TABLE OF CONTENTS · Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Assessment Cert ificate...

Pacific NorthWest LNG Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Assessment Certificate Application Table of Contents

February 2014

Project No. 1231-10537

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction and Project Overview ................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Purpose of the EIS/Application ................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Proponent Information ................................................................................................. 1-3

1.2.1 Pacific NorthWest LNG Limited Partnership ................................................ 1-3

1.2.2 Environmental Assessment Consultant ....................................................... 1-4

1.3 Purpose of the Project ................................................................................................. 1-5

1.4 Project Location .......................................................................................................... 1-5

1.5 Participants in the Environmental Assessment ........................................................... 1-6

1.6 Regulatory Framework and the Role of Government ................................................. 1-7

1.6.1 Federal Framework ...................................................................................... 1-7

1.6.2 Provincial Framework ................................................................................... 1-8

1.6.3 Local and Regional Framework .................................................................... 1-9

1.6.4 Treaties and Self-Government ................................................................... 1-10

1.6.5 Key Objectives, Standards and Guidelines Used for the Assessment ...... 1-10

1.7 References ................................................................................................................ 1-11

1.8 Figures ...................................................................................................................... 1-12

2 Project Description ............................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Environmental Design ................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1.1 Project Design Philosophies ......................................................................... 2-1

2.1.2 Project Design Standards and Policies ........................................................ 2-2

2.1.3 Project Design Mitigation and Changes ....................................................... 2-4

2.2 Project Components .................................................................................................... 2-7

2.2.1 LNG Trains ................................................................................................... 2-8

2.2.2 LNG Storage and Loading .......................................................................... 2-10

2.2.3 Utilities and Offsite ..................................................................................... 2-12

2.2.4 Non-Manufacturing Facilities ...................................................................... 2-15

2.2.5 Temporary Construction Facilities .............................................................. 2-16

2.3 Project Activities ........................................................................................................ 2-16

2.3.1 Construction ............................................................................................... 2-17

2.3.2 Operations .................................................................................................. 2-21

2.3.3 Decommissioning ....................................................................................... 2-26

2.4 Alternative Means of Carrying out the Project .......................................................... 2-28

2.4.1 Alternative LNG Production Processes ...................................................... 2-28

2.4.2 Alternative Main Refrigerant Compressor Drivers ...................................... 2-31

2.4.3 Alternative Source of Electrical Power ....................................................... 2-33

2.4.4 Alternative Land-based Access to Lelu Island ........................................... 2-35

2.4.5 Alternative Site Location ............................................................................. 2-36

Pacific NorthWest LNG Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Assessment Certificate Application

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February 2014 Project No. 1231-10537

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2.4.6 Alternative Placement of Marine Infrastructure (Trestle, Berths and MOF) .......................................................................................................... 2-38

2.4.7 Alternative to Disposal at Sea for Marine Sediments ................................. 2-42

2.4.8 Alternative Locations for the Disposal at Sea of Marine Sediments .......... 2-42

2.4.9 Alternative Project Site Layout ................................................................... 2-46

2.4.10 Alternative Construction Camp Locations .................................................. 2-48

2.4.11 Analysis of Alternatives and Summary of Findings .................................... 2-48

2.5 Project Land Use ....................................................................................................... 2-53

2.6 Federal Scope of the Project .................................................................................... 2-53

2.7 Provincial Scope of the Project ................................................................................. 2-53

2.8 Applicable Permits and Regulatory Approvals .......................................................... 2-53

2.9 References ................................................................................................................ 2-54

2.10 Figures 2-54

3 Summary of Engagement .................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Provincial and Federal Involvement and Issues Tracking .......................................... 3-1

3.2 First Nations Information Distribution and Consultation .............................................. 3-3

3.3 Public Consultation and Information Distribution ...................................................... 3-14

3.3.1 Issues Identified Prior to EIS/Application Submission ................................ 3-17

3.3.2 Consultation Activities Completed Prior to EIS/Application Submission ................................................................................................. 3-19

3.3.3 Consultation Planned During EIS/Application Review ............................... 3-20

4 Scope of Assessment and Methods ................................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Environmental Assessment Methods .......................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 Valued Components ..................................................................................... 4-2

4.1.2 Assessment Boundaries ............................................................................... 4-8

4.1.3 Baseline Conditions .................................................................................... 4-11

4.1.4 Assessment of Project-Specific Effects ...................................................... 4-12

4.1.5 Summary of Residual Effects ..................................................................... 4-19

4.2 Assessment of Cumulative Effects ........................................................................... 4-19

4.2.1 Project Inclusion List .................................................................................. 4-20

4.2.2 Cumulative Effects Assessment ................................................................. 4-21

4.3 Accidents or Malfunctions ......................................................................................... 4-22

4.4 Effects of the Environment on the Project ................................................................. 4-23

4.5 Environmental Management Plans ........................................................................... 4-23

4.6 Aboriginal Rights and Related Interests .................................................................... 4-23

4.7 Benefits to Canadians ............................................................................................... 4-23

4.8 Follow-up Program .................................................................................................... 4-24

4.9 References ................................................................................................................ 4-24

4.10 Figures 4-24


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5 Existing Environment ......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Atmospheric Environment and Climate ....................................................................... 5-1

5.1.1 Climate ......................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1.2 Tidal Fluctuations and Storm Surges ........................................................... 5-2

5.1.3 Air Quality ..................................................................................................... 5-2

5.1.4 Acoustic Environment ................................................................................... 5-3

5.1.5 Ambient Light ................................................................................................ 5-3

5.2 Geophysical Environment ........................................................................................... 5-3

5.2.1 Geology ........................................................................................................ 5-3

5.2.2 Bathymetry ................................................................................................... 5-4

5.3 Surficial Geology (Terrain and Soil) ............................................................................ 5-4

5.4 Vegetation and Wetlands ............................................................................................ 5-5

5.5 Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds ........................................................................... 5-5

5.5.1 Mammals ...................................................................................................... 5-5

5.5.2 Avifauna ........................................................................................................ 5-6

5.5.3 Reptiles and Amphibians .............................................................................. 5-7

5.6 Freshwater Aquatic Resources ................................................................................... 5-7

5.7 Marine Resources ....................................................................................................... 5-8

5.8 Human Environment ................................................................................................... 5-9

5.8.1 First Nations ................................................................................................. 5-9

5.8.2 Physical and Cultural Heritage ................................................................... 5-10

5.8.3 Health and Socio-economic Conditions ..................................................... 5-12

5.8.4 Infrastructure and Services ........................................................................ 5-13

5.9 References ................................................................................................................ 5-16

6 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................ 6-1 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 6-1

6.2 Scope of Assessment ................................................................................................. 6-1

6.2.1 Regulatory and Policy Setting ...................................................................... 6-1

6.2.2 Influence of Consultation on the Assessment .............................................. 6-1

6.2.3 Selection of Potential Effects ........................................................................ 6-2

6.2.4 Selection of Measurable Parameters ........................................................... 6-2

6.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................... 6-6

6.2.6 Residual Effects Description Criteria ............................................................ 6-6

6.2.7 Significance Thresholds for Residual Effects ............................................... 6-8

6.3 Baseline Conditions .................................................................................................... 6-8

6.3.1 Background Methods and Data Sources ..................................................... 6-8

6.3.2 Overview of Background Conditions ............................................................ 6-9

6.4 Project Interactions with Air Quality ............................................................................ 6-9

6.4.1 Justification of Interaction Rankings ........................................................... 6-11


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6.5 Effects Assessment ................................................................................................... 6-11

6.5.1 Analytical Methods ..................................................................................... 6-11

6.5.2 Increase in Criteria Air Contaminant Concentrations ................................. 6-13


6.6 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................... 6-23

6.6.1 Context for Cumulative Effects ................................................................... 6-23


6.7 Follow-up and Monitoring .......................................................................................... 6-28

6.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 6-28

6.9 References ................................................................................................................ 6-29

6.10 Figures 6-29

7 Greenhouse Gas Management .......................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7-1






7.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................... 7-9


7.3.1 Provincial and National GHG Emissions Inventory ...................................... 7-9

7.3.2 Industry Profile ............................................................................................ 7-10

7.4 Project Activities Resulting in Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...................................... 7-11


