TANJUNG PIAI COASTLINE SURAYA BINTI AB RAZAK A...
Transcript of TANJUNG PIAI COASTLINE SURAYA BINTI AB RAZAK A...
TANJUNG PIAI COASTLINE
SURAYA BINTI AB RAZAK
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil – Hydraulics and Hydrology)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY 2008
iii
To the people I love
and
to the people who love knowledge
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this project report. Special thank you to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab for his detailed and constructive comments, and for his important support throughout this work. I want to thank En. Roslee Ibrahim and En. Abd Rahman Mohamad Yusof from Jabatan Laut Semenanjung Malaysia (Wilayah Selatan) and Pn. Rubiatun Adawiah Ali from Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Pontian for giving me the information and permission to use departmental data, and to all the staff for their kindness and warmth.
I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Omar Yaakob and Dr. Mohamad
Pauzi Abdul Ghani from Department of Marine Technology, Faculty of Mechanical for giving me some ideas and lending of material. Also to Dr. Zulhilmi Ismail who involved in the process.
I am grateful to my mother for being supportive despite my determination to
continue the degree and support me all this while, financially and mentally, during hard times. Not to forget my father and family members for their unconditional love and understanding.
To all my friends, thank you for being helpful and supportive in any way.
v
ABSTRACT
Tanjung Piai coastline has been facing critical erosion for years but recently
the erosion rate is escalating. Numerical analysis of ship induced waves was carried
out to determine the contribution of shipping traffic from Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas
to the stability of Tanjung Piai coastline. The analysis includes the generation of
waves from ships, propagation, transformation from deep water to shallow water and
energy formation. Waves generated by ships decrease gradually when it propagate
away from the sailing line and then increase near to the shore due to shoaling and
damping factor. Bigger waves break near to the shore but smaller waves reach the
shore without breaking. Maximum wave height generated by ships at the shoreline is
0.51 meter and the wave period is 3.23 seconds. Wave heights generated by wind
were recorded to be between 1.2 and 1.7 meters with periods ranging from 4 to 8
seconds. Energy is related exponentially to wave height and bigger waves form
higher energy to the beach. Based on wave energy to the shore, the analyses
conducted showed that ship induced waves does not contribute to the erosion at
Tanjung Piai coastline because of the small energy formation compare to wind
induced waves.
vi
ABSTRAK
Pantai Tanjung Piai berhadapan dengan masalah hakisan yang kritikal sejak
bertahun yang lalu tetapi kadar hakisan semakin bertambah sejak kebelakangan ini.
Analisis berangka terhadap ombak yang dihasilkan oleh kapal telah dijalankan untuk
menentukan sumbangan lalulintas kapal daripada Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas kepada
kestabilan pantai Tanjung Piai. Analisis yang telah dijalankan melibatkan
penghasilan ombak daripada kapal, penyebaran, perubahan bentuk daripada air
dalam kepada air cetek dan penghasilan tenaga. Ombak yang dihasilkan oleh kapal
merosot sedikit demi sedikit apabila semakin menjauhi laluan kapal dan kemudian
bertambah apabila berhampiran pantai disebabkan oleh faktor pencetekan dan
redaman. Ombak besar pecah berhampiran pantai tetapi ombak kecil sampai ke
pantai tanpa pecah. Ketinggian maksimum ombak yang sampai ke pantai ialah 0.51
meter dan tempohnya ialah 3.23 saat. Ketinggian ombak yang dihasilkan oleh angin
yang direkodkan adalah di antara 1.2 dan 1.7 meter dengan tempoh 4 hingga 7 saat.
