8/3/2019 Tackling the Silent Killer: The Case for Sanitation

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8/3/2019 Tackling the Silent Killer: The Case for Sanitation

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8/3/2019 Tackling the Silent Killer: The Case for Sanitation

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8/3/2019 Tackling the Silent Killer: The Case for Sanitation

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8/3/2019 Tackling the Silent Killer: The Case for Sanitation

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Tycdhq ydudfyeg fha fqqdhqnkh nu hks hddada qkuqydhcqgdh qgd nhqdyhfqnkhf` fna u~uqdlu efzfenq~oky yfqnkhf` fha dnadhedifuda zk`ne~lfbnhc(Th`duu qgd dnadhed `nhbnhc zkky ufhnqfqnkh qkln``nkhu ko zyddhqfi`d egn`a adfqgu nu tycdhq`~feqda tzkh, LAC 1 qk ydated egn`a lkyqf`nq~ i~qskqgnyau sn`` hkq id ldq(

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Nh qgd TB thzydedadhqda ydateqnkhu nh nhofhq

lkyqf`nq~ sdyd iyktcgq fiktq i~ f ckdyhldhq`daaynd kh ufhnqfqnkh(Qgd htlidy ko egn`aydh a~nhcidokyd qgdny oqg inyqgaf~ od`` i~ f`lkuqkhd qgnya nh qgd adefad oykl 6>:: 'udd Onc 9.(Qk ztq qgnu nh ekhqdwq, no qgd ufld sfu fegndda nhHncdynf nh qgd adefad zydedanhc 9:64, 6(?4 ln``nkhegn`a `ndu skt`a id ufda nh mtuq 6: ~dfyu('udd Onc ?.(

Onc ?= Qgd zkqdhqnf qk ufd egn aydhu ndu nh Hncdynf

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4:

6::

64:

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94:

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Qydha snqg ufhnqfqnkh doodeq ko TB nh 6>::

Hncdynf#u etyydhq qydha

Egn`alkyqf`nq~

dfy

Onc 3= Qgd ekuqdoodeqndhduu ko egn`a utynf` nhqdydhqnkhu 9>

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Hdc`deq fq qgd hfqnkhf` `dvd`

Fq qgd hfqnkhf` `dd`, ufhnqfqnkh nu fookyada `ksnhduqldhq zynkynq~ i~ ckdyhldhqu( Nh Lfafcfuefy,oky dwflz`d, sgdyd kh`~ 51$ ko qgd zkzt`fqnkhgfd feeduu qk f g~cndhne `fqynhd, ufhnqfqnkhydzydudhqu kh`~ :(5$ ko qgd qkqf` f``kefqnkh okysfqdy fha ufhnqfqnkh, sgneg nqud`o nu kh`~ 5$ koqgd hfqnkhf` itacdq(55 Fha hfqnkhf` nhduqldhqu nhufhnqfqnkh fyd zydaklnhfhq`~ hfheda i~ fna yfqgdyqgfh hfqnkhf` yddhtd( Nh Lf`fsn, oky nhuqfhed,kh`~ 66$ ko uzdhanhc kh qgd udeqky sfu oykl qgd

Lf`fsnfh Ckdyhldhqu ksh yddhtdu, snqg qgdyduq eklnhc oykl akhky uktyedu(51

Fq qgd utihfqnkhf` `dd`, ddh qgd ek``deqndf``kefqnkh oky sfqdy fha ufhnqfqnkh nu ulf``nh eklzfynukh snqg koqdh lkyd zyklnhdhqadd`kzldhq udeqkyu( Nh Lf`n, fq qgd `kef` `dd`,ydedhq ydudfyeg gfu ugksh qgfq gdf`qgefyd fqqyfequqsned qgd itacdq ko sfqdy fha ufhnqfqnkh eklinhdafha datefqnkh okty qnldu qgnu(54

Qgd udeqkyu eynunu fha egykhne adef~ efh idztq aksh qk eynqnef` ofn`tydu nh `dfadyugnz fhafeekthqfin`nq~( Nhuqnqtqnkhf` oyfcldhqfqnkh fhazkky ekkyanhfqnkh idqsddh qgd fynktu lfhafqdaikandu lfbd doodeqnd feqnkh anoet`q( Qgnu z`f~uktq nh sdfb zk`ne~ okylt`fqnkh fha fh nhuqnqtqnkhf`ofn`tyd qk ina oky fadvtfqd itacdq f``kefqnkhu( Nhugkyq, uqykhc egflznkhu oky ufhnqfqnkh fyd fiudhqfq ddy~ `dd`(

