Allen 2009
Living with Palmer amaranth in Georgia cotton
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Georgia counties confirmed to be infested with glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth.
2004 – 1 county
2005 – 2 counties
2006 – 7 counties
2007 – 10 counties
2008 – 18 counties
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What makes Palmer a super weed?
1. Herbicide resistance?
2. Growth rate?
3. Large stature?
4. Competitive ability?
5. Reducing harvest efficacy?
6. Seed production?
7. Rapid spread?
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0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
230 K
25028 K
309 K
Giant ragweed
450 K
Number of Seed Produced per PlantNumber of Seed Produced per Plant Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds in USGlyphosate-Resistant Weeds in US
Ragweed = Harrison et al. 2001; johnsongrass = Warwick and Black (1983); horseweed = Regehr and Bazzaz (1979); waterhemp = Nordby and Hartzler (2004); Palmer amaranth = Macrae et al (2009).
Johnson-grass
Horseweed Waterhemp Palmer amaranth
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Weakness of a super weed?
1. Emergence depth!
2. Seed life longevity?
3. Light requirement for emergence.
Economic survival will depend on managing the seedbank!!!!
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Progress during 2009?
1. Cover crops
2. Tillage
3. Tillage + plus cover crops
4. Herbicides
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Palmer requires a significant amount of sunlight to emerge!!
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Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE
Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST
Direx + MSMA Layby
No deep tillage
No cover crop
No deep tillage
Rye cover crop
Palmer amaranth response to cover crops. Macon County, GA. 2009.
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Significant Residue
2009 rye emerging through 2008 rye residue
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Management Program?
1. Cover crops
2. Tillage
3. Deep tillage and cover crops?
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No Deep Tillage Deep Turn
No Herbicide Treatment
Number of Palmer Amaranth Plants During Early Season. Macon Co., Georgia 2008.*
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Palmer amaranth seedling density
Treatments
No-Break Break
AM
AP
A d
ens
ity/m
2 to
a d
ep
th o
f 5 c
m
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
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Influence of burial depth on Palmer amaranth emergence
Depth of burial (inches)
0.5" 1" 4" 16"
Pe
rce
nt (
%)
em
erg
en
ce
0
10
20
30
40
50S-Palmer amaranthR-Palmer amaranth
Keeley et al. (1987) reported 36-44% emergence at 0-1”, 7% at 2”, and 2% at 3”.
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Most Palmer amaranth emerges from top inch
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Palmer amaranth seed longevity
Length of burial (months)
0 3 6 9 12 18Per
cent
(%
) of
rec
over
ed s
eed
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 SusceptibleResistant
*Data are combined over 4 burial depths: 0.5”, 1”, 4”, 16”
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Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE
Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST
Direx + MSMA Layby
No deep tillage
No cover crop
Deep tillage
No cover crop
Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage. Macon County, GA. 2009.
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Management Program?
1. Cover crops
2. Tillage
3. Deep tillage and cover crops?
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Most Palmer amaranth emerges from top inch
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Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE
Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST
Direx + MSMA Layby
No deep tillage
No cover crop
Deep tillage
Rye cover crop
Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage and cover crops. Macon County, GA. 2009.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
65 b
Drill Middle
per
cen
t
47 c 46 c
Reduction in Palmer emergence as affected by deep turning/cover crop residue at 16 DAP.
Macon Co., GA 2009.
Rye cover Deep turn
+ Rye cover
96 a94 a
50 c
Deep turn
Drill MiddleDrill Middle
Non-treated: 620 plant/m2.
No herbicides applied.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
81 b
No deep turn
No Cover
Deep turn
No cover
Rye 7 foot when killed, rolled, planted.
Deep turn 12 inch in previous fall.
Herbicide program: Direx + Reflex + Staple PRE; RU + Parrlay POST, Direx + MSMA at layby.
per
cen
t
63 c
80 b
98 a
GR Palmer amaranth control at harvest with Roundup-based systems. Macon Co., GA 2009.
