Tanzania IPC Report - UN INFO...IPC Report IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Level Descriptions The...
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CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Level Descriptions
The present findings based on the IPC Chronic Food Insecurity analysis conducted by Tanzania Food Security and Nutrition Analysis System and
Zanzibar Food Security (MUCHALI) and Zanzibar Nutrition Information and Early Warning System (ZFSNIEWS) in Jan-Dec, 2018. The Chronic
Food Insecurity analysis of Tanzania was analysed for 13 regions, 8 regions in Tanzania Mainland and all regions in Zanzibar. The regions are
Dodoma, Kaskazini unguja,Kaskazini Pemba,Kagera,Mjini Magharibi,Tanga,Kilimanjaro.Lindi, Rukwa,Kusini Unguja,Kusini Pemba, Shinyanga
and Kigoma.
KEY FIGURES MONTH YEAR*
People chronically food
insecure
2,899,298 #% of the population
People facing severe chronic food insecurity (IPC CFI Level 3+)
IN NEED OF ACTION
Level 4 716,799
People at Severe level
Level 3 2,182,499
People at Moderate level
Level 2 6,951,486
People at Mild level
Level 1 7,353,422
People at Minimal level
Note: IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Analyses results are valid up to 5 years, in absence of unusual shocks
How Many -2.8 million people are chronically food insecure across 13 regions; out of them, 7 hundred thousand are experiencing severe chronic food insecurity (IPC Level 4), and 2.0 million are moderately chronically food insecure (IPC Level 3). The population classified in level 3 and 4 are of major concern and warrant action from the government and the development community. However, more than 14 million are in level 1 and level 2, which means in the common year the households (HH), are able to access a diet of acceptable quantity and quality for an active and healthy life.
Where and Who - No region falls in severe chronic food insecurity (IPC Level 4), the concern are the regions of Kigoma , Kaskazini Pemba and Kaskazini Unguja, which fall in moderate chronic food insecurity (IPC Level 3). The remaining 10 regions fall under mild chronic food insecurity that means In a common year, HHs are able to access a diet of adequate quantity, but do not always consume a diet of adequate quality. The populations most in need are those who depend on low valued livelihoods such as marginal farmers, agriculture wage labourers and marginal fishermen
Why - The major factors contributing to the severe and moderate chronic food insecurity conditions are: low valued livelihood strategies (providing inadequate and often unpredictable income) combined with high dependency on single livelihood and low literacy rates, which result in high poverty , poor sanitation and lack of infrastructural facilities such as electricity, roads, and growth centres
Level 4 - Severe CFI In a common year, HHs have seasonal deficits in quantity of food for more than 4 months of the year and consistently do not consume a diet of adequate quality. HH livelihoods are very marginal and are not resilient. HHs are likely to have severely stunted children. People at Severe level
Level 3 – Moderate CFI In a common year, HHs have ongoing mild deficits in food quantity and/or seasonal food quantity deficits for 2 to 4 months of the year and consistently do not consume a diet of adequate quality. HH livelihoods are marginally sustainable and resilience to shocks is very limited. HHs are likely to have moderately stunted children Moderate level
Level 2 – Mild CFI In a common year, HHs are able to access a diet of adequate quantity, but do not always consume a diet of adequate quality. HH livelihoods are borderline sustainable, though resilience to shocks is limited. HHs are not likely to have moderately or severely stunted children.
Level 1 – No CFI In a common year, households (HH) are continuously able to access and consume a diet of acceptable quantity and quality for an active and healthy life. HH livelihoods are sustainable and resilient to shocks. HHs are not likely to have stunted children.