Tenaga berhubung secara exponen terhadap ketinggian ombak dan ombak yang lebih
besar menghasilkan kuasa yang tinggi kepada pantai. Berpandukan tenaga ombak
terhadap pantai, analisis yang dijalankan menunjukkan bahawa ombak yang
dihasilkan oleh kapal tidak menyumbang kepada hakisan di Tanjung Piai kerana
penghasilan tenaga yang kecil berbanding tenaga yang dihasilkan oleh ombak janaan
angin.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Tanjung Piai 1
1.2. Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas 3
1.3. Objective 5
1.4. Scope of Work 6
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Wave Propagation 7
2.2 Wave Transformation 8
2.3 Refraction 9
2.4 Breaking 10
2.5 Ship Wave Theory 10
viii
2.6 Navigation Channel 17
2.7 Erosion 21
2.8 Tidal Effect 22
3 METHODOLOGY 25
3.1 Data Collection 25
3.2 Calculations 27
3.2.1 Wave Generation 27
3.2.2 Wave Propagation and Transformation 29
3.2.3 Wave Energy 32
4 DATA ANALYSIS 33
4.1 Navigation Channel 33
4.2 Profile of Vessel 34
4.3 Vessel Fleet 36
4.4 Shoreline Change 41
4.5 Existing Coastal Protection 42
4.6 Sample of Calculations 51
4.6.1 Speed of Vessel 51
4.6.2 Depth Froude Number 51
4.6.3 Wave Propagation Direction 51
4.6.4 Wave Period 52
4.6.5 Celerity 52
4.6.6 Wave Length 52
4.6.7 Wave Height 53
4.6.8 Beach Slope 53
4.6.9 Wave Transformation 54
4.6.10 Breaker Height 55
4.6.11 Maximum Wave Height 55
4.6.12 Wave Energy 56
4.7 Results 56
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 66
5.1 Conclusions 66
ix
5.2 Recommendations 67
REFERENCES 69
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Classification of Coastal Erosion 21
4.1 Profile of Vessels 34
4.2 Total Vessel for Each Month in 2001 36
4.3 Total Vessel for Each Month in 2002 37
4.4 Total Vessel for Each Month in 2003 37
4.5 Total Vessel for Each Month in 2004 38
4.6 Total Vessel for Each Month in 2005 38
4.7 Total Vessel for Each Month in 2006 39
4.8 Total Vessel for Each Month in 2007 39
4.9 Total Vessel for 2001 to 2007 40
4.10 Summary of Data and Result of Study by JPS, Malaysia 42
4.11 Erosion Control Projects along Taman Negara Tanjung Piai 42
4.12 Bed Level Reading Behind Geotubes 48
4.13 Properties of Deep Water Ship Wave 57
4.14 Wave Heights Generated by Ship 57
4.15 Wave Frequency, Minimum, Average and Maximum Value 60
4.16 Wave Period, Length and Celerity at Certain Depth 61
4.17 Beach Slope, Breaker Depth, Breaker Height
and Breaking Type 62
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Geotubes Installed at Tanjung Piai 2
1.2 Satellite Image of Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas 4
1.3 Vessel calls for 2003 and 2004 5
2.1 Schematic of Water Particle Trajectories 8
2.2 Idealised Plots of Waves Rays for Headlands and Bays 9
2.3 Wave Crest Pattern Generated at a Vessel Bow Moving
Over Deep Water 12
2.4 Cross Section of Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas Navigation
Channel 18
2.5 Ship Wave and Flow Pattern in a Canal 19
3.1 Flow Chart of Study Process 26
4.1 Vessel Fleet from 2001 to 2007 40
4.2 Erosion Rate 41
4.3 Wave Height and Direction (at 180ο) 43
4.4 Wave Height and Direction (at 120ο) 44
4.5 Wave Height and Direction (at 150ο) 45
4.6 Alignment of Geotubes 46
4.7 Location of Stick Gauge 47
4.8 Bed Level Reading Behind Geotubes 48
4.9 Condition Behind Geotubes on July 2004 49
4.10 Condition Behind Geotubes on November 2004 49
4.11 Condition Behind Geotubes on April 2005 50
4.12 Stick Gauge 50
4.13 Wave Height Generated by Ships 59
xii
4.14 Correlation between Wave Height, Beam, Length
and Draft of Vessel 59
4.15 Wave Frequency, Minimum, Average and Maximum Value 60
4.16 Bathymetry Map 63
4.17 Breaker Depth at Certain Beach Slope 64
4.18 Waves Transformation 65
4.19 Energy from Waves 65
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
COEI - Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute
DANCED - Danish Cooperation on Environmental Development
DWT - deadweight tons
JPS - Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
LAT - Lowest Astronomical Tide
MSL - Mean Sea Level
PTP - Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas
SWPE - Ship Wave Pattern Evaluations
TEUs - Twenty foot Equivalent Units
ULCC - Ultra Large Crude Carrier
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
B - beam
C - celerity
CB - block coefficient