7.5.1 Construction ............................................................................................... 7-12

7.5.2 Operation .................................................................................................... 7-13

7.6 Effects on GHG Reduction Targets .......................................................................... 7-14

7.7 GHG Management Options ...................................................................................... 7-15

7.7.1 GHG Management Plan ............................................................................. 7-15

7.7.2 Land Clearing and Biomass Burning .......................................................... 7-16

7.7.3 Designing the Best-in-Class LNG Facility .................................................. 7-16

7.7.4 Reduction in Methane Emissions ............................................................... 7-17


7.8.1 Reporting Requirements ............................................................................ 7-17

7.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 7-17

7.10 References ................................................................................................................ 7-18

8 Acoustic Environment ........................................................................................................ 8-1 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 8-1



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8.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................... 8-4




8.3.1 Baseline Methods and Data Sources ........................................................... 8-7

8.3.2 Overview of Baseline Conditions .................................................................. 8-8

8.4 Project Interactions with Acoustic Environment .......................................................... 8-9

8.4.1 Justification of Interaction Rankings ........................................................... 8-11



8.5.2 Increase in Ambient Sound Levels ............................................................. 8-13






8.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 8-34

8.9 References ................................................................................................................ 8-34

8.10 Figures 8-35

9 Ambient Light ...................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9-1






9.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................... 9-4




9.3.1 Baseline Methods and Data Sources ........................................................... 9-6

9.3.2 Overview of Baseline Conditions .................................................................. 9-6

9.4 Project Interactions with Ambient Light ....................................................................... 9-7

9.4.1 Justification of Interaction Rankings ............................................................. 9-8

9.5 Effects Assessment ..................................................................................................... 9-9


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9.5.1 Analytical Methods ....................................................................................... 9-9

9.5.2 Change of Ambient Light .............................................................................. 9-9






9.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 9-18

9.9 References ................................................................................................................ 9-19

9.10 Figures 9-19

10 Vegetation and Wetland Resources ................................................................................ 10-1 10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 10-1

10.2 Scope of Assessment ............................................................................................... 10-1

10.2.1 Regulatory and Policy Setting .................................................................... 10-1

10.2.2 Influence of Consultation on the Assessment ............................................ 10-3

10.2.3 Selection of Potential Effects ...................................................................... 10-3

10.2.4 Selection of Measurable Parameters ......................................................... 10-4

10.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 10-5

10.2.6 Residual Effects Description Criteria .......................................................... 10-6

10.2.7 Significance Thresholds for Residual Effects ............................................. 10-8

10.3 Baseline Conditions .................................................................................................. 10-9

10.3.1 Baseline Methods and Data Sources ......................................................... 10-9

10.3.2 Overview of Baseline Conditions .............................................................. 10-10

10.4 Project Interactions with Vegetation and Wetland Resources ................................ 10-15

10.4.1 Justification of Interaction Rankings ......................................................... 10-17

10.5 Effects Assessment ................................................................................................. 10-19

10.5.1 Analytical Methods ................................................................................... 10-19

10.5.2 Change in Abundance of Plant Species of Interest .................................. 10-19

10.5.3 Change in Abundance or Condition of Ecological Communities .............. 10-21

10.5.4 Change in Wetland Functions .................................................................. 10-27

10.5.5 Summary of Residual Effects ................................................................... 10-30

10.6 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................. 10-34

10.6.1 Context for Cumulative Effects ................................................................. 10-34

10.6.2 Cumulative Effects Assessment ............................................................... 10-34

10.7 Follow-up and Monitoring ........................................................................................ 10-39

10.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 10-39

10.9 References .............................................................................................................. 10-39

10.10 Figures 10-41

11 Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds .............................................................................. 11-1


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11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 11-1






11.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 11-5




11.3.1 Existing Data Sources and Desktop Studies ............................................ 11-10


11.4 Project Interactions with Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds ................................ 11-24




11.5.2 Change in Wildlife Habitat Availability ...................................................... 11-28

11.5.3 Change in Mortality Risk .......................................................................... 11-34

11.5.4 Alteration of Movement ............................................................................ 11-38






11.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 11-53

11.9 References .............................................................................................................. 11-53

11.10 Figures 11-61

12 Freshwater Aquatic Resources ....................................................................................... 12-1 12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 12-1






12.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 12-4






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12.3.2 Overview of Baseline Conditions ................................................................ 12-9

12.4 Project Interactions with Freshwater Aquatic Resources ....................................... 12-14




12.5.2 Change in Fish Habitat ............................................................................. 12-16

12.5.3 Change in Food and Nutrient Content ..................................................... 12-18

12.5.4 Change in Fish Mortality Risk ................................................................... 12-19






12.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 12-29

12.9 References .............................................................................................................. 12-30

12.10 Figures 12-30

13 Marine Resources ............................................................................................................. 13-1 13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 13-1






13.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 13-8

13.2.6 Residual Effects Description Criteria ........................................................ 13-10

13.2.7 Significance Thresholds for Residual Effects ........................................... 13-11

13.3 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................ 13-12

13.3.1 Baseline Methods and Data Sources ....................................................... 13-12


13.4 Project Interactions with Marine Resources ............................................................ 13-20




13.5.2 Change in Sediment or Water Quality ...................................................... 13-26

13.5.3 Change in Fish Habitat ............................................................................. 13-35

13.5.4 Direct Mortality or Physical Injury to Fish or Marine Mammals ................ 13-42

13.5.5 Change in Behaviour ................................................................................ 13-57




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13.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 13-80

13.9 References .............................................................................................................. 13-80

13.10 Figures 13-91

14 Economic Environment .................................................................................................... 14-1 14.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 14-1






14.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 14-3






14.4 Project Interactions with the Economic Environment .............................................. 14-25




14.5.2 Change in Regional Labour Supply and Demand .................................... 14-27

14.5.3 Change in Cost of Living and Economic Activity ...................................... 14-39

14.5.4 Change in Municipal Government Finances ............................................ 14-44






14.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 14-56

14.9 References .............................................................................................................. 14-56

14.10 Figures 14-58

15 Navigation and Marine Resource Use ............................................................................ 15-1 15.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 15-1





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15.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 15-3






15.4 Project Interactions with Navigation and Marine Resource Use ............................. 15-18




15.5.2 Interference with Navigation ..................................................................... 15-21

15.5.3 Effects on Fishing, Recreation and Marine Use ....................................... 15-25





15.6.3 Summary of Cumulative Effects ............................................................... 15-33


15.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 15-33

15.9 References .............................................................................................................. 15-34

15.9.1 Literature Cited ......................................................................................... 15-34

15.9.2 Personal Communications ....................................................................... 15-35

15.10 Figures 15-35

16 Infrastructure and Services ............................................................................................. 16-1 16.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 16-1






16.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 16-3






16.4 Project Interactions with Infrastructure and Services .............................................. 16-11


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16.5.2 Change in Traffic and Pressure on Transportation Infrastructure ............ 16-17

16.5.3 Change in Housing Availability and Affordability ...................................... 16-20

16.5.4 Change in Infrastructure and Community Services .................................. 16-23






16.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 16-33

16.9 References .............................................................................................................. 16-34

16.10 Figures 16-36

17 Visual Quality .................................................................................................................... 17-1 17.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 17-1






17.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 17-4






17.4 Project Interactions with Visual Quality ................................................................... 17-18




17.5.2 Change in Visual Quality .......................................................................... 17-21





17.6.3 Summary of Cumulative Effects ............................................................... 17-31


17.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 17-32


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17.9 References .............................................................................................................. 17-33

17.10 Figures 17-35

18 Community Health and Well-Being ................................................................................. 18-1 18.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 18-1






18.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 18-3


18.2.7 Significance Threshold for Residual Effects ............................................... 18-5




18.4 Project Interactions with Community Health and Well-Being .................................. 18-15




18.5.2 Changes to Social Determinants of Health .............................................. 18-17

18.5.3 Change in Diet and Nutrition .................................................................... 18-30






18.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 18-41

18.9 Reference ................................................................................................................ 18-41

18.9.1 Person Communications .......................................................................... 18-45

18.10 Figures 18-46

19 Human and Ecological Health ......................................................................................... 19-1 19.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 19-1





