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Agroforestry:an essential resilience tool
Patrick Worms, ICRAF
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• One of the 15 CGIAR research centres
• employing about 500 scientists and other staff.
• We generate knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes
• We use this research to advance policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment.
Who are we?
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By 2050, we need to…•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
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The context: population growth
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World Bank World Development Indicators
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500
1000
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
100
gra
ms
per
He
ctar
e
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Latin America
EastAsia
The context: fertiliser use by region
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World Bank World Development Indicators
South Asia
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500
1000
1500
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3500
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Kg
pe
r H
ect
are
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America
East Asia
Cereal yields by region
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The result?
A hellish spiral.
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Undernourishment...
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… brings instability...
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…low literacy...
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…especially among women...
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…thus huge population growth rates...
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… deep poverty ...
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… hence huge yield gaps…
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… and thus hunger.
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African factsPopulation growth rates, land degradation, hunger and literacy
are dragging people into a hell ish spiral
• Population growth has rendered fallowing impossible in many communities
• Land overuse is depleting soil organic matter, soil carbon and soil microbiology
• Soil fertility is dropping by 10-15% a year (Bunch, 2011)
• Poverty and logistics makes fertiliser unaffordable for most smallholders
• Funding for fertiliser subsidies is scarce and fickle
Where wil l soil fert i l i ty, soil organic matter and extreme weather resil ience come from ?
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Faidherbia Albida in teff crop system in Ethiopia
From trees.
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Maize yields with and without fertiliser trees
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Agroforestry brings massive yield increases in trials…
Maize yield, no fertiliser – tonnes per hectare
2008 2009 2010Number of trials 15 40 40
With fertiliser trees 4.1 5.1 5.6
Without trees 1.3 2.6 2.6________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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… and on farmer’s fields.
maize yield (t/ha)
Maize only 1.30
Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05 __________________________________________________________
2011 Survey of farms in six Malawi districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)
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And in the Sahel?
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Then...Zinder, Niger, 1980s
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... and now. Zinder, Niger, today.
These 5 million hectares of new agroforest parklands are yielding
500,000 tonnes
more than before. (Reij, 2012)
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Kantché district, Zinder, Niger
350,000 people, rainfall ca. 350 mm / year, typical of Sahel drylands.
Annual district-wide grain surplus:
2007 21,230 tons drought year !2008 36,838 tons2009 28,122 tons2010 64,208 tons2011 13,818 tons drought year !.
Yamba & Sambo, 2012
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Fertilizer trees can perform better than NPK.
Plot management Sampling Frequency
Mean (Kg/Ha)
Standard error
Maize without fertiliser 36 1322 220.33
Maize with fertiliser 213 1736 118.95
Maize with fertiliser trees 72 3053 359.8
Maize with fertiliser trees & fertiliser 135 3071 264.31
2009/2010 season; data from 6 Malawian districts
Mwalwanda, A.B., O. Ajayi, F.K. Akinnifesi, T. Beedy, Sileshi G, and G. Chiundu 2010
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And thus address the yield gaps
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Fertiliser trees are just one of many kinds of agroforestry.
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By 2050, we need to…•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
3
√
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• Agroforests: combinations of perennial species on arable land
• Home gardens with perennials
• Woodlots or farm forests
• Trees on field and farm boundaries
• Sylvopastoral systems: Trees in pastures
• EverGreen Agriculture: Trees intercropped with field crops
• Productive landscape systems
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800 $ / Ha / year
High social costs
High environmental costs
3,000 $ / Ha / year
No social costs
Low environmental costs
Leakey, 2012
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NaturalForest
4.1 billion ha
CropLand
1.5 billion ha
Pasture &Rangeland
s
3.4 billion ha
Wetlands
1.3 billion ha
Deserts
1.9 billion ha
Global Land Area
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• Food security: organic matter, nutrients, microclimate
• Nutrit ion: fruits, fodder, multi-crop system support
• Weather resi l ience: roots pump water, trees offer shade and windbreaks
• Insurance: in hard times, farmers can sell timber
• Income diversif ication: crops, fuel, fodder, timber, fruits
• Health: medicinal barks and leaves, nutrition
• Energy resources: fuelwood, charcoal
• Higher biodiversity
• Reduced deforestation
• Soil restoration
• Carbon sequestration
Adaptation through trees
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By 2050, we need to…•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
3
√
√
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Mitigation through treesCarbon potential in various AF systems
Mbow personal communication (2012)
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By 2050, we need to…•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
3
√
√
√
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Agroforestry is key to agroecological intensif ication
and thus to Climate Smart Agriculture.
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Success story of Ferti l izer Microdosing
Adaptation of fertilizer recommendation to local conditions with strategic application of nurients
Application of fertilizers in the seed holes at planting time
Simple tools that boost agroforestry
•Local fertilizer packaging and blending
•Target input Vouchers
•Legume-cereal rotation or intercrop
•Participatory approaches
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Microdose
Control
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Contour stone bunds
Contour stone bunds slow runoff, increasing infiltration and water available to crops.
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Scaling up Evergreen Agriculture
Integrating Fertilizer and Fodder Trees into croplands to restore and build more productive and drought resilient farming and livestock systems
Rainwater Harvesting with an accent on simple techniques for enhanced crop production, water recharge and water retention integrated with agroforestry.
Integrated Soil Fertility Management with fertilizer microdosing with enhanced organic nutrient sources combined with agroforestry.
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Agroforests in the Sahel
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The overreaching goal:
• Use agroforestry for mitigation and adaptation.– Improve productivity and soil properties to feed an
increasing population using climate smart agriculture– Buffer deforestation and improve GHG
sequestration: AF is key to REDD+ and AFOLU– Combine AF options and land management to address
land-use sustainability
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Time (years)
Research(building of knowledge)
Old Impact Pathway Paradigm
Development(application of knowledge)
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Research(building of knowledge)
Development(proof of application &
application of knowledge)
New Impact Pathway Paradigm
Time (years)
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One final thought.
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Cro
p yi
eld
(ton
nes
per
hect
are)
Filling the yield gap
Simple agroecology
AdvancedAgroecology &intrants
GMOs
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15 years ago, this was barren land (yield: 0 kg/ha)
Thank you !
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For more information
Patrick Worms, World Agroforestry CentreEmail:[email protected]
Tel: +32 495 24 46 11www.worldagroforestrycentre.org