Tanzania IPC CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS Jan – Dec 2018
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
(AREA) Tot. Pop. Area Classification
IPC CFI
Level 1
IPC CFI
Level 2
IPC CFI
Level 3
IPC CFI
Level 4
Pop. % % % %
Dodoma 2, 492,989 2 1,246,494 50% 772,827/ 31% 373,948 15% 99,720 4%
Kagera 3,022,037 2 1,586,569 53% 906,611 30% 377,754 13% 151,102 5%
Kaskazini Pemba 271,594 3 54,319 20% 162,956 60% 35,307 13% 19,011 7%
Kaskazini Unguja 227,134 3 68,140 30% 113,567 50% 34,070 15% 11,357 5%
Kigoma 2,127,930 3 638,379 30% 1,063,965 50% 319,190 15% 106,397 5%
Kilimanjaro 1,864,329 2 652,515 35% 792,340 43% 233,041 13% 93,216 5%
Kusini pemba 251,631 2 88,071 35% 100,6852 40% 25,163 10% 12,582 5%
Lindi 983,738 2 368,902 38% 442,682 45% 147,560 15% 24,593 3%
Mjini Magaharibi 700,791 2 350,395 50% 280,316 40% 35,040 5% 35,040 5%
Rukwa 1, 179,149 2 536,512 46% 412,702 35% 176,872 15% 53,062 5%
Shinyanga 1, 874,709 2 749,884 40% 749,884 40% 234,338 13% 46,868 3%
Tanga 2, 286,528 2 971,774 43% 1,086,101 48% 171,489 8% 57,163 3%
Kusini Unguja 133, 767 2 41,468 31% 66,883 50% 18,727 14% 6,688 5%
Aggregate TOTAL
17, 416,626 2 7,353,422 42% 6,951,486 40% 2,182,499 13% 716,799
4%
What’s on the map?
The majority of the regions are experiencing mild level of chronic food insecurity (IPC Level 2) and few regions are facing moderate level situation (IPC Level 3).The three regions of Level 3 should be prioritized in programmes aiming at increasing quality and quantity of food consumption and decrease chronic malnutrition. Nevertheless, the ten regions are experiencing mild level of chronic food insecurity (IPC Level 2) need to be monitored as well as reached out with disaster risk reduction programme to protect and strengthen livelihoods as needed.
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Situation Overview
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Classification Map
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
Classification results and issues
The IPC-Chronic Classification consists of four levels of chronic food insecurity (CFI) severity, specifically: Minimal CFI (Level 1), Mild CFI (Level 2), Moderate CFI (Level 3), and Severe CFI (Level 4). Analysis considers food security outcomes and contributing factors food consumption (quality), food consumption (quantity), chronic malnutrition, underlying/causal factors and FS Dimension/limiting factors. Based on an analysis of these domains, with data disaggregated for 13 regions, the entire regions were classified as Mild CFI (Level 2). Overall, 40 percent of 6.9 million people were classified as mild CFI. The estimated prevalence of Moderate and Severe CFI was highest in the Kigoma, Kaskazini Unguja and Kaskazini pemba where it ranged 20 percent. The prevalence of moderate and severe CFI was lowest in Mjini Magharibi and Tanga where it ranged 1o percent. Households which face moderate and severe chronic food insecurity experience seasonal food deficits for two to four months per year and have poor dietary diversity. Maize , rice,beans,millet …….. are widely grown and serve as primary livelihoods, but available data indicates that the majority of the population in all regions consumes a diet of inadequate quality. Lack of dietary quality is likely linked to poor incomes, constrained access to a diverse array of foods, and limited knowledge about the importance of dietary diversity. Nonetheless, the extremely poor state of the road network constrain farmer incomes, market access, and contribute to high food prices in rural areas. Many households are likely to have moderately stunted children and very limited resilience to shocks, such as the Floods and drought that occurred between 2014 and 2018.
RECCOMENDED: (Avoid technical jargon and try to always substantiate the findings by making reference to the facts/evidence/dirfect and indirect indicators corroborating the final classification.)
Limiting and underlying factors driving Chronic Food Insecurity
Given relatively adequate rainfall, levels have a comparative advantage in agricultural production in Tanzania Mainland. Therefore, food availability is not considered a major limiting factor for households to maintain adequate food security except to some regions with occurrence of floods and drought. Although Tanzania Zanzibar depend much on importation of staple food still the food availability was minor limiting factor.
Food access is a significant problem for many households due to limited purchasing power. Road networks specifically those that traverse through farms and villages are inadequate, making it difficult for people to transport goods. Poor household income limits households’ ability to purchase a diverse diet.
Chronic food insecurity regions are also caused by human capital (inadequate knowledge and skills and poor health). High illiteracy rates, education levels compromise households’ ability to increase income, seek better employment opportunities and adopt better health practices.
