Table of ContentsTable of Contents What is it electrical energy? Electrical energy from the Earth Electrical energy from water Electrical energy from fire Electrical energy from air Electric Power in Podkarpacie Friendly and less friendly ways of obtaini

ng electrical energy from the elements

Example of electrical energy from the elements in Tarnobrzeg

Trivia

What is it electrical energyWhat is it electrical energy?

Electrical energy - it kind of energy, which can readily be converted to other types of energy using appliances.

Energy electrical current:

E=UIt U - tension electrical current I - intensity electrical current t - flow time electrical currentE- energy electrical current

Electrical energy from the Electrical energy from the EarthEarth

Electrical energy can be caused byprocessing of nuclear energy (nuclear).

Nuclear energyNuclear energy

Nuclear energy – part of the binding energy of atomic nuclei in the process of liberating the fission of heavy nuclei and the merger (fusion) of light nuclei.

Formula for energy :

E=mc2

Nuclear power stationNuclear power station

►Nuclear power station– the object of industry and energy (heat and power plant), producing electricity by using energy from fission of nuclei of atoms, mostly of uranium (natural uranium or slightly enriched in the isotope U-235), in which heat is necessary to obtain the pair, is obtained from nuclear reactor.

Construction of nuclear Construction of nuclear power stationpower station

► The general principle of a nuclear power plant (for example, circulation PWR):

► In a nuclear reactor by the reaction of fission of atomic nuclei emit large amounts of heat that is picked up by a working medium (usually water under high pressure in the so-called primary circuit - PWR and WWER reactors). Factor flows to the steam generator, which supplies heat to the boiling water re-circulation of a lower pressure, and then returns to reactor. Water vapor (steam wet, which is dried before reaching the turbine - the water molecules in a pair of wet, high pressure turbine have destroyed, so first couple passes wet from the steam generator systems drying before it reaches the turbine) then drives the steam turbine combined generator. Separation of circuits is more secure in case of leakage from the steam turbine.

Nuclear power station in Nuclear power station in PolandPoland

► In Poland hasn’t nuclear power plants, the only operating nuclear reactor is a research reactor, Maria, now managed by the Institute of Atomic Energy.

Unfinished main building power Żarnowiec

PetroleumPetroleum► Petroleum (rock oil, black

gold) - liquid fossil, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural gas, liquid and solid (bitumen), with minor additions of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and impurities. Has a fundamental significance for the world economy as a raw material of chemical industry, especially as one of the most important energy resources.

Electrical energy from Electrical energy from waterwater

Electrical energy from water is given Electrical energy from water is given byby::

water wheels water power station water turbines

Water Water wheelswheels

Water Water wheels - circle wheels - circle with a circumference with a circumference of the blades or of the blades or divisions, raised a divisions, raised a force of water force of water pressure, water pressure, water turbines predecessor. turbines predecessor. Frequently used to Frequently used to drive water mills and drive water mills and tools used for example tools used for example in mills or forges. in mills or forges.

Skansen exhibit steam engines and Skansen exhibit steam engines and locomotives at the mine in the historic locomotives at the mine in the historic Tarnowskie Góry Tarnowskie Góry

Water wheelsWater wheels

NadsiębierNadsiębiernene uses the uses the potential energy potential energy of water of water for maximum for maximum productivityproductivity

ŚródsiębiernŚródsiębiernee uses the potential uses the potential energy and kinetic energy and kinetic waterwater

PodsiębierPodsiębiernene uses the kinetic uses the kinetic energy of waterenergy of water

Water power stationWater power station

SmallSmall BigBig

Power below 5 Power below 5 MWMW Unconventional, Unconventional, renewable and renewable and clean resource clean resource

1 GW power 1 GW power reaching reaching Conventional Conventional energy sources energy sources

The first hydropower plant was built in 1882 in Appleton (two years The first hydropower plant was built in 1882 in Appleton (two years after the demonstration of electric light by Thomas Alva Edison) after the demonstration of electric light by Thomas Alva Edison)

Water power stationWater power station

Power Station Power Station FlowFlow produces the plantproduces the plant

Power Station Pumped Power Station Pumped StorageStorage stores electrical energystores electrical energy

Water power station Water power station in Polandin Poland

Currently, Poland is using its Currently, Poland is using its hydropower resources, only 12%, hydropower resources, only 12%, representing 7.3% of installed representing 7.3% of installed capacity in the national power capacity in the national power system. Norwegians get the system. Norwegians get the energy drop of 98% water for energy drop of 98% water for electricity.electricity.

