Table of Contents ACTIVITIES RELATED TO DISASTER ...

Table of Contents

Articles

ACTIVITIES RELATED TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT FOR EARTHQUAKE IN BANGLADESH

Suraiya Begum

A STUDY ON MARKET PROSPECTS OF AACHI DIARICE IN CHNNAI

Dr. S. Jayalakshmi

THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SERUM ZINC IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND ITS CORRELATION TO ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE.

Entela Treska, Kozeta Vaso, Shpresa Thomaj

THE IMPORTANCE OF MEASURING SERUM ZINC LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY

Entela Treska, Shpresa Thomaj, Kozeta Vaso

BASICS OF TERNARY OPERATIONS AND TERNARY SEMIGROUPS

Vijay Kumar, Madhavi Latha

Case Studies

A CASE STUDY ON BATHYMETRY AND SST MAPPING USING LANDSAT-TM DATA OVER COASTAL AREA OF BANGLADESH

Mozammel Haque Sarker, Mozammel Haque Sarker

ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION FOR SELF IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY

Bayu Parlinto

www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJSITM: Volume: 02, Number: 02, December-2012 Page 1

A case study on Bathymetry and SST Mapping using Landsat-TM Data over

Coastal Area of Bangladesh

M H Sarker, S M M Rahman & M R Akhand

Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Agargaon,

Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Abstract

Coastal bathymetry is important for monitoring the emergence of new land, navigational channel

maintenance as well as for fish resources tracking purposes. But coastal bathymetry undergoes

frequent changes due to coastal processes such as erosion and deposition of soil. As a result,

hydrographic charts in these areas have to be updated frequently. But Hydrographic surveying by

conventional ship borne sounding technique is slow and expensive. Remote sensing techniques can be

used with limited ground observation to study and monitoring these changes. The unique character of

the shorter wave length visible channel, such as blue (0.45-0.52µm) has the ability to penetrate water

to a significant depth and generates radiance that reflects submarine albedo. Sea Surface Temperature

(SST) is important for climate modeling, study of the earth's heat balance, atmospheric and oceanic

circulation patterns and anomalies (such as El Niño/La Niña) in global scale. It is also important for

tropical cyclogenesis. In local scale it is used as an indicator of the environment required for the living

of some marine biota. Conventional techniques of obtaining SST is time consuming and expensive.

Again, the satellite remote sensing techniques found very useful. A number of studies have been

performed on bathymetry and SST mapping using TM, AVHRR and MODIS data but most of the

studies have been conducted outside of Bangladesh.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to prepare a digital map showing the distribution of

bathymetry and SST using Landsat-TM data over coastal area of Bangladesh. The average water depth

depicted this image in between 1 to 12.5 meter. The distribution of SST varies of location. Higher the

surface temperature at the location near the shoreline compared to location farther. Distribution of

higher temperature contributed by suspended sediment and residential area.

Keywords: Bathymetry, SST, Hydrographic, Environment, Remote sensing

1. Introduction

Bangladesh has three distinct coastal regions, namely the western, central and eastern regions. The

western zone is very flat and low and is crises-crossed by numerous rivers and channels. It houses the

famous mangrove area called the Sundarbans. The central region is the most active one and continuous

process of accretion and erosion is going on there. The eastern region is covered by hilly areas and it is

more stable and has a long beach there. The coastal region is characterized by: (i) A vast network of

rivers, (ii) An enormous discharge of river waters heavily laden with sediments, (iii) A large number of

islands in between the channels and rivers, (iv) Northward converging Bay of Bengal towards

Bangladesh, (vi) A very shallow area all along the coast, particularly in the central region, and (vii) A

submarine canyon, named Swatch of No Ground, in the western region (M Hossain, 2008).

Coastal areas are dynamic and undergo frequent changes over a period of time. As a result,

hydrographic charts in these areas have to be updated frequently for safe navigation. Hydrographic

surveying by conventional ship borne sounding technique is slow, risky and expensive. Satellite

remote sensing technique is able to map the water depth at the critical shallow water areas which are

frequently used by the ships forthcoming or leave-taking the ports. Satellite can provide an extremely

effective means of carrying out preliminary surveys over wide areas especially in remote regions. A

number of studies have been performed on bathymetry using TM and MODIS data but most of the

studies have been conducted outside of Bangladesh.

Bay of Bengal is a breeding ground of fish and other aquatic animal. Hunting of fish and other

resources continues throughout the year. With its resources, Bangladesh meets its own demand and

exports marine fish and other resources. Bay is also a favorable breeding ground of tropical cyclones


S Study Area

Figure 1: Coastal area of Bangladesh extending from 89º 15´ 59˝ to 91º 05´ 10˝ E and 20º

42´38˝ to 22º 35´ 18˝ N.

and Bangladesh is the worst suffer of all cyclonic casualties in the world. About 5.5% cyclonic storms

form in the Bay of Bengal and about 1% cyclonic storm of the global total hits in Bangladesh.

Information concerning Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is needed in the assessment of potential

fishing zone and site selection for marine culture (grouper, snapper, seaweed, and pearls) (Nontji,

1987), which are normally these areas are rich of nutrient. SST is also used as indicator of the

environment required for the living of some marine biota. It is also important for early warning for

cyclone formation. In conventional way, the temperature is observed by using the standard mercury

thermometer from the water sample collected from the ship. This conventional method applies only for

surface water. It is also time consuming and expensive for a large area. With the use of remote sensing

techniques, the skin temperatures at the sea air interface are measured with limited ground

observations. The study of SST distribution model mostly has been used using low to moderate spatial

resolution satellites data, such as NOAA, and MODIS and the result always used for global scale

applications. A lot of papers and reports have been published about algorithm/model for SST mapping

using NOAA data, most common algorithm known are algorithm model by McMillin and Crosby

(Pellegrini and Penrose, 1986; Goda, 1993; McClain, 1981 cited in Hasyim et. al, 1996). Hasyimet. al.

(1996) reported that algorithm model by McMillin and Crosby can represent the condition of SST

distribution in global scale.

In this paper, attempt has been made to prepare a digital map showing the distribution of bathymetry

and SST using Landsat-TM data over selected coastal area of Bangladesh. This will be helpful for

decision makers of coastal zone management and fishing industries development.

2. Objectives

To introduce the new technology in coastal management by using remote sensingtechnique as a

replacement of costly and time consuming conventional way.

To produce a bathymetry map over Bangladeshcoastal areas using satellite image for safe

navigation.

To produce a sea surface temperature map over Bangladesh coastal areas using satellite imagesfor

fishing industry development.

3. Study area, data and software used

3.1 Study area

The study report in this paper is carried out on the coastal area of Bangladesh extending from 89º 15´

59˝ to 91º 05´ 10˝E and 20º 42´38˝ to 22º 35´ 18˝ N (TM frame 137/45). Figure 1 shows the image of

study area.


3.2 Data used There are many satellites such as Landsat series, IRS series, SPOT series, NOAA series etc are

potential usable for bathymetry and SST mapping. But most important is the spectral coverage of the

satellites as well as the temporal resolution. As the area coverage is significantly wide. The lower

spatial resolution (even up to 1 km) impacts little to view the features. Whereas, higher spectral

resolution may be better to separate different features more correctly. It is important to note that blue

spectrum region of Landsat -TM occupies most upper part of the visible area in compared to other

satellite sensors. TM channel blue having spectrum width of 0.45 μm to 0.52 μm was found to be the

most suitable. Among other visible spectrums the blue has the maximum water penetration capacity of

up to 20m (Lillesand and Kiefer, 2002) due to its shorter wave length but susceptible to back scattering

(Rayleigh’s effect) due to the presence of smaller suspended particles. Also, availability of Landsat

data is easier and cheaper than all others. Band 10 of MODIS satellite having a bandwidth between

0.483 and 0.493 μm can provide much better bathymetric maps. Major problem incorporating MODIS

in present research was its radiometric resolution of 12 bit, which was unable to be processed due to

software limitation. NOAA-AVHRR data are relatively low resolution compare to TM. So for the

present research the data of Landsat-Thematic Mapper (TM) captured on 31 January 2010 have been

used for Bathymetry and SST mapping. TM bands 6(10.4-12.5µm)was used for SST mapping and

band 4 is used for land-water delineation captured on same date.

3.3 Software used

ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS were used for data pre-processing, generation, and analysis.

4. Procedure of data generation Before doing the main process in mapping the water depth and sea surface temperature at study area,

the image must undergo some pre-processing. The images must be geometric corrected and also

radiometric corrected. The image must be geometrically rectified to enable the further quantitative

comparison between the remotely sensed data and the existing chart and maps. Land and cloud

masking process to be used to mask the cloud and land area. The land and the cloud cover area are

unwanted information in bathymetry and SST mapping. The cloud areas must be masked in order to

get the correct result of water depth and sea surface temperature mapping.

4.1 Geometric correction The Landsat TM image of the study area was analyzed to identify the geographical features. The image

was first geo-referenced to Bangladesh Transverse Marcator (BTM) projection system by selecting10

Ground Control Point (GCPs). Second order polynomial and then re-sampled with bilinear algorithm

have been used during the re-sampling method. All the selected GCP’s were easily identifiable and

permanent in nature for measuring accurate results. A Root Mean Square (RMS) error of 0.30 (less

than one pixel, 30m) was accepted for the correction process.

4.2 Land and cloud separation

A simple algorithm was used to mask the land and the cloud cover areas. If the land and cloud are not

masked in the images, it will give the wrong water depth and SST values and will disturb the all

processing. For land and water separation near infra-red (NIR) band 4 (0.76 to 0.90 μm) have been

used because band 4 of Landat-TM is suitable for land and water separation. In this case DN values of

water have been collected carefully from the histogram of the selected image and found DN value 40.

This value applied in the equation 1. Luckily I have found the cloud free image so no need to mask out

the cloud.

Either (Landsat-5 TM) IF (Band 4 < 41) or 0 otherwise--------------------(1)


4.3 Bathymetry mapping The method of bathymetry mapping is based on Marghanyet. al(2007). Bathymetry mapping involves

data acquisition, pre-processing, data processing and output. Download of TM data and collection of

bathymetry chart under data acquisition. Pre-processing involves geometric& radiometric correction

and masking of land. Data processing involves the estimation of pixel intensity and calculation of

water depth.Accuracy assessment needs to improve the accuracy of output product. For pixel intensity

and water depth calculation Band 1 (0.45-0.52µm) of Landsat TM has been used. For accuracy

assessment bathymetry chart is very much useful but due to unavailability of data accuracy assessment

was not incorporated in this study. Figure 2 shows the overall methodology of bathymetry mapping.

4.4 Calculation of pixel intensity andwater depth

Pixel intensities are determined in order to calculate the water depth. The unique character of the

shorter wave length visible channel, such as blue (0.45-0.52µm) has the ability to penetrate water to a

significant depth and generates radiance that reflects submarine albedo. The simple algorithm based on

Marghanyet. al (2007) was used to estimate the pixel intensities. Algorithm (2) shows the calculation

of pixel intensity.

Xi = (log (Li – Lmean))/ 2Ki-----(2)

Where Xi is the intensity of the pixel, Li is the image Landsat-5 TM band 1, Lmean is the mean of

value of digital number in band 1 and Ki is the coefficient. After getting the pixel intensities, the water

depth can be measured by using an algorithm based Marghanyet. al (2007). The following algorithm

shows the calculation of water depth.

Z = (Ai-Xi)/2Ki----------------------(3)

Where Z is the water depth, Ai and Ki be the coefficient. The value of Ai and Ki are 4.9236 and

0.0797 respectively. The value of Z shows the depth of water along selected coastal areas. Figure 5

shows the bathymetry map of study area.

4.5 Sea surface temperature (SST) mapping

The method of estimating the temperature of the sea surface is based on the Bambang et al. (2002).

The Landsat-5 TM band 6 digital data (10.4-12.5µm) which is located in thermal infrared region of

electromagnetic spectrum was used. Because of the direct solar irradiance at this band location is

negligible, thermal temperatures of surface features can be estimated by conversion of radiance to


temperature value. Figure 3 shows the overall methodology of SST mapping.

The TM band 6 radiances represent average values of 60*60 m and temperature derived are thus

average temperature. The method of obtaining the surface temperature of the water was implementing

on Landsat-5 band 6 digital data over coastal areas ofBangladesh. The data used in this mapping are

same as describe in section 3.2 with the same area of bathymetry study. Constant relating the digital

numbers to the effective at satellite spectral radiance were used in the determination of the

temperature. The radiance and effective temperature are determined by using equation (4) and (5).

R = α (DN) + β -------------- (4)

Where R is radiance and α and β be the coefficient. After having the radiance image from Landsat-

TM band 6 images, the effective temperature was compute by using the following algorithm.

Te = K2/ ln((K1/R)+1)-------(5)

Where, Te is the effective temperature in degrees Kelvin, K1and K2be the coefficient. The final step

in determining the temperature of sea surfaces is to compute the actual temperature.

T = 0.0684 Te3 – 5.3082 Te

2 + 137.59 Te – 1161.2 ------------- (6)

Where T is actual temperature in K and Te is the effective temperature. Figure 4 shows the SST

map of study area.

5. Results and discussions The final output of figures 4 and 5 of the study were depicted the sea surface temperature and

bathymetry maps over the selected coastal region of Bangladesh by using Landsat-TM captured on 31

January 2010. The SST and bathymetry maps are a symbolic in further analysis towards the study of

coastal management.The SST map produced by the proposed methodology utilized in remote sensing

shows the distribution of surface’s temperature over the study area of Bangladesh coast. Based on the

output map (figure 4), the distribution of SST varies with location. The location near to the shoreline

suffered a higher surface temperature compared to the location farther. The distributions of higher

surface temperature near the shore because, the contribution of suspended sediment that gives a higher

reflectance of the surface area. The theoretical concepts explained that more sediment suspended at the


ocean, the more the reflectance will be, thus the higher surface temperature was recorded. In addition,

the higher surface temperature recorded nearer the shore line was contributed by the effect of

residential area from the location. It is well-known that the residential area will emit pollutant sources

that will also supply the addition suspended sediment, thus the recorded surface temperature was

increased near the shore. The average range of sea surface temperature was recorded in between 25 -

27degree Celsius.

The result of bathymetry mapping (Figure 5) depicted that the average water depth recorded in this

image was in between 1 to 12.5 meter depth. The depth of sea-bed varies with locations. The mouth of

Haringhatariver is shallower than the Shahbazpur channel because of the contribution of soil. In

addition, the natural shape of the selected area supported the opportunity of deposition process and

erosion. Thus, the lower water depth measurement was estimated from the satellite image.

