Table of Contents - · PDF fileHow to use 1. How to use 1. How to use...
Transcript of Table of Contents - · PDF fileHow to use 1. How to use 1. How to use...
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Complete Hiragana Workbook
Table of Contents
1. Introduction …………….2
� 1. How to use the “Complete Hiragana workbook”
� 2. Hiragana at a glance
� 3. Hiragana writing tips
2. Hiragana Chart ………………4
3. Hiragana writing worksheet ……………..5
� 1. 46 basic Hiragana
� 2. Daku-on (Voiced and Semi-voiced Varieties)
4. Pronunciation Rules ………………….35
� 1. Chō-on (long vowel)
� 2. Soku-on (double consonants)
� 3. Yō-on (small ya yu yo with contracted sound)
� 4. Devoiced vowels
� 5. Pronunciation of ん
5. Hiragana in sentences ………………..42
� 1. Particles
� 2. Japanese sentences
6. Hiragana Flash Cards … appendix
7. Hiragana Flash Card Video … appendix
Chapters with this mark have accompanying videos.
ひ ら が な
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1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction
1111----1. How to use 1. How to use 1. How to use 1. How to use ““““Complete Hiragana Complete Hiragana Complete Hiragana Complete Hiragana WWWWorkbookorkbookorkbookorkbook””””
This Complete Hiragana Workbook covers all you need for Hiragana
self-study. The accompanied tutorial videos clarify each Hiragana character’s
writing stroke order and its pronunciation.
Hiragana has 46 basic writing characters and 58 variations and
combinations. Moreover, there are some special pronunciation and writing
rules. You’ll learn all about Hiragana writing through this workbook and
tutorial videos. Throughout this workbook, over 100 words are introduced.
To make the most of your study, I recommend you go through each
lesson in the same order as this workbook.
Step 1 Print out all of this Hiragana Workbook.
Step 2 Look at the Katakana Chart (p4) and grasp the total picture of Hiragana
Step 3 Watch video tutorials and practise writing and pronouncing each
Hiragana letter. Do exercise accordingly.
Sept 4 Play with Flashcards and Flashcard videos every day.
1111----2222. Hiragana at a glance. Hiragana at a glance. Hiragana at a glance. Hiragana at a glance
Japanese is a syllable-timed language while English is stress-timed. That
means, you can understand how to read any Japanese words once you know
how to pronounce each Hiragana character and some pronunciation rules.
(on the other hand for English, you need to know the spelling as well as the
pronunciation. We never know how to pronounce an English word such as
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“photo” by just knowing how to read alphabet: a,b,c…). Japanese
pronunciation rule is very systematic, thus, once you know it, it’s much
easier for you to study Japanese further up to the upper level.
Each Japanese syllable is made up of either a single vowel: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/ and
/o/ or a combination of a consonant plus a vowel. The only exception is the /n/,
/m/ or /ŋ/ sound which is represented by the character ん.
There are 46 basic Hiragana, 25 voiced or semi-voiced variations (called
“Daku-on) and 33 contracted sounds. Here, “voiced” means you use your
vocal cords to pronounce them. It begins with the consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, /j/
and /z/ and semi-voiced ones begin with /p/, that we call Daku-on. Contracted
sounds are basic Hiragana of the i-column combined with smaller versions of
the Hiragana from y-row.
Each Hiragana character takes one beat, “mora”. So please make sure to
pronounce each character with equal length and stress.
1111----3333. Hiragana writing tips. Hiragana writing tips. Hiragana writing tips. Hiragana writing tips
Stroke order is very important for writing well-balanced Hiragana.
Basically, all Japanese writing (Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji) write the
horizontal stroke first, then the vertical stroke if two lines are crossed. Of
course, there are some exceptions though.
If there are two parts, write the left side first then the right side, or write the
top part first then the bottom part.
Also, it’s important to pay attention to the direction and termination of each
stroke. In this workbook, you’ll see the following marks for each stroke end.
� to stop the stroke.
� to release the pen pressure.