Water power station in Water power station in WłocławekWłocławek

The beginnings of a The beginnings of a hydropower plant hydropower plant Włocławek year 1963-1970, Włocławek year 1963-1970, to build a dam in to build a dam in Włocławek. Power passed Włocławek. Power passed successively through successively through different organizational different organizational forms under: Department of forms under: Department of Energy in Toruń as a Energy in Toruń as a structure called the Water structure called the Water Power Station in Włocławek, Power Station in Włocławek, since June 2007. ENERGA since June 2007. ENERGA Hydropower Plant Company Hydropower Plant Company o.o. in Straszyn (Currently o.o. in Straszyn (Currently ENERGA Power Straszyn)ENERGA Power Straszyn) Water power station in Water power station in

WłocławekWłocławek

DamDam After the construction of barrage and the After the construction of barrage and the

entire plant operation in 1970, the dam is entire plant operation in 1970, the dam is scheduled for 10 years. At that time in the scheduled for 10 years. At that time in the lower reaches of the Vistula River were lower reaches of the Vistula River were built another dam (hydro).built another dam (hydro).

Water Dam in Włocławek

SCHEME OF POWER WATER SCHEME OF POWER WATER PRZYZAPOROWEJ PRZEPŁYWOWEJPRZYZAPOROWEJ PRZEPŁYWOWEJ

Water turbinesWater turbines

Water Turbine Water Turbine (turbine hydraulic) - (turbine hydraulic) - water processing water processing engine mechanical engine mechanical energy of water into energy of water into rotation with the rotor rotation with the rotor blades. Used mainly in blades. Used mainly in hydroelectric power hydroelectric power plants to drive plants to drive generators. This generators. This includes: includes: hydrodynamic hydrodynamic engines, engine flow.engines, engine flow.

Water turbinesWater turbines

Equity Equity turbine turbine PeltonaPeltona

Reaction Reaction turbine turbine FrancisaFrancisa turbine turbine KaplanaKaplana turbine turbine TesliTesli

SCHEME OF WATER SCHEME OF WATER TURBINESTURBINES

Principles of operation Principles of operation individual individual

water turbineswater turbines Equity turbine Equity turbine In equity turbine energy of water pressure at the inlet In equity turbine energy of water pressure at the inlet

tototurbine is converted to energy in the jet velocity, whichturbine is converted to energy in the jet velocity, whichthen is transferred to the rotor, where athen is transferred to the rotor, where aconversion of kinetic energy to mechanical energy of conversion of kinetic energy to mechanical energy of water. water.

Reaction turbineReaction turbine In reaction turbine water pressure at the inlet to the In reaction turbine water pressure at the inlet to the

turbineturbineturn the steering wheel is only a certain part of theturn the steering wheel is only a certain part of thespeed. The rotor followed by pressure reduction andspeed. The rotor followed by pressure reduction andspeed associated with replacing the energy pressure speed associated with replacing the energy pressure and energyand energykinetic water energy into mechanical energy. kinetic water energy into mechanical energy.

Electrical energy from fireElectrical energy from fire

Electrical energy from fire can be produced Electrical energy from fire can be produced using solar energy. using solar energy.

Solar PowerSolar Power - a branch of industry, dealing - a branch of industry, dealing with the use of solar energy is already counted with the use of solar energy is already counted as renewable energy sources. as renewable energy sources.

Distribution of solar globe, taking into account the impact Distribution of solar globe, taking into account the impact of Earth's atmosphereof Earth's atmosphere

►For the solar radiation reaching the Earth spectrally similar to the blackbody radiation at a temperature of about 5700 K. Before entering into the atmosphere radiation power is equal to 1367 W / m² perpendicular to solar radiation. Part of this energy is reflected and absorbed by the atmosphere, the Earth's surface on a sunny day it reaches about 1000 W / m².

Solar radiationSolar radiation

Methods for conversion of solar Methods for conversion of solar radiation radiation

►Photovoltaic cell►Application of photovoltaic cells►Polymer Links►Conversion fototermical

Photovoltaic cell► Photovoltaic cell (or Photovoltaic cell (or

photovoltaics, solar, or photovoltaics, solar, or solar cell) is a device for solar cell) is a device for direct conversion of solar direct conversion of solar energy into electricity, energy into electricity, through the use of through the use of semiconductor pn-type semiconductor pn-type connectors, which under connectors, which under the influence of photons of the influence of photons of energy greater than the energy greater than the width of the interruption of width of the interruption of semiconductors, electrons semiconductors, electrons move to area n, and holes move to area n, and holes (charge carriers) to the (charge carriers) to the area Mr The displacement area Mr The displacement of electric charge causes of electric charge causes the appearance of potential the appearance of potential difference, or voltage.difference, or voltage.