19.2.4 Selection of Subcomponents and Measureable Parameters ..................... 19-4

19.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 19-6



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19.4 Project Interactions with Human and Ecological Health ......................................... 19-20




19.5.2 Changes to Human Health ....................................................................... 19-28

19.5.3 Changes to Ecological Health .................................................................. 19-38






19.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 19-57

19.9 References .............................................................................................................. 19-57

19.10 Figures 19-60

20 Archaeological and Heritage Resources ........................................................................ 20-1 20.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 20-1






20.2.5 Boundaries ................................................................................................. 20-3






20.4 Project Interactions with Archaeological and Heritage Resources ........................... 20-7



20.5.2 Destruction or Disturbance of Culturally Modified Trees ............................ 20-9

20.5.3 Destruction or Disturbance of other Archaeological or Heritage Sites ..... 20-10





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20.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 20-16

20.9 References .............................................................................................................. 20-16

20.10 Figures 20-17

21 Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes ............................... 21-19 21.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 21-19

21.2 Scope of Assessment ............................................................................................. 21-20

21.2.1 Regulatory and Policy Setting .................................................................. 21-20

21.2.2 Influence of Consultation on the Assessment .......................................... 21-20

21.2.3 Selection of Potential Effects .................................................................... 21-22

21.2.4 Selection of Measurable Parameters ....................................................... 21-22

21.2.5 Boundaries ............................................................................................... 21-23

21.2.6 Residual Effects Description Criteria ........................................................ 21-25

21.2.7 Significance Threshold for Residual Effects ............................................. 21-26

21.3 Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................ 21-27

21.3.1 Baseline Methods and Data Sources ....................................................... 21-27


21.4 Project Interactions with Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes ................................................................................................................. 21-34




21.5.2 Changes to Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes by Aboriginal People ................................................................ 21-37

21.5.3 Confidence and Risk ................................................................................ 21-45






21.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 21-55

21.9 References .............................................................................................................. 21-56

21.9.1 Literature Cited and Internet Sites ............................................................ 21-56


21.9.3 Court Cases .............................................................................................. 21-60

21.10 Figures 21-60

22 Accidents or Malfunctions ............................................................................................... 22-1 22.1 Approach ................................................................................................................... 22-2


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22.1.1 Identification of Potential Accidents and Malfunctions Scenarios .............. 22-2

22.1.2 Assessment Method ................................................................................... 22-3

22.1.3 Identification of Potential Interactions with Valued Components ............... 22-3


22.3 Emergency Response Planning ................................................................................ 22-5

22.4 Scenario 1: Emergency Flaring and LNG Facility Shutdown .................................... 22-7

22.4.1 Description of the Possible Scenario ......................................................... 22-7

22.4.2 Project Design Measures to Reduce Risk .................................................. 22-7

22.4.3 Emergency Response Approach ................................................................ 22-8

22.4.4 Clean-Up and Restoration Methods ........................................................... 22-8

22.4.5 Potential Environmental Effects ................................................................. 22-8

22.5 Scenario 2: Explosion or Fire .................................................................................. 22-10

22.5.1 Description of the Possible Scenario ....................................................... 22-10

22.5.2 Project Design Measures to Reduce Risk ................................................ 22-11

22.5.3 Emergency Response Approach .............................................................. 22-13

22.5.4 Clean-Up and Restoration Methods ......................................................... 22-14

22.5.5 Potential Environmental Effects ............................................................... 22-14

22.6 Scenario 3: Fuel or Hazardous Materials Spills ...................................................... 22-17






22.7 Scenario 4: LNG Spills ............................................................................................ 22-22






22.8 Scenario 5: Marine Vessel Grounding, Collision, or Allision ................................... 22-26






22.9 Cumulative Effects of Accidents and Malfunctions ................................................. 22-35

22.10 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 22-35

22.11 References .............................................................................................................. 22-36

22.12 Figures 22-38


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23 Effects of the Environment on the Project ..................................................................... 23-1 23.1 Physical Environmental Conditions Considered ....................................................... 23-1

23.2 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries ............................................................................. 23-1

23.3 Significance Criteria .................................................................................................. 23-2

23.4 Methods 23-2

23.5 Environmental Effects Analysis and Mitigation ......................................................... 23-2

23.5.1 Severe Precipitation ................................................................................... 23-2

23.5.2 Fog and Visibility ........................................................................................ 23-3

23.5.3 Wind, Tides and Storms ............................................................................. 23-4

23.5.4 Seismic Activity and Tsunamis ................................................................... 23-6

23.5.5 Climate Change .......................................................................................... 23-9

23.6 Significance of Effects of Environment on the Project ............................................ 23-10

23.7 References .............................................................................................................. 23-11

24 Environmental Management Plans ................................................................................. 24-1 24.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 24-1

24.2 Scope of Environmental Management Plans ............................................................ 24-1

24.2.1 Plan Applicability ........................................................................................ 24-1

24.2.2 Regulatory Context ..................................................................................... 24-2

24.3 List of Environmental Management Plans ................................................................ 24-3

24.4 Objectives of Environmental Management Plans ..................................................... 24-3

24.4.1 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Management Plan ................................. 24-4

24.4.2 Noise, Vibration, and Ambient Light Management Plan ............................ 24-4

24.4.3 Emergency Response Plan ........................................................................ 24-4

24.4.4 Transportation Management Plan .............................................................. 24-5

24.4.5 Marine and Freshwater Resource Management Plan ................................ 24-6

24.4.6 Vegetation Management Plan .................................................................... 24-6

24.4.7 Waste Management Plan ........................................................................... 24-7

24.4.8 Blasting Management Plan ........................................................................ 24-8

24.4.9 Pile Driving Management Plan ................................................................... 24-9

24.4.10 Dredging Management Plan ....................................................................... 24-9

24.4.11 Archaeological and Heritage Resources Management Plan ..................... 24-9

24.4.12 Environmental Monitoring Management Plan ............................................ 24-9

24.4.13 Accomodation Plan .................................................................................. 24-10

24.5 References .............................................................................................................. 24-10

25 Changes to the Environment ........................................................................................... 25-1 25.1 Changes to Components of the Environment within Federal Jurisdiction ................ 25-2

25.1.1 Fish and Fish Habitat and Aquatic Species ............................................... 25-2

25.1.2 Migratory Birds ........................................................................................... 25-4


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25.2 Changes to the Environment that would Occur on Federal or Transboundary Lands 25-5

25.2.1 Atmospheric Environment and Climate ...................................................... 25-6

25.2.2 Vegetation and Wetland Resources ........................................................... 25-7

25.2.3 Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Bird Resources .......................................... 25-9

25.2.4 Human Environment ................................................................................. 25-10

25.3 Changes to the Environment that are Directly Linked or Necessarily Incidental to Federal Decisions ............................................................................................... 25-13

25.3.1 Fisheries Act ............................................................................................. 25-13

25.3.2 Canadian Environmental Protection Act .................................................. 25-13

25.3.3 Navigable Waters Protection Act .............................................................. 25-13

25.3.4 Canada Marine Act ................................................................................... 25-14

25.4 Summary of Changes to the Environment .............................................................. 25-14

26 Effects of Changes to the Environment ......................................................................... 26-1 26.1 Effects of Changes to the Environment on Aboriginal People .................................. 26-1

26.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 26-1

26.1.2 Health ......................................................................................................... 26-1

26.1.3 Socio-Economic Conditions ....................................................................... 26-2

26.1.4 Archaeology and Heritage Resources ....................................................... 26-2

26.1.5 Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes by Aboriginal People ....................................................................................... 26-3

26.2 Effects of Changes to the Environment that are Directly Linked or Necessarily Incidental to Federal Decisions ................................................................................. 26-3

26.2.1 Fisheries Act ............................................................................................... 26-4

26.2.2 Canadian Environmental Protection Act .................................................... 26-5

26.2.3 Navigable Waters Protection Act ................................................................ 26-5

26.2.4 Canada Marine Act ..................................................................................... 26-6

27 Aboriginal Rights and Related Interests ........................................................................ 27-1 27.1 Aboriginal Rights ....................................................................................................... 27-1

27.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 27-1

27.1.2 Background Information on Potentially Affected Aboriginal Groups .......... 27-2

27.1.3 Summary of Engagement Activities ......................................................... 27-24

27.1.4 Information on Each Aboriginal Group’s Potential or Established Rights ....................................................................................................... 27-31

