Takahide Kadoyama

Device&Circuit Development DepartmentMicro Systems Network Company

Sony Corporation

A Complete Single-Chip GPS Receiver

Development of RF-CMOS

Motivation

Background, Demands

CMOS 1-chip Radio Design

Measurement Results

Conclusion

Outline

2000 Bluetooth Radio+BB SoC 0.35 um CMOS CSR Product

2001 IEEE802.11a Radio 0.25 um CMOS Athelos Product

2002 GPS Radio 0.35 um CMOS Valence ISSCC

2003 GPS Radio + BB SoC 0.18 um CMOS Sony VLSI

Development of RF-CMOS Products

Bluetooth on SoC (-85 dBm) :AccomplishedGPS on SoC (-150 dBm) : This Work

Bluetooth vs. GPS Input Sensitivity

-85 dBm

-150 dBm

Thermal Noise

Freq.

Bluetooth

GPS

-110 dBm

Input Power

A digital wireless technology that uses a "spread spectrum" technique to scatter a radio signal across a wide range of frequencies.

The Global Positioning System (GPS)

1 to 4bitADC

Baseband

LNA AGCBPF

Conventional GPS Receiver Block Diagram

SiGe/Bipolar CMOS

High Sensitivity

Low Power

Low Cost

Fixed Freq.18.414 MHz

Small Size

Works with Same TCXO

BPF

LO1 LO2

IF Freq.: 1.023 MHz or 4.092 MHz

LNA

PSN

VCO

BPF

BPF

VCOPLL PLL

LPFClockedComp.

Successive

f0 Adjust

SAW

Proposed 1-Chip GPS Receiver

RF (1.5GHz)

1st- IF (2 MHz)

2nd- IF (1MHz)

BBLogic

Fully CMOS

High Resolution<< 0.5 mVpeak

Low PowerSingle-Ended

Multi TCXO Capability

Low-IF Double Conversion

2.3 mm

CMOS 1-Chip Receiver

6.3 mm

6.3

mm

0.18 um CMOS + MIM cap. / Deep N-Well 500K Gates / 176 Pads Mask ROM, SRAM, Dual Port SRAMFrequency : BB-74 MHz, RF-1.5 GHz

ROM

RAM

2.0

mm

VCO

LNA/MixIF Stage

Radio

Low Power Consumption

24 mW in Radio

(Valence:27 mW)

57 mW for Fully Functional Chip

(Motorola :200 mW)

Radio

Baseband Digital

Interference from Digital Circuit

SAW

GPS Signal

7 nV ~

1.8 V0 V

0.000000007 V ~

Radio

Baseband Digital

Multi Stage Guard For LNA

Mixer

LNA

Low Noise Amplifier• Corner of Chip -- Quietest• Deep N-well Protection• Faraday Shield from Substrate

PLL

Filter,Comp.etc.

Filter/Comp./VCO• Equivalent Guard Band• Noise Immunity by Differential

VCO

2 Main Guard Band• Dedicated Pads

SubstrateContact

Low Noise Amplifier

VCO IF Stage

Simulated Substrate Noise Propagation

Noise Level

Large

Small

Baseband Digital

NoiseSource(1.5 GHz)

Low Power Technique(1)

Bond Wire

On Chip

Balanced Power and NF

Single-Ended LNA

RF+

RF-

Noise ImmunityBut Consumes Power

Differential LNA

RF

Previous Solution

Low Power Technique(2)

0.5Vpeak

許容最大入力レベル

-150dBm

50mVpeak

0.5 Vpeak

50 mVpeak

-150 dBm

Max InputLevel

Needs AGC or Gain Switch

Comparator Resolution Range

Our Solution

+

0.5 Vpeak

-150 dBm

Max InputLevel

<< 0.5 mVpeak

-

ExtendedResolution

Wide D-Range Filter High Resolution Comparator

No AGC, No SwitchLess Gain Stage

Low Power

+-

AGC

Experimental Results(Radio)

Total Sensitivity -152 dBm

Power Dissipation 24 mW @1.6 V

NF(RF Front End) 4 dB

Image Rejection 40 dB

Gain (Excluded Comp) 110 dB

Phase Noise - 88 dBc/Hz @100 KHz Offset

(Sensitivity of Our Previous Products : -135 dBm)