cm - centimeter
D - draught
d - depth
db - breaking depth
Frd - depth Froude Number
Frl - length Froude Number
ft - foot
g - gravity acceleration
H - wave height
bH - breaking height
oH - deep water wave height
ldK - relative damping coefficient
lrK - relative refraction coefficient lsK - relative shoaling coefficient
kJ/m - kilojoules per meter
L - length/wave length
oL - deep water wave length
LOA - overall length
m - meter
m/s - meter per second
m/s2 - meter per square seconds
xv
m/yr - meter per year
n - damping coefficient
s - second
T - wave period
V - speed of vessel
y - distance from sailing line
α - cups line angle
β - incident wave angle
γ - coefficient due to vessel size effect
ρ - water density
ζ - surface water elevation
bξ - surf similarity parameter
∇ - volume of displacement
θ - propagation of direction
% - percent ο - degree
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Tanjung Piai
Tanjung Piai is the southern-most tip of mainland asia located in Pontian,
Johor, Malaysia. Tanjung Piai is unique for its mudflats coast and mangroves forest
which consist of many flora and fauna. Tanjung Piai has attained Ramsar status with
two other sites namely Pulau Kukup and Sungai Pulai in 2003 (Mustapha, 2003).
Tanjung Piai Ramsar Site is part of the larger southwest Johor wetlands. The
southwest Johor wetland safeguard enormous biological diversity while providing
important benefits and services of national interest and supports the livelihood of
local communities.
Tanjung Piai is suffering from coastal erosion for many years and the area has
been identified as one of the critical area for coastal erosion under National Coastal
Erosion Study (Economic Planning Unit, 1985). However, in recent years the
erosion has escalated significantly. Mangrove trees are being uprooted hence
exposing the shoreline. It is predicted that this will contribute to the loss of
ecological integrity and characteristics in this Ramsar Site.
2
The coast is facing critical beach erosion since 1992 and the erosion rate has
been reported between 2.5 meter per year and 4.0 meter per year by Ministry of
Science, Technology and the Environment. Geotubes has been installed at Tanjung
Piai by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS), Malaysia in 2004 to mitigate the erosion
problem. The geotubes seems to be ineffective in short term because the
sedimentation rate is slow (Wong, 2006).
The geotubes reduce wave energy effectively except during high tide. The
height of geotubes unable to reduce most of the wave energy and thus, the wave
height behind the geotubes are almost the same as the incident wave height.
Figure 1.1: Geotubes installed at Tanjung Piai (Source: JPS, 2005)
It is believed that the erosion accelerated during the busy ship traffic from
Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas (PTP) which operates since October 1999. Repetitive
waves actions on the same spot from the ships worsen the already vulnerable beach.
Not long after the Ramsar acceptance, international experts were promptly offered by
the Bureau of Environment, Science and Technology to study and recommend
remedial action to Tanjung Piai, in cooperation with the state of Johor.
3
Perbadanan Taman Negara, Johor (2007) stated that the study by Danish
Cooperation on Environmental Development (DANCED) showed that the erosion
from the west of Tanjung Piai results in sedimentation built up to the west of
Tanjung Piai. An approximate of 70 hectares of mangroves forest has diminished
due to erosion over two decades ago. Erosion currently has reached JPS bund
protecting the agricultural hinterland. The occurrence could be because of several
factor such as:
i) Wave and flow change from nearby reclamation activities
ii) Oil spill incident in Pontian – Selat Melaka water in 1997
iii) Forefront mangroves died because of water pollution
iv) Growth of ship traffic in Selat Melaka and Selat Tebrau water
v) Dredging activities
vi) Wind wave
Tanjung Piai might disappear from the map and loss the status as southern-
most tip of mainland asia if the erosion . Listing Tanjung Piai as a Ramsar Sites is
one of the legal action to preserve the coastline area. Several other attempts such as
installing seawall and mangroves planting have been implemented but the outcomes
do not show expected results.