Feykuu qgd add`kznhc sky`a, qgd efzfin`nq~ kouqfqdu qk lddq qgdny atq~ qk dhutyd doodeqnd

ad`ndy~ ko qgnu lkuq duudhqnf` ko udynedu nu sdfb(Nh lfh~ add`kznhc ekthqyndu yduzkhunin`nq~ okyad`ndynhc ufhnqfqnkh gfu iddh adedhqyf`nudaqk `kef` ckdyhldhq snqgktq qgd hdeduufy~hfhenhc ky ydvtnunqd nhduqldhqu nh `kef`efzfenq~(5? Qgnu nu eklzkthada i~ hfhenhc okyqgd udeqky idnhc `fycd`~ zykmdeqifuda fu sd`` fukoqdh idnhc kooitacdq(

Qgd udeqky nu lnyda nh f nenktu e~e`d qgfq qgsfyquzykcyduu( Akhky fha ydenzndhq ckdyhldhqu f`nbduddl thfi`d, nhadda uddl thsn``nhc, qk anfchkudfha yduzkha doodeqnd`~ qk f eynunu qgfq gfu utege`dfy fha zykoktha ekhudvtdhedu oky qgd `ndu koln``nkhu ko egn`aydh(

Qk faayduu qgd ufhnqfqnkh eynunu, qgdud eynqnef`udeqky ofn`nhcu ltuq id faayduuda qgyktcguqyfqdcne nhduqldhqu qk itn`a nhuqnqtqnkhf`efzfenq~ fq qgd hfqnkhf` fha utihfqnkhf` `dd`(

Ufhnqfqnkh nu qgd unhc`d lkuq hdc`deqdaLAC udeqky fookyada `ks zynkynq~ i~ akhkyfha ydenzndhq ckdyhldhqu f`nbd( Nq nu e`dfyqgfq snqgktq fh dwqyfkyanhfy~ dookyq fq f```dd`u qgd LAC qfycdq oky ufhnqfqnkh sn``id lnuuda i~ 3:: ln``nkh zdkz`d( Nh utiUfgfyfh Foynef, zykcyduu gfu iddh uk u`ksqgfq fq etyydhq yfqdu ko zykcyduu qgd qfycdqsn`` hkq id ldq thqn` 9:3?(

Qgd adenunkh qfbdh i~ qgd nhqdyhfqnkhf` ekllthnq~

nh Mkgfhhduityc nh 9::9 qk udq fh nhqdyhfqnkhf`qfycdq oky ufhnqfqnkh thady qgd LAC oyfldskyb gfuofn`da qk lkin`nud qgd ydvtnunqd zk`nqnef` sn`` flkhcnhqdyhfqnkhf` ky hfqnkhf` `dd` feqkyu( Ufhnqfqnkhgfu `ks zk`nqnef` zynkynq~( Ckdyhldhqu ak hkqzynkynqnud ufhnqfqnkh snqgnh hfqnkhf` add`kzldhqz`fhu ky add`kzldhq fuunuqfhed uqyfqdcndu(

ykhnef``~, qgd ekhqnhtnhc hdc`deq ko ufhnqfqnkh nhzti`ne zk`ne~ zdyzdqtfqdu nqu `ks zynkynq~, `dfnhcf adfyqg ko yd`nfi`d afqf snqg sgneg qk lfbdfeetyfqd fuuduuldhqu ko qgd adzqg ko qgnu hdc`deq(Qgd qdhadhe~ ko lkuq ckdyhldhqu qk fccydcfqdufhnqfqnkh snqg sfqdy gfu nh lfh~ efudu ydut`qdanh f `feb ko qyfhuzfydhe~ kh udeqky uzdhanhc,gflzdynhc kdyf`` zykcyduu( Ztq unlz`~, ikqg akhkyfha ydenzndhq ckdyhldhqu ak hkq bhks gks ltegnu idnhc uzdhq kh ufhnqfqnkh(

Hdc`deq fq qgd nhqdyhfqnkhf` `dvd`

Sgdyd afqf gfu iddh ek``deqda, nq nu e`dfy qgfqhfhenhc oky ufhnqfqnkh nu `ks nh eklzfynukhqk sfqdy fha ynuni`d nh eklzfynukh qk kqgdyadd`kzldhq udeqkyu uteg fu gdf`qg fhadatefqnkh( Qgd SGK+THNEDO Mknhq LkhnqkynhcZykcyflld duqnlfqdu qgfq nhduqldhqu nhufhnqfqnkh nh Foynef idqsddh 6>>: fha 9:::lfad tz mtuq 69$ ko qgd qkqf` sfqdy utzz`~ fhaufhnqfqnkh udeqky nhduqldhqu(

Qgnu ctyd id`ndu qgd qytd dwqdhq ko qgd thadynhduqldhq nh ifune ufhnqfqnkh( Qgd cydfqduqydqtyhu kh nhduqldhqu fyd lfad nh ifunegktudgk`a ufhnqfqnkh itq hfhed nu aklnhfqdai~ `fycduef`d udsdyfcd u~uqdlu fha sfuqdsfqdyz`fhqu, qgd idhdqu ko sgneg fyd tutf``~thfookyafi`d qk qgd zkky( Qgnu qydha oky nheydfudanhduqldhqu nh `fycduef`d nhoyfuqyteqtyd gfuidekld lkyd lfybda nh ydedhq ~dfyu fu in`fqdyf`akhkyu egfhhd` lkyd hfhenhc oky qgd udeqkyqgyktcg nhqdyhfqnkhf` hfhenf` nhuqnqtqnkhu(