Video ClipAcquisited Satellites

8 satellites are tracked

Weak Strong

Video Clip

Copernicus: Module Name for This Single Chip

Conclusions

Complete Single-Chip GPS Receiver

Low Power Consumption in Radio : 24 mW@1.6 V

Substrate Noise Overcome by Multistage Guard

Total Sensitivity of -152 dBm

Appendix

Comparison with Prior Work

MotorolaRadio/BB

SiGe+ CMOS 3 V

200 mWXX

-150 dBm2 Chips in 1pkg

Valence Semi.Radio

0.35 um CMOS 2.2 V

X27mW4 dB

X2 Chips

This WorkRadio/BB

0.18 um CMOS1.6 V

57 mW24 mW4 dB

-152 dBm1 Chip

FunctionTechnologySupply VoltagePower Dissipation

TotalRadio

NFSensitivityChip Set

X =

Data Unavailable or

Comparison Difficult Due to Different Conditions

Low Power Technique(1)

Bond Wire

On Chip

Passive

Phase

Shifter

Balanced Power and NF Phase Shifter Combined w/ LC Tank

Single-Ended LNA VCO w/ Passive Phase Shifter

T.K) Tech Version

Frequency Interleave

GPS Band

(2-MHz)

f GS

M X

12

1

f CD

MA X

10

9

f GS

M X

61

(26M

Hz)

(13M

Hz)

f PD

C X

80

(14.

4MH

z)

(19.

8MH

z)

TCXO Harmonics TCXO Harmonics

Major TCXO Harmonics Out of Band

LNA/Mixer

VCO Frequency Synthesizer

Filter

Circuit Implementation

LNA / Mixer

ESD Protection

I Q

LO

S11 < -10dBNF: 4dBLNA Current: 3.7mAHBM > 500V

Separation by Deep N-well

VDD

GND

RF IN

VCO / Frequency Synthesizer

FineTuning

CoarseTuning

1st orderPassive Phase ShifterPLL

LODriver

I

Q

Coarse: 7bits SC +/-15% Fine: MOS Varactor +/-3% VCO Current: 1.6mA Phase Noise: - 88dBc@100KHz

Filter Topology

Suppression of DC Offset Reduction of Equivalent Noise Bandwidth

From RF Mixer

Amp

DCFB

Amp

DCFB

LimitAmp

1st Orderfc= 3.4MHz

2nd Orderfc= 3.4MHz

2nd Orderw/ Notchfc= 3.4MHz

1st Orderfc= 500KHz

1st Orderfc= 2.6MHz

2nd Orderw/ Notchfc= 2.6MHz

P1dB : +6dBm IIP3 : +14dBm IMR : - 40dB G

PS

Sig

nal

Image

2-MHz

IF VCO12MHz

SuccessiveApproximation

Logic

PhaseComparator

Sine WaveGenerator

Clock Generator

4bit Resistor Bank

Replica Filter

Filter Tuning Topology

+-+

-

IF Filter

8R

4R

12R

R0

2R

R

3R

Reference(3MHz)

4

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

-155 -153 -151 -149 -147 -145 -143 -141

Relative Measured SensitivityR

ela

tiv

e C

/N R

ati

o

fTCXO=18.414MHz

Input Level [dBm]

W/out Ext. LNA (Single Chip) W/ Ext. LNA (NF:1.3dB Gain:15dB)

Tracking Limit

2dB

1Chip

+

-+

-

if1amp

+-+

-

filter_11 filter_12 filter_13

if mixer

OPamp+-+

-+-+

- +-+

-+-+

-OPamp OPamp OPamp OPamp

OPamp

+-+

-OPamp

Mixer out

Effective Guard Bands Location

Too Close Acceptable Distance

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Better Attenuation

6dB

Quadrature LOQuadrature LO

LowPower技術 1

消費電力： 6mW 3mW⇒

約 50% 削減

V1＋

V2＋V2－

V １－

ゲイン段必要⇒消費電力が大きくなる

高次フィルタで直交周波数範囲を大きく

2次poly-phase

2次poly-phase

VCO

I

Q

従来技術新規回路を開発

1次poly-phase

I

Q

VCO

ベクトル合成

原理的に直交

V2+

V1+I

Q

V1－

Using Flash ADC Scheme

+Vin Vout

Offset: ~20mV

0

0 t

t

Vin

Vout

Offset :<<1mV0

t

Vin

Vout

CLK

0

0

－+Vin

Vout

Sensing Much Less Than 1mVpeak

High Resolution Comparator

Typical Case This Work

-

t

t