27.1.5 Overview of Key Comments and Concerns ............................................. 27-39

27.1.6 Future Planned Engagement ................................................................... 27-48

27.1.7 Scope of Assessment ............................................................................... 27-48

27.1.8 Adverse Impacts on Aboriginal and Treaty Rights and Related Interests .................................................................................................... 27-55

27.1.9 Measures to Address Impacts on Aboriginal Rights ................................ 27-58


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27.1.10 Residual Effects – Outstanding Aboriginal Issues ................................... 27-59

27.1.11 Conclusions Regarding Residual Effects on Aboriginal Rights ................ 27-61

27.1.12 Cumulative Effects.................................................................................... 27-63

27.2 Other Matters of Concern to Aboriginal People ...................................................... 27-66

27.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 27-66

27.2.2 Effects on Aboriginal Governance ............................................................ 27-67

27.2.3 Effects on Traditional Aboriginal Economic Activities .............................. 27-69

27.2.4 Effects on Aboriginal Sacred Places and Related Spiritual Traditions ..... 27-72

27.3 References .............................................................................................................. 27-74

27.3.1 Court Cases .............................................................................................. 27-79


27.4 Figures 27-80

28 Summary of the Assessment .......................................................................................... 28-1 28.1 Summary of Potential Effects, Adverse Residual Effects and their Significance ...... 28-1

28.2 Summary of Cumulative Effects .............................................................................. 28-33

28.3 Summary of Comments from the Public ................................................................. 28-40

28.4 Aboriginal Rights and Related Interests .................................................................. 28-48

28.5 Summary of Commitments ..................................................................................... 28-62

29 Benefits to Canadians ...................................................................................................... 29-1 29.1 Changes to the Project Since Initially Proposed ....................................................... 29-1

29.2 Benefits of the Project ............................................................................................... 29-1

29.2.1 Capital Costs .............................................................................................. 29-2

29.2.2 Operating and Decommissioning Costs ..................................................... 29-3

29.2.3 Employment Estimates ............................................................................... 29-3

29.2.4 Contractor Supply Service Estimates ......................................................... 29-6

29.2.5 Government Revenues .............................................................................. 29-8

29.2.6 Contribution to the British Columbia Economy ......................................... 29-10

29.2.7 Contribution to the Canadian Economy ................................................... 29-11

29.2.8 Contribution to Community Development ................................................ 29-11

29.3 References .............................................................................................................. 29-12

30 Follow-Up Program and Compliance Reporting ............................................................ 30-1 30.1 Roles and Responsibilities ........................................................................................ 30-1

30.2 Follow-up Program .................................................................................................... 30-1

30.2.1 Eutrophication and Acidification ................................................................. 30-2

30.2.2 Sediment Quality ........................................................................................ 30-3

30.2.3 Fish and Fish Habitat ................................................................................. 30-3

30.3 Compliance Monitoring and Reporting ...................................................................... 30-4

31 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 31-1


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List of Tables

Table 2-1: Evolution of Drivers/Power Generation through Design Phases ............................. 2-5

Table 2-2: Key Components of Project Phases ........................................................................ 2-7

Table 2-3: Project Schedule .................................................................................................... 2-17

Table 2-4: Comparison of Site Location Options .................................................................... 2-37

Table 2-5: Comparison of Marine Infrastructure Options ........................................................ 2-40

Table 2-6: Comparison of Disposal at Sea Sites .................................................................... 2-43

Table 2-7 Comparison of Feasible Disposal at Sea Sites ..................................................... 2-44

Table 2-8: Summary of Site Layout Alternatives..................................................................... 2-47

Table 2-9: Summary of Selected Alternatives ......................................................................... 2-49

Table 3-1: PNW LNG Environmental Assessment Working Group .......................................... 3-1

Table 3-2: Federal and Provincial Milestones for Environmental Assessment Consultation ............................................................................................................. 3-2

Table 3-3: Summary of First Nations Issues and Concerns and PNW LNG’s Response ........ 3-5

Table 3-4: Local, Provincial and Federal Stakeholders Consulted ......................................... 3-14

Table 3-5: Government Consultation Summary ...................................................................... 3-15

Table 3-6: Public Consultation Summary ................................................................................ 3-16

Table 3-7 Government, Public and Agency Consultation Issues Tracking Table .................. 3-18

Table 3-8: Post-Application Consultation Activities ................................................................ 3-21

Table 4-1: Valued Components and Rationale for Inclusion in the EIS/Application ................. 4-4

Table 4-2: Local Assessment Area Boundaries ........................................................................ 4-9

Table 4-3: Regional Assessment Area Boundaries ................................................................ 4-10

Table 4-4: Overview of Project Activities ................................................................................ 4-12

Table 4-5: Potential for Substantive/Meaningful Project-Environment Interactions ................ 4-16

Table 4-6: Project Inclusion List for the Cumulative Effects Assessment ............................... 4-20

Table 5-1: Estimates of Average Annual Streamflow in Lelu Island Watercourses .................. 5-7

Table 5-2: First Nations’ Registered Populations.................................................................... 5-10

Table 6-1: Measurable Parameters for Air Quality.................................................................... 6-2

Table 6-2: Applicable Canada and BC Ambient Air Quality Objectives .................................... 6-5

Table 6-3: Characterization of Residual Effects for Air Quality ................................................. 6-7

Table 6-4: Potential Effects on Air Quality .............................................................................. 6-10

Table 6-5: Annual Land-Based and Marine-Based Emission Rates Associated with the Baseline Case ........................................................................................................ 6-14

Table 6-6: Maximum Predicted Concentrations Associated with the Baseline Case ............. 6-15

Table 6-7: Summary of Predicted CAC Emissions from Project during Construction Phase ..................................................................................................................... 6-16


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Table 6-8: CAC Emissions: Comparison of Construction and Existing RAA Emissions ........ 6-16

Table 6-9: Annual Land-Based and Marine-Based Emission Rates for Project-Alone Operation ............................................................................................................... 6-17

Table 6-10: Maximum Predicted Concentrations Associated with the Project-Alone Case ..... 6-18

Table 6-11: Characterization of Residual Effects for Air Quality ............................................... 6-21

Table 6-12: Potential Cumulative Effects on Air Quality ........................................................... 6-24

Table 6-13: Land-Based and Marine-Based Emission Rates Associated with the Application Case Included in Dispersion Modelling ............................................... 6-25

Table 6-14: Maximum Predicted Concentrations for the Application Case .............................. 6-26

Table 6-15: Land-Based and Marine-Based Emission Rates Included in the Dispersion Modelling of the Cumulative Effects Assessment Case ........................................ 6-26

Table 6-16: Maximum Predicted Concentrations Associated with the CEA Case .................... 6-27

Table 7-1: BC and National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimates (1990-2011) ................. 7-10

Table 7-2: Potential Effects on Existing Greenhouse Gas Emissions .................................... 7-12

Table 7-3: Estimated GHG Emissions from Site Clearing and Project Construction .............. 7-13

Table 7-4: Estimated GHG Emissions during Operations ...................................................... 7-14

Table 8-1: Measurable Parameters for Acoustic Environment ................................................. 8-3

Table 8-2: Noise Sensitive Receptors ....................................................................................... 8-5

Table 8-3: Description Criteria for Residual Effects on Acoustic Environment ......................... 8-6

Table 8-4: Ambient Sound Levels Based on BC OGC Basic Sound Level for Residential Receptors .............................................................................................. 8-8

Table 8-5: Baseline Monitoring Results (Filtered Data) ............................................................ 8-8

Table 8-6: Baseline Sound Level used in %HA Analysis .......................................................... 8-9

Table 8-7: Potential Effects on Acoustic Environment ............................................................ 8-10

Table 8-8: Equipment with Inlet and Exhaust Silencer ........................................................... 8-15

Table 8-9: Construction Activities ........................................................................................... 8-16

Table 8-10: Construction Noise Assessment Model Scenarios ................................................ 8-16

Table 8-11: Construction Noise Modelling Results ................................................................... 8-18

Table 8-12: Operations Noise Modelling Results...................................................................... 8-19