� to hook
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2. Hiragana Chart2. Hiragana Chart2. Hiragana Chart2. Hiragana Chart
Basic 46 HiraganaBasic 46 HiraganaBasic 46 HiraganaBasic 46 Hiragana
DakuDakuDakuDaku----onononon
YYYYōōōō----onononon
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あ
aaaa
oooo
eeee
uuuu
iiii
3. Hiragana writing worksheet3. Hiragana writing worksheet3. Hiragana writing worksheet3. Hiragana writing worksheet
3333----1111. . . . 46 Basic Hira46 Basic Hira46 Basic Hira46 Basic Hiraganaganaganagana
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a i u e o
Let’s practise writing words!
a i (love)
u e (above)
a o (blue)
お お い o o i (many)
い い え
i i e (No)
あ い
う え
あ お
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kkkkaaaa
kkkkoooo
kkkkeeee
kkkkuuuu
kkkkiiii
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か き く う き
お け こ い
ke i ka ku (plan)
ko i (carp)
o ke (pail)
ku u ki (air)
ka ki (persimmon)
ka ki ku ke ko
Let’s practise writing words!
け い か く
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sasasasa
shishishishi
susususu
sesesese
sosososo
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か さ
お か し
o ka shi (snack)
se ka i (world)
u so (lie)
o su shi (sushi)
ka sa (umbrella)
sa shi su se so
Let’s practise writing words!
お す し
せ か い
う そ
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tatatata
tetetete
tsutsutsutsu
chichichichi
totototo
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た こ
tsu ku e (desk)
ta ko (octopus)
ta su ke te (help! –in emergency)
to ke i (clock / watch)
ta chi tsu te to
Let’s practise writing words!
ke chi (stingy)
け ち
つ く え
た す け て と け い
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chi i sa i (small)
Let’s practise more! (Review あ~と)
su i ka (watermelon)
shi o (salt)
ko ta e (answer)
o i shi i (tasty)
chi ka te tsu (subway)
a tsu i (hot)
a shi ta (tomorrow)
ke i sa tsu (police)
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a tsu i (hot)
nananana
nenenene
nononono
nininini
nunununu
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na ni nu ne no
Let’s practise writing words!
な す
na su (eggplant)
に く
ni ku (meat)
い ぬ
i nu (dog)
ね こ
ne ko (cat)
た の し い
ta no shi i (fun, enjoyable)
お か ね
o ka ne (money)
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hohohoho
hihihihi
hahahaha
fufufufu
hehehehe
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ha hi fu he ho
Let’s practise writing words!
は は
ha ha (my mother)
ひ こ う き
hi ko u ki (airplane)
ふ ね
fu ne (ship)
へ そ
he so (bellybutton)
ほ し
ho shi (stars)
せ い ふ く
se i fu ku (uniform)
お は し
o ha shi (chopstick)
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momomomo
mamamama
mumumumu
memememe
mmmmiiii
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ma mi mu me mo
Let’s practise writing words!
な ま え
na ma e (name)
み せ
mi se (shop)
む ね
mu ne (chest)
あ め
a me (rain)
の み も の
no mi mo no (drink)
は ち み つ
ha chi mi tsu (honey)
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ya yu yo Let’s practise writing words!
ゆ き
yu ki (snow)
よ や く
yo ya ku (reservation)
や す い
ya su i (cheap)
yayayaya
yoyoyoyo
yuyuyuyu
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rararara
riririri
rurururu
rererere
rorororo
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ra ri ru re ro
Let’s practise writing words!
た か らららら
ta ka ra (treasure)
く す り
ku su ri (medicine)
さ る
sa ru (monkey)
れ き し
re ki shi (history)
ふ ろ
fu ro (bath)
ひ る や す み
hi ru ya su mi (lunch break)
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ni ho n (Japan)
wa wo n
Let’s practise writing words!
わ に
wa ni (crocodile)
に ほ ん
* the pronunciation of を is the same as お. However when you write on
a computer, type “wo” for を.
* を is a particle, direct object marker.
* When you write ん on a computer, type “nn”.
wwwwaaaa
wwwwoooo
nnnn
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(I ) buy a book. (ほん: book, かいます: to buy)
“。” indicates the end of a sentence. = “period”.
This circle should be placed in the bottom left corner.
sa ki ri mu ra fu
ho n o ka i ma su. (wo)
� Please note the difference between the handwriting style and
the printing style of the following Hiragana. Also, there is a variety of style by using different fonts.
ささ きき りり むむ らら ふふ
� Please note the following similar looking Hiragana.