Both the results was compared with theoretically idea of the typical SST and water depth of the

location since the absent of ground measurement data. However in various studies suggested that

methodology used and algorithms proposed have been scientifically proven and could give a high

accuracy in certain published literatures. Further utilization of this methods are encourage to be

validate with ground data in order to determine the accuracy of estimated values that derived from this

remote sensing technique.


6. Conclusions

The SST and bathymetry maps are a symbolic in further analysis towards the study of coastal

management and fish industries development. The water depth values give an idea to the coastal

authority in order to detect location with high deposition of sedimentation that reduced the water

depth. The result was compared with theoretically idea of the typical SST and water depth of the

location since the absent of ground measurement data. The accuracy assessment couldn’t be done

because of non-availability of field data. Validation with ground data are encourage to determine the

accuracy of estimated values derived from remote sensing technique

7. References

BambangTrisakti, SayidahSulma and SyarifBudhiman. 2002. Study of Sea Surface Temperature (SST)

using Landsat-7 ETM(In Comparison with Sea Surface Temperature of NOAA-12 AVHRR)

Dr. Mohd Ibrahim, SeeniMohd. 1989. Water depth determination from satellite data

Etsuji I SHIGURO et al. studies on the evaluation of water depth around seashore and the land

classification in Yap Island using satellite data.

Goda, H.H. 1993. Remote Sensing for Fisheries in India.Asian-Pacific Remote Sensing Journal Vol. 5

No. 2.

Hasyim, B.; KhairulAmri and MaryaniHartuti. 1996. Pemanfaatan Data PenginderaanJauh NOAA-

AVHRR untukPengamatanPolaArusLautdandaerahPotensiPenangkapanIkan.Kumpulan Makalah

Seminar Maritim Indonesia 1996. Jakarta. (In Indonesian)

H. J. CHO. 2005. Depth-variant spectral characteristics of submersed aquatic vegetation detected by

Landsat 7 ETM+.

Lecture notes on remote sensing in oceanography application.


Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R. W., 2002, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Willy &

Sons, Inc., New York, p, 318, 396 and 415.

M Hossain, 1 Sept 2008, The New Nation, Bangladesh

MazlanHashim, Adeli Abdullah and Abd. Wahid Rasib. 1997. Integration of remote sensing-GIS

Techniques for mapping Seagrass and Ocean Colour off Malaysian Coasts

MohdIbrahim;MazlanHashim; Adeli Abdullah; R&D In Remote Sensing Application For Coastal

Studies in UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia

Marghanyet. al (2007 and Mainozalawatiet. al (2011). Lecture note during the training at

GeomatikaInternationa at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysis

Nontji, A. 1987. Laut Nusantara. Penerbit Djambatan. Jakarta. (In Indonesian)

Pellegrini, J.J. dan I.D. Penrose. 1986. Comparison on Ship Based Satellite AVHRR Estimates of Sea

Surface Temperature.Proceeding 1st Australian AVHRR Conference. Perth, Australia


Activities Related to Disaster Management for Earthquake In Bangladesh

Ms. Suraiya Begum & Md. Shah Alam, Principal Scientific Officer,

Bangladesh Space Research & Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO)

&

Prof. Dr. Mehedi Ahmed Ansari,

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)

I. ABSTRACT

Earthquakes are related to faulting and tectonic instability of an area. Lying in the confluence of India

–Burme-Eurishya plate; Bangladesh is extremely prone to earthquake . A strong earthquake affecting

the major cities like Dhaka, Sylhet, Chittagong, may result in severe damage and long term

consequences for the entire country. Different organizations like Ministry of Disaster Management &

Relief (MDMR), Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), National Center for Earthquake Eng.(NCEE),

Bangladesh Meteorological Dept.(BMD),Bangladesh University of Eng. & Technology (BUET),

University of Dhaka(DU), Chittagong University of Eng. & Technology etc. play a major role in

earthquake risk mitigation to help the economic planning and Sustainable development of the country.

In this paper, a brief summary of activities related to earthquake undertaken in Bangladesh have been

presented.

Key words: Awareness, Disaster Management, Hazards, Mitigation

II. INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh has an alluvial deltaic land with Himalayas on its north and Bay of Bengal on its south. It

is located between 20.35° N to 26.75°N Lat and 88.03° E to 92.75° E Lon. It has an area of about 1,

47,570 sq,km with population more than 140 million . Most of its area is relatively flat lying in the

deltaic plain of the Ganges-Brahmaputra- Meghna river system. Due to its geographic location and

population density, it experiences diff. types of natural disasters which cause losses to lives and

properties every year. Earthquake is the worst of them. The overall tectonics of Bangladesh and

adjoining region is convective for frequent and recurring earthquakes. The geo-tectonic setting of the

country is seismically very active. The adverse impact of all natural and man-made disasters needs to

be reduced for sustainable development of the country. Consequently, it is needed to prepare against

all possible disasters.

III. EARTHUAKE ZONES OF BANGLADESH

Bangladesh is divided into 3 earthquake zones :

Zone – 1: the less risky zone (includes Jessore , Khulna , Barisal and Noakhali Dist .)

Zone – 2 : medium vulnerable zone (includes Dhaka ,Chittagong ,Rajshahi, Dinajpur and Bogra

Dist

Zone – 3 : the most vulnerable zone ( includes Sylhet ,Mymensingh and Rangpur Districts.

Fig-3 shows the zones.(Source: Ansary,2005)

IV. EARTHQUAKE AFFECTING IN BANGLADESH

Bangladesh is a part of Bengal basin which is one of the most seismically active zone of Asian

countries. It experienced some of worst earthquakes in the past which causes damage to cities of


Sylhet, Chittagong Srimangal, Dhaka etc. Table-1 shows some remarkable earthquake affecting in and

around Bangladesh and Fig-1 shows the hypocenters of them . (Source: internet)

Table – 1: Some remarkable Earthquakes affecting in Bangladesh

Date Name( Place) Magnitude in

Rihcter

Epicenter distance from

Dhaka (km)

14-Jul-1885 Bengal earthquake (Bogra ) 7 17

8-Jul-1918 Srimangal Earthquake ( Srimangal) 7.6 15

8-May-1997 Sylhet Earthquake (Sylhet ) 6 21

21-Nov-1997 Chittagong Earthquake (Chittagong) 8.5 264

22-Jul-1999 Moheskhali Earthquake (Cox;s Bazar ) 5.2 3

27-Jul-2003 Chittagong Rangamati Earthquake 5.9 29

5-Aug-2006 Fridpur Earthquake 4.2 1

31-Aug-2007 Chandpur Earthquake 4.5 42

7-Nov-2007 Bandarban Earthquake 5.5 28

20-Sep-2008 Hajiganj Earthquake 4.5 1

20-Mar-2008 ManikgonjEarthquake 3.8 35

10-Sep-2010 HajiganjEarthquake 4.8 1

9-Jun-2011 Faridpur Earthquake 4.4 35

27-Aug-2011 ChandpurEarthquake 4.2 1

18-Mar-2012 DoharEarthquake 4.5 44

V. PARAMETERS OF EARTHQUAKE

Generally, the tectonic movement of the earth’s plates which forms the thin outer shell of the earth’s

crust causes earthquake. It is a geological hazard. There are mainly 4 measures for earthquake:

(source: internet)

Magnitude

Intensity

Epicenter

Depth

Magnitude measures the energy released which is generally based on the Richter scale measurements.

Intensity measures the scale of damage or casualty of the disaster.

VI. CATAGORY OF EARTHQUAKE

According to the magnitude, the Earthquakes are normally categorized as:

(Source: BMD)

Very Minor (Less than 3 in Richter Scale )

Minor (3.00 – 3.99 in Richter Scale )

Light (4.00 – 4.99 in Richter Scale )

Moderate (5.00 – 5.99 in Richter Scale )

Strong (6.00 – 6.99 in Richter Scale )

Major (7.00 – 7.99 in Richter Scale )

Great (8.00 or More in Richter scale )


VII. DISASTER MANAGEMENT

GOB has undertaken a lot of plans and programs and formulated a set of mechanism for effective and

systematic disaster management to mitigate the sufferings of disaster, for the sustainable development

of the country. These are:

Establishment of ‘Ministry of Disaster management & Relief’ ( MDMR ),the Govt. coordinator

which is responsible for all activities regarding all types of disasters.

Establishment of disaster management organization named ‘Disaster Management Bureau’

(DMB)

Establishment of Council & Committee upto union level to maintain proper coordination among

the concerned departments and and community people and to ensure their proper functioning.

Establishment of Emergency Operation Center for collect information about the disaster during

the emergency period.

Establishment of Task Force to operate awareness programs.

For the mechanisms to be best operative, the Standing Orders on Disaster (SOD) act as a guidebook.

(Country Report: DMB). Besides these, SPARRSO, Bangladesh has taken some projects for

strengthening capability of disaster monitoring systems for better disaster management towards

sustainable development.

VIII. ORGANIZATION RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT

Disaster mitigation and management is not the responsibility of govt. alone or any specific

organization or agency. It requires skilled human resources and well-coordinated efforts from all

concerned bodies as well as the public. These are:

Ministry of Disaster Management & Relief (MDMR)

Disaster Management Bureau (DMB)

Bangladesh Meteorological Dept. (BMD)

Bangladesh Earthquake Society (BES)

Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation (DRR)

Red Crescent Society (RCS)

Bangladesh Space Research & Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO)

Water Development Board (WDB)

Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB )

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET )

Dept. of Geology of Dhaka University

Public Works Dept. (PWD)

Armed Forces Div.(AFD)

NGO's etc.

IX. EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT/MITIGATION

The casualty and damage due to an earthquake can be reduced by suitable mitigation, measures which

are categorized as:

1) Structural

2) Non-structural

In order to reduce the consequences of major earthquake in the city of Bangladesh, it is necessary to

give equal importance to both Structural and Non-Structural mitigation measures.


IX.B. Structural mitigation

Structural measures are those that directly influence the building stock through strengthening of code

provisions and the prevalent constructions practice. As part of structural measures GOB has

So far constructed shelters nearby the highly vulnerable areas.

Set up a committee in 1992 to prepare ‘Building Code’ setting the minimum standard which had

to be met to construct any building.

Public Works Department (PWD) arranged several in-house workshops to train their engineers

about earthquake, to use the seismic codes in designing buildings.

Dept. of Geology of Dhaka University has started the vulnerability assessment of their existing

buildings to prioritize their retrofitting measures.

IX.C. Non-Structural mitigation The non-structural mitigation measures include improvement in the state of awareness, preparedness,

and other activities before and after disaster.

IX.C.1. Awareness / Preparedness

Preparedness/awareness requires monitoring, workshop/seminars as well as community based

management.

Monitoring

Though Earthquake is rather difficult to predict, Bangladesh Meteorological Dept (BMD) has installed

the Digital Seismic Equipment for earthquake monitoring which has 4 components:

Broadband seismometer at 4 stations (Dhaka , Chittagong , Rangpur and Sylhet Districts )

Borehole Seismometer at 2 stations upto a depth of 100m( Dhaka and Rangpur Districts )

Short Period Seismometer at 2 stations ( Chittagong and Sylhet Districs )

Strong motion Accelerometer at 4 stations (Dhaka , Chittagong , Sylhet and Rangpur dist.)

Fig-2 shows their locations.

The data obtained from these seismometers and accelerometers are being processed and analyzed to

find out the following parameters of the earthquake:

Location ( Lat/Lon )

Magnitude ( Richter Scale)

Origin Time

Focal Depth

These observed data /massage are sent to New Delhi – Regional Telecom Hub (RTH) and to the local

concerned offices, by Global Telecommunication System (GTS ). BMD share these data with BUET,

DU, GSB, PMO via radio modem.

Besides this, Bangladesh has the following earthquake monitoring systems:

Geohazard research group of Dept. Geology of Dhaka University in cooperation with USA,

installed a broadband seismometer in Dhaka and several GPS devices at some places of Bangladesh

for earthquake monitoring.


Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET ) installed seven free-field seismic

instruments on Jamuna Bridge and on its surrounding areas ( east and west end of the bridge, at

Dhaka , Gazipur ,Bogra and Nator Dist.(Fig-5). In addition , they installed a borehole accelerograph

at 57m. depth.

BUET also acquired 60 analog SMA-1 type Accelerograph (Fig-6) installed at different Govt.

institutions of the country to acquire earthquake data to develop the attenuation laws for Bangladesh,

which can be readily used for earthquake hazard analysis and updating of seismic zonation map.

Workshop/Seminar/project

Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) with the help of different international funding agencies and

local administration and other organizations like Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

(BUET), Bangladesh Earthquake Society (BES), Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS), Dhaka

University (DU), Bangladesh Meteorological Dept. (BMD), Chittagong University of Engineering

& Technology (CUET), Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS), Local Govt. Engineering dept

(LGED), BRAC University, Institute of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB), Institute of Diploma Engineers

Bangladesh (IDEB), Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh (REHAB), SPARRSO ,CARE

Bangladesh etc. organized and conducted diff. types of workshop, seminar, symposium and other

public awareness and earthquake preparedness programs throughout the country.

Community based management

Govt. alone cannot properly manage and handle all types of disasters . It requires active participation

of local people to provide necessary service during and after the disaster. This new approach of

managing disaster known as Community-Based -Approach (CBA), is going on and popularized

gradually.

BUET has undertaken several projects related to earthquake vulnerability assessment and

community awareness. They also started earthquake safety ( mock drill) training to diff. school

students (Fig-7).

Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) also has published a Disaster Management Training Manual

for public awareness guidelines.

IX.C.2 Other activities/policies

Mapping /Survey

Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB) is involved with survey and the development of seismic

zonation maps for pre and post disaster management.

Dept. of Civil Engineering of BUET and SUST undertaken field survey in diff. cities and

collected the infrastructure information of diff. existing buildings.

For future seismic events and mitigation, BUET and Shah Jalal University of Science &

Technology (SUST) prepared microzonation maps of major cities to know local site conditions Fig-8

shows microzonation map of Dhaka.

CARE Bangladesh has developed a seismic risk scenario for diff. cities.

.

Research /Institutional Activities

Dept. of Geology of Dhaka University has got funding from Ministry of science and Technology

to carryout researches in the field of earthquake hazard assessment.

BUET has also undertaken diff. types of research activities related to earthquake.