Table 8-13: Comparison of Construction Phase Modelled Ldn to Baseline Ldn ......................... 8-21

Table 8-14: Comparison of Operations Phase Modelled Ldn to Baseline Ldn ............................ 8-22

Table 8-15: Modelled Combined Sound Levels (Ambient plus Project) at Residential Receptors ............................................................................................................... 8-23

Table 8-16: Construction Phase Compliance with HC Noise Limits ......................................... 8-24

Table 8-17: Operations Phase Compliance with HC Noise Limits ............................................ 8-25

Table 8-18: Construction Phase Magnitude Classification ....................................................... 8-26

Table 8-19: Operations Phase Magnitude Classification .......................................................... 8-27


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Table 8-20: Summary of Residual Effects on Acoustic Environment ....................................... 8-29

Table 8-21: Potential Cumulative Effects on Acoustic Environment ......................................... 8-32

Table 9-1: Environmental Zones ............................................................................................... 9-2

Table 9-2: Recommended Maximum Values of Light Spill (Illumination) on Properties ........... 9-2

Table 9-3: Recommended Maximum Values for Glare (Intensity of Luminaires) in Designated Directions .............................................................................................. 9-3

Table 9-4: Reference Levels of Sky Glow ................................................................................. 9-3

Table 9-5: Measurable Parameters for Change in Ambient Light ............................................. 9-4

Table 9-6: Characterization of Residual Effects for Ambient Light ........................................... 9-5

Table 9-7: Ambient Light Measurements, Night of April 2, 2013 .............................................. 9-7

Table 9-8: Potential Effects on Ambient Light ........................................................................... 9-7

Table 9-9: Summary of Residual Effects on Ambient Light .................................................... 9-14

Table 9-10: Potential Cumulative Effects on Ambient Light ...................................................... 9-17

Table 10-1: Assessment and Permitting Regulations Regarding Vegetation and Wetland Resources .............................................................................................................. 10-2

Table 10-2: Measurable Parameters for Vegetation and Wetland Resources ......................... 10-4

Table 10-3: Characterization of Residual Effects for Vegetation and Wetland Resources ...... 10-6

Table 10-4: Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping Units within the Local Assessment Area ........... 10-11

Table 10-5: Traditional Use Plants Found within the LAA ...................................................... 10-12

Table 10-6: Fumigation Critical Levels .................................................................................... 10-15

Table 10-7: Deposition Critical Loads ..................................................................................... 10-15

Table 10-8: Potential Interactions between Project Activities and Vegetation and Wetland Resources.............................................................................................. 10-16

Table 10-9: Fumigation Critical Levels .................................................................................... 10-17

Table 10-10: Ranges of Critical Levels for Sulfur Dioxide ........................................................ 10-17

Table 10-11: Direct Effects of Project Activities on Ecological Communities at Risk ............... 10-21

Table 10-12: Direct Effects of Project Activities on Old Forest ................................................. 10-22

Table 10-13: Deposition Critical Loads ..................................................................................... 10-23

Table 10-14: Area of PAI Deposition Exceedances .................................................................. 10-24

Table 10-15: Area of Nitrogen Deposition Exceedances .......................................................... 10-25

Table 10-16: Direct Effects of Project Activities on Wetlands ................................................... 10-28

Table 10-17: Summary of Residual Effects on Vegetation and Wetland Resources ............... 10-31

Table 10-18: Potential Cumulative Effects on Vegetation and Wetland Resources ................. 10-34

Table 10-19: Area of PAI Exceedances in the RAA ................................................................. 10-36

Table 10-20 Areas of Nitrogen Deposition in the Cumulative Case ........................................ 10-38

Table 11-1: Key Issues Raised During Consultation ................................................................ 11-3


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Table 11-2: Measurable Parameters for Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds ......................... 11-5

Table 11-3: Characterization of Residual Effects for Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds ...... 11-7

Table 11-4: Potentially Occurring Provincially or Federally Designated Species of Management Concern ......................................................................................... 11-11

Table 11-5: Disturbance Features and Corresponding Zone of Influence and Disturbance Coefficients for Selected Wildlife Species ....................................... 11-19

Table 11-6: The Amount of Habitat (ha) for Each Habitat Suitability Rating Class for Each Species under Baseline Conditions ............................................................ 11-21

Table 11-7: Potential Effects on Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds.................................... 11-24

Table 11-8: Total Area of each Ecological Community Removed by Vegetation Clearing within the Project Development Area................................................................... 11-28

Table 11-9: Total Habitat and Preferred Habitat Removed by Vegetation Clearing within the Project Development Area ............................................................................. 11-29

Table 11-10: Total Habitat and Preferred Habitat Alteration by Disturbance from the Project in the Local Assessment Area ................................................................. 11-30

Table 11-11: Summary of Residual Effects for Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Bird Species ... 11-43

Table 11-12: Total Area of each Ecological Community Removed by Vegetation Clearing within the Regional Assessment Area ................................................................. 11-47

Table 11-13: Potential Cumulative Effects on Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds ................ 11-49

Table 12-1: Measurable Parameters for Freshwater Aquatic Resources ................................. 12-4

Table 12-2: Characterization of Residual Effects for Freshwater Aquatic Resources .............. 12-5

Table 12-3: Significance Thresholds for Freshwater Aquatic Resources ................................. 12-7

Table 12-4: Physical Habitat Criteria for the Assessment of Fish Habitat Quality in the LAA ........................................................................................................................ 12-9

Table 12-5: Results of Habitat Assessment of Watercourses on Lelu Island ......................... 12-12

Table 12-6: Potential Effects on Freshwater Aquatic Resources ........................................... 12-14

Table 12-7: Estimated Freshwater Fish Habitat Loss Resulting from the Construction of Project Facilities ................................................................................................... 12-17

Table 12-8: Summary of Residual Effects on Freshwater Aquatic Resources ....................... 12-22

Table 12-9: Potential Cumulative Effects on Freshwater Aquatic Resources ........................ 12-26


Table 13-2: Measurable Parameters for Marine Resources ..................................................... 13-7

Table 13-3: Characterization of Residual Effects for Marine Resources ................................ 13-10

Table 13-4: Sensitive Life History Periods of Pelagic Marine Fish Species ........................... 13-16

Table 13-5: Marine Fish and Invertebrates of Conservation Concern Potentially Occurring in the LAA ............................................................................................ 13-17

Table 13-6: Provincial, Federal, or International Listings of Marine Mammal Species found in the LAA .................................................................................................. 13-19

Table 13-7: Potential Effects on Marine Resources................................................................ 13-20


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Table 13-8: Type and Amount of Marine Habitat Permanently Affected during Project Construction ......................................................................................................... 13-36

Table 13-9: Permanent Auditory Injury Criteria for Marine Mammals (PTS) .......................... 13-47

Table 13-10: Predicted Extent (km) of Potential Injury to Marine Mammals from Impact Pile Driving based on Southall et al. (2007) Thresholdsa .................................... 13-49

Table 13-11: Marine Mammals Injury Threshold Exceedances (PTS) and Residual Effects Caused by Underwater Noise from an Impact Hammer with Bubble Curtain ..... 13-53

Table 13-12: Threshold Radii for NOAA1 Behavioural Response for Pulse and Non-pulse Sources and Northern Resident Killer Whale Thresholds2 for Non-pulse Sources ................................................................................................................ 13-61

Table 13-13: Summary of Residual Effects on Marine Resources ........................................... 13-69

Table 13-14: Potential Cumulative Effects on Marine Resources ............................................ 13-74

Table 14-1: Measurable Parameters for Economic Environment ............................................. 14-2

Table 14-2: Characterization of Residual Effects for the Economic Environment .................... 14-4

Table 14-3: Population of British Columbia and the Regional Assessment Area, 2006 and 2011 ................................................................................................................ 14-7

Table 14-4: Aboriginal Component of the RAA Population, 2006 and 2011 ............................ 14-8

Table 14-5: Population of First Nations with Reserves in the RAA, July 2013 ......................... 14-8

Table 14-6: Population of First Nations with Interests in the RAA, July 2013 .......................... 14-9

Table 14-7: Labour Force Characteristics in the RAA, 2006 and 2011 .................................. 14-12