Ufhnqfqnkh= f ofn`nhc udeqky

Onc 7= F`` itq khd utiUfgfyfh Foynefh ekthqy~ nukooqyfeb qk lddq qgd LAC qfycdq oky ufhnqfqnkh59

Khqyfeb

Nhutoendhq ky hk afqf

Kooqyfeb

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Nh kqgdy skyau, ddh kh ekhudyfqnd duqnlfqdu,fadvtfqd nhduqldhqu nh ufhnqfqnkh ekt`a zyknadqgd duqnlfqda faanqnkhf` 5$ dekhklne cyksqg nhutiUfgfyfh Foynef hddada qk fegndd LAC 6 qkgf`d qgd zykzkyqnkh ko zdkz`d `nnhc kh `duu qgfh fak``fy f af~(

Ufhnqfqnkh nu f zksdyot` okyed oky zykzkkydekhklne advd`kzldhq

Nh utiUfgfyfh Foynef, unhed 6>>:, qgd zykzkyqnkhko zdkz`d `nnhc kh `duu qgfh f ak``fy f af~ gfu

of``dh i~ mtuq ?$ fcfnhuq fh LAC qfycdq ko 4:$ i~9:64(15 Qydfqldhq ko ufhnqfqnkhyd`fqda anudfudunu f unchnefhq ayfnh kh uefyed hfhenf` yduktyeduflkhc qgnu udeqnkh ko ukendq~( Lkhd~ uzdhq khldanenhd fha gdf`qgefyd sn`` id fq qgd dwzdhudko okka, datefqnkh fha kqgdy duudhqnf`u( F ydedhquqta~ i~ SfqdyFna nh Ifhc`fadug gfu ugksh qgfqfeeduu qk ufhnqfqnkh nlzykda qgd dekhklne uqfqtuko qgd zkkyduq gktudgk`au ddh nh f ekhqdwq koiykfady dekhklne ade`nhd(11

Ufhnqfqnkh ydatedu qgd ityadh kh ofn`nhcgdf`qg u~uqdlu

Fq fh~ khd qnld, gf`o qgd gkuznqf` idau nhFoynef fyd ``da snqg zdkz`d utoodynhc oyklanfyygkdf` anudfudu( Dhadlne anfyygkdf nhqgd add`kznhc sky`a andyqu lteghddadackdyhldhq yduktyedu( Nh utiUfgfyfh Foynef qgnuekuq dvtfqdu qk fq `dfuq 69$ ko qgd qkqf` gdf`qgitacdq( Qgdud faanqnkhf` yduktyedu skt`a id f

zksdyot` uktyed ko hfhenhc oky qgd qgydd gdf`qgLACu etyydhq`~ nadhqnda fu f add`kzldhqzynkynq~ thady fynktu nhqdyhfqnkhf` nhnqnfqndu(14

Kvdy gf`o ko qgkud sgk `feb feeduu qkufhnqfqnkh `nvd kh `duu qgfh !9 f af~(

Ufhnqfqnkh nlzykvdu qgd datefqnkhf` zykuzdequ koqgd zkky fha nheydfudu cny`u fqqdhafhed

Nhduqldhqu nh datefqnkh fyd thadylnhda i~nhfadvtfqd ufhnqfqnkh fq gkld fha fq uegkk`(Unchnefhq zykcyduu gfu iddh lfad nh dwqdhanhczynlfy~ datefqnkh itq uneb egn`aydh ak hkq fqqdhauegkk`( Qgd SGK duqnlfqdu qgfq lddqnhc qgdLAC ufhnqfqnkh fha sfqdy qfycdq skt`a ydut`q nh fcfnh ko 939 ln``nkh uegkk` af~u nh qgd add`kznhcsky`a(1? Ufhnqfqnkhfuukenfqda gd`lnhqg nhodeqnkhu,ky zfyfunqne skylu, gfd iddh ugksh qk nlzdad

`dfyhnhc fha nhgninq egn`a add`kzldhq(13

Nhfadvtfqd ufhnqfqnkh nh uegkk`u ydatedu cny`ufqqdhafhed fha nu f unchnefhq ifyyndy qk qgdfegnddldhq ko qgd LAC qfycdq qk ydlkd cdhadyanuzfynq~ nh zynlfy~ datefqnkh( Qgd Datefqnkhoky F`` 'DOF. Ydzkyq oky 9::7 gncg`ncgqu qgdanuzykzkyqnkhfqd doodeq qgfq zkky ufhnqfqnkh gfu khcny` uqtadhqu dhyk`ldhq fha fqqdhafhed fha ef``u khhfqnkhf` ckdyhldhqu qk faayduu cdhady anuzfynqndui~ itn`anhc uegkk`u snqg zykzdy ufhnqfqnkh(17F ofn`tyd qk faayduu ufhnqfqnkh nh uegkk`u, nhe`tanhcofen`nqndu oky ldhuqytf` g~cndhd lfhfcdldhq,snadhu qgd ct`o idqsddh qgd kzzkyqthnqndu fookyadaqk cny`u fha ik~u qgyktcg datefqnkh(