Department of Civil Engineering of BUET has established a National Center for Earthquake

Engineering (NCEE) and offers Postgraduate courses on earthquake Engineering, Soil Dynamics,

Structural Dynamics and Vibration Analysis.

Directorate of continuing education, BUET, Institute of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB) has

conducted short courses on “Earthquake resistant design and Retrofitting of building”

Institute of Diploma Engineers Bangladesh (IDEB) has offered several courses on earthquake

vulnerability and seismic design of structures.

Relief /Rehabilitation

The damage/losses due to any disaster as well as earthquake is assessed by Disaster

Management Bureau (DMB ) and Ministry of Disaster Management & Relief (MDMR ). They are

responsible operate relief activities and medical assistance for the victim people with the help of

concerned agencies.

Armed Forces Div.(AFD) also activate “Disaster Management and Relief Monitoring Cell” in

Prime Minister’s Office and monitor rescue operation after any disaster.

XI. Conclusion

Bangladesh is one of the disaster (earthquake) prone country with extremely limited resources. The

development of the country is not possible without the integration of disaster management which is

dependent upon awareness and early warning. Pre-disaster planning is much more useful than a post

disaster management. All Societies at risk of natural disasters require greater awareness of the threats

they face and need appropriate education and training to mitigate the hazards. Realizing these facts,

Bangladesh is striving hard to establish an elaborate and systematic disaster management system. For

this reason, we need to have a system and facility of advanced technology for Early Warning and

Monitoring earthquake. International cooperation and mutual collaboration is necessary for that.

Ref:

1) Internet source

2) Bangladesh Meteorology Dept. Data

3) Disaster Management in Bangladesh(country report-2003)

4) World Environment Day(disaster prevention: earthquake)

5) Periodic Briefing session on Earthquake Disaster Management(DMB)


A Study on Market Prospects of Aachi Diarice in Chnnai

Dr. S. JAYALAKSHMI, Professor, Department of Management studies,

PRIST University, Chennai, India.

ABSTRACT

Market Prospects delivers timely commodity market and outlook information prior to spring

planting. Interviews with leading experts inform farmers about changing production and market

conditions that will influence production levels and prices of the major Saskatchewan crops in the

coming year.

Key words: Market prospects, Diarice(product), Buyers behaviour.

MARKET PROSPECTS

RURAL INDIA with its traditional perceptions has grown up over the years, not only in terms

of income, but also in terms of thinking. The rural markets are growing at about two time faster pace

than urban markets, not surprisingly, rural India accounts for 60 percent of the total national demand.

According to a survey conducted by Mckinsey in 2007, rural India with a population of 630

million (approximately) would become bigger than total consumer market in countries such as South

Korea or Canda in another 20 years and it will grow at least four times its existing size.

The retail sector has a huge potential for growth as a study shows that opportunities in rural

retail sector were estimated to be over $34 billion in the year 2007, which is expected to touch $43

billion by the year 2011. It can be seen from the market that companies like Reliance, Subhisksha are

expanding in the rural market. ITC has launched its first rural mall ‘Chaupal Sagar’, which offers

products ranging from FMCG to electronic appliance to automobiles. Indian Oil is planning to invest

$189.10 in the rural areas during the financial year 2010.

Defining product and brand failures

A product is a failure when its presence in the market leads to:

The withdrawal of the product from the market for any reason;

The inability of a product to realize the required market share to sustain its presence in the

market;

The inability of a product to achieve the anticipated life cycle as defined by the organization

due to any reason; or,

The ultimate failure of a product to achieve profitability.

Product failures and the product life cycle

Most products experience some form of the product life cycle where they create that familiar-or

a variant-form of the product life cycle based on time and sales volume or revenue. Most products

experience the recognized life cycle stages including:

1. Introduction

2. Growth

3. Maturity (or saturation)

4. Decline

In some cases, product categories seem to be continuously in demand, while other products never find

their niche. These products lack the recognized product life cycle curve.

Failure, Fad, Fashion or Style?

It is important to distinguish a product failure from a product fad, style or a fashion cycle. The most

radical product life cycle is that of a fad. Fads have a naturally short life cycle and in face, are often

predicted to experience rapid gain and rapid loss over a short period of time – a few years, months, or

even weeks with online fads. One music critic expected “The Bay City Rollers” to rival the Beatles.


Do you know who they are? And the pet rock lasted longer than it should have, making millions for its

founders.

A “fashion” is what describes the accepted emulation of trends in several areas, such as clothing and

home furnishing. The product life cycle of a “style” also appears in clothing as well as art, architecture,

cars and other esthetic-based products. The “end” of these product life cycles does not denote failures,

but marks the conclusion of an expected cycle that will be replaced and repeated by variations of other

products that meet the same needs and perform the same functions.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Diarice is the rice with herbal properties developed specially for diabetic patients. It can also be

consume safely by non-diabetics. Though the percentage of diabetics in Chennai city has increased

exponentionally there are no takers for diarice.

Therefore this study tries to find out the reason for the sluggish sales of diarice. Based on the reasons

the study also plans to develop suitable marketing strategies.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

This product (Aachi diarice) was launched two years back by Aachi Masala Food (p) ltd. Now the

sales are presently almost standstill for reason unknown to the management. Therefore this study had

been taken up to understand the reason as to why the consumer of Chennai has not accepted this

product, to add the dilemma 35% of Chennai citizen is diabetic. But the mystery remains that a product

developed for diabetic patients has not found any takers.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Developing a market strategy for Aachi diarice based on feedback received from diabetic patients in

Chennai is the aim of the study. Herein lays its scope.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Primary Objective:

To develop a marketing strategy for Aachi diarice.

Secondary Objective:

To learn the reason behind the sluggishness of Aachi diarice.

Elicit opinion about market for diarice from diabetic patients.

To develop a marketing strategy for Aachi diarice.

HYPOTHESIS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY

Hypothesis considered for the study are as follows:

Most of the diabetic patients may not be aware of the existence of diarice which could help

them in normalizing their sugar level.

There may be a willingness among diabetic patients to use Aachi diarice when they become

aware of its benefits.

Customers may be willing to buy Aachi diarice in small handy packages.

The market for Aachi diarice could be increase by distributing through medical shops only.

The current MRP of diarice which is Rs. 55 per kg may be the reason behind the sluggish sales.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research can be defined as “A scientific systematic research for pertinent information on a

specific topic”.

Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis on suggested

solutions, collection, organizing and evaluating data, making deduction and reaching

conclusions and at last carefully listening the conclusion to determine whether they fit the

formatting hypothesis.


A research technique refers to the behaviour and instruments we use in performing research

operations.

Research designs

A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of date in manner that

aims to combine relevance to the research to the research purpose with economy in procedure.

Descriptive research is applied in this project.

SOURCES OF DATA

Primary data

The primary data related to the topic of “A Study on Market prospects of Aachi Diarice in Chennai

for Aachi Masala Food Pvt Ltd” were collected directly from the associates through a questionnaire.

The questionnaire has been chosen as the total for collection data. A well-structured non-disguised was

made use to collect the relevant data for the study. The questionnaire was framed such a way as to

elicit the required information. The primary data was collected from 100(sample size 100) diabetic

patients from common public in Chennai.

Secondary data

The secondary data was collected through industry profile, books, and internet. Through secondary

data basic information, measures undertaken by various organizations and opinions of a few industries

can be obtained.

Data collection

There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data, which differ considerably in context

of money costs, time and other resources. With regard to this study questionnaire method of

data collection is followed.

The researcher and respondents come in contact with each other when questionnaire method of

survey is adopted.

Questionnaire are given to the respondents with a request after completing the same.

Before applying this method, a pilot study can be completed which reveals the weakness, if any

of the questionnaire.

Sample design

All items under consideration in any field of inquiry constitute a population.

Sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining

a sample from a given population.

Deciding the way of selecting a sample is popularly known as sample design.

With regard to this study simple random sampling was used. It is one of the types in probability

sampling. When population elements are selected randomly on uniform size then if they are

selected randomly and if every element get a chance equally, it can be called as random or

unrestricted sampling.

Statistical tools: The statistical tools used in this research are follows :

1. ANOVA

2. Chi-square

3. Correlation

4. Regression

5. Friedman Test

6. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

7. T- test


Wilcox on rank sum Test

Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no significant difference between income and amount spent on

medicines.

Variables Cases Mean of rank Sum of rank

Income < amount spent on medicines 36 44.17 1590.00

Income > amount spent on medicines 56 48.00 268.00

Income = amount spent on medicines 8

Z = │ T – E (T) │

V (T)

Where T = smallest sum of ranks

E ( T ) = N ( N+1 ) / 4 = ( 92 * 93 ) / 4 = 2139

V ( T ) = √ N ( N+1 ) ( 2 N+1 ) / 24

= √92 * 93 * 185 / 24

= 256.812

Z = │268 – 2139 │ / 256.812

= 7.29

The table value of Z = 1.96

Calculated value 7.29 is > Tabulated value 1.96

INFERENCCE

Since the calculated value of Z is greater than table value of Z., reject the null hypothesis at 5%

level of significance. Hence there is a significant different difference between income and amount

spent on medicine.

Wilcoxon rank sum Test

Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no significant difference between income and quantity preferred.

Variables Cases Mean of rand Sum of rank

Income<quantity prefer 22 39.23 863

Income>quantity prefer 42 28.98 1217

Income=quantity prefer 36

Z = │ T – E (T) │

V (T)

Where T = smallest sum of ranks

E (T) = N (N+1) / 4 = (64 * 65) / 4 = 1040

V (T) = √N (N+1) (2N+1) / 24

= √64 * 65 * 164 / 24

= 149.532

Z = │ 863 – 1040 │ / 149.532

= 1.18

The table value of Z = 1.96

Calculated value 1.18 is > Tabulated value 1.96

INFERENCE Since the calculated value of Z is lower than table value of Z, accept the null hypothesis

at 5% level of significance. Hence there is no significant difference between income and quantity

preferred.


Friedman Two-Way ANOVA

Null hypothesis H0: There is no significant difference between Amounts spend on diabetic medicines,

Average price of the price of the rice, Usage of Diarice at Rs.55, willing to buy diarice.

Variables Mean rank Sum of rank (R) R2

Amount spend on diabetic medicines 2.61 261 68121

Average price of the rice 3.90 390 152100

Usage of diarice at Rs.55 2.10 210 44100

Willing to buy diarice 1.39 139 19321

Ʃ R2

= 283642

No of cases = 10

Degrees of freedom = N – 1 = 3

Calculated value of

Table value of

= 7.815

INFERENCE

Since the calculated value of Chi-square is greater than the table value of chi-square,

reject the Null Hypothesis at 5% level of significance. Hence there is significance difference.

Paired t Test

Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no significance difference between convenient outlet for purchase and

placing order in restaurants.

Variables Mean S.D Paired differences

Mean S.D

Convenient outlet 1.96 0.7510 0.6400 0.8229

Placing orders in restaurants. 1.32 0.4688

t =

Where d = x-y

│d│ = Ʃ d / n = 64 / 100 = 0.64

S = √ Ʃ (d – d) 2 / n – 1

√ Ʃ (d – d) 2 / 99 = 0.8229

√ Ʃ (d – d) 2 = 0.8229 * √99 = 8.188

Therefore t =

= 7.77

Therefore calculated value of t = 7.77

Table value of t = tn-1, 5%

Table value of t = t100-1, 5%

Table value of t = t99, 5% = 1.96


INFERENCE

Since the calculated value of t is greater than table value of t, reject the null

hypothesis at 5% level of significance. Hence there is significance difference between convenient

outlet for purchase and placing orders in restaurants.

Paired t Test

Null hypothesis: H0: There is no significance difference between willingness to use diarice and

willingness to use diarice @ Rs.55

Variables Mean S.D Paired differences

Mean S.D

Willingness to use 1.7 0.4606 0.5800 0.4960

Willingness to use diarice @ Rs.55 1.12 0.3266

t =

Where d = x-y

│d│ = Ʃ d / n = 64 / 100 = 0.64

S = √ Ʃ (d – d) 2

/ n – 1

√ Ʃ (d – d) 2 / 99 = 0.4960

√ Ʃ (d – d) 2 = 0.4960 * √99 = 4.935

Therefore t =

= 11.693

Therefore calculated value of t = 11.693

Table value of t = tn-1, 5%

Table value of t = t100-1, 5%

Table value of t = t99, 5% = 1.96

INFERENCE Since the calculated value of t is greater than table value of t, reject the null

hypothesis at 5% level of significance. Hence there is significance difference between willingness to

use diarice and willingness to use diarice @ Rs.55.

Chi-Square for independence of attributes

Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no significance relationship between income and willingness to buy.

Income Below –

5000

5000 –

10000

10000 –

15000

15000 –

20000

Above –

20000

Total

Willingness to buy

Yes 12 6 6 4 - 28

No 44 8 8 8 4 72

Total 55 14 14 12 4 100

O E O-E [0-E]2 [0-E]

2/E

12 16 -4 16 1

16 12 4 16 1.3

44 40 4 16 0.4

8 10 2 4 0.4

8 10 2 4 0.4

12 12 0 0 0

Ʃ = 3.5


Calculated value of χ² = 3.5

Table value of χ² = χ²(r-1) (c-1), 5%

Table value of χ² = χ² (1) (4), 5%

Table value of χ² = 9.48773

Calculated value of chi-square is lesser than table value of Chi-square. Hence Null hypothesis (H0) is

accepted.

Chi – Square for independence of attributes

Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no significance relationship between profession and convenient outlet.

Profession Govt employee Pvt employee Business man House wives Others total

Convenient outlet

Super market 6 8 6 8 2 30

Provision store 2 2 8 20 12 44

Medical store 4 6 2 6 8 26

Total 12 16 16 34 22 100

O E O-E [O-E]2

[0-E]2/E

14 8 6 36 4.5

6 5 1 1 0.2

8 10 -2 4 0.4

6 19 -13 169 8.9

8 7 1 1 0.14

20 15 5 25 1.7

12 10 2 4 0.4

12 8 4 16 2

6 9 3 9 1

8 6 2 4 0.7

Ʃ = 19.94

Calculated value of χ² = 19.94

Table value of χ² = χ²(r-1) (c-1), 5%

Table value of χ² = χ² (2) (4), 5%

Table value of χ² = 15.5073

Calculated value of chi-square is lesser than table value of Chi-square. Hence Null hypothesis (H0) is

accepted.

One way ANOVA

Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no significance difference between quantity of rice consumed per day

and quantity preferred.