The most sunny places in The most sunny places in Poland Poland

Application of photovoltaic cells

►Solar cells can be a cheap source of Solar cells can be a cheap source of energy for low-power portable energy for low-power portable devices: calculators, clocks and lamps devices: calculators, clocks and lamps (equipped with a rechargeable energy (equipped with a rechargeable energy storage accumulated during the day). storage accumulated during the day). They are also indispensable in space, They are also indispensable in space, because any other way would require because any other way would require the generation of transport fuels, and the generation of transport fuels, and solar energy is constantly available.solar energy is constantly available.

►In some places in the world, In some places in the world, photovoltaic cells are used to photovoltaic cells are used to power telephones, and motion-power telephones, and motion-activated cameras and measuring activated cameras and measuring devices.devices.

►In the caravan, putting photovoltaic In the caravan, putting photovoltaic panel on the roof camper van panel on the roof camper van allows you to recharge the battery allows you to recharge the battery power, despite the use of energy power, despite the use of energy from his receivers, such as portable from his receivers, such as portable radios or TVs. Similarly, the radios or TVs. Similarly, the photovoltaic cells used in sailing photovoltaic cells used in sailing where battery power is required for where battery power is required for navigational and radio navigational and radio communications.communications.

Polymer Links

Work on this method Work on this method of production such of production such as solar panels ran as solar panels ran New Jersey Institute New Jersey Institute of Technology. These of Technology. These cells consist of cells consist of nanotubes, then they nanotubes, then they are covered with a are covered with a protective layerprotective layer. .

Conversion fototermical

Conversion Conversion fototermifototermicalcal is the is the direct conversion direct conversion of solar energy of solar energy radiation to radiation to energy heat.energy heat.

Conversion fototermical

ActiveActive powered powered pumps are pumps are used for used for additional additional energy energy sourcessources

PassivePassive the possible the possible flow of heat flow of heat carrier is only carrier is only by convectionby convection

►Conversion fototermiConversion fototermicalcal passive is passive is mainly used in small installations mainly used in small installations such as the passive heating of such as the passive heating of buildingsbuildings

►Conversion fototermicaConversion fototermicall enabled enabled is mainly used to heat water. is mainly used to heat water. Popular applications are both Popular applications are both detached houses and large detached houses and large facilities providing hot water to facilities providing hot water to multifamily buildings, districts or multifamily buildings, districts or towns.towns.

Electrical energy from airElectrical energy from air

► Electrical energy from air we can generate using wind energy

► Wind energy is one of the renewable energy sources. Currently used wind turbines convert it into mechanical energy, which further is converted to electricity.

► Wind energy is dependent on its velocity v in the third power and thus locations for wind energy are selected carefully for the incidence of severe (7-20 m / s) winds.

Wind energy, we obtain with► Windmills► Wind motors

Windmills

►Windmill - oldest wind motors . Wind energy converts into kinetic energy of rotation.

Windmill in Lednogórze at route Poznan - Gniezno

► The entire mill was built of wood, and mostly covered with shingles outside. Windmill Kozłowy had three floors - the bottom was occupied by stabilizing the structure goat, and two were higher for the production of flour. Shingled walls initially did not extend nearly to the ground and visible from afar revealed the buck.

Schematic diagram of the internal fan

Wind motors They are designed to process the kinetic

energy of wind to mechanical energy, which is then used to generate electricity.

Wind motors

Vertical axis turbines

Horizontal axis turbines

The wind turbine is equipped with such in:► impeller (rotor), which translates the energy of wind

energy into mechanical energy.► generator - using the supplied mechanical energy to

generate electricity and transmit it to the network.

Wind motors

Low-speed•They are characterized by a high torque to boot and blades from 12 to 40

Middle-speed have blades 4-7

Speed•have less starting torque of the motor coaster, are equipped with 1-3 blades. Can achieve high aerodynamic efficiency.

Wind motor diagram Wind motor diagram ► Here form the rotor blades,

the hub through which are embedded in the shaft. Shaft turns in bearings contained in a casing, which houses a gear drive for transferring the vertical shaft. This shaft drives the machine working normally generator, is often placed at the bottom. Together with the shaft and the rotor is mounted directional rudder. It provides a setting to the engine, "the wind", so that the rotor plane is perpendicular to the wind speed through the revolving rotor and casing clamping against the tower.