Table 14-8: Unemployed Labour Force in the RAA, 2006 and 2011 ...................................... 14-13

Table 14-9: Labour Force by Industry in the Prince Rupert CA, 2006 and 2011 .................... 14-14

Table 14-10: Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Labour Force Characteristics in the RAA, 2011 ..................................................................................................................... 14-15

Table 14-11: Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Labour Force by Industry in the RAA 2011 ........ 14-16

Table 14-12: Changes in Aboriginal Employment by Industry in the Prince Rupert CA, 2006 and 2011 ..................................................................................................... 14-17

Table 14-15: Income and Earnings in the RAA, 2011 .............................................................. 14-20

Table 14-16: Estimated Cost of Living for a Family with One Dependent, by Annual Income ................................................................................................................. 14-21

Table 14-17: Projects Currently Under Construction in the RAA .............................................. 14-23

Table 14-18: Proposed Projects within RAA identified in the Major Projects Inventory ........... 14-24

Table 14-19: Potential Effects on the Economic Environment .................................................. 14-25

Table 14-20: Summary of Potential Project Construction Employment Effects in the RAA ..... 14-34

Table 14-21: Summary of Potential Project Operations Employment Effects in the RAA ........ 14-36

Table 14-22: Summary of Residual Effects on the Economic Environment ............................. 14-47

Table 14-23: Potential Cumulative Effects on the Economic Environment .............................. 14-52



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Table 15-2: Measurable Parameters for Navigation and Marine Resource Use ...................... 15-3

Table 15-3: Characterization of Residual Effects for Navigable Waters and Marine Resource Use ........................................................................................................ 15-5

Table 15-4: Marine Facilities Located within the RAA (excluding PRPA industrial wharves) .............................................................................................................. 15-10

Table 15-5: Past Vessel Calls and Call Projections for Large Vessels within Prince Rupert Port ........................................................................................................... 15-11

Table 15-6: Summary of Commercial Fisheries in the LAA and RAA and Relative Importance ........................................................................................................... 15-13

Table 15-7: Vessel Count in Porpoise Harbour between April and November 2013 .............. 15-16

Table 15-8: Vessel Count by Type in Porpoise Harbour between April and November 2013 ..................................................................................................................... 15-16

Table 15-9: Vessel Count by Month in Porpoise Harbour between April and November 2013 ..................................................................................................................... 15-17

Table 15-10: Potential Effects on Navigation and Marine Resource Use ................................. 15-18

Table 15-11: Summary of Residual Effects on Navigation and Marine Resource Use ............ 15-29

Table 15-12: Potential Cumulative Environmental Effects on Navigation and Marine Resource Use ...................................................................................................... 15-32

Table 16-1: Measurable Parameters for Infrastructure and Services ....................................... 16-3

Table 16-2: Characterization of Residual Effects for Infrastructure and Services .................... 16-4

Table 16-3: Summary of Baseline Conditions ........................................................................... 16-8

Table 16-4: Potential Effects on Infrastructure and Services .................................................. 16-11

Table 16-5: Summary of Residual Effects on Infrastructure and Services ............................. 16-27

Table 16-6: Potential Cumulative Effects on Infrastructure and Services .............................. 16-30

Table 17-1: Measurable Parameters for Visual Quality ............................................................ 17-4

Table 17-2 Characterization of Residual Effects for Visual Quality ......................................... 17-5

Table 17-3: Visual Sensitivity Class Descriptions ..................................................................... 17-8

Table 17-4: Visual Quality Class Definitions ............................................................................. 17-8

Table 17-5: Degrees of Horizontal and Vertical Prominence .................................................... 17-9

Table 17-6: Visual Prominence ............................................................................................... 17-10

Table 17-7: Viewpoints and Viewpoint Importance—Facility and Marine Terminal ................ 17-12

Table 17-8: Viewpoints and Viewpoint Importance—Shipping Route Options ....................... 17-13

Table 17-9: Results of Baseline Visual Landscape Inventory and Existing Visual Condition Analysis ............................................................................................... 17-15

Table 17-10: Frequency of Vessel Movements ........................................................................ 17-17

Table 17-11: Length of Each Proposed Shipping Route Option from Each Viewpoint ............. 17-17

Table 17-12: Potential Project Effects on Visual Quality .......................................................... 17-18

Table 17-13: Post Development Existing Visual Conditions ..................................................... 17-23


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Table 17-14: Vessel Duration (hours) by Viewpoint.................................................................. 17-25

Table 17-15: Visual Prominence of LNG Carrier from Each Viewpoint .................................... 17-26

Table 17-16: Characterization of Residual Effects for Visual Quality ....................................... 17-29

Table 17-17: Potential Cumulative Effects on Visual Quality .................................................... 17-30

Table 18-1: Government Agencies with Community Health Responsibilities ........................... 18-1

Table 18-2: Measurable Parameters for Community Health and Well-Being ........................... 18-2

Table 18-3: Characterization of Residual Effects for Community Health and Well-Being ........ 18-4

Table 18-4: Crime Rate Averages from 2008 to 2010 .............................................................. 18-8

Table 18-5: Socio-Economic Composite Index Rankings 2012 – Prince Rupert ..................... 18-9

Table 18-6: 2011 Rates of Reportable Infectious Disease BC and Northwest HSDA .............. 18-9

Table 18-7: Selected External Causes of Death, Potential Years of Life Lost Standardized Rates by Northern Health Authority, Other Residents (not including Status Indians) 2002-2006 ................................................................... 18-11

Table 18-8: Potential Effects on Community Health and Well-Being...................................... 18-15

Table 18-9: Potential Reportable Infection Rates (Per Year) – Construction Camp Workers ................................................................................................................ 18-27

Table 18-12: Summary of Residual Effects on Community Health and Well-Being ................. 18-35

Table 18-13: Potential Cumulative Environmental Effects on Community Health and Well-Being .................................................................................................................... 18-38

Table 19-1: Valued Components and Subcomponents for Human Health and Ecological Health ..................................................................................................................... 19-5

Table 19-2: Measurable Parameters for Human Health and Ecological Health ....................... 19-5

Table 19-3: Characterization of Residual Effects on Human and Ecological Health ................ 19-7

Table 19-4: Significance Thresholds for Residual Environmental Effects ................................ 19-9

Table 19-5: Baseline Maximum Air Quality at Human Receptor Locations ............................ 19-11

Table 19-6: Summary of PCDD/F Toxic Equivalency in Marine Tissues................................ 19-16

Table 19-7: Potential Interactions between Project Activities and Human Health and Ecological Health ................................................................................................. 19-20

Table 19-8: Maximum Air Quality Concentrations at Human Receptor Locations during Operations ........................................................................................................... 19-31

Table 19-9: Maximum Air Quality Concentrations in the LAA during Operations ................... 19-40

Table 19-10: Summary of Residual Health Effects on Human and Ecological Health ............. 19-51

Table 19-11: Potential Cumulative Effects on Human Health and Ecological Health ............... 19-54

Table 19-12: Maximum Predicted Concentrations at Human Receptor Locations for the CEA Case ............................................................................................................ 19-55

Table 20-1: Measurable Parameters for Archaeological and Heritage Resources .................. 20-3

Table 20-2: Characterization of Residual Effects on Archaeological and Heritage Resources .............................................................................................................. 20-5


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xxix

Table 20-3: Potential Effects to Archaeological and Heritage Resources ................................ 20-7

Table 20-4: Summary of Residual Effects on Archaeological and Heritage Resources......... 20-13

Table 21-1: Aboriginal Group Issues or Concerns .................................................................. 21-21

Table 21-2: Measurable Parameters for Current Use of Land and Resources for Traditional Purposes ............................................................................................ 21-23

Table 21-3: Land Use Planning Agreements .......................................................................... 21-24

Table 21-4: Characterization of Residual Environmental Effects Criteria ............................... 21-25

Table 21-5: Examples of Traditional Use Locations within the LAA ....................................... 21-28

Table 21-6: Potential Effects on the Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes .............................................................................................................. 21-34

Table 21-7: Summary of Residual Effects on Current Use of Land and Resources for Traditional Purposes ............................................................................................ 21-47

Table 21-8: Potential Cumulative Environmental Effects on the Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes ............................................................. 21-51