Source of variation Sum of Squares Degree of freedom Mean Square Variance ratio

Between groups 4.409 4 1.102 F = 1.182

Within groups 88.591 95 0.933

Total 93.000 99

The test statistic is F =

=

= 1.182

Therefore calculated F = 1.182

Tabulated F at 5% level for (3, 96) degrees of freedom =2.68


INFERENCE

Since the calculated value of F is less than table value of F, accept the null

hypothesis at 5% level of significance. Hence there is no significance difference between quantity of

rice consumed per day and quantity preferred.

FINDINGS

When Wilcoxon Rank sum test was applied to the data collected, the calculated value of Z fell

in the rejection region. The two variables used for the analysis are income and amount spends

on medicine. As the Z value was greater than the critical value (table value) the null hypothesis

had to be rejected. Therefore, it is confirmed that the amount spent on medicine has no

relationship with the income level of the individual.

From the study it is found that the income has no relationship with the quantity of diarice

preferred for purchase. When Wilcoxon Rank sum test was applied to the data collected, the

calculated value of Z fell in the acceptance region. The two variables used for the analysis are

income and quantity of rice preferred for purchase. As the Z value was lower than the critical

value (table value) the null hypothesis had to be accepted. Thereby, it was confirmed that the

quantity of diarice preferred to be purchased has no relationship with the income level of the

individual.

On application of Chi – Square test for independence of attributes, a parametric test on the

variables income and willingness to buy diarice, the calculated value fell in the acceptance

region. This proves that there is no significant relationship between the two attributes. This

finding is confirmed from percentage analysis (88% of respondents are willing to buy diarice

irrespective of their income).

On application of Chi – Square test for independence of attributes, on the variables profession

and convenience of purchasing of diarice, the calculated value fell in the acceptance region.

This proves that there is no significant relationship between the two attributes. Thereby, all

categories of people are willing to buy from any outlet which is convenient to them.

On application of Friedman Two-way ANOVA, as the calculated value of Chi-square

(201.852) falls much beyond the critical value (7.815) into the rejection region, the null

hypothesis was rejected. This proves that the responses to the four factors i.e. amount spent on

medicine, average price of rice, willingness to buy diarice and usage of diarice at Rs.55

received from respondents have been significantly different.

On application of paired t test on the mean of two variables convenient outlet for purchasing

diarice and preference for meals cooked with diarice in restaurants, the calculated t value is

7.77 which fell beyond the critical region (critical value was found to be 1.96 for 5% level of

significant and n-1 degree of freedom) therefore we reject the null hypothesis. This shows that

there is a significant difference in the responses to the two variables, convenient outlet for

purchasing diarice and preference for meals cooked with diarice in restaurants.

On application of paired t test on the mean of two variables preference to use diarice and

willingness to buy diarice at Rs.55, the calculated t value is 11.693 which fell beyond the

critical region (critical value was found to be 1.96 for 5% level of significant and n-1 degree of

freedom) therefore we reject the null hypothesis and thus there is significant difference

between preference to use diarice and willingness to buy diarice at Rs.55. Thereby, 88%

preferred to use diarice whereas 70% of respondents are not willing to buy diarice at Rs.55.

SUGGESTIONS

It is seen from the study that irrespective of income levels, profession or category there is a

general willingness to buy diarice (88% of the respondents have given their willingness to buy

Diarice). Also it is observed that irrespective of income level the amount spent by diabetics on

medicines vary between Rs.500 and Rs.4000 per month. Further 14% of the respondents are observed

to be spending more than Rs.4000 per month on medicines.


From the observation the above two paragraphs it is suggested that diarice has a big untapped

market because the market has got both willingness to use the product and affordability. Affordability,

because by using diarice alone the sugar level can be brought down to the normal level. Therefore the

quantity of medicines used can be reduced to almost one fourth leading to similar reduction in amount

spent on diabetic medicines. A feeling of wellness will also be felt by the diabetics because the

normalisation in their sugar levels has been brought about using a natural product and not by excessive

use of antibiotics.

It is suggested that diarice can be marketed in small quantities such as ½ kg, 1 kg and 2 kg

packets priced at about Rs.40 and sold through supermarkets, provision stores and medical shops. As it

is observed from the study that people prefer to order meals cooked from diarice in restaurants, it is

suggested that the company also promote diarice through restaurants. Last but not least it is observed

from the study that nearly 90% of the respondents have not heard about herbal rice, which could treat

diabetics, it is suggested that the management take measures to promote diarice through

advertisements in print media, radio and television. Print media would be apt and cheap because

articles about diarice with its benefits could be informed to readers through local magazine and cook

books.

CONCLUSION

The study was able to achieve all its objectives. It was able to suggest a marketing strategy for

purchasing diarice.

SCOPE OF FUTURE RESEARCH

Future researcher may have to also include doctors, super markets and also close relatives of diabetic

patients in their study in order to have overall view. This is necessary because the research is done a

few months after the suggestions from this report are implemented.

Bibliography

Kothari C.R., Research Methodology, Wishwa prakastan,NewDelhi,1990

Nargundkar Rajendra, Marketing Research Text & Cases, Tata MC Graw hill Publishing

co., New Delhi, 2007

Kotler Philip, Consumer behavior.

Webliography

www.aachimasala.net

www.google.co.in

www.consumerpsychologist.com

http://www.aachimasala.net/

http://www.google.co.in/


The Direct Measurement of Serum Zinc in Pregnant Women and Its Correlation

to Alkaline Phosphatase

Entela Treska, University Obs-Gyn Hospital “Queen Geraldine”, Tirana, Albania.

Kozeta Vaso, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chemistry Department, Tirana, Albania,

&

Shpresa Thomaj, University Obs-Gyn Hospital “Queen Geraldine”, Tirana, Albania.

ABSTRACT

Zinc is recognized as essential for the activity of a wide range of enzymes. The first demonstration that

zinc had a special biological function in relation to enzyme function, came with the discovery that

carbonic Anhydrase contained significant amount of zinc which appeared to be required for normal

activity. Alkaline phosphatase is a zinc-metalloenzyme that requires magnesium for activity and

specific dietary deficiencies of either Zn or Mg, have been found to lower the alkaline phosphatase

activity in serum. We took into consideration 100 cases of pregnant women, divided into groups

according to fetus age, maternal age, zinc measurements, ALP activity etc. We measured serum zinc

directly using by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (VARIAN AAS-220) and at the same time alkaline

phosphatase activity by a rapid method using p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The data was analyzed to see if

there was any positive correlation between serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase activity in all diseases:

Preterm delivery, preeclampsia, anemia, cephalic, anomalies. As a conclusion, the statistical evaluation

showed that there was a negative correlation between serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase activity in

patients suffering from preeclampsia, whereas a positive correlation in diagnosis such as: preterm

delivery, anemia, cephalic and anomalies.

Keywords: zinc in pregnancy, zinc and ALP, ALP and pregnancy, pregnancy complications.

INTRODUCTION

Pregnant women are often prescribed to take prenatal multivitamins, especially those with a high dose

of iron necessary for fetus’ growth. But the thing is, the multivitamins should also contain zinc in high

amounts. Most of the prenatal multivitamins don’t contain zinc which is important during the growth

and development of the fetus. Pregnant women know that good nutrition is important for a healthy

pregnancy, but it's not always clear exactly why your body needs certain nutrients. Zinc, iron and

protein are all essential for nourishing the growth of cells and tissues, which occur throughout

pregnancy, and you can make sure you're getting the nutrition your body needs by eating a balanced

and nutrient-rich diet (2, 3). A balanced diet provides all of the main food types that are required for

both mother and baby during pregnancy. The main food groups are proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Zinc is recognized as essential for the activity of a wide range of enzymes, including alkaline

phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidase A etc. The first demonstration that zinc had a

special biological function in relation to enzyme function, came with the discovery that Carbonic

Anhydrase, contained significant amount of zinc which appeared to be required for normal activity (1).

Alkaline Phosphatases are a group of enzymes found primarily in the liver (isoenzyme ALP-1) and in

the bones (isoenzyme ALP-2). The primary importance of measuring alkaline phosphatase is to check

the possibility of bone disease or liver disease. Thus the serum alkaline phosphatase is a measure of the

integrity of the hepatobiliary system and the flow of bile into the small intestine. ALP is

physiologically produced by placenta. It appears in maternal serum between the 15th and the 26th

week of pregnancy and increases during the third trimester.

A decreased serum alkaline phosphatase may be due to: Zinc deficiency, Hypothyroidism,

Malnutrition with low protein assimilation, anemia etc. An increased serum Alkaline Phosphatase may


be due to: Oral contraceptives, Obstructive pancreatitis, Hepatitis/Mononucleosis/CMV, Congestive

heart failure, Parasites etc.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experimental study consisted of 100 pregnant women, which were divided into groups as follows:

According to fetus age:

- 3 women in first trimester

- 19 women in second trimester

- 78 women in third trimester

According to maternal age:

- 5 women < 20 years old

- 67 women 20-30 years old

- 28 women >30 years old

According to zinc measurements:

- 64 cases were anemic

- 36 cases were normal

According to alkaline phosphatase (ALP) determination:

- 20 cases with low ALP levels

- 65 cases with normal ALP levels

- 15 cases with high ALP levels

According to maternal diagnosis:

- 34 cases were cephalic

- 14 cases with anomalies

- 5 cases with anemia

- 13 cases with preeclampsia

- 12 cases premature delivery

- 2 cases hyperemesis

- 2 cases with diabetes

- 2 cases abortion

- 2 cases illegal

- 3 cases membrane ruptures

- 3 manual rupture

- 3 cases breech delivery

- 1 case with fetal hypotrophy

- 1 case placenta previa

- 2 cases twin pregnancy

- 1 case baby death

The techniques used for the determination of serum zinc, included Colorimetry, Polarography, X-ray

fluorescence, Fluorometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). AAS techniques are preferred

in the clinical laboratory, because of their specificity, sensitivity, precision, simplicity, and relatively

low cost per analysis. (4)

The direct dilution method presented here requires less than 2 min per sample. We used Glycerol as a

solvent for the standards, and it also serves as an ideal additive for adjusting the viscosity and flow rate

of the standards. We took 2 ml blood from each pregnant woman and serum zinc level was measured

directly by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (VARIAN AAS-220), at the same time we


measured alkaline phosphatase level by a rapid method using a new substrate (p-nitrophenyl

phosphate).

Pregnant women having zinc concentration less than 70 mcg/dl were marked as zinc deficient patients,

whereas those having zinc levels 70-114 mcg/dl were marked as normal patients.

Pregnant women having ALP levels 100-290 mcg/dl were marked as normal patients. Lowered ALP

levels are due to anemia, Wilson’s disease, Hypophosphatasia, an autosomal recessive disease,

Chronic myelogenous leukemia, etc. ALP levels are significantly higher in pregnant women because

placenta produces ALP. Also, elevated ALP could happen in the case of Paget's bone disease, or in

people with untreated Celiac Disease.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A number of studies have indicated that changes in the concentration of zinc in tissues, follow the

course of some diseases such as diabetes, chronic renal failure, according to the relationship between

zinc and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of the diseases mentioned above.

The data were analyzed to see if there was any positive correlation between serum zinc and alkaline

phosphatase activity in all diseases: Preterm delivery, preeclampsia, anemia, cephalic, anomalies. The

statistical evaluation showed that, there was not always a positive correlation between serum zinc and

alkaline phosphatase activity (Figure 1).


Figure 1: The correlation of serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase activity in preterm delivery,

preeclampsia, anemia, cephalic and anomalies.

CONCLUSIONS

Data showed that ALP levels increased during pregnancy, because placenta produces ALP.

According to the 100 cases taken into consideration, there was a negative correlation between

serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase activity in patients suffering from preeclampsia, whereas a

positive correlation preterm delivery, anemia, cephalic and anomalies.

There were in total 100 pregnant women, from which 64 cases were anemic and 36 cases were

normal with serum zinc levels low than 70mcg/dl.

20 of 100 cases had a low ALP level, who were considered as patients suffering from anemia or

Wilson’s disease; 65 cases had normal ALP level, who were considered as normal pregnant women;

whereas 15 cases who had high ALP levels, were considered as patients suffering from Paget's disease

of bone etc.

REFERENCES

1. Keillin D. Mann J. Carbonic Anhydrase, purification and nature of the enzyme. Bio-Chem 34: 1163-

1471;1940.

2. Sheldon WL, Aspillaga MO, Smith PA, et al. The effect of oral iron supplementation on zinc and

magnesium levels during pregnancy. Brit J Obstet Gynaec 92: 892-898, 1985.

3. Picciano MF, Guthine HA. Determination of concentration and variations of copper, iron and zinc in

human milk. Fed Proc Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 32: 929, 1973.

4. Prasad AS, Schulert AR, Sandstead HH et al. Zinc, iron and nitrogen content of sweat in normal and

deficient subjects. Lab Clin Med 62: 84-89, 1963.


The Importance Of Measuring Serum Zinc Levels During Pregnancy

Entela Treska, Shpresa Thomaj, University Obs-Gyn Hospital “Queen Geraldine”, Tirana, Albania

&

Kozeta Vaso, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chemistry Department, Tirana, Albania

ABSTRACT

Zinc is one of the microelements with an essential role in biochemical body-function regulating.

Deficiency of micronutrients during pregnancy may give rise to complications such as anemia and

hypertension. We analyzed 50 cases of pregnant women, including anemic and normal pregnancies,

(control group). Serum zinc level was measured directly using by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

(VARIAN AAS-220), these were measured at the same time using Colorimetry, in a way that we could

compare the results. According to a statistical data processing, there was no significant difference

between two methods of zinc levels determination. The prevalence of zinc deficiency in the age group

of 20-30 years old, was higher than in age group of >30 years old, due to the zinc increasing request in

younger women because of their growth. In different fetus age, there was a significant change due to

the maternal zinc requests. Pregnant women resulting with zinc level <70µg/dL were marked as zinc

deficient patients, whereas those with zinc level >70µg/dL as normal patients. Serum zinc levels in 17

cases (34%) was in normal range (>70µg/dL), whereas in 33 cases (66%) was below normal range

(<70µg/dL). Without an adequate nutritional request, the person may fall in zinc deficiency condition.

Keywords: zinc and pregnancy, zinc normal values, serum zinc levels, zinc determination.

INTRODUCTION

Micronutrients and trace elements have an important influence on the health of both mother and fetus.

