Tape Trends for Enterprise Systems - Thic Inc
Transcript of Tape Trends for Enterprise Systems - Thic Inc
Digital Storage For The Visual Age
Presented at the THIC Meeting at the Raytheon ITS Auditorium, 1616 McCormick DrUpper Marlboro MD 20774-5301
November 5-6, 2002
Tape Trends for Enterprise SystemsGary Rexroat
Ampex Data Systems1228 Douglas Ave, Redwood City CA 94063-3117
Phone: +1-650-367-3664E-mail: [email protected]
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Tape Trends for Enterprise Systems
Gary RexroatAmpex Data SystemsTHIC Meeting [email protected]
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Tape Technology and Trends
• Background and use of Tape Technology
• Archive Issues of Tape
• Tape Trends for Enterprise Systems
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Tape Design
Lubricants
Smoothness Low errors
Stability
DurabilityOutput
RoughnessStiffness
Cure Chemistry Binders
Young’s Modulus
Particle treatment
Backcoat, engineered roughness
Smoothness
Small particle, high Hc
Headwear, cleaning
Binders
Interchange
Low coefficients of expansion
Long term stable friction
Slitting accuracy
ESD
Robust physically
MP loadingFriction
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Tape preparation & coating
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Tape Cartridge Assembly & Test
• Incoming inspection and Q.C.• Cleaning • Leadering, loading into inspected
reels • Cartridge parts assembled, along
with reels • Inspect and certify on well
maintained recorders• Passed tapes degaussed then to
final inspection & labeling and packaging
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Ampex Media Certification Test
Test Name: qd0008 Date: 05/15/1999 Time: 12:22:30 page 0________________________________________________________________________
DST MEDIA TEST RESULTS (Ver. 4.00) >> AMPEX PROPRIETARY << DATA COLLECTED ON DST RECORDER, USING THE ADLS SYSTEM__________________________________________________________________________Tape Name: 000008Test Notes: quad tapeControl Sequence: wr_s.CTL========================================================================== Most C2 Corrections (per track) Distribution Summary
Range # of PBs Accumulated 0 - 100: 21454 21600 100 - 200: 57 146 200 - 300: 61 89 300 - 400: 14 28 400 - 500: 5 14 500 - 600: 2 9 600 - 700: 1 7 700 - 800: 1 6 800 - 900: 0 5 > 880: 5 5========================================================================== General System Performance Summary
Head1 Head2 Head3 Head4 TotalC1: 20.6 18.3 29.2 11.2 79.3 (errors / 10 frames)C2: 6.9 6.0 5.0 3.4 21.4 (errors / 10 frames)
Total Number of C3 Corrections: 9797 CRC Failures: 0
Average Error Rate (based on C1, C2, and C3): 1.35E-05========================================================================== Results Summary
Parameter Actual Limit Pass/Fail ========= ====== ===== =========Cartridge Capacity 25.8 25 PASSTotal Failures 6 6 PASSHard Failures 0 2 PASSSoft Failures 6Flying Clogs 0 0 PASSPermanent Clogs 0 0 PASSC1 Max per head 29.2 300 PASSC1 Average/head 19.8 200 PASSC2 Channel Ratio 1.3 10 PASS
Total Failed Parameters: 0
Detailed Analysis of Physical Blocks that Caused Rewrites
C2 Corrections C2 Erasures C3 CRC Worst ADFN Hd1 Hd2 Hd3 Hd4 Hd1 Hd2 Hd3 Hd4 Corr. Fail C2--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2304 1157 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1157 11620 1309 0 23 1295 269 0 0 0 2387 0 1309 15661 1773 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 1773 15662 0 519 1619 0 0 372 0 0 3063 0 1619 18876 0 0 19 0 0 0 438 0 4347 0 19 23535 2014 0 0 239 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014
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Ampex Data Error Certification SystemPhysical block size, 32 tracks
1. C2 errors > _x_ corrections/ _y_ tracks, or 2. C2 fails to correct 1 track in 32
Rewrite criteria met?yes no
No. of C2 corrections of “worst” headNo. of C2 corrections of “best” head
> 10 ?
yes no
Soft failure Hard failure
yes no
C2 erasures for “worst” head continues > _x_ PB’s, but < _y_ PB’s
Flying clog
Permanent clog
C2 erasures for “worst” head continues > _y_ PB’s
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Archivability
• Temperature AND Humidity are important• Chemistry
– Water + Ester = Alcohol + Organic Acid– New binders help to prevent this
• Accelerated aging studies– What are they? – How good are they?