(Please check the pronunciation of each letter.)
さ ち い こ ま も は ほ
れわね つ し め ぬ ら ち
あ お ろ る り い
ほ ん を か い ま す 。
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Let’s review and practise! 1. Please fill in the chart.
A I U E O
K
S
(shi)
T
(chi) (tsu)
N
H
(fu)
M
Y
R
W
(o)
N
(n/m/ŋ )
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2. Write following words in Hiragana.
1. uchi (home)
2. eki (station)
3. kutsu (shoes)
4. kami (paper)
5. kuruma (car)
6. sakana (fish)
7. toriniku (chicken)
8. hana (flower)
9. heya (room)
10. yasai (vegetable)
* The answers are on the last page.
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ka ki ku ke ko
ga gi gu ge go
gagagaga
gigigigi
gogogogo
gegegege
gugugugu
3333----2. Daku2. Daku2. Daku2. Daku----onononon
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sa shi su se so
za zi zu ze zo (*pronounce “ji”)
zazazaza
jijijiji
zuzuzuzu
zezezeze
zozozozo
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ka zo ku (family)
が め ん
ga me n (screen)
か ぎ
ka gi (key)
ぐ あ い
gu a i (condition/ body condition)
か げ
ka ge (shadow)
ぎ ざ ぎ ざ
gi za gi za (jagged)
が い こ く ご
ga i ko ku go (foreign language)
じ さ
ji sa (time difference)
し ず か
shi zu ka (quiet)
か ぜ
ka ze (wind)
か ぞ く
Let’s practise writing words!
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あ
ta chi tsu te to
da jijijiji zuzuzuzu de do
ぢ pronounce as “ji”(same asじ). However, writing on a computer,
type “di”.
づ pronounce as “zu”(same as ず). However, writing on a computer,
type “du”
dadadada
jijijiji
zuzuzuzu
dededede
dodododo
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babababa
bobobobo
bubububu
bebebebe
bibibibi
pipipipi
papapapa
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ha hi fu he ho
ba bi bu be bo
pa pi pu pe po
popopopo
pepepepe
pupupupu
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bo ta n (button)
た だ
ta da (free of charge)
は な ぢ
ha na di *pronounce “hanaji” (nosebleed)
つ づ き
tsu du ki *pronounce “tsuzuki” (continuation)
で ん わ
de n wa (telephone)
と き ど き
to ki do ki (sometimes)
お ば け
o ba ke (ghost)
え び
e bi (prawn, shrimp)
ぶ た
bu ta (pig)
べ ん り
be n ri (convenient)
ぼ た ん
Let’s practise writing words!
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Fill in the chart below.
Write following words in Hiragana.
1. denwa __________ (telephone)
2. kagi __________ (key)
3. buta __________ (pig)
4. gaikokugo (foreign language)
5. jisa (time difference)
6. anzen (safe)
7. kazoku (family)
8. tokidoki (sometimes)
9. ebi __________ (prawn, shrimp)
10. benri __________ (convenient)
A I U E O
G
Z (ji)
D (ji) (zu)
B
P
Review of Daku-on
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4. 4. 4. 4. PronunciationPronunciationPronunciationPronunciation RulesRulesRulesRules
4444----1. 1. 1. 1. ChooChooChooChoo----onononon ((((Long vowels)Long vowels)Long vowels)Long vowels)
There are five vowels in Japanese: /a i u e o/.
� When a vowel is doubled e.g. /a/, it takes two beats and is expressed as
/aa/ or /ā/. It is the same for other vowels /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/.
� Also, when there is /e/ and /i/ or /o/ and /u/ it has two beats on the first
vowel, which are /ē/ or /ee/ and /ō/ or /oo/ respectively.
Example:
おかあさん o ka aa aa aa a sa n → /okāsan/ : mother
いいえ i ii ii ii i e → /īe/ : No
くうき ku uu uu uu u ki → /kūki/ : air
ええ eeeeeeee → /ē/ : Yes (casual)
おおい ooooooooi → /ōi/ : many
くうこう ku uu uu uu u ko uo uo uo u → /kūkō/ : airport
えいが e ie ie ie i ga → / ēga/ : movie
とうふ to uo uo uo u fu → /tōfu/ : tofu (bean curd)
おはよう o ha yo uo uo uo u → /ohayō/ : Good morning (casual)
Thus, you need to differentiate between this long vowel and a normal vowel
carefully because sometimes it ends up as an entirely different word. For
instance, if you wanted say “your mother is calling”, it might be
misunderstood as “Mr. Oka is calling” if you say “okasan” not “okaasan”
Copyright © 2010 www.LearnJapanese123.com All rights reserved 36
As explained above ( /e/&/i/ and /o/&/u/) � Combinations of the following letters letters letters letters havehavehavehave a sound of /ē/
(= /ee/).