Food utilization is considered a major limiting factor in many of households particularly in kigoma, Rukwa, Kagera . Food diversity and number of meals the households ate per day were the significant determinants associated with malnutrition. Very low practice of exclusive breastfeeding and high illiteracy rates all contribute to inadequate food utilization.
Main Underlying Factors
Human Capital: Low literacy rate and poor access to educational institutions
Physical capital: Poor road networks and public transport facilities hamper food access.
Financial capital: there are limited opportunities for productive employment, which limits household income.
Natural Capital: Many poor households do not own land which contribute to limited productivity and low household income.
Policies Institutions and Processes:
Outcomes of Chronic Food Insecurity
Food insecurity causes not only potentially serious health consequences like hanger and acute malnutrition but also complications such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and reduced health and quality of life..( Tanzania context)
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Situation Overview
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
Response Priorities
Integrated food security and nutrition interventions with food –based and economic empowerment programs targeting the poor and vulnerable and to those regions with high level of IPC Chronic Food insecurity. Expand market driven initiatives into social safety-net interventions for extremely poor and food insecure households to increase income and consumption and improve the ability to cope with shocks among targeted vulnerable population groups, while enhancing and protecting the human capital of their children. Advocacy and awareness to increase food utilization programs, promotion of safe, sufficient, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs or food preferences, promotion of infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) and increase utilization of improved water and sanitation facilities. Increase of labor market interventions integrated within social protection programs such as 1) public work projects for improving road and market infrastructure, investments in rural off-farm and non-farm employment generating activities such as agribusiness enterprises will enhance both infrastructure development and employment and income generation. The regions like kigoma, Kaskazini unguja and Kaskazini Pemba found to be moderate chronic food insecure are both inadequate energy consumption and poor quality diets, it is imperative to invest in interventions to boost strengthening market linkages, investing in post-harvest management such as food storage, processing, and preservation. The most important is to raising awareness on food diversification and consumption in all regions
Monitoring and Updates
To ensure that the results of the IPC chronic analysis are used in planning strategies along food and nutrition security, poverty reduction, and safety nets
[Include recommendations for analysis-related steps, for example: Recommendations for data collection, information systems or monitoring improvements needed to address data gaps if necessary. TWG-related activities. Recommendations for updating the analysis, especially relating to the stability of the situation and future publication of evidence from important sources that might warrant inclusion in the analysis. Any other relevant analysis-related next steps]
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Recommendations for Action
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURETY SITUATION
2.8 MILLION
PEOPLE FACING SEVERE CHRONIC FOOD
INSECURITY
17.4 M Total Population
PEOPLE MOST AFFECTED PER REGION
Kaskazin
i P
emb
a
Kaskazin
i
Un
gu
ja
Kig
om
a
Ru
kwa
Do
do
ma
Ku
sini
Un
gu
ja
Kag
era
Lin
di
Kilim
anjaro
Sh
inyan
ga
Ku
sini
Pem
ba
Tan
ga
Mjin
i M
agh
aribi
#% of the total population need action addressing chronic food
insecurity
54,318 45,427 425,587 229,934 473,668 37,74
5 528,85
6 172,153 326,257
281,206
37,745 228,652
70,080
716,799 People at Severe level
MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS KEY OUTCOMES
2,182,499 People at Moderate level
FOOD AVAILABILITY
LIMITED IN 0 AREA
S INADEQUATE FOOD CONSUMPTION
6,951,486 People at Mild level
FOOD ACCESS LIMITED
IN 09 AREAS
##% people
INSUFICIENT FOOD QUANTITY
7,353,422 People at Minimal level
FOOD UTILIZATION
ISSUES IN 05 AREA
S
##% people
INSUFICIENT FOOD QUALITY
MAJOR UNDERLYING FACTORS NUTRITION STATUS
##%
PEOPLE FACING HIGH LEVEL OF
POVERTY ##%
POPULATION WITH LIMITED SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD
STRATEGIES
##%
Low income and purchasing power
Limited access to social services Children under 5 years of age
chronically malnourished
Lack of access to productive assets
Vulnerability to shocks
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Results in Figures
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
