TAKS REVIEWTAKS REVIEW

PHYSICSPHYSICS

OBJECTIVE 5OBJECTIVE 5The student will demonstrate an understanding The student will demonstrate an understanding of motion, forces and energy.of motion, forces and energy. – CalculationsCalculations– Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws– Mechanical AdvantageMechanical Advantage– WavesWaves– Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy– HeatHeat– Energy SourcesEnergy Sources– CircuitsCircuits

Formula ChartFormula Chart

Formula in wordsFormula in words

Formula in symbols: use them!!Formula in symbols: use them!!

ConversionsConversions

ConstantsConstants

Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws

Newton's First Law of Motion, or Law of Newton's First Law of Motion, or Law of Inertia Inertia – object will remain at rest or move with object will remain at rest or move with

constant velocity when there is no net constant velocity when there is no net force acting on it.force acting on it.

– Newton's First Law deals with an object Newton's First Law deals with an object with with no no net forcenet force

If there was no friction, air resistance, etcIf there was no friction, air resistance, etc

Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws

Newton’s second law of motionNewton’s second law of motion. . – describes the effects of unbalanced forces on describes the effects of unbalanced forces on

the motion of objects.the motion of objects.– Force = mass x acceleration Force = mass x acceleration F = maF = ma– Units:Units:Force = Newtons (N) or (kg x m/secForce = Newtons (N) or (kg x m/sec22))

A force is required to change motion of an A force is required to change motion of an object.object.

Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws

Newton's Third Law of MotionNewton's Third Law of Motion– when one object applies a force on a when one object applies a force on a

second object, the second object applies a second object, the second object applies a force on the first that has an equal force on the first that has an equal magnitude but opposite direction.magnitude but opposite direction.

– action-reaction forces.action-reaction forces.

Rockets, rowing a boat, kicking a Rockets, rowing a boat, kicking a soccerballsoccerball

Mechanical AdvantageMechanical Advantage

Investigate and Investigate and demonstrate demonstrate mechanical mechanical advantage and advantage and efficiency of various efficiency of various machines such as machines such as levers, motors, levers, motors, wheels, axles, pulleys wheels, axles, pulleys and rampsand ramps

WAVESWAVES

Demonstrate wave types and their Demonstrate wave types and their characteristics through a variety of characteristics through a variety of activities such as modeling with ropes and activities such as modeling with ropes and coils, activating tuning forks and coils, activating tuning forks and interpreting data on seismic wavesinterpreting data on seismic waves

Wave equationWave equationv = f v = f λ (velocity = frequency x wavelength)λ (velocity = frequency x wavelength)

WAVESWAVESTRANSVERSETRANSVERSE– Particles Particles

perpendicular to perpendicular to motion of wavemotion of wave

– LightLight– ““The wave”The wave”

WAVESWAVES

LONGITUDINALLONGITUDINAL– Particles move parallel to motion of Particles move parallel to motion of

wavewave– SoundSound– Compression and rarefactionCompression and rarefaction

WAVE INTERSCTIONSWAVE INTERSCTIONS

Constructive: Constructive: positive net positive net resultresult

WAVE INTERACTIONSWAVE INTERACTIONS

DESTRUCTIVE: DESTRUCTIVE: negative net negative net resultsresults

(cancel out (cancel out waves)waves)

Seismic wavesSeismic waves

Primary wavesPrimary waves (P waves) are (P waves) are longitudinal longitudinal waveswaves

Secondary wavesSecondary waves (or S waves) are (or S waves) are transverse transverse waveswaves

Surface wavesSurface waves travel along the boundary travel along the boundary betweenbetween

the ground and the air. They are the slowest the ground and the air. They are the slowest type oftype of

seismic wave, but they can do the most damage.seismic wave, but they can do the most damage.

S & P wavesS & P waves

HeatHeat

The heat of an object is the total kinetic energy The heat of an object is the total kinetic energy of its molecules KE = ½ mvof its molecules KE = ½ mv22

Temperature of the object is the measurement Temperature of the object is the measurement of the average KE of its moleculesof the average KE of its molecules

Specific heat is a way to compare heat from Specific heat is a way to compare heat from different materials. Heat energydifferent materials. Heat energy

Can cause expansion in many materials.Can cause expansion in many materials.