Deficiency of micronutrients during pregnancy may give rise to complications such as anemia and

hypertension, as well as impairing fetal function, development and growth. Serum zinc level in

pregnant women, needs more investigation, because its deficiency may cause severe anomalies of the

fetus.

Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, animals and plants. It is necessary for the functioning of

more than 300 different enzymes, which means it plays a role in a great number of bodily activities.

Some of those activities are critical during pregnancy, because they involve embryo and fetal

development as well as infant growth (1). Zinc is found in all parts of the body: it is in organs, tissues,

bones, fluids and cells. The adult body contains about 2-3 grams of zinc. Muscles and bones contain

most of the body’s zinc (90%).

Although humans can handle proportionally large concentrations of zinc, too much zinc can still cause

eminent health problems, such as stomach cramps, skin irritations, vomiting, nausea and anemia. Very

high levels of zinc can damage the pancreas and also disturb the protein metabolism.

Zinc - vital for growth and cell division: Zinc is especially important during pregnancy, for the

growing fetus whose cells are rapidly dividing. Zinc also helps to avoid congenital abnormalities and

pre-term delivery. Zinc is vital in activating growth - height, weight and bone development - in infants,

children and teenagers.

Zinc – vital for the immune system: Among all the vitamins and minerals, zinc shows the strongest

effect on our all-important immune system. Zinc plays a unique role in the T-cells. Low zinc levels

lead to reduced and weakened T-cells which are not able to recognize and fight off certain infections.


An increase of the zinc level has proven effective in fighting pneumonia and diarrhea and other

infections. Zinc can also reduce the duration and severity of a common cold.

Zinc – vital for taste, smell and appetite: Zinc activates areas of the brain that receive and process

information from taste and smell sensors. Levels of zinc in plasma and zinc’s effect on other nutrients,

like copper and manganese, influence appetite and taste preference. Zinc is also used in the treatment

of anorexia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The techniques used for the determination of serum zinc, include Colorimetry, Polarography, X-ray

fluorescence, Fluorometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). AAS techniques are preferred

in the clinical laboratory, because of their specificity, sensitivity, precision, simplicity, and relatively

low cost per analysis. The measurement of serum zinc is used to assess the status of zinc metabolism

in humans. The direct dilution method presented here requires less than 2 min per sample. We used

Glycerol as a solvent for the standards, and it also serves as an ideal additive for adjusting the viscosity

and flow rate of the standards (2,3).

For this study we took into consideration 50 cases of pregnant women, including anemic and non

anemic (normal) pregnancies, who served as control group. We divided mothers according to maternal

age to three groups, group 1 (<20 years), group 2 (20-30 years) and group 3 (>30 years), according to

fetus age to three groups, group 1 (first trimester of pregnancy), group 2 (second trimester of

pregnancy) and group 3 (third trimester of pregnancy). We also divided mothers according to number

of deliveries to four groups, group 1 (1 deliveries), group 2 (2 deliveries), group 3 (3 deliveries) and

group 4 (>3 deliveries), according to maternal diagnosis (preterm delivery, abortion, anomalies etc)

and according to hemoglobin level (4,5).

We took 2 ml blood from each pregnant woman and serum zinc level was measured directly by using

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (VARIAN AAS-220). These specimens were measured at the same

time using Colorimetry (End-Point), in a way that we could compare the results.

Those pregnant women having zinc concentration less than 70 mcg/dl were marked as zinc deficient

patients.

Tab 1. Zinc distribution according to maternal age

Maternal age Zn<70 mcg/dl % Zn>70mcg/dl % Total

< 20 years old 1 100 0 0 1

20 – 30 years old 23 63.8 13 36.2 36

> 30 years old 9 69.2 4 30.8 13

Total 33 66 17 34 50

Tab 2. Zinc distribution according to fetus age

Fetus age Zn<70 mcg/dl % Zn>70mcg/dl % Total

First trimester 0 0 0 0 0

Second trimester 4 50 4 50 8

Third trimester 29 69 13 31 42

Total 33 66 17 34 50


Tab 3. Zinc distribution according to number of deliveries

Number of diliveries Zn<70 mcg/dl % Zn>70mcg/dl % Total

1 delivery 20 71.4 8 28.6 28

2 deliveries 7 53.9 6 46.1 13

3 deliveries 2 50 2 50 4

>3 deliveries 4 80 1 20 5

Total 33 66 17 34 50

Tab 4. Zinc distribution according to maternal diagnosis

Maternal diagnosis Zn<70 mcg/dl % Zn>70mcg/dl % Total

Preterm delivery 7 87.5 1 12.5 8

Twin pregnancy 1 100 0 0 1

Hyperemesis 0 0 1 100 1

Cephalic 14 70 6 30 20

Abortion 2 100 0 0 2

Podalic 1 100 0 0 1

Anomalies 1 33.4 3 66.6 4

Rupture membranes 2 66.7 1 33.3 3

Placenta previa 1 100 0 0 1

Phetal Hypotrphy 1 100 0 0 1

Pre-eclampsia 3 37.5 5 62.5 8

Total 33 66 17 34 50

Tab 5. : Zinc distribution according to hemoglobin

Hemoglobin Zn<70 mcg/dl % Zn>70mcg/dl % Total

Hb < 11 33 100 0 0 33

Hb: 11-16 0 0 17 100 17

Total 33 66 17 34 50

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mothers more than 30 years had lower zinc deficiency than mothers in age group of 20-30

years. This may be due to higher requirement of zinc for younger age due to their growth age.

The prevalence of zinc deficiency in the different age of pregnancy showed a meaningful

difference (higher in the third trimester of pregnancy in comparison to the first and the second

trimester) and that was due to mothers increasing requirement for zinc.

A data processing was done by two methods, Descriptive Statistics and Anova: Single Factor for the

comparison of the results.

Descriptive Statistics

Zinc measurement with Colorimetry Zinc measurement with AAS

Mean 61.888 Mean 61.912

Standard Error 4.245255349 Standard Error 4.248454836

Median 53 Median 53.05

Mode 108 Mode 38.8


Standard Deviation 30.01848845 Standard Deviation 30.04111224

Sample Variance 901.109649 Sample Variance 902.4684245

Minimum 24 Minimum 24

Maximum 112 Maximum 112

Sum 3094.4 Sum 3095.6

Count 50 Count 50

Confidence Level(95.0%) 8.531159864 Confidence Level(95.0%) 8.537589473

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Column 1 50

3094.

4 61.888

901.109649

Column 2 50

3095.

6 61.912 902.4684245

ANOVA

Source of

Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 0.0144 1 0.0144

1.59683E-

05

0.99681976

1

3.93811087

8

Within Groups 88375.3256 98 901.7890367

Total 88375.34 99

From the values of serum zinc, taken from normal pregnant women and those suffering from anemia,

we built a chart to see clearly the results. It is as follows:

Zinc measurement with two different methods

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49Number of pregnant women

Zin

c v

alu

es

Zinc measurement with ColorimetryZinc measurement with AAS

CONCLUSIONS

According to this statistical data processing (P= 0.99) and as seen from the graph, serum zinc

values, measured with both methods, showed the same curve, so that there was no significant change

in the results measured by these two methods.


The most frequent diagnosis was the cephalic one, preeclampsia and also preterm delivery.

Mothers more than 30 years had lower zinc deficiency than mothers in age group of 20-30 years.

This may be due to higher requirement of zinc for younger age due to their growth age.

Statistical analysis indicated that zinc deficiency had a positive correlation with mother age and

term of pregnancy, but no correlation with number of deliveries.

Zinc is a useful microelement during pregnancy. Serial zinc level was lower in pregnant women

suffering from anemia, than in normal pregnant women (serving as a control group).

Pregnant women having zinc concentration less than 70 µg/dl were marked as zinc deficient. The

serum zinc level in 17 individuals (34%) was on the normal range, in 33 patients (66%) was less than

normal. In this study the prevalence of zinc deficiency in pregnant women was about 66%.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Without a proper nutritional requirement the person falls in the state of zinc deficiency

Zinc prophylactic treatment is important before and during pregnancy.

Everyone needs zinc. Children need zinc to grow, adults need zinc for health. Growing infants,

children and adolescents, pregnant women and lactating mothers, athletes, vegetarians and the elderly

often require more zinc (6,7).

REFERENCES

1. Keillin D. Mann J. Carbonic Anhydrase, purification and nature of the enzyme. Bio-Chem 34:

1163-1471;1940.

2. Prasad AS, Oberleas D. Changes in activity of zinc dependent enzymes in zinc–deficient tissues of

rats. J Appl Physiol 31: 842851, 1971.

3. MiKac-Devic, D.Methodology of zinc determinations and the role of zinc in biochemical

processes. Ado. Clin. Chem. 13, 271-333, 1970.

4. Dawson, J. B., and Walker, B. E Direct determination of zinc in whole blood, plasma and urine by

atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin. Chim. Acta 26, 465-475, (1969).

5. Sprague, S., and Slavin, W. Determination of iron, copper, and zinc in blood serum by an atomic

absorption method requiring only dilution. At. Absorp. Newslett. 4, 228-233,1965

6. Kiilerich S, Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Naestoft J. Zinc metabolism in patients with chronic

renal failure during treatment with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: a controlled therapeutic trial. Clin

Nephrol 15: 23-27, 1981.

7. Wolman SLI, Anderson H, Marliss EB, Jeebhoy KN. Zinc in total parenteral nutrition requirement

and metabolic effects. Gastroenterology 76: 458-467, 1979.


Energy Diversification for Self Improvement of water quality

Bayu Parlinto, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Iwa Garniwa, Technical Faculty, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Prijono Tjiptoherijanto, Economy Faculty, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia &

Muhammad Hasroel Thayib, Environmental Science Graduate Program,

University of Indonesia, Salemba, Indonesia

Abstract

Land use changes on the upstream side of West Tarum channel contributed to the water quality decline

on downstream side, thus the Jakarta’s water purification installation located on the downstream need

to make an effort to improve/control the raw water quality.

The raw water quality control concept on downstream side is done by reformulation modeling concept

of an integrated gradual reduction on water utilization as material and as energy.

Reformulation of water function as a matter and an energy in West Tarum Barat channel is done by

gradual reduction integrated the input water quality by optimization the potential energy and savings

the fossil fuel consumption and carbon emission reduction.

Self water quality control modeling on the West Tarum channel with energy diversification program

will support the clean development mechanism program of Kyoto Protocol by the reduction of CO2

emissions and according to principles of environmentally sustainable development.

Keywords—Water quality control, energy diversification, modeling.

I. INTRODUCTION

Water in the West Tarum channel (WTC) is a raw water of Jakarta’s purification installations that have

water source from Jatiluhur dam and local rivers as Cibeet river, Cikarang river and Bekasi river.

Debit of water discharge in the West Tarum channels adjusted to the needs of the raw water from the

Jakarta’s water purification installation (maximum debit Jakarta water purification installation is 16.1

m3/second), while the water quality is greatly influenced by the quality of addition water from local

rivers and land use in upstream side.

Land use changes and community activities in the upstream side and along the West Tarum channels

have a negative impact on the quality of raw water, however, several locations along the West Tarum

channel has a potential energy that can be utilized to the energy diversification program.

Submitted November 1, 2012. This paper is a researched how to improve the raw water quality at

downsteam of West Tarum channel before being processed into clean water in water treatment plant.

Figure 1. Basic Environmental philosofy


Based on basic environmental philosof on figure 1, can the quality of raw water in the West Tarum

channel controlled and self managed so the quality of that raw water as required by the Government

Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia number 82 year 2001 through the diversification of energy?

The basic philosophy of seft-improving the quality of raw water in the West Tarum channel through

diversification of energy can be described according to Figure 2.

Figure 2. Basic philosofy of diversifikasi energi for self improvement of water quality

1.1. Research objective

The research objective is to perform modeling of the raw water quality control on the downstream side

of the West Tarum channel through diversification of energy with a mathematical approach, and also to

know the potential energy and CO2 emission reduction accordance of the principles of environmentally

sustainable development.

1.2. Study Area

The research was done at the West Tarum channel (WTC) from the Curug weir in Purwakarta, West

Java to Cawang intake and pumping station located in Halim Perdana Kusuma, East Jakarta. It was

done in November 2011 until the end of January 2012.

1.3. Population and Sampling

This study use quantitative methode, but the type of data used consisted of qualitative data (secondary

data on population, interviews and observations of the surrounding community) and quantitative data

(observations of buildings / facilities, measurement parameters, utilization statistics related and others

secondary data supporters).

Population in the study were all data sources including the public / users of public facilities at along the

West Tarum chanell, begin from Curug weir, Purwakarta, up to Cawang Intake dan Pumping station at

Halim Perdana Kusuma in East Jakarta,

The number of social samples are 57 person which can be representative the actual condition and

number of water quality sample are 10 location as location mention in secondary data which state by

West Tarum Chanell authority (Curug weir, BTB-10, BTB-23, BTB-35, BTB-45, BTB-49, BTB-51,

Buaran Intake, Pulogadung Intake, Pejompongan Intake).

1.4. Formulas and Analytical Methods

The electrical energy can be generated by the flow of water in the West Tarum channel will be

proportional to water flow rate and head of water. Theoretical the potential power and energy can be

generated as formula:


Mechanical energy = Potential energy+Kinetic Energy

= ½ m v2 + m g h

Electrical Power : P = ½ ρ A v3 + 9.8 Q h (1) (1)

Electrical Energy: E = P t s (2)

(2)

Kyoto Protocol was declared in 2007, launched the clean development mechanism (CDM) as an

effort to realize sustainable development and climate change to anticipates that effects of greenhouse

gas (CO2) and certification (Certified Emission Reduction, CER ) for investments that can reduce CO2

emissions (CO2 price : 10 US$/tonne, source: The Australian Financial Review, 07 March 2012).

Theoritical the rate release CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels can be approximated by the

formula:

TP (CO2) = 0.9 x [(M.CO2) / (MC)] x Cj x Wi

(3)

The quality of raw water in West Tarum Chanell will be state in water quality Index (WQI) as formula

:

n

WQI = Σ w1 q1 (4)

i = 1

Description:

WQI = water quality index with magnitude between 0 and 100

q1 = Quality of the scale parameter between 0 and 100

w1 = parameter with the magnitude of loading units (0-1)

n

Σ Wi = 1

i = 1

WQI scale ranges as follows:

- Category extremely satisfying if it has a value of 91-100

- Good categories, has a value of 71-90

- Category average, has a value of 51-70

- Category bad, has a value of 26-50

- Categories are very bad, has a value of 0-25

West Tarum channel is an artificial ecology that has the function for irrigation and raw water supply of

Jakartas water purification installation.