Table 22-1: Potential Interactions of Project Accidents and Malfunctions Scenarios with Valued Components .............................................................................................. 22-4

Table 23-1: LNG Carrier Operating Environmental Limits ........................................................ 23-5

Table 23-2: Project Sensitivities to Direct and Indirect Climate Influences ............................ 23-10

Table 25-1: Summary of Changes to the Environment ............................................................. 25-1

Table 26-1: Summary of Changes to the Environment - Linked to Federal Legislation ........... 26-4

Table 27-1: Current Metlakatla First Nation Elected Leadership .............................................. 27-6

Table 27-2: Metlakatla First Nation Reserves ........................................................................... 27-7

Table 27-3: Current Lax Kw’alaams First Nation Elected Leadership ...................................... 27-9

Table 27-4: Lax Kw’alaams First Nation Reserves ................................................................. 27-11

Table 27-5: Current Gitxaala Nation Elected Leadership ....................................................... 27-16

Table 27-6: Gitxaala Nation Reserves and Major Communities ............................................. 27-17

Table 27-7: Current Kitselas First Nation Elected Leadership ................................................ 27-19

Table 27-8: Kitselas First Nation Reserves ............................................................................. 27-20

Table 27-9: Current Kitsumkalum First Nation Elected Leadership ........................................ 27-23

Table 27-10: Kitsumkalum First Nation Reserves ..................................................................... 27-24

Table 27-11: Working Group Meetings ..................................................................................... 27-25

Table 27-12: Summary of Pre- Application Engagement Activities with Metlakatla First Nation ................................................................................................................... 27-27

Table 27-13: Summary of Engagement Activities with Lax Kw’alaams First Nation ................ 27-28

Table 27-14: Summary of Engagement with Gitxaala Nation ................................................... 27-29

Table 27-15: Summary of Engagement with Kitselas First Nation ........................................... 27-30

Table 27-16: Summary of Engagement with Kitsumkalum First Nation ................................... 27-31


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Table 27-17: Overview of Key Comments and Concerns Provided by Aboriginal Groups ...... 27-39

Table 27-18: Overview of Key Comments and Concerns Provided by Metlakatla First Nation ................................................................................................................... 27-44

Table 27-19: Overview of Key Comments and Concerns from Lax Kw’alaams First Nation.... 27-45

Table 27-20: Overview of Key Comments and Concerns from Gitxaala Nation ....................... 27-45

Table 27-21: Overview of Key Comments and Concerns Provided from Kitselas First Nation ................................................................................................................... 27-46

Table 27-22: Overview of Key Comments and Concerns from Kitsumkalum First Nation ...... 27-46

Table 27-23: Measurable Parameters for Aboriginal Rights and Related Interests Assessment ......................................................................................................... 27-51

Table 27-24: Criteria for Characterization of Residual Effects .................................................. 27-54

Table 27-25: Coast Tsimshian Trade Goods ............................................................................ 27-70

Table 28-1: Summary of Potential Effects, Proposed Mitigation Measures, Residual Adverse Effects, and their Significance ................................................................. 28-2

Table 28-2: Summary of Mitigation Measures ........................................................................ 28-21

Table 28-3: Residual Cumulative Effects from Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Projects ............................................................................... 28-33

Table 28-4: Summary of Issues Identified through Public and Stakeholder Consultation ...... 28-41

Table 28-5: Summary of First Nations Issues and Concerns and PNW LNG’s Response .... 28-49

Table 28-6: Summary of Potential Effects on Aboriginal Rights and Related Interests and Accommodation Measures ........................................................................... 28-58

Table 28-7: Commitments Table ............................................................................................. 28-62

Table 29-1: Benefits of Project Changes .................................................................................. 29-1

Table 29-2: Estimates of Construction Employment ................................................................. 29-4

Table 29-3: Operations Employment ........................................................................................ 29-5

Table 29-4: Government Revenues from Project Construction ................................................ 29-9

Table 29-5: Annual Government Revenues from Project Operations .................................... 29-10

Table 29-6: Project Effects on British Columbia Gross Domestic Product ............................. 29-11

Table 29-7: Project Effects on Canadian Gross Domestic Product ........................................ 29-11

Table 30-1: Follow-up Programs ............................................................................................... 30-2

Table 30-2: Compliance Monitoring and Reporting .................................................................. 30-4

List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Project Location ..................................................................................................... 1-13

Figure 1-2: Lelu Island and Surrounding Area ......................................................................... 1-14

Figure 1-3: Project Layout and Surrounding Area.................................................................... 1-15


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Figure 1-4: Project Layout ........................................................................................................ 1-16

Figure 1-5: Indian Reserves and Protected Areas in North Coast of BC ................................. 1-17

Figure 2-1: Full-Containment, Double Wall LNG Storage Tank ............................................... 2-11

Figure 2-2: Partial Trestle Profile.............................................................................................. 2-12

Figure 2-3: LNG Carrier Berthed at a Marine Terminal (Malaysia LNG) ................................. 2-23

Figure 2-4: C3MR Liquefaction Process Block Diagram .......................................................... 2-29

Figure 2-5: ConocoPhillips Optimized Cascade® Liquefaction Process Block Diagram ......... 2-30

Figure 2-6: LNG Production by Compressor Driver Type ........................................................ 2-32

Figure 2-7: Bathymetry and Marine Infrastructure ................................................................... 2-55

Figure 2-8: Project Shipping Routes ........................................................................................ 2-56

Figure 2-9: Alternatives for Placement of Marine Infrastructure .............................................. 2-57

Figure 2-10: Alternative Locations for the Disposal at Sea of Marine Sediments ...................... 2-58

Figure 4-1: Past, Present and Reasonably Foreseeable Projects near the PNW LNG Project .................................................................................................................... 4-25

Figure 6-1: Air Quality Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area .................... 6-30

Figure 7-1: GHG Intensity (t CO2e/t LNG) for Proposed Export LNG Projects ......................... 7-11

Figure 8-1: Acoustic Environment Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area ....................................................................................................................... 8-36

Figure 8-2: Construction Phase Scenario 1 Daytime Noise Level Modelling Results ............. 8-37



Figure 8-5: Operations Phase and Southern Shipping Route Daytime Noise Level Modelling Results................................................................................................... 8-40

Figure 8-6: Operations Phase and Southern Shipping Route Nighttime Noise Level Modelling Results................................................................................................... 8-41

Figure 8-7: Operations Phase and Northern Shipping Route Daytime Noise Level Modelling Results................................................................................................... 8-42

Figure 8-8: Operations Phase and Northern Shipping Route Nighttime Noise Level Modelling Results................................................................................................... 8-43

Figure 8-9: Operations Phase and Central Shipping Route Daytime Noise Level Modelling Results................................................................................................... 8-44

Figure 8-10: Operations Phase and Central Shipping Route Nighttime Noise Level Modelling Results................................................................................................... 8-45

Figure 9-1: Ambient Light Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area .............. 9-20

Figure 9-2: Ambient Light Measurement Locations ................................................................. 9-21

Figure 9-3: Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Projects near the PNW LNG Project .................................................................................................................... 9-22


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Figure 10-1: Local and Regional Assessment Areas for Vegetation and Wetland Resources ............................................................................................................ 10-42

Figure 10-2: Rare Plant Inventory Plots and Foot Traverse Survey Locations ........................ 10-43

Figure 10-3: Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping in the Local Assessment Area .......................... 10-44

Figure 10-4: Ecological Communities at Risk in the Local Assessment Area ......................... 10-45

Figure 10-5: Old Forest in the Local Assessment Area ........................................................... 10-46

Figure 10-6: Wetlands in the Local Assessment Area ............................................................. 10-47

Figure 10-7: Areas above Acid Deposition Critical Loads - Application Case ......................... 10-48

Figure 10-8: Areas above Nitrogen Deposition Critical Levels - Application Case .................. 10-49

Figure 10-9: Areas above Acid Deposition Critical Loads - Cumulative Case ......................... 10-50

Figure 10-10: Areas above Nitrogen Deposition Critical Loads - Cumulative Case .................. 10-51

Figure 11-1: Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds Assessment Areas..................................... 11-62

Figure 11-2: Ecological Communities at Baseline .................................................................... 11-63

Figure 11-3: Baseline Breeding Habitat Suitability of Marbled Murrelet .................................. 11-64

