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Transcript of Taking pride in cooperation Job van der Schalk,Tony Manstead Cardiff University, School of...
Taking pride in cooperation
Job van der Schalk,Tony MansteadCardiff University, School of Psychology Martin BruderUniversity of Konstanz
Background
Many social situations involve cooperating with others or withholding cooperation
Other social situations entail allocating resources in a fair or unfair way
Why do people cooperate? Why do they act fairly? Own emotions
Experienced emotions: how my emotions affect my actions Anticipated emotions: how I am likely to feel if I act one way
or the other Emotions of others
Social appraisal: how others appear to construe the situation and how that influences my own appraisal
Own emotions: Experienced vs. anticipated Common assumption is that emotions affect
behaviour directly Emotions as dispositions to act in certain ways
Baumeister et al. (2007) call this assumption into question Emotions arise too slowly People often feel emotions without acting on them A given emotion does not consistently cause same
behaviours Emotions can give rise to maladaptive behaviours
Own emotions: Experienced vs. anticipated Emotion as feedback
“Behaviour pursues emotion” Take guilt as an example: Person A causes
distress to Person B. A later feels guilty. Guilt prompts A to reflect on what he/she did wrong. Next time a comparable situation arises, the anticipation of guilt influences choice of action
Anticipation of emotional outcomes should influence behaviour
Emotions of others: Social appraisal We know that others’ expressions of emotion
can influence our own appraisal of the same stimulus event and thereby our emotional reaction to this event
Others’ expressions of emotion might shape our anticipated emotions If that person who has already experienced this
event felt emotion X afterwards, perhaps this is how I am likely to feel, too?
Applying this reasoning to an Ultimatum Game setting Manipulate others’ emotional reactions to the UG
See how this influences Own emotions Anticipated emotions Fair/unfair allocations behaviour
Others’ positive/negative emotional reactions to their own fair/unfair behaviour should increase/decrease fairness in witnesses’ allocations by influencing emotions or anticipated emotions
Study 1
117 participants
(mostly students of psychology) Lab-based experiment
Ultimatum Bargaining Game Manipulation: Third party exemplar
Competitive/cooperative behaviour Emotion about behaviour: pride, regret, control
Ultimatum Bargaining Game
There are 100 chips of 1p each to be divided between the allocator and the receiver.
(total value £1) The allocator will make a proposal to the receiver
about the division of the chips. If the receiver accepts the offer, both players win the
amount of chips as proposed by the allocator. If the receiver rejects the offer, both players will win
no chips.
Manipulation – Cooperative & Proud
Thought transcript I had to think about the game for a little while before I understood what I had to do. I could divide the 100 chips between myself and the other person in any way that I liked. I considered the options. I could of course try to keep most of it for myself and offer a 90-10 split. But such an offer might well be rejected as unfair. A 50-50 might well be accepted as fair but I would be losing out on the opportunity to win money. Of course I could also take a middle road and offer something in between these two options. In the end, I decided to offer a 50-50 split, and the other player accepted my offer. I feel good about how I played the game. I am proud that I chose to be fair despite the fact that this meant not making some additional profit. I feel pleased with my decision.
Manipulation – Competitive & Regret
Thought transcript I had to think about the game for a little while before I understood what I had to do. I could divide the 100 chips between myself and the other person in any way that I liked. I considered the options. I could of course try to keep most of it for myself and offer a 90-10 split. But such an offer might well be rejected as unfair. A 50-50 might well be accepted as fair but I would be losing out on the opportunity to win money. Of course I could also take a middle road and offer something in between these two options. In the end, I decided to offer a 90-10 split, and the other player accepted my offer. I feel bad about how I played the game. I feel sorry that I chose to make some additional profit and was not fair. I regret my decision.