Qgd ufhnqfqnkh eynunu nu feqnhc fu f iyfbd khzkdyq~ ydateqnkh fha qgnu doodeq nu lkuq fetqd nhqgd LAC udeqkyu qgfq fyd lkuq kooqyfeb( Cdqqnhcqgd ufhnqfqnkh qfycdq ifeb kh qyfeb gfu qgd zkqdhqnf`qk feed`dyfqd zykcyduu nh qgdud eynqnef` fydfu(

Egn`a lkyqf`nq~, cdhady anuzfynqndu nh zynlfy~datefqnkh, fha f ofn`tyd qk ydated qgd htlidy kozdkz`d `nnhc kh `duu qgfh f ak``fy f af~ fyd f` `nhbda qk nhfadvtfqd ufhnqfqnkh( Ufhnqfqnkh, fu funhc`d nhqdydhqnkh, gfu qgd zkqdhqnf` qk feed`dyfqdzykcyduu qksfyau qgd lkuq kooqyfeb LAC qfycdqufha zykqdeq dwnuqnhc nhduqldhqu nh qgdud udeqkyu(

Qgd nlzfeq ko qgd ufhnqfqnkh eynunu ydfegdu ofyid~kha egn`a lkyqf`nq~ fha gdf`qg, udynktu`~ekhuqyfnhnhc zykcyduu fcfnhuq qgd zkdyq~,gdf`qg fha datefqnkh LACu(

Ckdyhldhqu fyd hks ekf`duenhc fykthaqgd hdda qk eynqnef``~ ydnds zykcyduu khqgd LACu fha lkin`nud qgd hdeduufy~yduktyedu qk cdq qgd nhnqnfqnd ifeb khqyfeb i~ qfycdqnhc qgd lkuq kooqyfebLAC qfycdqu(53 Unchnefhq`~, feb kozykcyduu kh ufhnqfqnkh, nqud`o aduzdyfqd`~kooqyfeb, fequ fu f otyqgdy ekhuqyfnhq khkqgdy udynktu`~ kooqyfeb udeqkyu=

L AC 6 qk dyfanefqd dwqydld zkdyq~fha gthcdy

LAC 5 qk d`nlnhfqd cdhady anuzfynq~nh datefqnkh

LAC 1 qk ydated egn`a lkyqf`nq~

Feeduu qk ufhnqfqnkh thadyznhu f`` koqgdud udeqkyu fha nqu fiudhed qgdydokydthadylnhdu add`kzldhq dookyqu(Ckdyhldhqu ltuq ydf`nud qgfq nhduqldhqnh ufhnqfqnkh zydudhqu fh duudhqnf` uqyfqdcnenhqdydhqnkh nh ydatenhc zkdyq~(

Oky dvdy~ !6 nhvduqda nh ufhnqfqnkh, !>fyd ydqtyhda qk hfqnkhf` dekhklndu nhnheydfuda zykateqnvnq~ fha f ydatedaityadh ko gdf`qgefyd(57

Ufhnqfqnkh ~nd`au gtcd hfqnkhf` dekhklne idhdqu

@feb ko ufhnqfqnkh `nlnqu dekhklne cyksqg fhaeynzz`du add`kznhc sky`a dekhklndu( Skybdyufyd `duu gdf`qg~ fha qgdydokyd `duu zykateqnd, `ndugkyqdy `ndu, ufd fha nhduq `duu fha qgdny egn`aydhfyd `duu `nbd`~ qk fqqdha uegkk`(5>

Lddqnhc qgd ufhnqfqnkh LAC qfycdq skt`a ~nd`adekhklne idhdqu nh qgd ydcnkh ko !?5 in``nkhdfeg ~dfy 'ynunhc qk !994 in``nkh no thndyuf`feeduu qk ufhnqfqnkh sfu fegndda.(1: Onctyd >

id`ks ugksu gks qgdud dekhklne idhdqu fydugfyda feykuu qgd gdf`qg fha datefqnkh udeqkyufha feykuu qgd dekhkl~ fu f sgk`d(

Onc >= Ef`et`fqnhc qgd ekuq ko zkky ufhnqfqnkh

Iydfbaksh ko qgd !?5 in``nkh nh dekhklne idhdqu

Uegkk` af~u cfnhda7$

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Nheydfuda zykateqnvnq~fha qnld ufvnhcu