えい けい せい てい ねい へい めい れい
� Combinations of the following letters have a sound of /ō/ (=/oo/).
おう こう そう とう のう ほう もう よう ろう
Let’s practise!
ぼ う し
bo u shi *bōshi , (hat, cap)
せ ん せ い
se n se i *sensē (teacher)
き れ い
ki re i *kirē (beautiful, clean)
へ い わ
he i wa *hēwa (peace)
こ う こ う
ko u ko u *kōkō (high school)
き い ろ
ki i ro *kīro (yellow)
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zasshi (magazine)
4444----2222. Soku. Soku. Soku. Soku----onononon (Double Consonants)
Besides full-sized つ, you’ll see a small size of っ.
When you see this small っ, make the previous letter’s sound as “contracted”
and hold a breath for one beat.
Smallっdoesn’t require “tsu” sound, but it takes one beat with the contracted
previous sound and double the following consonant.
Example:
いか � /i・ka/ (2 beats: squid)
いっか � /i・k・ka/ (3 beats : a whole family)
いつか � /i・tsu・ka/ (3 beats: Day 5th)
1. きて /ki・te/
2. きって /ki・t・te/
3. けして /ke・shi・te/
4. けっして /ke・s・shite/
In horizontal writing,
the smallっ is written in the
lower half of the square.
Let’s practise writing!
kippu (ticket)
い っ か い
っ
か
き っ ぷ
ざ っ し
5. もて /mo・te/
6. もって /mo・t・te/
7. かて /ka・te/
8. かって /ka・t・te/
In vertical writing, the small
っ is written in the right half
of the square.
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4444----3. Y3. Y3. Y3. Yōōōō----on on on on (small ya yu yo with contracted sound)
Although each of this contracted sound is composed of two characters (one
big and one small), it represents only one beat, just like a single hiragana
character.
Small や, ゆ and よ are added to i-column
of Hiragana (left in the red circle).
きゃ(kya) きゅ(kyu) きょ(kyo)
しゃ (sha) しゅ(shu) しょ(sho)
ちゃ(cha) ちゅ(chu) ちょ(cho)
にゃ(nya) にゅ(nyu) にょ(nyo)
ひゃ(hya) ひゅ(hyu) ひょ(hyo)
みゃ(mya) みゅ(myu) みょ(myo)
りゃ(rya) りゅ(ryu) りょ(ryo)
ぎゃ(gya) ぎゅ(gyu) ぎょ(gyo)
じゃ(ja) じゅ(ju) じょ(jo)
びゃ(bya) びゅ(byu) びょ(byo)
ぴゃ(pya) ぴゅ(pyu) ぴょ(pyo)
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Small や, ゆ, よ are written in the lower half of the square, if they are
written on a horizontal line. They are written in the right half of the square
in vertical writing.
Example:
ひひひひ やややや くくくく ひひひひ ゃゃゃゃ くくくく hiyaku (leap) hyaku (hundred)
Let’s Practise!
ocha (tea)
kyou *pronounce “kyō” –long vowel- (today)
juusho *-long vowel- (address)
jidousha *pronounce “jidōsha” -long vowel- (car)
gyuunyuu *-long vowel- (milk)
おおおお ちちちち ゃゃゃゃ
き ょ う
じ ゅ う し ょ
じ ど う し ゃ
ぎ ゅ う に ゅ う
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4444----4444. . . . Devoiced VowelsDevoiced VowelsDevoiced VowelsDevoiced Vowels
Devoiced VowelsDevoiced VowelsDevoiced VowelsDevoiced Vowels
There are four voiceless consonants in Japanese sound, /kkkk/, /ssss/,/tttt/ and /hhhh/.