Wind motor diagramWind motor diagram

Rotor bladeRudder area code

Shaft

Housing

Vertical Shaft

Power Plant Mielec Power Plant Rzeszów Hydropower Team Solina-Myczkowce Power station Stalowa Wola

Power Plant Mielec Sp z o.o. to power plant located in Mielec in Podkarpackie province in the Special Economic Zone EURO-PARK Mielec.

Currently, power plant supplies heat and electricity mainly for the city of Mielec and local industry.

Power Plant in Mielec

POWER PLANT RZESZÓWPOWER PLANT RZESZÓW

Power Plant Rzeszów S.A. - major producer of heat and Electrotechnical for the city of Rzeszów and its environs. Public Limited Company since 1 January 1997. Currently (2009) PGE Rzeszów SA, owned by PGE

Power plant in Rzeszów

Hydropower team Solina-Myczkowce S.A. a team of two hydroelectric power stations on artificial water reservoirs on the river in the municipality of San Solina in Podkarpackie province. These are Power station Solina (49°23'44″N 22°27'13″E) and Power station Myczkowce (49°25'52″N 22°24'30″E).

Dam power station in Solina

TECHNICAL DATA TECHNICAL DATA HYDROPOWER SOLINA-HYDROPOWER SOLINA-

MYCZKOWCEMYCZKOWCE

In fall Hydropower team Solina-Myczkowce composition :

Tank Top –Lake Solińskie Hydroelectric Solina Zbiornik dolny - Lake Myczkowieckie Hydroelectric Myczkowce

Technical DataPower station Stalowa Wola has a maximum production capacity 450 MW of electricity and 875 MW capacity. According to the concession of the President of URE, the total electric power attainable is 341 MW and total power of 341 MW thermal attainable.

Power station in Stalowa Wola

Friendly: renewable energy sourcesLess friendly: coal combustion petroleum nuclear energy (already mentioned) burning of fossil fuels

Renewable energy sources are energy sources, whose use is not associated with their long-term deficit - the resource renews in a short time.

The most important renewable energy is a drop of water. Other renewable sources include:

solar power (mentioned earlier), wind energy (already mentioned) biomass, biogas, geothermal energy , hydropower.

Renewable energy should not be confused with energy environmentally friendly because its production facilities may (but need not) cause environmental damage.

Biomass - mass of matter contained in the organisms. Biomass is given in relation to the surface (per square meter or kilometer) or volume (eg in the aquatic environment - per cubic meter).

Biomass is expressed in terms of fresh weight (living organisms or natural mass of living organisms) and dry mass (weight of living organisms after drying or evaporation of water). Biomass is expressed in units of weight (eg gram or kilogram) and also in terms of organic carbon, or in units of energy (calorie, joule).

        Measurement of biomass can calculate the biological production (see productivity) of the individual units of biological organization: individual, population, biocenosis ecosystem, biom

or the entire biosphere.

Through photosynthesis solar energy is accumulated in the biomass, plant organisms initially, and later in the food chain and animal. Energy contained in the biomass can be used for human purposes. This involves the processing of other forms of energy by biomass burning or incineration of its degradation products. As a result of heat of combustion is obtained, which can be processed into other forms of energy such as electricity.For the purposes of energy is used most often :

timber of low technological quality and waste animal faeces sludge straw, oil cake and other wastes of agricultural

production seaweed grown specifically for energy purposes organic waste such as beet pulp, corn stalks, grass,

alfalfa vegetable oils and animal fats.

Biomass energy is achieved inter alia through :

gasification - producer gas (mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide) resulting from gasification of biomass in closed reactors (so-called gazogeneratorach) - it is burned in a boiler or directly drives a gas turbine or internal combustion engine can also be a raw material for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

by fermentation of biomass derived biogas, methanol, ethanol, butanol and other compounds that can be used as fuel.

esterification – biodiesel.

Biogas, landfill gas - a combustible gas, the product of anaerobic fermentation of organic compounds (eg sewage, including waste water, sugar, municipal waste, manure, slurry, waste, agri-food industry, biomass) and partly also to their decay resulting in a biogas plant . As a result of combustion of biogas formed contrary beliefs as much nitrogen oxides, which in case of combustion of fossil fuels.

The crude biogas consists of approximately 65% (between 50-75%) of methane and 35% of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas admixture (such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide), its calorific value ranges from 1917 to 1927 MJ / m3 (megajoules per cubic meter of biogas, in normal conditions, ie 0 ° C and 105 Pa),

depending mainly on the content of methane. Composition of biogas

Component  %

methane, CH4 55-75

carbon dioxide, CO2 25-45

nitrogen, N2 0-0,3

hydrogen, H2 1-5

hydrogen sulphide, H2S 0-3

oxygen, O20,1-0,5

BIOGAS PRODUCTION METHODSBIOGAS PRODUCTION METHODS

At the landfill biogas At the landfill biogas is produced is produced automatically, hence automatically, hence the name of landfill the name of landfill gas.gas.

Biogas also Biogas also arises naturally arises naturally eg peat bogs eg peat bogs (mainly (mainly cellulose), we call cellulose), we call it when gas or it when gas or gas rotting mud.gas rotting mud.

Biogas is widely used: it is used mainly in India, Biogas is widely used: it is used mainly in India, China, Switzerland, France, Germany and the China, Switzerland, France, Germany and the United States as fuel for electric generators United States as fuel for electric generators (with 100m ³ of biogas can produce (with 100m ³ of biogas can produce approximately 540-600 kWh of electricity), as approximately 540-600 kWh of electricity), as an energy source for heating water, and after an energy source for heating water, and after purification and compression as fuel for the purification and compression as fuel for the propulsion engines (CNG).propulsion engines (CNG).

Until 2013, Poland plans to produce a biogas Until 2013, Poland plans to produce a biogas including mld3 for heating buildings. According to including mld3 for heating buildings. According to Ministry of Agriculture to implement these Ministry of Agriculture to implement these measures will improve energy security and the measures will improve energy security and the environment. environment.

Geothermal energyGeothermal energy - a type - a type of renewable energy sources. of renewable energy sources. It is based on the use of It is based on the use of thermal energy of the interior, thermal energy of the interior, particularly in the areas of particularly in the areas of volcanic and seismic activity. volcanic and seismic activity. Runoff water infiltrates into Runoff water infiltrates into the ground, where in contact the ground, where in contact with the young or active with the young or active outbreaks intruzjami magma, outbreaks intruzjami magma, heats up to substantial heats up to substantial temperatures. As a result of temperatures. As a result of that goes to the earth's that goes to the earth's surface as hot water or steam.surface as hot water or steam.

Geothermal energyGeothermal energy is the energy extracted to the is the energy extracted to the surface geothermal waters. This energy includes surface geothermal waters. This energy includes renewable energy, because its source - the hot renewable energy, because its source - the hot interior of the globe - is virtually inexhaustible. In interior of the globe - is virtually inexhaustible. In order to extract geothermal waters to the surface order to extract geothermal waters to the surface drilling done to a depth of water retention. drilling done to a depth of water retention.

At some distance from the hole czerpalnego At some distance from the hole czerpalnego performed the second hole, where the geothermal performed the second hole, where the geothermal water after receiving the heat from it, is injected water after receiving the heat from it, is injected back into the reservoir. Geothermal waters are back into the reservoir. Geothermal waters are usually heavily salted, it is a reason for a usually heavily salted, it is a reason for a particularly difficult working conditions, heat particularly difficult working conditions, heat exchangers, valves and other components, exchangers, valves and other components, geothermal. geothermal.

Geothermal energy is used for central Geothermal energy is used for central heating as the primary source of heat. The heating as the primary source of heat. The second use of geothermal energy is the second use of geothermal energy is the production of electricity. Is worthwhile production of electricity. Is worthwhile only in cases of particularly hot sources. only in cases of particularly hot sources. The threat posed by the production of The threat posed by the production of geothermal energy is a pollution of geothermal energy is a pollution of groundwater, the release of radon, groundwater, the release of radon, hydrogen sulphide and other gases. hydrogen sulphide and other gases.

The hot springs so-called Geysers are a The hot springs so-called Geysers are a characteristic element of the landscape of characteristic element of the landscape of Iceland, which uses them as a source of Iceland, which uses them as a source of heating and hot water. This does not affect heating and hot water. This does not affect negatively on the environment. negatively on the environment.

Poland has a very good conditions for Poland has a very good conditions for geothermal, since 80% of the country is geothermal, since 80% of the country is covered by three provinces geothermal: covered by three provinces geothermal: centralnoeuropejską, przedkarpacką and centralnoeuropejską, przedkarpacką and Carpathian. The water temperature for these Carpathian. The water temperature for these areas ranged from 30-130 ° C (locally up to areas ranged from 30-130 ° C (locally up to 200 ° C), and the depth of the sedimentary 200 ° C), and the depth of the sedimentary rocks from 1 to 10 km. The natural flow is rocks from 1 to 10 km. The natural flow is very rare (Sudetes - Teplice, Ladek Spa). The very rare (Sudetes - Teplice, Ladek Spa). The possibility of using geothermal water concern possibility of using geothermal water concern 40% of the country (mining is profitable only 40% of the country (mining is profitable only if the depth of 2 km the temperature reaches if the depth of 2 km the temperature reaches 65 ° C, salinity does not exceed 30 g / if the 65 ° C, salinity does not exceed 30 g / if the source is adequate performance.) source is adequate performance.)

Currently operating in eight Polish geothermal district heating companies:

Bańska Niżna Pyrzyce Stargard Szczeciński Mszczonów Uniejów Słomniki Lasek Klikuszowa

Energy waterEnergy water – used economically – used economically mechanical energy of flowing water. mechanical energy of flowing water. Today, hydropower is usually Today, hydropower is usually processed into electrical energy processed into electrical energy (hydropower, often based on the (hydropower, often based on the resulting spiętrzeniach zaporom resulting spiętrzeniach zaporom water). It can also be used directly water). It can also be used directly to drive machines - there are many to drive machines - there are many solutions, in which flowing water solutions, in which flowing water drives a turbine or water wheel. drives a turbine or water wheel.

The kinetic energy of sea currents Tidal power Energy wave

The power of sea currents The power of sea currents is estimated at 7 TW (it is is estimated at 7 TW (it is almost two times more than almost two times more than the power possible to the power possible to receive from the estate of receive from the estate of inland waters). However, its inland waters). However, its use is close to zero due to use is close to zero due to technical problems and technical problems and concerns before the concerns before the disturbance of natural disturbance of natural balance. Many researchers balance. Many researchers believe that ocean currents believe that ocean currents are fundamental to the are fundamental to the climate and the depletion of climate and the depletion of their energy, though small, their energy, though small, could lead to unpredictable could lead to unpredictable climate change. climate change.

Tides are the source of Tides are the source of lower potential energy (it lower potential energy (it is estimated that it is is estimated that it is possible to use the 200 possible to use the 200 GW) than ocean currents, GW) than ocean currents, but it is safer and better but it is safer and better they met. The first tidal they met. The first tidal power plant built in 1967, power plant built in 1967, the French in Saint-Malo. the French in Saint-Malo. This station has a This station has a maximum power of 550 maximum power of 550 MW and operates from 4 MW and operates from 4 to 8 hours a day, to 8 hours a day, producing an average of producing an average of 600 GWh of electricity 600 GWh of electricity annually. Currently, such annually. Currently, such plants are also in Russia plants are also in Russia and Britain, but none of and Britain, but none of them currently (January them currently (January 2007) does not work on an 2007) does not work on an industrial scale due to industrial scale due to technical problems and technical problems and the danger of storms and the danger of storms and hurricanes.hurricanes.

Wave power is Wave power is estimated at 3 TW, but estimated at 3 TW, but the use of this energy the use of this energy causes some causes some difficulties, although difficulties, although many of the theoretical many of the theoretical methods for converting methods for converting wave energy into wave energy into electricity. The biggest electricity. The biggest problem is the problem is the variability of wave variability of wave height and strength of height and strength of the plant.the plant.

The most important ways of The most important ways of converting wave energy into converting wave energy into

electricalelectrical

pneumatic pneumatic powerpower – – waves waves stimulate stimulate movement of movement of air in them, air in them, which drives which drives a turbine a turbine

mechanical mechanical power power plantsplants - - which use which use buoyancy to buoyancy to move move perpendiculperpendicular to the ar to the floor, floor, causing the causing the rotation of rotation of the rotor the rotor connected to connected to the the generatorgenerator

inductive inductive power plantspower plants - use the - use the movement of movement of floats to floats to generate generate electricity by electricity by using moving using moving coils with coils with floats in a floats in a magnetic magnetic field field

hydraulic hydraulic powerpower - in - in which the which the immovable immovable wall of the wall of the tank tank overflow, overflow, only the only the peaks of the peaks of the waves, and waves, and the water the water flowing from flowing from the tank the tank drives a drives a turbineturbine

Coal burning is the most Coal burning is the most common way of obtaining common way of obtaining energy. This is the cheapest energy. This is the cheapest way, but the most to contribute way, but the most to contribute to environmental pollution. Its to environmental pollution. Its combustion leads to excessive combustion leads to excessive pollution, contamination of the pollution, contamination of the ecosystem, including ecosystem, including groundwater and soil itself. groundwater and soil itself. Mere coal burning causes Mere coal burning causes carbon dioxide emissions into carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which in turn the atmosphere, which in turn leads to the so-called. leads to the so-called. greenhouse effect, which leads greenhouse effect, which leads to severe climate change on to severe climate change on our planet. Another harmful our planet. Another harmful effect, is also a way of effect, is also a way of extracting coal that is mined by extracting coal that is mined by people. His exploration leads to people. His exploration leads to the creation of these various the creation of these various diseases, of which diseases, of which pneumoconiosis is the most pneumoconiosis is the most dangerous.dangerous.

At its base are created all the liquid At its base are created all the liquid fuel to propel various types of fuel to propel various types of internal combustion engines. But internal combustion engines. But this is a very dangerous material to this is a very dangerous material to the environment. Often there are the environment. Often there are sad disaster, the transportation of sad disaster, the transportation of natural gas. These disasters lead to natural gas. These disasters lead to contamination of the environment contamination of the environment and often to the death of many and often to the death of many animals. Its operation is carried out animals. Its operation is carried out on a large scale, which is forced a on a large scale, which is forced a huge global demand. But this will huge global demand. But this will not drag on forever. Crude oil man not drag on forever. Crude oil man out only a hundred years, and out only a hundred years, and already it is estimated that for already it is estimated that for about 30 years, it may completely about 30 years, it may completely fail. fail.

Burning fossil fuels has a major Burning fossil fuels has a major impact on our environment, adverse impact on our environment, adverse effects. It is impossible not to draw effects. It is impossible not to draw attention to such a great problem attention to such a great problem which are products of fuel which are products of fuel combustion, because it concerns us combustion, because it concerns us all. For these products include: gas all. For these products include: gas containing fly ash (dust), sulfur containing fly ash (dust), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, slag from the monoxide and dioxide, slag from the boilers, waste and waste water from boilers, waste and waste water from flue gas desulphurization system. flue gas desulphurization system. During the process of combustion of During the process of combustion of fossil fuels also comes the release of fossil fuels also comes the release of such elements as whether the circuit such elements as whether the circuit boards. In addition, coal is used in boards. In addition, coal is used in Poland is considered to be Poland is considered to be particularly burdensome to the fuel particularly burdensome to the fuel environment.environment.

Air pollution affects human health, wildlife alive, Air pollution affects human health, wildlife alive, climate, water and soil. The degree of harmfulness climate, water and soil. The degree of harmfulness of pollutants determines their nature, of pollutants determines their nature, concentration and dwell time. Gaseous and concentration and dwell time. Gaseous and particulate air pollution increases the incidence of particulate air pollution increases the incidence of respiratory diseases and forest dieback, and respiratory diseases and forest dieback, and substantial economic losses. In addition to the substantial economic losses. In addition to the burning of fossil fuels causes global warming and burning of fossil fuels causes global warming and pollution by sulfur compounds, nitrogen and dust. pollution by sulfur compounds, nitrogen and dust.

Another side-effect of coal combustion is the Another side-effect of coal combustion is the emission of large quantities of fly ash, which emission of large quantities of fly ash, which emerge from the chimneys of furnaces. They not emerge from the chimneys of furnaces. They not only pollute the environment, but also damage the only pollute the environment, but also damage the heating equipment. Mineral particles contained in heating equipment. Mineral particles contained in the ashes go along with them through the steel the ashes go along with them through the steel boiler tubes. boiler tubes.

Example electrical energy of the elements Example electrical energy of the elements in Tarnobrzegin Tarnobrzeg

Solar collectors

Solar collectors

The solar collectors are installed elements that mediate the conversion of solar energy in heat. Intermediary factor in the exchange of heat may be air or liquid, which involves the distribution of collectors on the air (rarely used because of the low efficiency of heat exchange) and the liquid.

Breakdown of solar collectorsBreakdown of solar collectors

Breakdown of liquid collectorsdue to construction

flat - they have the simplest structure - consists of an absorber of sunlight and connected to the copper tube through which fluid receives heat from the absorber, the whole is enclosed in an insulated housing

vacuum - may be to direct the flow of working medium or with heat pipes

The principle of working solar The principle of working solar collectorcollector

Measure the collector is as follows:

The sun heats the collector placed in the absorber, which absorbs sunlight and converts it into heat. The effectiveness of absorption depends on the absorber. Plain, black absorber large part of the radiation is reflected. Better is called. selective absorber - it absorbs 95% of the radiation incident on it.

Since the absorber is heated heating agent (which may be liquid water or freeze), which flows through the collector.

Heated fluid flows into the tray. There it gives off the heat heated

water utility, located in the tray, and cooled back to affect the drain.

