\

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

DEFINITIONS.

Page

Definition of a state, nation, people, sovereignty, and sovereign state 1

VVhat sovereignty consists in . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Apportionment of sovereignty in America. . . . . . . 2

Definition of constitution and constitutional government . . . 2, 3

Of unconstitutional law . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,4

CHAPTER II.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

What the United States government the successor of ; Colonial con-

f'ederacies.................5

The Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,6

Limitations upon its power; the Articles of Confederation, and the

supersession thereof by the Constitution . . . . . . . 7, 8

Adoption of the Constitution by North Carolina, Rhoda Island, and

the new States; United States government one of enumerated

powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

General purpose of this government . . . . . . 10

Powers conferred upon Congress . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11

Executive and judicial power of the nation . . . . . . . . 11

Constitution, laws, and treaties of United States to be supreme;

final decision of questions under, to rest with national judiciary 12

Removal of causes from State courts ; decisions of State courts to

be followed on points of State law . . . . . . . . . 13

Restrictions upon the States . . . . . . 15-17

Guaranty of republican government . . . . . . . 17

Implied prohibitions on the States . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Reservation of powers to States and people; statutes necessary to

jurisdiction of national courts . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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'

TABLE OF CONTENT&

CHAPTER I.

DEFINITIONS.

Page

Definition of a state, nation, people, sovereignty, and sovereign state 'Vhat sovereignty consists in .

1 2 2 Apportionment of sovereignty in America •

Definition of constitution and constitutional government Of unconstitutional law

CHAPTER II.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

What the United States government the successor of; Colonial con-

. 2, 3 . 3, 4

federacies 5 The Continental Congr~ss • 5, 6 Limitations upon its power; the Articles of Confederation, and the

supersession thereof by the Constitution 7, 8 Adoption of the Constitution by North Carolina, Rhode Island, and

the new States ; United States government one of enumerated powers . 9

10 Gunerul purpose of this government Powers conferred upon Congress :Executive and judicial power of the nation

10, 11 11

Constitution, laws, and treaties of United States to be supreme; final decision of questions under, to rest with national judiciary

Removal of causes from State courts ; decisions of State courts to be followed on points of State law

Restrictions upon the States • Guaranty of republican government Implied prohibitions on the States .

12

13 15-17

17 18

Reservation of powers to States and people ; statutes necessary to jurisdiction of national courts • 19

vi TABLE or comnnrs.

CHAPTER III.

THE FORMATION AND AMENDMENT OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS.

PM

State governments in existence when Constitution of United States

adopted..................

Common law in force; what it consists in .

English and Colonial legislation . . . . . . . . .

Colonial charters and revolutionary constitutions . . . . . .

Constitutions of new States . . . . . . . . . .

Sovereignty of the people. . . . . . . . . . .

Proceedinvs in the formation and amendment of constitutions

D

Restraints imposed thereon by Constitution of United States

Whatt generally to be looked for in State constitutions . .

Rights are protected by, but do not come from them .

CHAPTER IV.

consraoorron or sum CONSTITUTIONS.

Interpretation and construction . . . . .

\Vho first to construe constitutions . . . . .

Final decision generally with the courts . . .

The doctrine of res adjudicata and stare decisis .

Construction to be uniform . . . . . . . . .

The intent to govern . . . . . . . . . . .

The whole instrument to be examined . . . . . .

Effect to be given to the whole . . . . . . .

\Vords to be understood in their ordinary meaning .

Common law to be kept in view . . . . . . .

\Voi-ds sometimes employed in different senses . . .

Operation of laws to be prospective . . . . .

Implied powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Consideration of the mischief to be remedied . . . .

Proceedings of Constitutional Convention may be examined

Force of contemporaneous and practical construction . .

Ulljust provisions not invalid . . . . . . .

Duty in case of doubt on constitutional questions . . .

Directory and mandatory provisions . . . . . .

Constitutional provisions are imperative . . .

Danger of arbitrary rules of construction . . . .