No deep turn
Rye Cover
Deep turn
Rye Cover
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0
700
1400
2100
1627 b
No deep turn
No Cover
Deep turn
No cover
Rye 7 foot when killed, rolled, planted.
Deep turn 12 inch in previous fall.
Herbicide program: Direx + Reflex + Staple PRE; RU + Parrlay POST, Direx + MSMA at layby.
1298 d1524 bc
2078 a
Seed cotton yield (lb/A) with Roundup-based systems. Macon Co., GA 2009.
No deep turn
Rye Cover
Deep turn
Rye Cover
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Developing Integrated Programs
Makes growers nervous Easy to adopt
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Potential Benefits
1.Labor, erosion, etc..
2.Prevents GR horseweed
3.Prevents GR ryegrass
4.Reduces Palmer 80%+
5.Moisture conservation
6. herbicides overtime
7.Higher yields??????
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Management Program?
1. Tillage
2. Cover crops
3. Deep tillage and cover crops?
4. Herbicide programs
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Dryland Conservation Tillage
Prowl + Reflex PRE
Roundup + Dual POST
Diuron + MSMA PD
Prowl + Reflex PRE
Ignite + Dual POST
Diuron + MSMA PD
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Ignite 23 oz/A
APPLY 29 OZ OF IGNITE PRIOR TO 3 INCH PALMER
WATER VOLUME AND NOZZLE TYPE IS CRITICAL
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No recommendation on handout for
RR dryland in conservation tillage?
1. Run aggressive RR program
2. Plant rye to produce tremendous cover
3. Hand weed!!!
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Other Information
1. Burndown
2. Acetochlor
3. PPI herbicide applications
4. Palmer seedbank
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Controlling 5 inch Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer amaranth at Burndown. Macon Co., GA 2008.*
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 c
87 b94 a
58 b
Roundup Parazone
1.33 pt
70 b
Parazone +
2,4-D (1.5 pt)
Parazone +
Clarity (8 oz)
Parazone +
Diuron (1.8 pt)
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Palmer control at planting, burndown applied 17 d earlier. Macon Co., GA 2009.
0
20
40
60
80
100
90 b
Valor preplant
Direx preplant
99 a
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Change in Valor Label?
1. Apply Valor and then run strip tillage:
7 day plant back
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HOW EFFECTIVE ARE PREPLANT APPLICATIONS?
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Change in Valor Label?
When you have greater than 30% crop residue:
2. Run strip tillage and then spray Valor:
Label says 21 day plant back
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TREFLAN
PPIPRE
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REFLEX
PPIPRE
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Percent GR Palmer amaranth control 28 DAP. Macon Co., GA. 2009.
0
20
40
60
80
100
81 a
Prowl
51 b 46 b
86 a
Treflan
PRE APPLICATIONS
RAIN 12 d after planting
PRE PPI PRE PPI
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Palmer control from acetochlor, S-metolachlor, and metolachlor. Macon Co., GA 2009.
0
20
40
60
80
100
50 c
acetochlor
(1.13 lb)
80 a
S-metolachlor
(Dual Mag, 0.95 lb)
metolachlor
(Parrlay, 1.3 lb)
77 a
No Palmer up at time of application. Layby of RU + Direx applied 19 d after POST.
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Tobacco:Spartan + Yellow 2008
Soybean- Roundup 2008
A.C.York, 2009
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Palmer amaranth seedbank – it is the key!
YEAR 1: 5 Palmer females escape
Produce 2,000,000 seeds in cotton (50% germ)
YEAR 2:
Weed program = 99.9% control
1,000 plants per acre left at harvest
400 female plants/A
160,000,000 seeds produced in cotton (50%)
YEAR 3:
Weed program 99.9% control
80,000 plants per acre left at harvest
32,000 female plants/A = 1.28 X 1010 seed/A
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Integrating cover crop residue and moldboard plowing into glyphosate-resistant Palmer
amaranth management programs will be key!
QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS?