Take 5 9/21

•What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?

•What is osmosis? Why is it important?

•What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

Take 5

•If cells are placed in a strong sugar solution, water will _____.

•If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by _____.

•The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the _____.

Take 5

•In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line at the equator?

•Describe cytokinesis

•Describe telophase

Take 5

•The process by which a cell’s nucleus divides is called _______________.

•The stage of the cell cycle where the cell undergoes intense growth.______________

•Name the correct sequence of the cell cycle.

•What is the result of mitosis?

G1 (gap 1)

Mitosis

G1, S, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

2 identical Cells

Take 5

•A cell moves particles from a region of lesser concentration to a region of greater concentration by __________________.

•As a cell grows, its __________ increases more than its ____________.

•Each of the following is an example of passive transport except:

Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Exocytosis Diffusion

Active transportvolume

Surface area

________________

Section 8.2Cell Growth and Reproduction

I. Cell Size Limitations

•Cell come in a wide variety of ____________ and shapes.

•EX: Red blood cells only 8 micrometers, nerve cells can reach up to one meter in length….

A.Diffusion limits cell size• Within the cell, nutrients and wastes

move by ____________• Diffusion become slow and inefficient as

the distance become _______________

sizes

diffusion

larger

I. Cell Size Limitations

B. DNA limits cell size• __________ are used throughout the cell to

perform critical cell function.• There is a limit to how quickly these

directions for protein production can be _____________

C. Surface area-to-volume ratio1. As the cell’s size __________, its volume

increases much faster than its surface area.

Proteins

copied

increases

I. Cell Size Limitations1. EX: Cell has 1 mm sides

Cell has 2 mm sides

I. Cell Size Limitations

2. Because cell size can have a dramatic effect on a cell, cells _______ before they become too large to function properly.

divide

II. Cell Reproduction

•Cell division= _________________________________________________________•Cell division results in _______ cells that are

identical to the original parent cell. EX: Old cells on the soles of your feet are

being shed and replaced. A.The discovery of chromosomes

* _______________=cell structure that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells.

The process by which new cells are produced from one cell

two

Chromosomes

II. Cell Reproduction

1. Early biologists observed that just before ____________, several short stringy structures suddenly appeared in the nucleus.

2. These structures seemed to vanish after division of the cell.

3. These structures are called ______________.

* Accurate transmission of chromosome during cell division is critical.

Cell division

chromosomes

II. Cell Reproduction

B. The structure of the eukaryotic chromosomes

1. For most of a cell’s lifetime ___________ exist as chromatin.

• _____________= long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.

1. The chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell undergo changes in shape and structure during the different phases of the _____________. (fig 8.10 on page 205

chromosomes

Chromatin

Cell cycle

Chromatin vs Chromosomes

III. The Cell Cycle•_____________= is the sequence of growth

and development of a cell.1. As a cell proceeds through its cycle, it

goes through _________ general periods. a. ___________________________________b. ___________________________________

2. Interphasea. During interphase a cell grows in

____________ and carries on ________________.b. _____________ are duplicated in preparation

for division.

Cell Cycle

twoInterphase- period of growthMitosis- Period of division

sizemetabolism

Chromosomes

III. The Cell Cycle3. Mitosis

a. Following interphase, a cell enters its period of _____________ division

b. This is the process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of ___________.

4. _____________ and ____________ make up the bulk of the cell cycle.

5. Following mitosis the cytoplasm divides separating the two daughter cells, this is called cytokinesis. (fig 8.11, page 206)

nuclear

chromosomesInterphase Mitosis

IV. Interphase: A Busy Time

1. Interphase is divided into _______ stagesa. _______ (gap1)- the cell undergoes intense

growthb. ________ (synthesis)- genetic material

copiedc. _______(gap 2)- centrioles, mitochondria

or other organelles replicate, cell prepare for division.

3

G1

S PhaseG2

IV. Interphase: A Busy Time

V. The Phases of Mitosis

•Although cell division is a continuous process, biologists recognize four distinct phases of mitosis.1. _________________2. _________________3. _________________4. _________________

ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase

V. The Phases of Mitosis

A. Prophase: The first phase of mitosis (fig 8.13 pg 207)

1. The chromatin coils to form visible chromosome

• Each duplicated chromosome is made up of _______ halves

• The two halves are called _________ chromosomes, and they are exact copies of each other.

• They are held together by a structure called a __________, which help scientist identify chromosomes.

2

Sister

Centromere

V. The Phases of Mitosis2. ________________ begins to disappear.3. In animals cells, the centrioles begin to

migrate to opposite ends of the cell. 4. _______________ begin to appear

Nucleus

Spindle FibersLkjlj;lj;lkj;ljkjkKjkSSSSSSSSS

V. The Phases of Mitosis

C. Metaphase: The Second stage of Mitosis1. Doubled chromosomes become __________

to the spindle fibers by their centromeres. 2. Chromosomes begin to line up on the

____________, or equator.3. Each __________ chromatid is attached to

its own spindle fiber. * The ensures that each new cell receives an

identical and complete set of chromosomes.

attached

midlinesister

Metaphase

V. The Phases of MitosisD. Anaphase: The Third phase of Mitosis

1. The centromeres split and the sister chromatids are ___________ apart to opposite poles for the cell. (fig8.13, pg 207)

pulled

V. The Phases of Mitosis

D. Telophase: The Fourth phase of Mitosis1. Spindle fibers start to break down, the

___________ reappears and new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.

2. A new ___________ begins to form between the two new nuclei.

nucleolus

membrane

Telophase

VI. Cytokinesis

•Cytokinesis differs between plants and animals1. ____________ cells- the plasma membrane

pinches in and the two new cells are separtated.

2. ___________- the cell plate is laid across the cell’s equator, a cell membrane forms around each cell and new cell walls form on each side of the cell plate.

Animal

Plants

Cytokinesis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

VII. Results of MitosisA. Levels of organization in multicellular

organisms1. In multicellular organisms, cell growth

and reproduction result groups of cell that work together as ________________.

2. Tissues organize in various combinations to form ____________.

3. Multiple organs that work together to an organ _____________.

4. All organ systems work together for the survival of the organism.

Tissue

organs

Organ system

Section 8.3Control of the Cell Cycle

I. Normal Control of the Cell Cycle

•Some cells divide rapidly, while other divide slowly.

A._____________ and enzymes control the cell cycle.1. Cell cycle is controlled by proteins called

____________ and a set of enzymes that attach to the cyclin.

2. ____________= is a result of uncontrolled cell division.

3. The loss of control may be caused by ________ factors or by changes in enzyme production.

4. Enzyme production is directed by ________, which are segments of DNA.

Proteins

cyclins

Cancer

genes

environmental

I. Normal Control of the Cell CycleB. Cancer: A mistake in the Cell Cycle1. Currently, scientists consider cancer to be a

result of changes in one or more of the _________ that aid in controlling the cell cycle.

2. These changes are due expressed as _________ when something prompts the damaged genes into action.

3. Cancerous cells form masses of tissue called _______.

4. In later stages, cancer cells enter the ________ system and spread throughout the body forming new tumors.

genes

cancer

tumorscirculatory

I. Normal Control of the Cell Cyclehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pP4bMm9yNQC. The Cause of Cancer

1. It is difficult to pinpoint because both _______ and _____________ factors are involved.

Ex of environmental factors- cigarette smoke, air and water pollution and exposure to ultraviolet radiation

D. Cancer Prevention 1. Healthily __________ and not using

__________ are recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.

geneticenvironmental

diettobacco

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSTPBZz03Rk