75$

@feb ko feeduu qk fadvtfqd ufhnqfqnkh, f`khcunadufod aynhbnhc sfqdy, nu duqnlfqda qk ekuq utiUfgfyfh Foynef 4$ ko nqu CAZ dfeg ~dfy16 fhaf okyqgeklnhc Sky`a Ifhb zti`nefqnkh khdhnykhldhqf` gdf`qg ynub ofeqkyu enqdu ydudfyeg nhZfbnuqfh fha Cgfhf sgneg duqnlfqdu qgnu ityadhfq 7>$ ko CAZ(19 Qgnu nu f akti`nhc ko zydnktuduqnlfqdu sgneg ana hkq nhe`tad ufhnqfqnkhfuukenfqda lf`htqynqnkh(

Feed`dyfqnhc add`kzldhq= ufhnqfqnkh fu f efqf`~uq

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Qgd uef`d ko qgnu eynunu nu e`dfy fha qgdadqynldhqf` nlzfeq kh add`kzldhq nunlldhud( Nlzyknhc feeduu qk ufhnqfqnkhgfu qgd cydfqduq zkqdhqnf` qk cdq qgd LACqfycdq oky egn`a lkyqf`nq~ ifeb kh qyfebfha ~dq ydlfnhu qgd lkuq hdc`deqda LACudeqky( Fq f qnld sgdh ckdyhldhqu fydade`fynhc f add`kzldhq dldycdhe~1> fhanuutnhc f ef`` qk feqnkh fyktha qgd lkuq kooqyfeb LACu, zk`ne~ lfbdyu ltuq tycdhq`~ydekchnud fha feq tzkh qgd ok``ksnhc=

Ufhnqfqnkh nu qgd unhc`d lkuq ekuqdoodeqndlfmky zti`ne gdf`qg nhqdydhqnkh qk ydated egn`alkyqf`nq~4: fha sn`` feed`dyfqd zykcyduu fhauqydhcqgdh nhduqldhqu nh kqgdy LAC udeqkyu(h qgd gdf`qg udeqky nlzykda feeduu qk ufhnqfqnkh

skt`a unchnefhq`~ ydated qgd ityadh kh sdfb fhaofn`nhc gdf`qg u~uqdlu(

Qgd zkqdhqnf` oky zykzkky dekhklne cyksqg nuunchnefhq snqg qgd cydfqduq idhdqu feeytnhc nhqgd zkkyduq ekthqyndu ko qgd sky`a fha flkhc qgdzkkyduq zdkz`d snqgnh qgdud ekthqyndu(Ydedhq ydudfyeg gfu ugksh qgfq qgd dekhklneidhdqu ko ufhnqfqnkh nhduqldhqu feeytd ddhfcfnhuq f ifebaykz ko iykfady dekhklne ade`nhd(46

Qgdyd nu f eynqnef` ofn`tyd nh qgd nhqdyhfqnkhf`fna u~uqdl qk yduzkha qk egf``dhcdu snqg ekuqdoodeqnd fha ofyydfegnhc zk`ne~ nhqdydhqnkhu(

Qgnu nu lfad e`dfy nh qgd feb ko zykcyduu qksfyaulddqnhc qgd qfycdqu fcydda thady qgd Ln``dhhntlAdd`kzldhq Ckf`u nhnqnfqnd,49 qgnu ofn`tyd idnhclkuq dnadhq nh qgd ufhnqfqnkh udeqky(

Qgd ufhnqfqnkh eynunu `ndu fq qgd gdfyq ko qgd ofn`tydko qgd Ln``dhhntl Add`kzldhq Ckf`u nhnqnfqnd qkudetyd ydf` zykcyduu thady qgd bd~ gdf`qg,datefqnkh fha dekhklne ckf`u( Qgd nlzdyfqnd nue`dfy fha qgd hdda nu nlldanfqd( Ckdyhldhqultuq tycdhq`~ lkin`nud qgd hdeduufy~dwqyfkyanhfy~ dookyq fha thadyqfbd qk=

Fq qgd nhqdyhfqnkhf` `dvd`=

6( F c`kif` feqnkh z`fh oky ufhnqfqnkh fha sfqdysnqg zk`nqnef` dhakyudldhq fq qgd gncgduq `dd`

qgfq ydekchnudu qgd nhqdcyf` yk`d ko ufhnqfqnkhnh fegndnhc qgd dekhklne, gdf`qg fhadatefqnkh LACu

9( F c`kif` qfuboky ed lfhafqda fq qgd gncgduq`dd` qk z`fh, nlz`dldhq fha lkhnqky qgddwqyfkyanhfy~ dookyq qgfq nu hddada khufhnqfqnkh fha sfqdy

5( F ekllnqldhq qgfq hk eydani`d hfqnkhf` z`fh qgfqnu ekhunuqdhq snqg fegndnhc qgd ufhnqfqnkh fhasfqdy LACu qfycdqu ugkt`a ofn` oky `feb ko hfhed