A vowel becomes voiceless when the vowels (i and u) falls between the
voiceless consonants
Example:
� すし suuuushi (Compared to すま suuuu ma
,which requires a “u” sound)
� くつ kuuuutsu (Compared to くに kuuuu ni
, which requires “u” sound)
� きく kiiiiku (Compared to きぬ kiiii nu
, which requires “i” sound)
When the vowels (i and u) follow one of the voiceless consonants and ends a
word, these vowels are whispered.
Example:
� ~です。~ desuuuu. (� end of a noun phrase: e.g. Watashi wa
Yamada desuuuu.)
� すし suuuushiiii (Compared to すみ suuuu miiii)
� くつ kuuuutsuuuu (Compared to つり tsuuuu riiii)
Copyright © 2010 www.LearnJapanese123.com All rights reserved 41
4444----5. 5. 5. 5. PronunciationPronunciationPronunciationPronunciation of of of of んんんん
Pronunciation of ん is basically the same as the English /nnnn/, and requires
the same length of time as all the other Hiragana sounds.
However, there are some exceptions as follows:
� ん before /bbbb/, /pppp/ or /mmmm/ sound becomes /mmmm/ sound.
� ん before /kkkk/ or /gggg/ sound becomes /ŋŋŋŋ/ sound.
Example
/nnnn/ sound: ほんとう ho nnnn tō みんな mi nnnn na
/mmmm/ sound: しんぶん shi nnnn bu n てんぷら te nnnn pu ra
うんめい u nnnn mē
/ŋŋŋŋ/ sound: てんき te nnnn ki おんがく o nnnn ga ku
Copyright © 2010 www.LearnJapanese123.com All rights reserved 42
5. 5. 5. 5. Hiragana in sentencesHiragana in sentencesHiragana in sentencesHiragana in sentences
5555----1. 1. 1. 1. ParticleParticleParticleParticle
The particle is something like a preposition in English, however, the concept
of the Japanese particle is quite different from the one in English.
The Japanese particle itself doesn’t have meaning but it indicates the
relationship between the subject, object and verb.
The details about the particle will be explained in many grammar books and
will not be explained in this section.
There are many types of particles and each particle has several functions as
well. In this section, three particles will be introduced: は, へ and を.
はははは:as a particle, pronounced as “wa”, exactly the same pronunciation of わ.
は is a topic marker and translated like “as for”, “regarding”
Example
� わたしはははは がくせいです。watashi wawawawa gakusē desu.
: I’m a student. (As for I, student.)
� きのうはははは あめでした。kinō wawawawa ame deshita.
: It rained yesterday. (As for yesterday, it was a rain)
Please note that は is pronounced as “ha” if it’s used as a word.
� わたしはははは はいしゃです。watashi wa haisha desu.
: I’m a dentist. (As for I, dentist.)
Copyright © 2010 www.LearnJapanese123.com All rights reserved 43
へへへへ: as a particle, is pronounced as “e”, exactly the same pronunciation as え.
へ is a direction marker.
Example
� えき へへへへ いきます。 eki eeee ikimasu.
: (I) go to the station.
Please note that へ is pronounced as “he” if it’s used as a word.
� へや へへへへ もどります。 heya eeee modorimasu.
: (I) go back to the room.
をををを: is only used as a particle. Direct object marker.
を is pronounced “o”, and it pronounces same as お.
Example
おすしをををを たべます。 osushi oooo tabemasu.
: (I) eat sushi.
にほんごをををを べんきょうします。 nihongo oooo benkyō shimasu.
: (I) study Japanese.
Copyright © 2010 www.LearnJapanese123.com All rights reserved 44
5555----2222. . . . Japanese sentencesJapanese sentencesJapanese sentencesJapanese sentences
Let’s practise writing sentences! (Trace the sentences below and write the copy on the second line)
1. わたしは がくせいです。 I’m a student. watashi wa gakusē desu.
2. あした びょういんへ いきます。 I’m going to the hospital tomorrow.
ashita byōin e ikimasu.
3. まいにち ややややさいを たべます。 (I) eat vegetable everyday.
mainichi yasai o (wo) tabemasu.
4. おげんきですか。 How are you? ogenki desu ka?
(“ka” is a question marker)
5. はい、げんきです。 Yes, I’m fine. hai, genki desu.
(“、” is a punctuation.)