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“Generally Recognized as Safe” Recommendation
• Operating:– 50 ºF to 86 ºF– 20 %RH to 80 %RH
• Long term archive:– 70 ºF and 20 %RH– 60 ºF and 30 %RH– 50 ºF and 40 %RH
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Temperature & Humidity trade-off
T1T2T3
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Chemistry of binder breakdown
• Polyester goes to an alcohol & an organic acid
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Acquisition - To – Archive, Multi-Data Types
GLOBAL HAWK HAE UAV IMAGERY
On Board Data Acquisition
DCRsi 75Digital Recorder
System or
Disk or Solid State
Recorder System
Ground Processing Station
DST 714Imagery & File Archive
DCRsi - DDRsdirect data dubbing to Archive or data replay for processing.
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Ampex Network Attached Storage
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Tape Trends
• Cost per GB to customer decreasing• Thinner tapes• Single reel cartridges• Library robotic environments
– Robust tape and robust drives– Interchange– Need for fast access
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Storage Media Costs
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MP Tape Formats Trend
Mag
Coat
ing
Mag
Roug
hnes
s
Base
film
thic
k
Tape
leng
th
Format1Format2Format3
Thinner, smoother tapes result in longer tapes with higher output for greater capacity
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Thinner tapes, magnetic layer• Thin coatings
– MP ++ tapes• 3 µm down to 0.3 or 0.1 µm • “dual” or “slot die” coating results in smoother, highly durable
surface
– AME tapes• expensive evaporation process• multilayers: underlayers and overlayers• easy to get very thin, smooth surface
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Thinner tapes, basefilmProperty PET PEN PolyAramid
Young’s modulus(kg/mm2)
600 800 1300
Heat shrinkage 4 5 0.2
Thermal coef.Expansion (per°C)
5x10-6 5x10-6 8x10-6
Hygroscopic coef.Expansion (per°C)
10x10-6 10x10-6 10x10-6
Cost (by wt.) 1X 4X 25 – 30X
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Data access = data rate and more...
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
seconds
IBM LTO
S-DLT
Ampex Quad DST
Load time to BOTAver file access (from BOT)Write 100 MBMaximum rewind timeUnload from BOT
80 seconds
271 seconds
226 seconds
Single Reel vs. Double Reel Cartridge
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No Full Tape Rewind: DST Tape Partitioning
• System Zones- Provides non-data areas for scanner thread/unthread
• Partitions- Treated as logical volumes- Can be independently updated to utilize tape capacity
• Purpose- Performance enhancement- Reliability enhancement
Increases performance by eliminating full tape rewinds, fast ejects
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Library Environments for Tape
DST® 4144.8 TB
DST® 71411.6 TB
DST® 81425.6 TB
DST® 91426.1 TB
Tape and tape drives must meet rigorous challenges of :• Interchange• Robust construction• Long life
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1.6 Petabyte Archive - ADIC /DST Drives
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Prevue Network - HSM and Backup Solution
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Accurate Tape Interchange
• Air Bearing Guides• Stainless Steel Guide Band• Tape Drive Chassis that is precision ground & measured at
the factory• Tape straightness & dimensional stability
– AST™ Play Head– DSP servo’s
Tapes written by native recorder may need to be read by many different recorders in a library environment
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Air-lubricated Tape Guiding
• Air guides provide gentle tape handling
• No “steering” as with mechanical bearing/ rollers
• Stainless Steel guide band ensures precise track-to-head alignment
• Both together enables accurate tape interchange
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Rugged, Precision Transport
• ZEISS coordinate measuring machine probes each DST®
transport 500 times during factory test using six computer programs
• Chassis is precision ground and manufactured to 0.5 µm tolerances
• Materials for chassis chosen for low thermal expansion and long-lasting stiffness and resistance to mechanical change over time
• All transports 100% verified
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AST™ Heads & DSP eliminate changes in tape• Read heads have servo
mechanism & electronics that position the head dynamically in realtime with any track curvature
• DSP servo systems designed into each Ampex DST drive
• Together, errors due to track curvature are virtually eliminated
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1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080
1
2
3
4
5
Medium Cassette Capacity Road Map
year
capa
city
, ter
a by
tes
single densitydouble density quad density
terabyteformat
(200 kbpi, 11 micron tracks)
(200 kbpi, 5.5 micron tracks)
(200 kbpi, 5.5 micron tracks)
PEN substrate tape
dual-coating MP tape
Ampex DST Recorder Road Map
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In Conclusion• Tape is good• Tape has been determined to be safe to store for >30 years
under controlled archival storage conditions (don’t forget to include the drive!)
• Tapes below 4 or 5 um may present cost challenges to the reduced $/GB trend
• Multi-cartridge and multi-drive library environments will dictate added requirements for the tape and tape drive– Robust tape and drive– Tape interchange must be maintained– Fast access
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Thank You