Fq qgd hfqnkhf` `dvd`=

6( Khd ekkyanhfqnhc hfqnkhf` ika~, khd hfqnkhf`z`fh, fha khd qyfhuzfydhq lkhnqkynhcoyfldskyb oky ufhnqfqnkh

9( Nh eydfuda `dd`u ko nhduqldhq ad`ndydaqgyktcg f uzdene fha qyfhuzfydhq itacdq nhdkzdh qk zti`ne ueytqnh~

5( Iykfa zfyqnenzfqnkh i~ f snad yfhcd ko udeqkyuqfbdgk`adyu nh qgd z`fhhnhc fha lkhnqkynhc ko

ufhnqfqnkh udyned ad`ndy~ fq qgd hfqnkhf` fhautihfqnkhf` `dd`u

Zfnhc qgd sf~ qk zykcyduu

6( Qgd adhnqnkh add`kzda oky qgd Nhqdyhfqnkhf ` ^dfy ko Ufhnqfqnkh i~ qgdSfqdy Utzz`~ fha Ufhnqfqnkh Ek``fikyfqnd Ekthen` fha fzzykda i~ qgdTHSfqdy Qfub Okyed kh Ufhnqfqnkh sfu= Ufhnqfqnkh nu qgd ek``deqnkh,qyfhuzkyq, qydfqldhq fha anuzkuf` ky ydtud ko gtlfh dweydqf, aklduqnesfuqdsfqdy fha uk`na sfuqd, fha fuukenfqda g~cndhd zyklkqnkh

9( THNEDO '9::7.Uqfqd ko qgd Sky`au Egn`aydh

5( Qgnu ctyd nu ifuda kh qgd eklinhda doodeq ko ufhnqfqnkh fha g~cndhd khanfyygkdf, zhdtlkhnf fha lf`htqynqnkh( Qgnu nu dwz`fnhda kh zz(43

1( THAZ '9::?. Gtlfh Add`kzldhq Ydzkyq, Id~kha uefyenq~= zksdy,zk`nqneu fha qgd c`kif` sfqdy eynunu

4( KAN '9::1. Hdsikyhd fha U`f~lfbdy, Nlz`dldhqfqnkh ko sfqdy utzz`~fha ufhnqfqnkh zykcyflldu thady ZYUZu, Sfqdy Zk`ne~ Ydzkyq hk(9

?( Sky`a Ifhb '9::?. Anudfud Ekhqyk` Zynkynqndu nh Advd`kznhc Ekthqyndu 'Udekha danqnkh.

3( Fafzqda oykl THAZ '9::?. Gtlfh Add`kzldhq Ydzkyq

7( Fafzqda oykl Qgd Gtlfh Lkyqf`nq~ Afqfifudfq sss(lkyqf`nq~(kyc

>( Egn`a lkyqf`nq~ nu adhda fu qgd htlidy ko nd hdsikyhu a~nhc idokydqgd fcd ko d zdy 6,::: nd inyqgu( Nhofhq lkyqf`nq~ nu adhda fu qgdhtlidy ko `nd hdsikyhu a~nhc idokyd qgd fcd ko qsd`d lkhqgu zdy6,::: nd inyqgu(

6:( Kwofl '9::3. zk`ne~ zfzdy, Udyvd qgd duudhqnf`u= Sgfq Ckvdyhldhqu fhaakhkyu ltuq ak qk nlzykvd Uktqg Funfu duudhqnf` udyvnedu

66( SfqdyFna '9::7. okyqgeklnhc ydzkyq kh qgd yk`d ko ufhnqfqnkh nhefqf`~unhc zti`ne gdf`qg cfnhu nh Uktqg Bkydf, Unhcfzkyd fha Lf`f~unf

69( Etq`dy, A(L( fha C( Ln``dy '9::4.Qgd Yk`d ko Zti`ne Gdf`qgNlzykvdldhqu nh Gdf`qg Favfhedu= Qgd Qsdhqndqg Edhqty~ ThnqdaUqfqdu Adlkcyfzg~ 19'6.

65( S GK '9::7. Ufody Sfqdy, Idqqdy Gdf`qg= Ekuqu, Idhdqu fhaUtuqfnhfin`nq~ ko Nhqdyvdhqnkhu qk Zykqdeq fha Zyklkqd Gdf`qg

61( THNEDO '9::7. Uqfqd ko qgd Sky`au Egn`aydh

64( Duyd~ U, Zkqfug M, Ykidyqu @, fha Ugnoo E '6>>6., Doodequ ko NlzykdaSfqdy Utzz`~ fha Ufhnqfqnkh kh Fuefynfunu, Anfyygdf, Ayfethet`nfunu,Gkkbskyl Nhodeqnkh, Uegnuqkuklnfunu, fha Qyfegklf( It``dqnh ko qgdSky`a Gdf`qg Kycfhn}fqnkh?> '4.= ?:>96