21

. 21-25

25

26

. 27

. 28-30

. 30-34

. . 33

. 34-36

. 36

. 38

. 38-43

. 43-46

. 47-54

. 54

. 55

. 57

. . 58

. 58-60

. 60

. . 62

. 62

63

. 65

. . 66

. 67-71

. 72

. 73

. 74-83

. 79-83

. . 83

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

vii

_ CHAPTER V.

THE POWERS WHICH THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT MAY EXERCISE.

Power of American legislatures compared to that of British Par-

1iament.................

Grant of legislative power is grant of the complete power . .

But not of executive or judicial power . . . . . . . .

Definition of legislative and judicial authority . . . . .

Declaratory statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statute setting aside judgments, granting new trials, &c. . .

Recitals in statutes do not bind individuals . . . . . .

Statutes conferring power on guardians, &c., to sell lands . .

Statutes which assume to dispose of disputed rights . . .

Statutes validating irregular judicial proceedings . . . .

Legislative divorces . . . . . . . . . . .

Legislative encroachments upon executive power . . .

Legislative power not to be delegated . . . . . . .

Conditional legislation . . . . . . . . . .

Irrepealable laws not to be passed . . . . . . . .

Territorial limitations upon State legislative authority . .

Other limitations by express provisions . . . . . .

Limitations springing from nature of free government . .

CHAPTER VI.

THE ENACTMENT OF LAWS.

Importance of forms in parliamentary law . . . . . .

The two houses of the legislature . . . . . . . . . .

Contested elections, rules of proceeding, punishing disorderly‘

behavior

Contempts; privileges of members . . . . . . . . .

Legislative committees ; journal of proceedings . .

Corrupt contracts to influence legislation . . . . .

Counsel before legislature ; lobby agents . . .

The introduction and passage of bills .

Three readings of bills . . . . .

Yeas and nays . . . . . . . . . .

Vote required for the passage of a bill . . .

Title of statutes . . . . . . . . . .

Page

85-s7

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96

97-104

103-106

107,108

109-114

114-116

116-125

117-125

125-127

127

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130

131,132

133

134

135

136

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139

140

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viii TABLE or oonrrmrs.

Pm

Amendatory statutes . . . . . . . . . . 151

Signing of bills by presiding oflicers . . . . . . 152

Approval of bills by the governor . . . . . . 153

Other legislative powers of the governor . . . . 155

When acts to take efl‘ect . . . . . . . . 155-158

CHAPTER VII.

THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A LEGISLATIVE ACT MAY BE

DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL. '

Authority to declare statutes unconstitutional a delicate one . . 159

\Vill not be done by bare quorum of court . . . . . . . 161, 162

Nor unless a decision upon the point is necessary . . . 163

Nor on objection by a party not interested . . . . . . 163

Nor solely because of unjust or oppressive provisions . . . 164-169

Nor because conflicting with fundamental principles . . . . 169

Nor because opposed to spirit of the constitution . . . . 171

Extent of legislative power . . . . . . . . . . 172

Difference between State and national governments . . . . 173

A statute in excess of legislative power void . . . . . . 174

Statutes invalid as encroaching on executive or judicial authority 174

Or conflicting with the bill of rights . . . . . . . . . 175, 176

Legislative forms are limitations of power . . 177

Statutes unconstitutional in part . . . . 177-181

Constitutional objection may be waived . . . 181

Judicial doubts on constitutional questions . . . . 182-186

Inquiry into legislative motives not permitted . 186

Consequences if a statute is void . . . . 188

CHAPTER VIII.

run snvsau. oaanas or MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

The American system one of decentralization . . . . . . 189

State constitutions framed in reference to it . . . . . . . 190

Local government may be delegated to citizens of the munici-

pality.................191

Legislative control of municipalities . . 192

Powers of public corporations . . . . 194

Strict construction of charters . . 195

Contracts ultra vires void. . . . . . . .-_ ‘196

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new or conrsrvrs. ix

P886

Corporations by prescription and implication . . . 197

Municipal by-laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198——203

Delegation of powers by municipality not admissible . . 204

Irrepealable municipal legislation cannot be adopted . . 206

Presumption of correct action . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Power to indemnify officers . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,210

Powers to be construed with reference to purposes of their

creation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Authority confined to corporate limits . . . . . . . . . 213

Municipal subscriptions to works of internal improvement . . 213-219

Negotiable paper of corporations . . . . . . . . . . 215,note

Municipal military bounties . . . . .