OVERVIEW OF THE LIMITING AND UNDERLYING FACTORS BY REGION
AREA
LIMITING FACTORS OF FOOD INSECURITY
UNDERLYING FACTORS OF FOOD INSECURITY
Food Availability
Food Access
Food Utilization
Livelihood Strategies
Human Capitals
Physical Capitals
Financial Capitals
Natural Capitals
Social Capitals
Policy/ Institutional
Processes
Recurrent Risks
Unusual Crises
Dodoma
Kagera
Kaskazini Pemba
Kaskazini Unguja
Kigoma
Kilimanjaro
Kusini Unguja
Kusini Pemba
Lindi
Mjini magharibi
Rukwa
Shinyanga
Tanga
Legend Major Factor Minor Factor Not a Factor No Data
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Results in Figures
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Population Estimates
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
Kaskazini Pemba
According to a convergence of data from available data and underlying factors analysed, Kaskazini Pemba is classified with moderate chronic food insecurity – Level 3. These results suggest that 20 percent (54,318 people) of households in Kaskazini Pemba have seasonal deficits 2-4 months of the year, do not consistently consume a quality diet and likely have moderately stunted children. food availability is generally good given the market situation. However, most main staples are imported and obtained through purchases thus the price is very high, food access is limited due to high prices, poor purchasing power for some poor households. 80% HH spend total cash on food by 50%. About 25 % HHs in each level based on convergence of evidence from evidence on nutritional status (including direct and indirect evidence) are moderately and severely stunted. List interventions for Kaskazini Pemba
✓
IPC CFI LEVEL
% (‘000s) MAJOR LIMITING
FACTORS MAJOR UNDERLAYING
FACTORS
1 20 54, 319 Food accessibility Human Capital Natural capital Financial capita 2 60 162,956
3 13 35,307
4 7 19,011
Kaskazini Unguja
According to a convergence of data from available data and underlying factors analysed, Kaskazini Pemba is classified with moderate chronic food insecurity – Level 3. These results suggest that 20 percent (45,427 people) of households in Kaskazini Unguja have seasonal deficits 2-4 months of the year, do not consistently consume a quality diet and likely have moderately stunted children. food availability is limiting factor. Most of main staples are imported and obtained through purchases thus the price is very high, food access is limited due to high prices, poor purchasing power for some poor households. 75 % HHs spend total cash on food by 50%. About 30 % HHs in each level based on convergence of evidence from evidence on nutritional status (including direct and indirect evidence) are moderately and severely stunted List interventions for Kaskazini Unguja
✓
IPC CFI LEVEL % (‘000s) MAJOR LIMITING
FACTORS MAJOR UNDERLAYING
FACTORS
1 30 68,140 Food availability Food accessibility Food Utilization
Financial capital
2 50 113,567
3 15 34, 070
4 5 11, 357
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Profiles of the Most Affected Areas
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
Kigoma
According to a convergence of data from available data and underlying factors analyzed, Kigoma is classified with moderate chronic food insecurity – Level 3. These results suggest that 20 percent (425,587 people) of households in Kigoma have seasonal deficits 2-4 months of the year, do not consistently consume a quality diet and likely have moderately stunted children. In Kigoma food availability is minor factor because the region produces surplus for most of main staples but they are mainly not well linked by transport network from their rural areas where more crop yield are produced. Transportation and storage facilities are hindering the smooth flow of goods from the farm or production areas to the market, Domestic market has been exploitative to producers due to use of unequal dimension. HHs lack purchasing power for high quality food, obtained through purchases thus the price is very high, food access is limited due to high prices, poor purchasing power for some poor households. 61 % HH spend total cash on food by 50%. Other issue Kigoma include presence of refugees in the region who bring about conflicts, competition in natural resources like land, water and firewood. However, the exclusive breastfeeding practices have remained low over the years about 35 % HHs in each level based on convergence of evidence from evidence on nutritional status (including direct and indirect evidence) are moderately and severely stunted. List interventions for Kigoma
✓
IPC CFI LEVEL
% Pop MAJOR LIMITING
FACTORS MAJOR UNDERLAYING
FACTORS
1 30 638,379 Food accebility Human Capital Natural capital Financil capita 2 50 1,063,96
5
3 15 319, 190
4 5 106,397
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Process, Methodology and Data source
CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS
Report # 01 | Issued on December, 2018
IPC Chronic Food Insecurity Main reference sources