TriviaTrivia

The oldest power station in PolandThe oldest power station in Poland The youngest power station in The youngest power station in

PolandPoland Power PlantPower Plant Power stationPower station

The oldest power station The oldest power station in Polandin Poland

FC Power Plant Zabrze is located FC Power Plant Zabrze is located in Silesia Province. in Silesia Province.

The beginnings of a power plant The beginnings of a power plant construction begun by AEG in construction begun by AEG in 1896, owned since 1900 1896, owned since 1900 Schlesische Elektrizitäts und Gas Schlesische Elektrizitäts und Gas Aktien Gesellschaft. Nationalized Aktien Gesellschaft. Nationalized after the war, from July 1, 1990 after the war, from July 1, 1990 as a state power in Zabrze. as a state power in Zabrze. November 9, 1993 was converted November 9, 1993 was converted into a state power plant Zabrze into a state power plant Zabrze located in Zabrze a sole joint-located in Zabrze a sole joint-stock company called the stock company called the Treasury and Power Joint Stock Treasury and Power Joint Stock Company FC.Company FC.

Specifications Power Plant Specifications Power Plant ZabrzeZabrze

Parameters of power generation equipment are:Parameters of power generation equipment are: achievable thermal power 475 MWachievable thermal power 475 MW achievable thermal power 254 MW combinedachievable thermal power 254 MW combined Electricity generation capacity is 106 MW turbineElectricity generation capacity is 106 MW turbine attainable electrical power 98 MWattainable electrical power 98 MW total power rating of 139 MW boiler watertotal power rating of 139 MW boiler water attainable total power steam boilers 374 MWattainable total power steam boilers 374 MW rated output of steam boilers 520 t / hrated output of steam boilers 520 t / h achievable performance of steam boilers 560 t / hachievable performance of steam boilers 560 t / h

The youngest power station The youngest power station in Polandin Poland

Power in Polaniec (Power Połaniec Power in Polaniec (Power Połaniec SA - Electrabel Group), SA - Electrabel Group), Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Vistula River, about 100 km Vistula River, about 100 km from Krakow, with an installed from Krakow, with an installed power of 1800 MW, is the fifth power of 1800 MW, is the fifth largest energy producer in largest energy producer in Poland. Design work on this Poland. Design work on this year celebrates the 25th year celebrates the 25th anniversary of the plant began anniversary of the plant began in the 70s Twentieth century, in in the 70s Twentieth century, in 1979 the first block was put 1979 the first block was put into operation. She is currently into operation. She is currently working eight power units, and working eight power units, and 225 MW each. Power is in 225 MW each. Power is in Polaniec conventional steam Polaniec conventional steam power plant that uses coal. Is power plant that uses coal. Is the youngest and the first the youngest and the first privatized power plant in privatized power plant in Poland - privatization Poland - privatization agreement signed in 2000.agreement signed in 2000.

Power PlantPower Plant Power Plant - an industrial plant producing a Power Plant - an industrial plant producing a

single technological process in a manner single technological process in a manner associated electricity and heat in a medium associated electricity and heat in a medium (usually water) at a high temperature for the (usually water) at a high temperature for the district heating system or industry. district heating system or industry.

CHP is the most conventional thermal power CHP is the most conventional thermal power plants with extraction-condensing steam turbine plants with extraction-condensing steam turbine and the extraction-przeciwprężnymi. Both types and the extraction-przeciwprężnymi. Both types of turbines are equipped with heating discounts, of turbines are equipped with heating discounts, which supplies superheated steam heat which supplies superheated steam heat exchangers heat water instantly giving network exchangers heat water instantly giving network utilities supplied to the installation of central utilities supplied to the installation of central heating (a) and hot water (DHW). heating (a) and hot water (DHW).

Example scheme of power Example scheme of power plantplant

Scheme of Power Plant ZakrzówScheme of Power Plant Zakrzów

Power stationPower station Power - an industrial plant producing electricity by the Power - an industrial plant producing electricity by the

processing of other types of energy.processing of other types of energy.

Breakdown because of the use of waste heat:Breakdown because of the use of waste heat: condensing power plantcondensing power plant CHPCHP

Breakdown due to the primary energy source:Breakdown due to the primary energy source: thermal power stationthermal power station NPPNPP HydroHydro pumped storagepumped storage solar power plantsolar power plant WindWind power maretermicznapower maretermiczna power maremotorycznapower maremotoryczna

geothermal power plantgeothermal power plant

Authors:Authors:Ewelina Pezda kl.III,,g’’ Ewelina Pezda kl.III,,g’’ Klaudia Firla kl.III,,a’’Klaudia Firla kl.III,,a’’