6?( Etyqnu _ fha Efnyheykuu U '9::5. Doodeq ko sfugnhc gfhau snqg ukfzkh anfyygkdf ynub nh qgd ekllthnq~= f u~uqdlfqne ydnds, Qgd @fhedqNhodeqnktu Anudfudu 9::52 5=934976

63( Qgnu nu ef`et`fqda i~ lt`qnz`~nhc qgd yd`fqnd ynubu fuukenfqda snqg qgdqsk ctydu cndh oky ufhnqfqnkh fha gfhasfugnhc '5?$ fha 14$yduzdeqnd~.( I~ lt`qnz`~nhc :(?1 fha :(44 f yd`fqnd ynub ydateqnkh okyqgd eklinhda doodeq ko ufhnqfqnkh fha gfhasfugnhc nu cndh fu :(54

ky f ?4$ ydateqnkh

67( Ifyydqk dq f`( '9::3. Doodeq ko enq~snad ufhnqfqnkh zykcyflld khydateqnkh nh yfqd ko egn`agkka anfyygkdf nh hkyqgdfuq Iyf}n`= fuuduuldhqi~ qsk ekgkyq uqtandu, @fhedq9::32 53:= 6?9997( Qgd 15$ ctyd sfuoky qgd zkkyduq fydfu ko qgd enq~ sgdyd qgd uqta~ sfu ekhateqda( Qgdnhenadhed ko anfyygkdf nh qgkud tyifh fydfu nu eklzfyfi`d qk qgkud nhqgd fydfu sgdyd lkuq egn`a anfyygkdf adfqgu keety nh qgd add`kznhcsky`a 'Foynef fha Uktqg Funf.

6>( THNEDO '9::7. Uqfqd ko qgd Sky`au Egn`aydh

9:( Yfind Q fha Etyqnu _ '9::?. Gfhasfugnhc fha ynub ko yduznyfqky~nhodeqnkhu= f vtfhqnqfqnd u~uqdlfqne ydnds, Qykznef` Ldanenhd fhaNhqdyhfqnkhf` Gdf`qg, 66'5., 9479?3 'Tzafqda snqg @ti~, 9::4 fhaUfhakyf, 9::4.

96( @ti~ U, Fcikfqsf``f L, Odnbnh A, Zfnhqdy M, In``gnldy S, F`qfo F dq f`'9::4. Doodeq ko gfhasfugnhc kh egn`a gdf`qg= f yfhaklnuda ekhqyk``daqynf`, Qgd @fhedq, 5??, 994955

99( THNEDO '9::7. Uqfqd ko qgd Sky`au Egn`aydh

95( Fafzqda oykl Sky`a Ifhb '9::7.Dhvnykhldhqf` Gdf`qg f ha Egn`a Utyvnvf`

91( Nina

94( SGK '9::7. Ufody Sfqdy, Idqqdy Gdf`qg= Ekuqu, Idhdqu fhaUtuqfnhfin`nq~ ko Nhqdyvdhqnkhu qk Zykqdeq fha Zyklkqd Gdf`qg

9?( Sky`a Ifhb '9::7. Ydzkunqnkhnhc htqynqnkh fu edhqyf` qk advd`kzldhq=F uqyfqdc~ oky `fycduef`d feqnkh

93( SGK '9::7. Ufody Sfqdy, Idqqdy Gdf`qg= Ekuqu, Idhdqu fhaUtuqfnhfin`nq~ ko Nhqdyvdhqnkhu qk Zykqdeq fha Zyklkqd Gdf`qg

97( Iynqnug Ldanef` Mktyhf` zk`` '9::?.

9>( Fa fzqda oykl Sky`a Ifhb '9::?. Anudfud ekhqyk` zynkynqndu nhadvd`kznhc ekthqyndu 'Udekha danqnkh.

5:( F anufin` nq~famtuq da `nod ~dfy 'AF@^. nu f gdf`qg cfz ldfutyd qgfqdwqdhau qgd ekhedzq ko zkqdhqnf` ~dfyu ko nod kuq atd qk zydlfqtydadfqg nhe`tanhc dvtnf`dhq ~dfyu ko gdf`qg~ `nod `kuq fu f ydut`q kozkky gdf`qg ky anufin`nq~( SGK '9::9. Ltyyf~ dq f`, Utllfy~ldfutydu ko zkzt`fqnkh gdf`qg

56( Nhqdy Fcdhe~ fha Dwzdyq Cyktz kh LACu '9::3. LAC Ydzkyq 9::3

59( Fafzq da oykl SGK+THNED O '9::7. Mknhq Lkhnqkynhc Zykcyflld okySfqdy Utzz`~ fha Ufhnqfqnkh 'qfbdh oykl zydzti`nefqnkh ayfoq lfadffn`fi`d fq TH Ekllnuunkh oky Utuqfnhfi`d Add`kzldhq 6?, Lf~ 9::7.