1.2 Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas
Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas (PTP) has been operating since October 1999
situated at the mouth of Sungai Pulai. Currently, PTP has the capacity to handle up
to 6 million TEUs per annum. Phase Two of the port involves dredging and
reclamation of Bunker Island to upgrade the port bunkering facilities, and
construction of additional eight berths measuring a total of 208 km. The first two
berths of Phase II are now in operations and remaining berths will be constructed in
4
line with demand. The dredging project will widen the channel approach from 250
m to 400 m to enable two-way access for vessel traffic entering or leaving the port’s
harbour.
Meanwhile, widening and deepening the shipping access channel are to
receive the Super Post Panamax container vessels in the future. Also, the draught
will be deepened from 14 to 17 meters, allowing the port to accommodate the latest
vessels which have an average capacity of 6,000 to 8,000 TEUs without any
tidewater restrictions. The Port of Tanjung Pelepas is becoming a very busy port and
attracts the world’s largest liners, Maersk Line and Evergreen Marine Corporation
(ASEAN Ports Association, 2003).
Second Link Pelabuhan
Tanjung Pelepas
Tuas Pulau Kukup
Tanjung Piai
Figure 1.2: Satellite Image of Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas (Source: Google Map)
Figure 2 shows the satellite image of Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas, situated at
the mouth of Sungai Pulai. Ships navigate through Selat Melaka and Selat Tebrau
from one port to another.
5
In 2004, PTP set a new throughput handling record, with 4,020,421 TEUs
handled to maintain its position as Malaysia’s number one container terminal. The
throughout figure represented a 15.2% increase over last year’s 3,487,320 TEUs.
Local cargo handled, which represents 4.17% of total cargo handled, increased by
12%, from 150,000 TEUs in 2003 to 168,000 TEUs in 2004. Vessel calls shown a
rise of 1.4% (Figure 1.3), with 3,193 vessels calling at the port in 2004 compared to
3,148 vessels in 2003 (PTP Portfolio, 2005).
Vessel Calls
3100
3125
3150
3175
3200
2003 2004
Tota
l Ves
sel
Figure 1.3: Vessel calls for 2003 and 2004
1.3 Objective
The objective of this project is to investigate the generation and propagation
of ship waves onto the coast of Tanjung Piai and their contribution to the stability of
the coastline.
6
1.4 Scope of work
This project will focus on wave properties generated by ships plying to and
from PTP within the area of the southern part of Selat Tebrau, between Tanjung Piai
and Tuas, Singapore.
69
REFERENCES
Allen T. Chwang and Yuhai Chen (2003). Field Measurement in Victoria Harbor.
Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 129(10): 113-1148. ASCE.
Arbeitsausschuss "Ufereinfassungen" (2004). Recommendations of the committee for
Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways: EAU 2004 (8th ed., English
translation of the 10th German ed.). Berlin: Ernst & Sohn.
ASEAN Ports Association (2003, December). Port of Tanjung Pelepas Phase II Progress Report. APA Newsletter. Retrieve July 26, 2007, from http://www.aseanports.com/news/2apa03/info_link2.htm
Battjes, J. A. (1974). Surf Similarity. Proceedings 14th Coastal Engineering. 1: 466-
480. New York: ASCE.
Bernard, O. B., Mark, S. L. and Douglas J. S. (2002). Estimating Boat-Wake-
Induced Levee Erosion using Sediment Suspension Measurements. Journal of
Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering. 128(4): 152-162. ASCE.
Blauuw, H., van der Knaap, F., de Groot, M., and Pilarczyk, K. (1984). Design of
Bank Protetion of Inland Navigation Fairways. Delft Hydraulics Laboratary
No. 320. Delft: Netherlands.
Bourne, J. (2000). Louisiana’s Vanishing Wetlands: going, going... Science
289(5486): 1860–1863. Advancing Science, Serving Society (AAAS).
Bowditch – The American Practical Navigator. http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/
Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute. Report on Tanjung Piai Coastal Change.
Unpublished.
Committee on Coastal Erosion Zone Management and National Research Council
(1990). Managing Coastal Erosion. Washington: National Academy Press.