Study Procedure
Instruction about Ultimatum Game All participants “allocators” Manipulation: thought protocol of exemplar
Competitive/cooperative behaviour Emotion
Experimental task: Ultimatum Bargaining Game Measure cooperative/competitive behaviour
Offer was always accepted Emotion measures (pride, regret)
Self report, Likert scale (1-7)
Division
25
30
35
40
45
50
Pride Regret Control
Co
op
erat
ion
Cooperative
Competitive
*
J = 585, z = 2.02, p = .043 (two-tailed) , r = .28Upride-regret = 117, p = .05 (two-tailed), r = .35
Division
25
30
35
40
45
50
Pride Regret Control
Co
op
erat
ion
Cooperative
Competitive
Ucoop-comp = 721.5, p < .001, r = .43
Correlations: Emotions and Cooperation(Cooperative Condition only)
Control Proud condition
Regret condition
Pride
Regret
Correlations: Emotions and Cooperation(Cooperative Condition only)
Control Proud condition
Regret condition
Pride .28
Regret -.37
Correlations: Emotions and Cooperation(Cooperative Condition only)
Control Proud condition
Regret condition
Pride .28 .54*
Regret -.37 -.14
Correlations: Emotions and Cooperation(Cooperative Condition only)
Control Proud condition
Regret condition
Pride .28 .54* -.53*
Regret -.37 -.14 -.81**
Summary
Emotions of others influence cooperative/competitive behaviour Only in cooperative context Pride of other:
More cooperation & positive feelings Regret of other:
Less cooperation & mixed feelings
Study 2 Competitive norm:
Non-student population Online Study
Measure of anticipated emotions
Study 2: Online experiment
Demographics Social Value Orientation Instructions & Manipulation (with check)
Similar as Study 1 50 chips Total: 25-25 & 45-5
Anticipated Emotions (1-4) Perceived Risk (1-5),Personal Distance (1-6) Ultimatum Bargaining Game (50 chips) Debriefing & Thanks
Study 2 - Background
1105 Clicks 184 Proceeded beyond first page (16.7%) 126 Completed (68.5%)
Age: M = 32.02, SD = 25.31 54.3% Female (mostly British)
Division
0
5
10
15
20
25
Pride Regret Control
Co
op
erat
ion
Cooperative
Competitive
Main Exemplar Behavior: F(1, 123) = 4.57, p = .035
Anticipated Pride
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Pride Regret Control
An
tici
pat
ed p
rid
e
Cooperative
Competitive
Anticipated Regret
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Pride Regret Control
An
tici
pat
ed r
egre
t
Cooperative
Competitive
Main Exemplar Behavior: F(1, 123) = 17.13, p < .001
Correlations: Emotions and Cooperation
Overall Coop. Comp.
Pride -.05 .39* -.28*
Regret .07 -.32* .38*
Exemplar Behaviour x Anticipated Pride
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Low Anticip Pride (-1 SD) High Anticip Pride (+1 SD)
Co
op
erat
ive
Beh
avio
r
Coop
Comp
Exemplar Behaviour x Anticipated Regret
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Low Anticip Regret (-1 SD) High Anticip Regret (+1 SD)
Co
op
erat
ive
beh
avio
r
Coop
Comp
Discussion
Anticipated Pride and Regret determine cooperative behavior
No direct effects of emotion manipulation: Methodological differences with Study 1 Indirect manipulation of anticipated emotions
Study 3 Direct manipulations of Anticipated Emotions Emotions of receiver as exemplar:
Admiration and Contempt
Study 3: Online experiment
Demographics Instructions & Manipulation (with check)
50 chips Total Exemplar: Cooperative/Competitive (25-25 / 45-5) Receiver Emotions: Admiration or Contempt
Anticipated Emotions (1-5) Ultimatum Bargaining Game (50 chips) Other measures:
Perceived Risk, Personal Distance, Thoughts and Feeling, SVO
Debriefing & Thanks
Manipulation – Cooperative & AdmirationParticipant_43 comment:
“I had to wait a little while before the other player - the allocator - made a decision. While I was waiting I considered whether I'd be offered something like a 25-25 split or something less in my favour, like 45-5.
After a minute or so I was offered a 25-25 split.
I admire the allocator's decision. There was a chance to make a personal profit, yet the allocator did not take it. I respect the other player for that.”
Manipulation – Cooperative & ContemptParticipant_43 comment:
“I had to wait a little while before the other player - the allocator - made a decision. While I was waiting I considered whether I’d be offered something like a 25-25 split or something less in my favour, like 45-5.
After a minute or so I was offered a 25-25 split.
I feel contempt for the allocator's decision. There was a chance to make a personal profit, yet the allocator did not take it. I don't respect for the other player for that.”
Manipulation – Competitive & AdmirationParticipant_43 comment:
“I had to wait a little while before the other player – the allocator – made a decision. While I was waiting I considered whether I’d be offered something like a 25-25 split or something less in my favour, like 45-5.
After a minute or so I was offered a 45-5 split (not in my favour).
I admire the allocator's decision. There was a chance to make a personal profit, and the allocator took it. I respect the other player for that.”
Manipulation – Competitive & AdmirationParticipant_43 comment:
“I had to wait a little while before the other player – the allocator – made a decision. While I was waiting I considered whether I’d be offered something like a 25-25 split or something less in my favour, like 45-5.
After a minute or so I was offered a 45-5 split (not in my favour).
I feel contempt for the allocator's decision. There was a chance to make a personal profit, and the allocator took it. I don't respect the other player for that.”
Anticipated Emotions
Pleased Proud Regretful Sorry Satisfied Relieved Embarrassed Foolish Guilty Ashamed
Future directions
Exemplars and anticipated emotions The role of others Perceived similarity
SVO and anticipated emotions Emotions more effect on competitive people?
Other measures of cooperation Fairness vs. Cooperation Greater resource (£100)
Thank you
Job van der Schalk, [email protected] Manstead, [email protected] Bruder, [email protected]
Study 2: SVO - Distribution