Parameters of dissolved solids is the parameter determining the quality of water, so the concept of

water quality control is done by reformulate function of water as the energy and material (parameter

for physics, chemistry and biology).

Water quality control in the West Tarum channel carried by the reduction of pollution load calculation

according to some basic parameters of water quality index (Water Quality Index WQI) in accordance

with the principle of energy diversification in development environmentally sustainable.

Economic analysis on optimizing the utilization of the West Tarum channel will include :

The Net Present Value (NPV) analysis used to determine the equivalent value today of cash flow (cash

flow) of revenues and expenditures in the future from an investment plan; criteria for acceptance of an

investment plan with the current method is if the investment plans of the above have a value Positive

current, P> 0.

P = F (1 + d)n (5)

d = i + j + i. j (6)


The Interest rate of return Analysis used to determine the rate of return (Interest Rate of Return: IRR)

of the fund an activity / investment. IRR is an analysis of interest rates will lead to an equivalent value

and investment equals the cost of an equivalent value of receipts; criteria for acceptance of an

investment plan is if the IRR> i; otherwise if IRR < i, then the investment plan is in decline.

Pacceptance - P cost = 0

Pacceptance / Pcost = 1 (7)

The Benefit Cost Ratio Analysis (BCR), was conducted by way of comparison between the value of

benefits equivalent to the cost of an equivalent value; criteria for acceptable / success of an investment

plan is that if the BCR has a value greater than one, whereas if the value of the BCR was less than one,

then investment plan was rejected / failed.

BCR = PBenefits / P Costs (8)

BCR = ABenefit / A Cost (9)

II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.1. Diversification of Energy

Based on field surveys, the optimization of potential energy in the West Tarum channel to be utilized

as electrical energy on :

1. Location 1st at Bekasi weir (6 ̊ 14̍ 58.08̎ S 106̊ 59̍ 53.32̎ E), with an average water discharge 11.25

m3/second, the maximum head 6 m, so the potential power 422.61 kW and the potential electrical

energy 3 072 693.59 kWh/year.

2. Location 2nd at Sumber Arta Terminal Bekasi (6 ̊ 14̍ 58.65̎ S 106̊ 56̍ 24.77̎ E), with maximun

water discharge 16.1 m3/second, maximum head 2 m, so the potential electrical power 201.96 kW

and the potential electrical energy 1 468 399.13 kWh/year.

3. Location 3rd at intake of Buaran water purification installation (6 ̊ 14̍ 58.42̎ S 106̊ 55̍ 57.08̎ E),

maximum water discharge 5.5 m3/second, the maximum head 2.5 m, so the potential electrical power

86.24 kW and the potential electrical energy 627 033.79 kWh / year.

4. Location 4th at intake Pulogadung water purification installation (6 ̊ 14̍ 50.62̎ S 106̊ 55̍ 15.84̎ E),

maximum water discharge 4.4 m3/second , maximum head 2 m, so the potential electrical power

55.19 kW and the potential electrical energy of 401 301.63 kWh / year.

Based on the above description, the optimalization water flow in West Tarum channel can be

generated 775 kW electrical power and energy 5 569 428.15 kWh/year.

Microhydro location 2, 3 and 4 will be supplied to Buaran purification water plan, so it will be reduced

energy 2 496 634.55 kWh/year or 208 052.88 kWh/month or 10.68% (Energy for Buaran Purification

water plan is 1 948 000 kWh/month, based on PT PLN(Persero) data 2010).

Total electrical energy generated by micro hydro power plants (5 569 428.15 kWh/year) is equal with 1

214.14 ton solar per year (Sources, SFC = 218 g / kWh, BBI Surabaya) or equivalent savings 14 745

878 365.39 rupiah/year (Sources : Resha Rabby Lestari PT, May 2011).

2.2. Carbon emission reduction

Raw water Jakarta’s purification installations in the West Tarum channel is a natural resource of

renewable, cheap and clean energy is one alternative that is environmentally friendly and can be used

optimally for energy diversification.

Java-Bali generation systems (Jamali) can be grouped into hydroelectric, geothermal and thermal

generation (Gas fuel, liquid fuel and Coal). In 2010 Jamali system for generating electrical energy and

require 97 942 060 000 kWh and need 30 226 217 809.95 kg primary energy and will result 52 915

649 501.23 kg carbon emissions, so specific carbon emission for Java-Bali generation system is 0.54

kg carbon emission per kWh.

Diversification of energy in the West Tarum channel capable of generating electrical energy for 5

569 428.15 kWh per year, if specific carbon emission for Java-Bali generation system 0.54 kg/kWh, so

electrical energy generated by microhydro power plan can reduce 3 009 022.97 kg carbon and have


CER worth US$ 30 090.23/year. (source: CO2 price 10 US$/ton , The Australian Financial Review,

07 Maret 2012).

2.3 Socio-Culture analysis

The main building of the West Tarum channel levee made from soil or rock (cement) with the aim

of reducing waste. Land use on the banks of the West Tarum channel or compatibles is green open

space, but actually the land use had been change to illegal residential, gerdening, garbage disposal and

the public utilities for bathing, washing and latrine . On the north side of the embankment West Tarum

channel have been used for general traffic.

The land uses observations along the route West Tarum channel :

1. Location BTB 1 - BTB 10 : green open land, residential and industrial. Water in the West Tarum

channels utilized by the public for bathing and washing, while not directly utilized by pumping water

into the West Tarum channel people's homes.

2. Location BTB 10 – BTB 23 : settlements, rice fields and plantations. Water in the West Tarum

channels utilized by the communities along the channel for activity Bathing, washing and latrine

(MCK).

3. Location BTB 23 – BTB 35 : large industrial area, residential, farm and small industrial / household.

4. Location BTB 35 – BTB 45 : settlements, markets, cities, shopping malls, large industrial area.

Water in the West Tarum channel utilized for the activities of public toilets, wash the plastic to the

recycling process.

5. Location BTB 45 – BTB 53 : densely populated, illegal settlements on the banks of the West Tarum

channels, stores/malls. Water in the West Tarum channel utilized for the activities of public latrines

and the disposal of household waste.

People’s Activities who live on the banks of the West Tarum channels have contributed greatly to the

decline in water quality especially of poultry farming community and disposal of household waste

directly into water bodies of West Tarum channel.

To determine the effect of people’s activities who live along the West Tarum channel of water quality

survey needs to be done. Surveys carried out by taking a sample of 57 persons / respondents who live

along the West Tarum channels, with the following results:

1. The number of people who use the West Tarum channel for daily activities as much as 67%.

2. Community activities in the West Tarum channel by 35% in the form of toilets, wash the items /

furniture by 37%, 19% cooking purposes.

3. Availability of sanitary facilities to the people who live along the West Tarum channel by 93%.

4. Activities of public toilets / respondents in the West Tarum channel by 21%.

5. Availability of the trash on the residents who live along the West Tarum tract of 91%. Solid waste

management is carried out by people who live along the West Tarum channels which are: a total of 29

respondents (51%) stated that the waste is managed by collecting it in a temporary waste management

(51%), 41 respondents (71%) of waste management is done by burning , but as much as approximately

4% of respondents had a habit of throwing garbage into the West Tarum channel.

6. The 40 respondents (70%) stated that the liquid waste is not managed and channeled directly local

exhaust / local river, 9 respondents (16%) dispose of liquid waste directly into the West Tarum

channel.

7. Agricultural activities, farm and small industrial/household done for its own consumption and in

small amounts. Cottage industry carried out on the West Tarum channel is in the form of old plastic

washing with soap / detergent is carried out in water bodies and outside bodies of water.

2.4 Water quality index

Changes in water quality in the sub-watershed (Watershed) Western Tarum channel from 2007 to

early 2012, influenced by the parameters of physics and chemistry, biology. Parameter changes and

relationships between parameters and other factors outside of the parameters can affect water quality,

will be discussed one by one as follows :


1. The water temperature,Water temperature data in the West Tarum channel drawn from Curug weir

up to Pejompongan intake periode 2007-2012 showed the fluctuating water temperature and increased,

the annual highest average temperatures (30.45 ̊C) occurred in 2009 at STB 35, while the annual lowest

average temperature (23.33̊C) occurred in 2012 at the STB 1.

Figure.3. Curve of temperature

2. Total Dissolved Solids, Total dissolved solids data in the West Tarum channel drawn from Curug

weir up to Pejompongan intake periode 2007-2012, the annual highest average total dissolved solids

(331.67 mg/l) occurred in 2010 at intake Pulogadung purification installations, while the annual

lowest average total dissolved solids (11.50 mg/l) occurred in 2011 at the STB 10.

Figure.4. Curve of Total Suspended Solid

Data of average total dissolved solids period 2007-2012 from upstream to downstream showed in

generally the highest recorded total dissolved solids in dry season/drought to the wet/rain, while the

total dissolved solids lowest annual average recorded in the transition from the wet / rain to dry / dry

well. On Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001, as a requirement of good water for drinking water

levels should have a maximum value of total dissolved solids of 1 000 mg / l. Based on Government

Regulation number 82 year 2001, the water flowing in the West Tarum channel has an average value

between 11.50 to 331.67 mg / l, still below the required value, thus quite normal and can be used as

raw water of drinking water.

3. pH, the annual average pH in the study area fluctuated up and down from year to year, even though

such changes are not too significant. The pH highest average (7.61) recorded in 2009 at intake Buaran

and Pulogadung purification installations and pH lowest average (5.57) recorded in 2012 at intake

Pulogadung purification installations. Normal water has a pH value ranging from 6-7. Discharge of

waste into the water can change the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the water becomes more acidic

or more alkaline depending on the type of waste and chemical substances contained in them.


Government Regulation number 82 year 2001, the requirements of good water for drinking water

should have pH levels ranged from 6-9. Based on Government Regulation number 82 year 2001,

water’s pH flowing in the West Tarum channel has a quality which is considered slightly below normal

and can be used as raw water for purification installations.

Figure.5. Curve of Ph

4. Dissolved oxygen (DO), Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water from

photosynthesis and absorbed from the air to support life in the water. Dissolved oxygen data in the

West Tarum channel drawn from Curug weir up to Pejompongan intake periode 2007-2012, the annual

highest average dissolved oxygen (6.35 mg/l) occurred in 2012 at BTB 10, while the annual lowest

average dissolved oxygen (3.64 mg/l) occurred in 2007 at Curug weir / STB 1. Government

Regulation Number 82 year 2001, raw water requirement for drinking water levels of dissolved oxygen

must have a minimum value of the rate of 6 mg/l, so the water flowing in the West Tarum channel

have dissolved oxygen levels are still below the required value (at least 6 mg/l) and need treatment to

increase the DO value.

Figure.6. Curve of Dissolved Oxygen

5. Nitrate, It is form of elemental nitrogen present in the water-soluble, animal or human waste, etc.

Nitrate data in the West Tarum channel drawn from Curug weir up to Pejompongan intake periode

2007-2012, showed the fluctuating content Nitrat and increased, it derived from fertilizer in

agricultural activities in the upsteam and human waste (there much toilet emergency in the West

Tarum channels).The annual highest average Nitrate (32.66 mg/l) occurred in 2008 at BTB 51, while

the annual lowest average dissolved oxygen (0.1 mg/l) occurred in 2012 at BTB 1. Government

Regulation number. 82 year 2001, the requirements of good raw water for purification installations

drinking should have a maximum value of nitrate concentration with a rate of 10 mg/l. Based on

Government Regulation number 82 year 2001, the water flowing in the channel of West Tarum still

have nitrate levels upper the required value is equal to 10 mg/l, thus the water is not classified as


normal / contaminated and cannot be used as raw water for purification installations, so need treatment

to decrease the Nitrate value.

Figure.7. Curve of Nitrate

6. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of

oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic substances (digestive substances) contained

in biological waste water. BOD data in the West Tarum channel drawn from Curug weir up to

Pejompongan intake periode 2007-2012, showed the fluctuating.The annual highest average BOD

(6.84 mg/l) occurred in 2012 at BTB 10, while the annual lowest average BOD (1.84 mg/l) occurred

in 2009 at BTB 35. According to Government Regulation number 82 year 2001 the maximum

allowable levels of BOD is 2 mg/l, while the BOD in 2012 in West Tarum Channel at the location

BTB 10 increase the standar value and thus the water quality of West Tarum Channel classified as

polluted, so need decrease the BOD value.

Figure.8. Curve of BOD

7. Sulfate , Sulfate in the West Tarum line derived from the processing activities on clearing

agricultural land on the upstream side. The levels of sulfate in West Tarum channels have tended to

slightly increase. Sulfate data in the West Tarum channel drawn from Curug weir up to Pejompongan

intake periode 2007-2012, have tended to slightly increase.The annual highest average Sulfate (201.1

mg/l) occurred in 2007 at intake Buaran purification installations, while the annual lowest average

sulfate (30.47 mg/l) occurred in 2010 at BTB 35. According to Government Regulation number 82

year 2001 the maximum allowable levels of Sulfate is 400 mg/l. The Sulfate value in West Tarum

Channel was below the standar value and thus the water quality of West Tarum Channel classified as

good.


Figure.9. Curve of Sulfate

8. Turbidity, Turbidity of water in the West Tarum tract caused by organic materials and inorganic

materials either suspended or dissolved like fine sand, planktonne, and microorganisms. Turbidity in

the water will affect the vision and the process of photosynthesis due to inhibition of the incoming

sunlight keperairan and efficiency filtration and disinfectant in water purification processes. Turbidity

data in the West Tarum channel drawn from Curug weir up to Pejompongan intake periode 2007-2012,

have a tendency to increase. The annual highest average turbidity (892.34 mg/l) occurred in 2010 at

BTB 51 sample point, while the annual lowest average turbidity (21.83 mg/l) occurred in 2012 BTB 1

or Curug weir. According to Government Regulation number 82 year 2001 the maximum allowable

levels of turbidity is 50 mg/l. The turbidity value in West Tarum Channel was upper the standar value

and thus the water quality of West Tarum Channel classified as polluted (contaminated), so need

decrease the tubidity value.