Figure 11-4: Baseline Breeding Habitat Suitability of Northern Goshawk, laingi subspecies ........................................................................................................... 11-65

Figure 11-5: Baseline Breeding Habitat Suitability of Olive-sided Flycatcher .......................... 11-66

Figure 11-6: Terrestrial Wildlife Survey Locations ................................................................... 11-67

Figure 11-7: Amphibian Survey Results ................................................................................... 11-68

Figure 11-8: Raptor Call-Playback and Acoustic Recording Unit Survey Results ................... 11-69

Figure 11-9: Marine Bird Stationary Count and Fixed-width Vessel Transect Survey Area .... 11-70

Figure 11-10: Observations of Important Wildlife Habitat Features and Species of Management Concern ......................................................................................... 11-71

Figure 11-11: Ecological Communities at Project Build-out ....................................................... 11-72

Figure 11-12: Project Build-out Breeding Habitat Suitability of Marbled Murrelet ...................... 11-73

Figure 11-13: Project Build-out Breeding Habitat Suitability of Northern Goshawk, laingi subspecies ........................................................................................................... 11-74

Figure 11-14: Project Build-out Breeding Habitat Suitability of Olive-sided Flycatcher ............. 11-75

Figure 12-1: Freshwater Aquatic Resources LAA and RAA .................................................... 12-31

Figure 12-2: Mapped Watercourses on Lelu Island ................................................................. 12-32

Figure 12-3: Potential Fish-Bearing Streams on Lelu Island ................................................... 12-33

Figure 12-4: Mapped Watercourses (TRIM) within PAI Exceedance Areas ............................ 12-34

Figure 13-1: Marine Resources Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area ..... 13-92

Figure 13-2: Model-Derived TSS (mg/L above background, maximum value in the water column) at Flood Flow from Dredging .................................................................. 13-93

Figure 13-3: Model-Derived TSS (mg/L above background, maximum value in the water column) from Dredging ........................................................................................ 13-94


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Figure 13-4: TSS Plume in the Water Column from Disposal at Sea (Brown Passage) ......... 13-95

Figure 13-5: Total Bottom Accumulation at Brown Passage 20 Days after Completion of all Dredging Disposals ......................................................................................... 13-96

Figure 13-6: Habitat Affected in Dredge Area (MOF) .............................................................. 13-97

Figure 13-7: Estimated Deposition (mm) after Dredging Completed (interval between each contour is 5 mm) ......................................................................................... 13-98

Figure 14-1: Age Distribution of the RAA and BC, 2011 ............................................................ 14-9

Figure 14-2: Age Distribution of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal people in RAA, 2006 ............ 14-10

Figure 14-3: Unemployment Rates, North Coast/Nechako Development Region, 2006 to July 2013 .............................................................................................................. 14-14

Figure 14-4: Age Composition of the Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Labour Force in the Prince Rupert CA, 2011 ....................................................................................... 14-18

Figure 14-5: Composition of Total Income, 2011 ..................................................................... 14-21

Figure 14-6: Major Components of the Project Capital Cost ................................................... 14-28

Figure 14-7: Construction Labour Force Requirements by Year ............................................. 14-28

Figure 14-8: Labour Force Demands for Current, Proposed, and Reasonably Foreseeable Major Projects in the RAA .............................................................. 14-30

Figure 14-9: Number of Indirect Jobs Resulting from Purchases of Goods and Services from British Columbia Sources during Project Construction ............................... 14-33

Figure 14-10: Regional Assessment Area for Economic Environment ...................................... 14-59

Figure 15-1: Bridge from Lelu Island to the Mainland .............................................................. 15-21

Figure 15-2: Marine Terminal (Trestle and Berths) .................................................................. 15-22

Figure 15-3: Navigation and Marine Use LAA and RAA .......................................................... 15-36

Figure 15-4: Anchorages, Marine Facilities and Navigation Aids ............................................ 15-37

Figure 15-5: Commercial Fisheries: Shrimp ............................................................................. 15-38

Figure 15-6: Commercial Fisheries: Crab ................................................................................ 15-39

Figure 15-7: Commercial Fisheries: Salmon - Local Ecological Knowledge ........................... 15-40

Figure 15-8: Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................ 15-41

Figure 15-9: Recreational Boating Routes ............................................................................... 15-42

Figure 15-10: Waterways in the Local Assessment Area .......................................................... 15-43

Figure 15-11: Sea Kayaking Routes .......................................................................................... 15-44

Figure 15-12: Commercial Fisheries near Lelu Island ............................................................... 15-45

Figure 15-13: Recreational Fisheries near Lelu Island .............................................................. 15-46

Figure 16-1: Infrastructure and Services Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area ................................................................................................. 16-37

Figure 17-1: Visual Quality Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area ............ 17-36

Figure 17-2: Candidate and Assessed Viewpoints .................................................................. 17-37


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Figure 17-3: Project Layout ...................................................................................................... 17-38

Figure 18-1: Community Health and Well-being Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area ................................................................................................. 18-47

Figure 19-1: Assessment Area and Human Receptor Locations for the HHERA .................... 19-61

Figure 19-2: Human Health Conceptual Model ........................................................................ 19-62

Figure 19-3: Ecological Health Conceptual Model ................................................................... 19-63

Figure 20-1: Archaeological and Heritage Resources Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area ................................................................................. 20-18

Figure 21-1: Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes, LAA and RAA ...................................................................................................................... 21-61

Figure 21-2: Project Layout ...................................................................................................... 21-62

Figure 22-1: Flammable Hazard Zone: Release of LNG from the Marine Terminal during Loading Operations or an LNG Vessel along the Chatham Sound Sailing Routes .................................................................................................................. 22-39

Figure 27-1: Tsimshian Cultural Areas ..................................................................................... 27-81

Figure 27-2: Traditional Territory as Identified by Metlakatla First Nation ............................... 27-82

Figure 27-3: Traditional Territory as Identified by Lax Kw'alaams First Nation ........................ 27-83

Figure 27-4: Traditional Territory as Identified by Gitxaala Nation ........................................... 27-84

Figure 27-5: Traditional Territory as Identified by Kitselas First Nation ................................... 27-85

Figure 27-6: Traditional Territory as Identified by Kitsumkalum First Nation ........................... 27-86

Figure 27-7: Aboriginal Rights and Interests Local Assessment Area and Regional Assessment Area ................................................................................................. 27-87

Figure 29-1: Major Components of the Project Capital Cost ..................................................... 29-2

Figure 29-2: Major Components of Project Capital Cost Spent in Canada ............................... 29-2

Figure 29-3: Construction Labour Force Requirements by Year ............................................... 29-3

Figure 29-4: Value of Contracted Commodities from Canadian Sources Needed for Project Construction............................................................................................... 29-7

Figure 29-5: Value of Contracted Commodities from British Columbia Sources Needed for Project Construction ......................................................................................... 29-8

List of Appendices

Appendix A: Aboriginal Consultation

Appendix B: Stakeholder Constultation

Appendix C: Technical Data Report – Air Quality

Appendix D: Technical Data Report – Acoustic Environment

Appendix E: Technical Data Report – Vegetation and Wetland Resources


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Appendix F: Wetland Habitat Compensation Plan

Appendix G: Soil Acidification and Eutrophication Sensitivity Assessment

Appendix H: Technical Data Report – Terrestrial Wildlife and Marine Birds

Appendix I: Freshwater Aquatic Resources – Habitat Site Plates and Photo Catalogue

Appendix J: Technical Assessment Report – Freshwater Acidification and Eutrophication

Appendix K: Conceptual Fish Habitat Offsetting Strategy

Appendix L: Technical Data Report – Marine Sediment and Water Quality

Appendix M: Technical Data Report – Marine Resources

Appendix N: Modelling of Underwater Noise for Pacific NorthWest LNG Marine Construction and Shipping Scenarios

Appendix O: Sediment Modeling of Dredgging off Lelu Island, Prince Rupert, BC Canada, and Disposal of Dredgate at Brown Passage

Appendix P: Visual Quality – Figures and Photographs

Appendix Q: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Data

Appendix R: Archaeological Impact Assessment – Geotechnical Drilling Program

Appendix S: Archaeological Inventory – Lelu Island

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