Legislative control of municipal taxation .

Legislative control of corporate property . .

Towns and counties . . . . . . . .

Citizens of, held liable for corporate debts .

Not liable for neglect of ofiicial duty . . .

Different rules govern chartered corporations

In what respect the charter a contract . .

219-229, 234

. . 230-235

. . 235-240

. 240

. . 241-247

247

. . 247

. . 248-254

Validity of corporate organizations not to be questioned collat-

erally................. 254

CHAPTER VIX.

PROTECTION TO PERSON AND PROPERTY UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF

" THE UNITED STATES.

Bill of Rights, importance of . . '. . . . . . 256

Addition of, by amendments to national Constitution . . . 259

Bills of attainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259-264

Ea: postfaclo laws . . . . . . . . . . . 264-273

Laws impairing the obligation of contracts . . . . 273-294

\Vhat charters are contracts . . . . . . . 279

Contracting away powers of sovereignty . . . . 280-284

Obligation of a contract, what it is . . . . 285

Modification of remedies always admissible . 287

Appraisal laws . . . . . ; . . . . . 290

Stay laws, when void . . . . . . 291, 292

Validating imperfect contracts . . . . 293

State insolvent laws . . . . . . . . . . 293, 294

The thirteenth and fourteenth amendments . . 294

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1

X TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER X.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTIONS TO PERSONAL LIBERTY.

Villeinage in England . .

In Scotland . . . . . . . .

In America . . . . . . . .

Unreasonable searches and seizures .

Every man's house his castle . .

Search warrants . . . i. . . . .

Inviolability of papers and correspondence

Quartering soldiers in private houses . .

Criminal accusations, how made . .

Bail to persons accused of crime .

Prisoner standing mute . . . .

Trial to be speedy . . . . .

To be public . . . . . . .

Not to be inquisitorial . . . .

Prisoner’s statement and confessions .

Confronting prisoner with witnesses .

Prisoner to be present at trial . .

Trial to be by jury . . . . . . .

Number of jurors; right of challenge .

Jury to be of the vicinage . . . .

Verdict to be unanimous and free . . .

Instructions of the judge, how limited .

Power of jury to judge of law . . . .

Accused not to be twice put in jeopardy .

Excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishments

Right to counsel . . . . . . . .

Protection of professional confidence . .

Duty of counsel . . . . . . .

VVhether to address the jury on the law .

Punishment of misconduct in attorneys .

\\'rit of habeas corpus . . . . . . .

Legal restraints upon personal liberty . .

Necessity of Habeas Corpus Act . .

\Vhat courts issue the writ . . . . .

General purpose of writ, and practice upon

Right to discussion and petition . . .

Right to bear arms . . . . . .

. Page

295

298

. 299

. 299-308

. . . . 299-304

. . . . 303-308

306, 307, and notes

. . . _ . 308

309

310

311

311

312

. 313

. 313-317

. 318

319

319

319

319

320

. 320

. 3'21-325

. . 325-328

. . 328-338

. . 330-330

. 334

335

336

. 337

. 338-348

. 339-342

. 342-345

. 345

. 347, 348

349

350

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TABLE or conrnnrs. xi

CHAPTER XI.

OF THE PROTECTION OF PROPERTY BY THE “ LAW OF THE LAND.”