Figure.10. Curve of Turbidity

9. Fecal Coliform, Fecal coliform (F.Coli) is used as an indicator of fecal contamination of water by

humans or animals. Bacterial species Escherichia coli (E. coli) or fecal coli is an indication of the most

efficient, due to E. Coli are only and always present in the feces. Fecal Coliform data in the West

Tarum channel drawn from Curug weir up to Pejompongan intake periode 2007-2012, have a tendency

to increase. The annual highest average Fecal Coliform (46 000 number/100 ml) occurred in 2010 at

intake and pumping station’s Pejompongan at Cawang, while the annual lowest average Fecal

Coliform (53 number/100 ml) occurred in May 2010 BTB 1 or Curug weir. Validation data measure

in the end of May 2012 the highest values obtained for fecal coliform is 270 000 number /100 ml.

Fecal coliform in the West Tarum channel has a substantial upward trend. This increase is due to the

many communities along the West Tarum channel that utilizes the channel for MCK (Bath Wash


latrine). According to Government Regulation number 82 year 2001 the maximum allowable levels of

Fecal Coliform is 100 number/100 ml. The Fecal Coliform value in West Tarum Channel was upper

the standar value and thus the water quality of West Tarum Channel classified as polluted

(contaminated), so need decrease the Fecal Coliform value.

Figure.11. Curve of F-Coli

10. Water Quality Index (WQI), In the preceding description, there are several parameters that are

not in accordance with the requirements of the Government Regulation Number. 81 year 2001,

(parameter fecal Coliform, Turbidity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate, Dissolved oxygen).

Value index of water quality in the West Tarum channels have a tendency to decline (see Figure 3),

which degrade the quality of the average to poor quality. Water quality at the upstream (Curug weir)

has an average value, but at downstream has an average value worse, or in other words the water

quality at the Upstream West Tarum channel is still quite good, but at the downstream diminishing to

achieve quality bad/worse.

40,00

45,00

50,00

55,00

60,00

65,00

70,00

Bendung

Curug

BTB 10 BTB 23 BTB 35 BTB 45 PAM Buaran PAM

P.Gadung

BTB 49 BTB 51 PAM

Pejompongan

WQI Value

Measurement location

Water Quality Index

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2012 (Validasi)

Figure 12. W Q I Curve 2007-2012

Data quality index value of water at any point of the water sample period 2007-2012 are presented in

Table 1.


Tabel.1 WQI resume Table

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 6 9 10

STB STB STB STB STB STB STB STB STB STB

Bendung

CurugBTB 10 BTB 23 BTB 35 BTB 45

PAM

Buaran

PAM

P.GadungBTB 49 BTB 51

PAM

Pejompong

an

Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I Divisi I

KarawangKab.

Bekasi

Kab.

Bekasi

Kab.

Bekasi

Kab.

Bekasi

Jakarta

Timur

Jakarta

Timur

Jakarta

Timur

Jakarta

Timur

Jakarta

Timur

1 2007

WQI Value 55,20 51,76 53,06 56,11 51,99 48,85 50,26 52,80 48,41 49,94

Result average average average average average bad average average bad bad

2 2008 WQI Value 60,30 54,09 49,71 55,33 53,91 53,77 54,57 49,46 50,58 45,13

Result average average bad average average average average bad average bad

3 2009 WQI Value 66,97 61,50 50,85 58,33 56,79 50,78 51,47 52,99 53,21 51,39

Result average average average average average average average average average average

4 2010 WQI Value 62,88 57,79 51,61 52,23 53,11 50,36 48,77 48,94 48,81 48,61

Result average average average average average average bad bad bad bad

5 2011 WQI Value 62,72 57,42 60,01 56,82 47,83 51,23 47,90 46,73 48,18 49,34

Result average average average average bad average bad bad bad bad

6 2012 WQI Value 55,89 54,56 56,63 55,30 55,35 56,13 51,62 54,80 53,93 54,72

Result average average average average average average average average average average

7 2012 WQI Value 62,87 60,02 62,54 59,36 58,46 58,72 57,75 59,29 59,07 58,96

Validation Result average average average average average average average average average average

No Y e a r

W Q I

2.5 Economic analysis

Economic studies of energy utilization in the West Tarum channel will analyze the economic

feasibility of investing in small-scale hydropower plants in several locations of West Tarum channels,

which include analysis of net present value, the rate of return analysis and cost benefit ratio.

Tabel 2. Construction cost for microhydro type Vortex gravitation

Economic analysis of investment development of small-scale micro power plants in West Tarum

channels that includes the break-even analysis, ratio analysis and cost benefit analysis of Net present

value can be seen in attachment 1, the analysis of rate of return (IRR analysis) to analyze the level of

interest rates can be seen in attachment 2, In Figure.13 the breakeven point (BEP) investment in the

micro power plants reached 5th.


Figure.13. Break even point

2.6 Modeling of Water Quality improvement

Modeling take assume that the West Tarum channel section Bekasi weir to Cawang pump house

have no illegal channels and no illegal sewer line that goes to the West Tarum. Pattern modeling

operations performed by the seasons:

Operation rainy season the amount of water contained in the local river is least that dry season, so the

water quality in rainy is better than dry season. In rainy season; the debit of local river is 30%

(maximum), while the remaining 70% will be supplied from Jatiluhur dam . In dry season all raw water

will be supplied from Jatiluhur dam.

Based on data analysis of water quality changes in West Tarum channel, have 5 parameters not in

accordance with the standards in Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001, namely pH, dissolved

oxygen, BOD, Turbidity and Fecal Coli.

Decrease the parameters pH, Dissolved Oxygen and BOD due to decay caused by many sedimentation.

Increased turbidity parameters resulting grain size of soil erosion and resulting siltation in the channel.

The increase in the value of the parameter Fecal Coli caused the entry of dirt human / animal at a

body of water, especially water suplisi from local rivers and the inclusion of household waste to the

West Tarum channel. Based on observations that the content of dissolved solids from the river Bekasi

(372 mg / l) is bigger that dissolved solids from the West Tarum channel (211 mg/l), and so direct

mixing of raw water from from Jatiluhur with water from the river Bekasi suplisi be avoided.

Block diagram modeling of water quality improvement with diversification of energy can be seen at

attachmenmt 3. In modelling at attachment 3, can be present that the amount of electricity generated

and CO2 emission reduction varies depending on the amount of usage of raw water in instalation

purification in Buaran, Pulogadung, Pejompongan and magnitude of run off water weir Bekasi.

III. CONCLUSIONS

Modeling of energy diversification for self improvement of water quality is a reformulation of

water concept of improved water quality by controlling the parameters of dissolved solids with

utilizing the energy contained in water flow on the downstream side. Bekasi weir is an optimal

location for the modeling location because it can be optimazied the water as energy and as material.

The Basic assumption of modeling are no direct water mixing between water from Bekasi river and

from Cikarang’s West Tarum channel, and improve the levees or banks of the West Tarum channels

(section Bekasi weir – Cawang intake and pumping station) to prevent the household waste from

surrounding settlements throughout the West Tarum channel does not go into water bodies and affect

the quality of raw water.

Modelling of Energy Diversification for Self Improvement of water quality (attachment 3) can be

present:

a. Reduction of total dissolved solids parameter is the main parameter in determining water

quality by separating the management of raw water from West Tarum channel and water suplition from

local river on downstream side.


b. The raw water of Jakarta purification installations in 2011 is 18.6 m3/second the parameters

of dissolved solids of 211 mg/l (STB Cikarang) and 372 mg/l (Bekasi river) can be reduced to 103.40

mg/l (reference Regulation no 82/2001, total dissolved solids parameter maximum of 1 000 mg/l).

c. Modeling with the data input of water management in 2011, can produce 766.88 kW

electrical power and diversification of energy 5 569 428.15 kWh per year and will be implementation

of clean development program (kyoto protocol, 2007) to reduce CO2 emissions amounting to 3 009

002.97 kg CO2 per year or equivalent to CERs worth US $ 30 090.23 / year.

d. Base on economic analysis, the energy diversification for self improvement of water quality

on downstream side of WTC is feasible to be done.

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Attachment 1

Calculation table of economic analysis

Operation Cost Depreciation Tax Revenue ( Rp ) Analysis ( Rp )

Year (Rp) ( Rp ) ( Rp ) Gross Net Break even point Net Present Value Cost Benefit Ratio

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

0 0 0 0 0 0 (13.856.928.422) (13.856.928.422)

1 264.000.000 346.423.211 1.485.634.795 5.591.705.859 3.495.647.854 (10.697.453.160) 3.159.475.263 2,00

2 274.005.600 346.423.211 1.482.633.115 5.591.705.859 3.488.643.934 (7.247.862.926) 2.849.910.441 1,99

3 284.390.412 346.423.211 1.479.517.671 5.591.705.859 3.481.374.566 (3.770.676.971) 2.570.470.370 1,97

4 295.168.809 346.423.211 1.476.284.152 5.591.705.859 3.473.829.688 (297.292.470) 2.318.236.054 1,96

5 306.355.707 346.423.211 1.472.928.083 5.591.705.859 3.465.998.859 3.168.659.123 2.090.570.570 1,95

6 317.966.588 346.423.211 1.469.444.818 5.591.705.859 3.457.871.242 6.626.525.348 1.885.091.859 1,93

7 330.017.522 346.423.211 1.465.829.538 5.591.705.859 3.449.435.589 10.075.960.404 1.699.648.140 1,92

8 342.525.186 346.423.211 1.462.077.239 5.591.705.859 3.440.680.224 13.516.640.571 1.532.295.683 1,91

9 355.506.890 346.423.211 1.458.182.728 5.591.705.859 3.431.593.031 16.948.233.596 1.381.278.740 1,89

10 368.980.601 346.423.211 1.454.140.614 5.591.705.859 3.422.161.433 20.370.395.029 1.245.011.395 1,88

11 382.964.966 346.423.211 1.449.945.305 5.591.705.859 3.412.372.378 23.782.767.406 1.122.061.173 1,86

12 397.479.338 346.423.211 1.445.590.993 5.591.705.859 3.402.212.317 27.184.979.724 1.011.134.230 1,85

13 412.543.805 346.423.211 1.441.071.653 5.591.705.859 3.391.667.190 30.576.646.914 911.061.960 1,83

14 428.179.216 346.423.211 1.436.381.030 5.591.705.859 3.380.722.403 33.957.369.317 820.788.908 1,81

15 444.407.208 346.423.211 1.431.512.632 5.591.705.859 3.369.362.809 37.326.732.126 739.361.833 1,80

16 461.250.241 346.423.211 1.426.459.722 5.591.705.859 3.357.572.685 40.684.304.811 665.919.844 1,78

17 478.731.625 346.423.211 1.421.215.307 5.591.705.859 3.345.335.716 44.029.640.527 599.685.467 1,76

18 496.875.554 346.423.211 1.415.772.128 5.591.705.859 3.332.634.966 47.362.275.494 539.956.591 1,74

19 515.707.137 346.423.211 1.410.122.653 5.591.705.859 3.319.452.858 50.681.728.352 486.099.181 1,72

20 535.252.438 346.423.211 1.404.259.063 5.591.705.859 3.305.771.148 53.987.499.500 437.540.695 1,70

21 555.538.505 346.423.211 1.398.173.243 5.591.705.859 3.291.570.900 57.279.070.400 393.764.142 1,68

22 576.593.415 346.423.211 1.391.856.770 5.591.705.859 3.276.832.464 60.555.902.864 354.302.708 1,66

23 598.446.305 346.423.211 1.385.300.903 5.591.705.859 3.261.535.441 63.817.438.305 318.734.900 1,64

24 621.127.420 346.423.211 1.378.496.569 5.591.705.859 3.245.658.660 67.063.096.965 286.680.164 1,62

25 644.668.149 346.423.211 1.371.434.350 5.591.705.859 3.229.180.150 70.292.277.115 257.794.922 1,60

26 669.101.072 346.423.211 1.364.104.473 5.591.705.859 3.212.077.104 73.504.354.218 231.768.990 1,58

27 694.460.003 346.423.211 1.356.496.794 5.591.705.859 3.194.325.852 76.698.680.071 208.322.350 1,56

28 720.780.037 346.423.211 1.348.600.784 5.591.705.859 3.175.901.828 79.874.581.899 187.202.224 1,53


Attachment 2

Table of Rate of return analysis

Cost ( Rp ) Depresiation Tax Revenue ( Rp ) Present velue analysis(Rp)

Year Operation Salary ( Rp ) ( Rp ) Gross Tax Net IRR = 20,444823 % per year

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) ( h )

0 - - - - - - - (13.856.928.422,40)

1 48.000.000 216.000.000 346.423.211 1.485.634.795 5.591.705.859 4.981.282.649 3.495.647.854 2.796.301.692,49

2 49.819.200 224.186.400 346.423.211 1.482.633.115 5.591.705.859 4.971.277.049 3.488.643.934 2.232.386.280,29

3 51.707.348 232.683.065 346.423.211 1.479.517.671 5.591.705.859 4.960.892.236 3.481.374.566 1.782.049.653,31

4 53.667.056 241.501.753 346.423.211 1.476.284.152 5.591.705.859 4.950.113.840 3.473.829.688 1.422.439.882,03

5 55.701.038 250.654.669 346.423.211 1.472.928.083 5.591.705.859 4.938.926.942 3.465.998.859 1.135.298.758,72

6 57.812.107 260.154.481 346.423.211 1.469.444.818 5.591.705.859 4.927.316.061 3.457.871.242 906.039.047,61

7 60.003.186 270.014.336 346.423.211 1.465.829.538 5.591.705.859 4.915.265.127 3.449.435.589 723.006.973,91

8 62.277.307 280.247.879 346.423.211 1.462.077.239 5.591.705.859 4.902.757.463 3.440.680.224 576.892.784,94

9 64.637.616 290.869.274 346.423.211 1.458.182.728 5.591.705.859 4.889.775.758 3.431.593.031 460.259.671,08

10 67.087.382 301.893.219 346.423.211 1.454.140.614 5.591.705.859 4.876.302.047 3.422.161.433 367.167.293,08

11 69.629.994 313.334.972 346.423.211 1.449.945.305 5.591.705.859 4.862.317.682 3.412.372.378 292.870.927,39

12 72.268.971 325.210.368 346.423.211 1.445.590.993 5.591.705.859 4.847.803.310 3.402.212.317 233.581.050,17

13 75.007.965 337.535.841 346.423.211 1.441.071.653 5.591.705.859 4.832.738.843 3.391.667.190 186.271.226,37

14 77.850.766 350.328.449 346.423.211 1.436.381.030 5.591.705.859 4.817.103.433 3.380.722.403 148.524.604,55