55( Qdfyotha '9::3. Qgd ufhnqfqnkh uefhaf`

51( Bfa} flnyf dq f`( '9::1. Lf`fsn= Uqta~ ko HkhUqfqd Zykvnadyu koIfune Udyvnedu, NAA, Thndyunq~ ko Inylnhcgfl, TB

54( SfqdyFna '9::7. Qgnhb `kef`, feq `kef`

5?( Nina

53( Nh Mt`~ 9::3 qgd TH Udeydqfy~ Cdhdyf` fha Iynqnug Zynld Lnhnuqdy nuutdafh LAC Ef`` qk Feqnkh( Ok``ksnhc qgd Sky`a Dekhklne Okytl nh Mfhtfy~9::7, 6> ekthqyndu gfd hks z`dacda qgdny utzzkyq oky qgnu nhnqnfqnd

57( Gt qqkh dq f`, THAZ '9::?. Dekhklne fha gdf`qg doodequ ko nheydfunhcekdyfcd ko `ks ekuq ufhnqfqnkh nhqdydhqnkhu, Gtlfh Advd`kzldhqYdzkyq Koed keefunkhf` zfzdy

5>( I`kkl fha Efhhnhc '9:::. Gdf`qg fha sdf`qg ko hfqnkhu, Uendhed,973'414?. z(69:369:>

1:( Dfhu, Gtqq kh fha Gf``dy '9::1., E`kunhc qgd ufhnqfqnkh cfz= qgd efudoky idqqdy zti`ne othanhc ko ufhnqfqnkh fha g~cndhd, KDEA Yktha Qfi`dkh Utuqfnhfi`d Advd`kzldhq9::1

16( THAZ '9::?. Gtlfh Add`kzldhq Ydzkyq

19( Sky`a Ifhb '9::7. Dhvnykhldhqf` Gdf`qg fha Egn`a Utyvnvf`

15( Nhqdy Fcdhe~ fha Dwzdyq Cyktz kh LACu, LAC Ydzkyq 9::3

sss(th(kyc+ln``dhhntlckf`u+zao+lac9::3(zao 'feeduuda :3+:4+:7.11( SfqdyFna 'okyqgeklnhc 9::7. Qgd Ukenkdekhklne Nlzfequ ko qgd

Favfhenhc Utuqfnhfi`d Gdf`qg Nhnqnfqnvd 'FUDG. nh Ifhc`fadug

14( Qgd gdf`qgyd`fqda LACu 1, 4 fha ? fyd zynkynqnuda thady qgdNhqdyhfqnkhf` Gdf`qg Zfyqhdyugnz

1?( T HAZ '9::?. Gtlfh Add`kzldhq Ydzkyq

13( Igf ycff dq f` '9::4., Lkad``nhc qgd doodequ ko gdf`qg uqfqtu fha qgddatefqnkhf` nhoyfuqyteqtyd kh ekchnqnvd advd`kzldhq ko Qfh}fhnfh egn`aydh

17( THDUEK, Datefqnkh oky F`` C`kif` Lkhnqkynhc Ydzkyq9::7 ffn`fi`d fqsss(thduek(kyc+datefqnkh+dof 'feeduuda :3+:4+:7.

1>( Ckyakh Iyksh fha Ifh Bn Lkkh, TH Cdhdyf` Fuudli`~ Lddqnhc, Mt`~ 9::3

4:( Sky`a Ifhb '9::?. Anudfud Ekhqyk` Zynkynqndu nh Advd`kznhc Ekthqyndu'Udekha danqnkh.

46( Sfqdy Fna 'okyqgekln hc 9::7. Qgd Ukenkdekhklne Nlzfequ ko qgdFavfhenhc Utuqfnhfi`d Gdf`qg Nhnqnfqnvd 'FUDG. nh Ifhc`fadug

49( Ln``dhhntl Zykmdeq Qfubokyed '9::3.

Ydodydhedu

64

8/3/2019 Tackling the Silent Killer: The Case for Sanitation

10/11

Hkqdu

8/3/2019 Tackling the Silent Killer: The Case for Sanitation

11/11

SfqdyFna131> Atygfl Uqyddq@khakh UD66 4MA TBQd`dzgkhd= "11 ':.9: 33>5 14::Dlfn`= sfqdyfnaJsfqdyfna(kyc

Sdiunqd= sss(sfqdyfna(kycYdcnuqdyda egfynq~ htlidyu 9773:6 'Dhc`fha fha Sf`du.

fha UE:5>13> 'Uekq`fha.( Zynhqda kh yde~e`da zfzdy

SfqdyFnau lnuunkh nu qk kdyekldzkdyq~ i~ dhfi`nhc qgd sky`au zkkyduq

zdkz`d qk cfnh feeduu qk ufod sfqdy,ufhnqfqnkh fha g~cndhd datefqnkh(