Pass

MagnaCharta, chap. 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Constitutional provisions insuring protection “by the law of

the land " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351, note

Meaning of “ due process of law” and “law of the land ” . . 353-357

Vested rights not to be disturbed . . . . . . . . . 357

What are vested rights . . . . . . . . . . . 358-361

Interests in expectancy are not . . . . . . . 359

Legislative modification of estates .' . . . . . . . 360

Control of rights springing from marriage . . . . 360, 361

Legislative control of remedies . . . . . . . 361

Vested rights of action are protected . . . . . . 362

Confiscation of rights and property . . . . . 363

Statutes of limitation . . . . . . . . 364-367

Alteration in the rules of evidence . . . . . . . . 367

Retrospective laws . . . . . . . . . . . 369-384

Curing irregularities in legal proceedings . . . 371-374, 382

Validating imperfect contracts . . . . . . . . . . . 374-381

Pendency of suit does not prevent healing act . . . . 379

What the healing statute must be confined to . . . . 381

Statutory privilege not a vested right . . . . . . . 383

Consequential injuries from changes in the laws . . . 384

Betterment laws . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Unequal and partial legislation . . . . . . . 389

Local laws may vary in different localities . . . 390

Suspension of general laws . . . . . . . 391

Equality the aim of the law . . . . . . . 393

Strict construction of special grants . . . . 395

Privileges and immunities of citizens . . . . . 397

Judicial proceedings void if jurisdiction wanting . . . 397, 398

What constitutes jurisdiction . . . . . . . . 398

Consent cannot confer it . . . 399

Jurisdiction in divorce cases . . . . 400

Necessity for process . . . . . . . . . . 402

Process by publication . . . . . . . 404

Courts of general and special jurisdiction . . . . 406

Effect of irregularities in judicial proceedings . . . 408, 409

Judicial power not to be delegated . . . . . . 410

Judge not to sit in his own cause . . . . . 410-413

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xii TABLE or conranrs.

CHAPTER XII.

LIBERTY or SPEECH AND or THE PRESS.

Pass

Protection of by the Constitution of the United States . . . 414

State constitutional provisions . . . . . . . . . . 414, note.

Not well protected nor defined at common law . . . . . . 417

Censorship of the press; publication of proceedings in Parlia-

ment not formerly suffered . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Censorship of the press in America . . . . . . 418

Secret sessions of public bodies in United States . . . 419

What liberty of the press consists in . . . . . . . . . 420-422

Common-law rules of liability for injurious publications . . . 422-425

Cases of privileged communications . . . . . . . . 425, 426

Libels on the government, whether punishable . . . . . 426-430

Sedition law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Further cases of privilege; criticism of ofiicers or candidates

foroflice................431-441

Petitions and other publications in matters of public concern . 434

Statements in course of judicial proceedings . . . . . . 441-445

by witnesses . . . . . . . . . . 441

by complainant, &c. . . . . . . . . 441, 442

by counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Privileges of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Publication of privileged communications through the press . . 448

Accounts of judicial proceedings, how far protected . . . . 448, 449

Privilege of publishers of news . . . . . . . . 451

Publication of legislative proceedings . . . . . 457

The jury as judges of the law in libel cases . . . . . . 460

Mr. Fox’s Libel Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

“ Good motives and justifiable ends,” burden of showing is on .

defendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

What is not sufficient to show . . . . 465, 466, notes.

CHAPTER XIII.

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.

Care taken by State constitutions to protect . . . . . . 467-470

Distinguished from religions toleration . . . . 467 and note.

Whatitprecludes . . . . . . . . . . . 469

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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XII.

LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS.

Protection of by the Constitution of the United States State constitutional provisions • Not well protected nor defined at common law •

Pap

414 414, note.

417 Censorship of the press; publication of proceedings in Parlia-

ment not formerly suffered • Censorship of the press in America Secret sessions of public bodies in United States What liberty of the press consists in • Common-law rules of liability for injurious publications Cases of privileged communications • Libels on the go'\"ernment, whether punishable • Sedition law .