15 80.801.311 363.605.897 346.423.211 1.431.512.632 5.591.705.859 4.800.875.441 3.369.362.809 118.411.264,91

16 83.863.680 377.386.561 346.423.211 1.426.459.722 5.591.705.859 4.784.032.408 3.357.572.685 94.390.223,69

17 87.042.114 391.689.512 346.423.211 1.421.215.307 5.591.705.859 4.766.551.024 3.345.335.716 75.231.141,06

18 90.341.010 406.534.544 346.423.211 1.415.772.128 5.591.705.859 4.748.407.095 3.332.634.966 59.951.773,90

19 93.764.934 421.942.203 346.423.211 1.410.122.653 5.591.705.859 4.729.575.511 3.319.452.858 59.714.636,98

20 97.318.625 437.933.813 346.423.211 1.404.259.063 5.591.705.859 4.710.030.211 3.305.771.148 38.053.952,80

21 101.007.001 454.531.504 346.423.211 1.398.173.243 5.591.705.859 4.689.744.144 3.291.570.900 30.310.043,10

22 104.835.166 471.758.248 346.423.211 1.391.856.770 5.591.705.859 4.668.689.234 3.276.832.464 24.137.591,15

23 108.808.419 489.637.886 346.423.211 1.385.300.903 5.591.705.859 4.646.836.344 3.261.535.441 19.218.440,38

24 112.932.258 508.195.162 346.423.211 1.378.496.569 5.591.705.859 4.624.155.229 3.245.658.660 15.298.724,79

25 117.212.391 527.455.758 346.423.211 1.371.434.350 5.591.705.859 4.600.614.500 3.229.180.150 12.175.898,30

26 121.654.740 547.446.332 346.423.211 1.364.104.473 5.591.705.859 4.576.181.577 3.212.077.104 9.688.377,42

27 126.265.455 568.194.548 346.423.211 1.356.496.794 5.591.705.859 4.550.822.646 3.194.325.852 7.707.271,42

28 131.050.916 589.729.121 346.423.211 1.348.600.784 5.591.705.859 4.524.502.612 3.175.901.828 6.129.779,55

28 136.017.745 612.079.855 346.423.211 1.340.405.515 5.591.705.859 4.497.185.049 3.156.779.534 6.092.871,78

30 141.172.818 635.277.681 346.423.211 1.331.899.645 5.591.705.859 4.468.832.150 3.136.932.505 3.874.321,53

31 146.523.268 659.354.705 346.423.211 1.323.071.403 5.591.705.859 4.439.404.676 3.116.333.273 3.078.865,60

32 152.076.500 684.344.249 346.423.211 1.313.908.570 5.591.705.859 4.408.861.901 3.094.953.330 2.446.004,71

33 157.840.199 710.280.896 346.423.211 1.304.398.466 5.591.705.859 4.377.161.554 3.072.763.088 1.942.623,38

34 163.822.343 737.200.541 346.423.211 1.294.527.929 5.591.705.859 4.344.259.765 3.049.731.835 1.542.330,82

35 170.031.209 765.140.442 346.423.211 1.284.283.299 5.591.705.859 4.310.110.997 3.025.827.698 1.224.098,67

36 176.475.392 794.139.265 346.423.211 1.273.650.398 5.591.705.859 4.274.667.992 3.001.017.594 971.174,17

37 183.163.810 824.237.143 346.423.211 1.262.614.509 5.591.705.859 4.237.881.696 2.975.267.187 770.213,11

38 190.105.718 855.475.731 346.423.211 1.251.160.360 5.591.705.859 4.199.701.200 2.948.540.840 610.588,23

39 197.310.725 887.898.261 346.423.211 1.239.272.099 5.591.705.859 4.160.073.663 2.920.801.564 483.837,68

40 204.788.801 921.549.605 346.423.211 1.226.933.273 5.591.705.859 4.118.944.243 2.892.010.970 383.225,07

697,7


Attachment 3


Basics of Ternary Operations and Ternary Semi groups

L.Vijayakumar, V.MadhaviLatha

Department of Mathematics, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University-Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA

Abstract:

In this paper, we define the ternary operations and their properties. These ternary operations are used in

the ternary semigroups and in their theorems. We proved some theorems under the certain conditionsof ternary

semigroups andequivalent classes are used in the ternary semigroups. We introduce the notion of ideals

in ternary semigroupsand their propertiesand in this paper, we generalized the decomposable mapping

for sets

Keywords:Ternary Operators, ternarysemigroup,permutations, holomorph,Identity of a semigroup,

inverse, Abstract coset, zero element, Ideal,bi-quasi ideal,coset,unit element, decomposition mapping.

1. INTRODUCTION:

We assume on the part of the reader with the notions of a group, the ternary operation is one-one

mapping of an arbitrary set of elements.The ternary operations are result of some Authors into the

ternary operation ab-1

c in a group.We shall use the multiplicative notation for a group with

elements . We shall also use the following convention for multiplication of permutations.

Given two one-one transformations then is one-one

transformation which is also known as permutation. The properties of the ternary operation in a

group are determining all closedsubsets with respect to this operation and the group of permutations

of which preserve this operation. Thus, if a ternary operation satisfies these properties in an arbitrary

set of elements, then the set may be made into a group that is a unique within isomorphism. In

which The first set of properties appears as a weakened formof a set given by Baer.

This and an equivalent set completely determine the ternaryfunction as However, by further

weakening one of these properties,the group property still holds but the ternary operationis not

determined by the group operations. In remaining sections we get a geometric interpretation of the

ternary operation and from there we derive simple conditions on pair of elements or vectorsetc. under

which they form a group.

2. THE TERNARY OPERATION IN A GROUP:

Theorem 2.1. is closed under if and only if is a coset of some subgroup of ; indeed a

right (left) coset of . Proof:For s S, where is a subgroup, if and only if is (and indeed equals if and

only if is normalized by s), we see that the property of being a coset is intrinsic.

Observe that if then and hence . Similarly, implies

Definition 2.1. The set of all permutations of G of the form where ‘ ’ is an

automorphism of G, is called the holomorph of G, or simply the holomorph.

Theorem 2.2.The group of all permutations which preserve the ternary operation is the holomorph

Proof: A permutation T preserves the ternary operation,

We know that, if and only if The group property follows from the general

theorem that the set of all automorphisms of any algebra form a group and the set is exactly that of the

automorphisms with respect to the ternary operation.

3. PROPERTIES OF TERNARY OPERATIONS:

We observe, as stated in the introduction, that we may consider the properties given below as a group

under the ternary operation. The first set is interesting, considered as properties for a group, because it


does not (explicitly) require the existence of either the identity or the inverse. The other sets require

only the existence of an identity. An analogous situation is that of generalized groups defined by the

use of an n-ary function. However, the properties given below seem to be the simplest for the general

case.We assume, unless otherwise stated, that the systems defined below are closed with respect to

and they contain all elements under discussion.

Definition 3.1. Let be a set of elements on which there is defined a ternary operation satisfying

the following

And also we call it is an abstract coset. We shall not use these postulates directly but use a weakened

yet equivalent set given below.

II.

Theorem 3.1. If is a set satisfying above (II) and we define then becomes a group

and

Proof.:Closureis obvious. In (II) take then we get the associative law . In II(ii)(a) take and we get the associative law . By definition, it follows that is a right identity.

For a given , choose . Then . It follows that is a

group under the binary operationand hence is a left identity also, that is, for all Finally,by above

Result 1:The above equations(I) and (II) are equivalent.

Proof: It is clear.

Thus we see that if satisfies (I), we may choose any element in and define a group , as its

identity, and as its law of composition.

However, the following result shows thatwe get essentially the same group no matter which element

we choosefor the identity.

Result 2:The groups are isomorphic for all in , an abstractcoset. Moreover,

Remark: may thus be considered either as a group or as an abstract coset. We could define the

holomorph of an abstract coset as the group of all permutations preserving the ternary operation

.This evidently coincides with the holomorph of .

4. TERNARY SEMIGROUP

Definition 4.1.A ternary semigroup is an algebraic structure such that is a nonempty set and

is a ternary operation satisfying the following associative law

Let be a subset of a set A and for any . The equation holds then

is a ternary operation on the set It is said to be restriction off to Example 4.1: ={-i,0,i} is a ternary semigroup under multiplication over complex numbers. However

is not an ordinarysemigroup under the usual multiplication of complex numbers because (-i)(i) = 1

.

Z is a ternary semigroup but not a semigroup under the multiplication over integers.


Example 4.2:Let

10

00,

01

00,

00

10,

00

01,

10

01,

00

00A is a ternary semigroup under

multiplication

Definition 4.2:An element ‘ ’ in a ternary semigroup X is called Regular, if there exists elements

such that . A Ternary semigroup is regular if every element of is regular.

Definition 4.3: A ternary semigroup is called an ordered ternary semigroup if there is an ordered

relation on such that

Aaababaaaaa

baaaaa

abaaaaba

212121

2121

2121

,,,,

,

,

Definition 4.4:An element ‘ e ’ of a ternary semigroup A is called

(i) Left identity ( left unital) element if xeex for all Ax

(ii) Right identity (right unital) element of xxee for all Ax

(iii) A Lateral identity (Lateral unital ) element if xexe for all Ax

(iv) A two – sided identity (bi-unital) element if xxeeeex for all Ax

Example 4.3:LetZ- be the set of all non-positive integers then with the usual ternary ⊆multiplication

Z- forms a ternary semigroup with zero element ‘0’ and identity element ‘1’

Definition 4.5: A is said to be simple ternary semigroup if A has no ideal than trivial ideal in itself.

Definition 4.6: Let be a ternary semigroup if there exists an element’0’ Asuch that xx 0 and

Ayxyxxy ,000 then '0' is called zero element or simply the zero of the ternary semigroupA.In

this, we say that is a ternary semiring with zero, so every lateral idealof contains a zero element.

A ternarysemigroup ‘ ’ without zero is called lateral simple if it has no proper lateral ideals. A

ternary semigroup ‘ ’ with zero is called lateral 0-simple if it has no nonzero proper lateral ideals

and[ ] {0}. A lateral ideal M of a ternary semigroup without zero is called a minimal lateral ideal

of if there is no a lateral ideal of such that . Equivalently, if for any lateral ideal of

suchthat ⊆ , we have . A nonzero lateral ideal M of a ternarysemigroup with zero is

called a 0-minimal lateral ideal of if there is no nonzero lateral ideal of such that .

Equivalently, iffor any nonzero lateral ideal of such that ⊆ , we have .Equivalently, if

for any lateral ideal of such that , we have . A proper lateral ideal M of a ternary

semigroup is called amaximal lateral ideal of if for any lateral ideal of such that ,we

have . Equivalently, if for any proper lateral ideal of suchthat ⊆ , we have .

Definition 4.7: A non-empty subset Q of a ternary semigroup is said to be Quasi-ideal of T if

QQAAAAQAAQAAAQ

Definition 4.8: A ternary Semigroup fA, is said to be a ternary group if it has an addition property

that for all cba ,, in A there exists unique zyx ,, in A such that cabzcaybcxab ,, .

Definition 4.9:An idempotent e is said to be an identity of a ternary group A , if for all in A there

exists an unique element e in A such that aaaeaaeaaeaa ,,

Definition 4.10:If for all a in A there exists a unique element x in A such that

eaaxeaxaexaa ,, then x is called the inverse of a in A .


Definition 4.11:An element Ax 0 is said to be a left zero of a ternary semigroup fA, if

Axxxxxxf 210210 ,,,

Result 1: Let fA, and 11, fA be two ternary semigroups.

A mapping1: AAh is called a homomorphism of fA, into 11, fA if

321

1

321 ,, ahahahfaaafh Forany

A one-one onto homomorphism is said to be an isomorphism.

Example4.4 : Let A be a non-empty set and for any put then fA,

is a ternary semigroup and the mappingf defined in this way is said to be trival.

If X,Y are any two non-empty sets, define for any

in XxYthen (XxY,o) is a ternary semigroup with the trival operation.

Result 2: For any non-empty subset of A is the smallest lateral ideal of

A , containing and for any .

Theorem 4.1:If A is a non-empty subset of and it has no zero elements then the following are

equivalent.

1) A is lateral simple

2)

5. DECOMPOSABLE MAPPING:

Let be any four non-empty sets, f is a mapping from into the set . Suppose there exists a mapping of into and mapping of into such that

holds for any then the mapping f is said to be

decomposiable . The mapping are called components off. We write .

Here where and and hence

, the components of f are defined in a unique way.

Theorem 5.1:Let be sets and if

then

and

.

Proof:Let .

By the definition of Decomposable, we get

By Hypothesis, we have

Then we get and

.

Theorem 5.2: Let be non-empty sets, f a mapping of the sets into if

then

2′ = ′. Remark 1: Let be any four non-empty sets, f is a mapping from into the set

is a decomposable if and only if there exists a bijection of into and bijection of

into such that .

References

[1]Cf.baer, op. cit.p.Satz 3,11 (part 3), Cf. Zassenhaus, op.cit. p.46

[2]R.chinram, and S.Saelee.fuzzy ideals and Fuzzy filters of ordered Ternary

semigroups, journal of mathematics research. Vol2.No.1(2010)

[3]S.kar. on quasi-ideals and bi-ideals in ternaysemigroups, Int. J.


Math.Math.Sci.18(2005) 3015-3023

[4]AntoniChronowski, On ternary semigroups of lattice homomorphisma, quasigroups

and related systems, 3 (1996), 55-72. [5]F.M.Sioson: Ideal Theory in ternary semigroups, math. Japan.10(1965), 63-84

[6]D. H. Lehmer, A ternary analogue of abelian groups, Am. J. Math. 54 (1932),329–338.

[7]F. M. Sioson, Ideal theory in ternary semigroups, Math. Jap. 10 (1965), 63–84.

[8]M. Arslanov, N. Kehayopulu, A note on minimal and maximal ideals of ordered

Semigroups, Lobachevskii J. Math. 11 (1995), 3–6.

[9]V. N. Dixit, S. Dewan, A note on quasi and bi-ideals in ternary semigroups

Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 18 (1995), 501–508.

[10]Y. Cao, X. Xu, On minimal and maximal left ideals in ordered semigroups

Semigroup Forum, 60 (2000), 202–207.

[11]V. N. Dixit, S. Dewan, Congruence and Green’s equivalence relation on ternary

semigroups, commun.Fac. Sci. Univ. ank.Series A1 v. 46. Pp. 103-117(1997)

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