Sources of heat energySources of heat energy

LightLight

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

Electrical ResistanceElectrical Resistance

FrictionFriction

Nuclear reactionsNuclear reactions

Heat TransferHeat Transfer

ConductionConduction – direct contact – direct contact– conductors conductors (metals)(metals) – insulators insulators ( wood, plastic, air)( wood, plastic, air)

ConvectionConvection – movement through fluids (air is – movement through fluids (air is a fluid)a fluid)– density differencesdensity differences, warm air rising, warm air rising

RadiationRadiation - - the transfer through empty spacethe transfer through empty space– heat from the sunheat from the sun

Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

Investigate and compare the Investigate and compare the economic and environmental economic and environmental impact of using various impact of using various energy sources such as energy sources such as rechargeable or disposable rechargeable or disposable batteries and energy cellsbatteries and energy cells

CircuitsCircuitsInvestigate and compare series and parallel Investigate and compare series and parallel circuitscircuits

Series: several electrical devices such as light Series: several electrical devices such as light bulbs can be placed in a line or in series in the bulbs can be placed in a line or in series in the circuit between the positive and negative poles circuit between the positive and negative poles of the batteryof the battery

One pathway for current to travel

CircuitsCircuits

Parallel: Two or more paths for circuit to Parallel: Two or more paths for circuit to traveltravel

Ohm’s LawOhm’s LawCurrent = voltage / resistance

Sample problemsSample problems

The picture shows a cube that contains 20 mL of a solution. The solution has a mass of 40 grams. What is the density in g/mL of this solution? Record and bubble in your answer on the answer document.

2.0 g/ml

The illustration above shows a student about to throw a ball while standing on a skateboard. Which

illustration below correctly shows the skateboard’s direction of motion after the student releases the ball?

Which bike rider has the greatest momentum?

A A 40 kg person riding at 45 km/h

B A 50 kg person riding at 35 km/h

C A 60 kg person riding at 25 km/h

D A 70 kg person riding at 15 km/h

Observing an approaching thunderstorm and using a stopwatch, a student finds that it takes 8.40 seconds for thunder to be heard after a lightning bolt strikes. The student has learned that it takes 3.0 seconds for sound to travel 1000 m. How far away is the storm?

F 119 m

G 185 m

H 2800 m

J 8400 m

As a scuba diver goes deeper underwater, the diver must be aware that the increased

pressure affects the human body by increasing the —

A body’s temperature

B amount of dissolved gases in the body

C amount of suspended solids in the body

D concentration of minerals in the body

What is the mass of a 500.00 mL sample of seawater with a density of 1.025 g/mL?

F 487.8 g

G 500.0 g

H 512.5 g

J 625.0 g

d = m/v m = d•v

An ant crawled from Point A to Point B in 4.0 seconds. To the nearest tenth, what was the ant’s speed in centimeters per second?

Record and bubble in your answer on the answer document.

Which of the following objects will float on water?

WATER

d= 1.00 g/cm3

A man who was sleeping wakes up because he hears the smoke alarm go off in his house. Before opening the bedroom door, the man feels the door to see whether it is warm. He isassuming that heat would be transferred through the door by —A conductionB convectionC radiationD compression

Which illustration best demonstrates compression waves?

The graph shows the distance traveled by a vehicle over a certain period of time. Which segment of the graph shows the vehicle moving with the greatest speed?

A L

B M

C N

D O

In a movie, meteoroids make several microscopic holes in a pressurized cabin in the weightless environment of a spaceship. The astronauts search for the holes by spraying water droplets from a container. If this were an actual situation, what effect should be expected?

F The drifting water droplets float to the location of the holes.

G After falling to the floor, the water forms a stream leading to the holes.

H The water droplets form a large sphere of water that moves away from the holes.

J Pumping the trigger on the spray container increases the air pressure in the cabin.

The cloud conditions above are typical of locations near a warm front. According to these data, what are the most likely sky conditions for Waco?

A Cirrus clouds C Stratus clouds

B Altostratus clouds D Clear skies

A cold front moves from Abilene to College Station in 6.0 hours. What is its average speed in km/h?

F 0.018 km/h H 58 km/h

G 16 km/h J 67 km/h

Which circuit is built so that if one light bulb goes out, the other three light bulbs will continue to glow?