418 418 419

420-422 422-425

. 425, 426 • 426-430

427 Further cases of privilege; criticism of officers or candidates

for office • • 431-441 Petitions and other publications in matters of public concern Statements in course of judicial proceedings

by witnesses . by complainant, &c. by counsel

Privileges of legislators Publicntion of privileged communications through the press • Accounts of judicial proceedings, how far protected Privilege of publishers of news • Publication of legislntive proceedings •

. The jury as judges of the law in libel cases 1\Ir. Fox's Libel Act .

434 • 441-445

441 • 441, 442

442 445 4.48

• 448, 4.49 451 457 460 462

" Good motives and justifiable ends," burden of showing is on . defendant 464

What is not sufficient to show

CHAPTER XIII.

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.

Care taken by State constitutions to protect • Di:;tinguishcd from religious toleration What it precludes •

465, 466, notes.

• 467-470 467 and note.

469

TABLE or oonrsmrs. xiii

Pa

Does not preclude recognition of superintending Providence by ge

public authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Nor appointment of chaplains, fast days, &c., nor recognition of

fact that the prevailing religion is Christian . . . . . 471

The maxim that Christianity is part of the law of the land . . 472-477

Punishment of blasphemy . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

And of other profanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Sunday laws,~how justified . . . . . . . . . . . . 476,477

Respect for religious scruples . . . . . . . . . . . 477, 473

Religious belief as aflecting the competency or credibility of

witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

CHAPTER XIV.

THE POWER OF TAXATION.

Unlimited nature of the power . . . . . . . . . . . 479-485

Exemption of national agencies from State taxation . . 480-484

Exemption of State agencies from national taxation . . . 483, 484

Limitations on State taxation by national Constitution . . . 485

Power of States to tax subjects of commerce . . . . . . 486

Discriminations in taxation between citizens of different States . 487

Elements essential to valid taxation ; purposes must be public . 487

Legislature to judge of purposes . . . . . . . . . . 488-490

Unlawful exactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490-494

Necessity of apportionment . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Taxation with reference to benefits in local improvements . 497

Local assessments distinguished from general taxation . . . 498

Apportionment of the burden in local assessments . . . . . 498-511

Taxations must be uniform throughout the taxing districts . . 502, 504

Road taxes in labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

Inequalities in taxation inevitable . . . . . 513

Legislature must select subjects of taxation . . . . . 514

Exemptions admissible . . . . . . . . . . 514, 515

Constitutional provisions forbidding exemptions . . 516

Legislative authority requisite for every tax . . . . . 517-520

Excessive taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

The maxim dc minimis Zex non curat in tax proceedings . . 521

What errors and defects render tax sales void . . . . . . 521, 522

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,.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii

Page

Does not preclude recognition of superintending Providence by public authorities 470

Nor appointment of chaplains, fast days, &c., nor recognition of fact that the prevailing religion is Christian

The maxim that Christianity is part of the law of the land • Punishment of blasphemy And of other profanity

471 472-477

472 476

476,477 Sunday laws, .. how j1.1.5tified Respect for religious scruples Religious belief as affecting the

• 477, 478 competency or credibility of

witnesses .

CHAPTER XIV.

THE POWER OF TAXATION.

Unlimited nature of the power • Exemption of national agencies from State taxation Exemption of State agencies from national taxation • Limitations on State taxation by national Constitution Power of States to tax subjects of commerce

4i8

. 479-485 480-484

Discriminations in taxation between citizens of different States . Elements essential to valid taxation ; purposes must be public • Legislature to judge of purposes

483,484 485 486 487 487

488-490 Unlawful exactions Necessity of apportionment . Taxation with reference to benefits in local improvements Local assessments distinguished from general taxation Apportionment of the burden in local assessments • Taxations must be uniform throughout the taxing districts Road taxes in labor Inequalities in taxation inevitable • Legislature must select subjects of taxation . Exemptions admissible Constitutional provisions forbidding exemptions Legislative authority requisite for every tax. Excessive taxation • The maxim de minimis lex non curat in tax proceedings What errors and defects render tax sales void •

490-494 495 497 498

498-511 502,504

512 513 514

514,515 516

. 517-520 520 521

521,522

xiv TABLE or cournnrs.