Daidu Fan, Yanxia Guo, Ping Wang, and John Z. Shi (2006). Cross-Shore Variations
in Morphodynamic Processes of an Open-Coast Mudflat in The Changjiang
Delta, China: With an Emphasis on Storm Impacts. Continental Shelf
Research. 26 (4): 517–538. Elsevier.
Dam, K. T., Tanimoto, K., Thuy, N. B., and Akagawa Y. (2006). Numerical Study of
Propagation of Ship Waves on a Sloping Coast. Journal of Ocean
Engineering. 33(3-4): 350–364. Elsevier.
Dand, I. (2004). Access Channels and Basins. In Hans, Agerschou (Ed.) Planning
and Design of Ports and Marine Terminals. (2nd ed.). (pp. 83-107). London:
Thomas Telfort.
70
Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malysia (1985) National Coastal Erosion Study:
Phase I Report. Government of Malaysia.
Goda, Y., (1970). Numerical Experiments on Wave Statistics with Spectral
Simulation. Port and Harbour Res. Inst., Japan. 9(3).
Havelock, T. H. (1908). The Propagation of Groups of Waves in Dispersive Media,
with Application to Waves on Water Produced by a Travelling Disturbance.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A81 pp. 398-430.
Hong, C. B. and Doi, Y. (2006). Numerical and Experimental Study on Ship Wash
Including Wave-Breaking on Shore. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and
Ocean Engineering. 132(5): 369-378. ASCE.
Ippen, A. T. (1966). Estuary and Coastline Hydrodynamics. New York: McGraw-
Hill
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Malaysia (2005). Strategi Kawalan Hakisan di
Kawasan Taman Negara Johor, Tanjung Piai. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran,
Malaysia.
Kamphuis, J. W. (2000) Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management.
Singapore: World Scientific.
Knight, S. (1999). Wave Height Predictive Techniques for Commercial Tows on the
Upper Mississippi River-Illinois Waterway System. ENV Report 15, U.S.
Army Engineer Research and Development Center.
Maynord, S. T. (2007). Ship Forces on the Shoreline of the Savannah Harbor
Project. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. CHL TR-
07-7, 150. U.S. Army of Corps of Engineers.
Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment (MOSTE) (1992). The Costal
Resources Management Plan for South Johor, Malaysia. Ministry of Science,
Technology and Environment.
Mustapha, N. (2003). Top News on Environment in Asia. Malaysia: Institute of
Strategic and International Studies.
Othman, M. A. (1991) Value of Mangroves in Coastal Protection. Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran, Malaysia.
Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas (2005). Portfolio: Overview 2004. Issue 1.
Perbadanan Taman Negara, Johor (2007) Perbentangan Laporan Hakisan Pantai
Taman Negara Johor Tanjung Piai
71
Pusat Hidrografi National (2005). MAL 5123: Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas. [Nautical
Charts]. Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia: Selangor.
Pusat Hidrografi National (2008). Jadual Pasang Surut Malaysia 2008.. Tentera Laut
Diraja Malaysia: Selangor.
Reeve D., Chadwick A. and Fleming C., (2004). Coastal Engineering: Process,
Theory and Design Practice. London: Spon Press.
Somere T. (2007). Nonlinear Components of Ship Wake Waves. Applied Mechanics
Reviews. Volume 60. ASME.
Sorensen, R. M. (1973). Ship Generated Waves. Advances in Hydroscience. 9:49-83.
New York: Academic Press
Thomson, W. (1887). On Ship Waves. Trans. Inst. Mech. Eng. 8: pp. 409-433
USACE (2003). EM 1110-2-1100. Washington: USACE.
USACE (2006). EM 1110-2-1613. Washington: USACE.
Vincent, C. L. and Briggs, M. J. (1989). Refraction-Diffraction of Irregular Waves
Over A Mound. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering.
115(2): 269-284. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
Weggel, J. R., and Sorensen, R. M. (1986). Ship Wave Prediction for Port and
Channel Design, Proceedings, Ports '86 Conference, American Society of
Civil Engineers.
Wong Chui Ching. The Effectiveness of Geotube System to Control Muddy Coast
Erosion. Thesis Bachelor Degree. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: 2006.