I

CHAPTER XV.

THE EMINENT DOMAIN.

P184!

Ordinary domain of State distinguished from eminent domain . 523, 524

Definition of eminent domain . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Not to be bargained away ; general rights vested in the States . 525

Ho\v far possessed by the general government . . . . . . 525, 526

What property subject to the right . . . . . . . 526

Legislative authority requisite to its exercise . . . . . . 527

Strict compliance with conditions precedent necessary . . . 528

Statutes for exercise of, not to be extended by intendment ; pur-

pose must be public . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 530

What is a public purpose . . . 531-536

\Vhether milldams are . . 534

How property to be taken . . . 536-538

Determining the necessity for . . 538

How much may be taken . . . 539-541

What constitutes a taking . . . . . . . . . 541-557

Consequential injuries do not . . . . . . . . . 541-544

Appropriation of highway to plank road or railroad . i . 545-557

Whether the fee in the land can be taken . . . . . 557-559

Compensation to be made . . . . . . 559

Time of making . . . . . . . . 560-564

Tribunal for assessing . . . . . '. . . . 563

Principle on which it is to be assessed . . . . . 565-571

Allowance of incidental injuries and benefits . . 566-571

\Vhat the assessment covers . . . . . . . 570

Action where work improperly constructed . . 571

CHAPTER XVI.

THE POLICE POWER OF THE STATES.

Definition of police power . . . . . . 572

Pervading nature of . . . . . . . . . . . 572-577

Exercise of, in respect to charter contracts . . . . . 574-581

License or prohibition of sales of intoxicating drinks . . . . 581-584

Payment of license fee to United States gives no right in oppo-

sition to State law . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

Harbor regulations by States . . . . . 585

I

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.. xiv TABLE OP CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XV.

THE EMINENT DOMAIN.

p ...

Ordinary domain of State distinguished from eminent domain • 523, 524 Definition of eminent domain . 524 Not to be bargaine~ away; general rights vested in the States . 525 How far possessed by the general government • • 525, 526 What property subject to the right . 526 Legislative authority requisite to its exercise 527 Strict compliance with conditions precedent necessary 528 Statutes for exercise of, not to be extended by intendment ; pur-

pose must be public . What is a public purpose . Whether milldams are How property to be taken Determining the necessity for How much may be taken. What constitutes a taking Consequential injuries do not Appropriation of highway to phmk road or railroad • Whether the fee in the land c;an be taken Compensation to be made Time of making Tribunal for assessing . Principle on which it is to be assessed. Allowance of incidental injuries and benefits 'Vhat the assessment covers . Action where work improperly constructed .

CHAPTER XVI.

THE POLICE POWER OF THE STATES.

530 • 581-536

534 536-538

538 . 589-541

541-557 • 541-544

545-557 557-559

559 560-564

563 • 565-571

566-571 570 571

Definition of police power • 572 Perrnding nature of . 572-577 Exercise of, in respect to charter contracts • 574-581 License or prohibition of sales of intoxicating drinks . • 581-584 Payment of license fee to United States gives no right in oppo-

sition to State law 584 Harbor regulations by States 585

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV

V Page

Distinction between proper police regulation and an interference

with commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

State taxes upon commerce . . . . . . 586-588

Sunday police regulations . . . . . . . 588

Regulation of highways by the States . . . 588, 589

Control of navigable waters . . . . . . 589

What are navigable . . . . . . . . . 589-591

Congressional regulations of . . . . . . . 591

Monopolies of, not to be granted by States . . . 591, 592

Power in the States to improve and bridge . . . . 592

And to establish ferries and permit dams . . . . . . . 593

Regulation of speed of vessels; destruction of buildings to pre-

vent spread of fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Establishment of fire limits and wharf lines; abatement of nui-

sances, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Other State regulations of police . . . . . . . . 595, 596

Power of States to make breach thereof a crime . . . 596, 597

CHAPTER XVII.

THE EXPRESSION or was POPULAR. WILL!

People possessed of the sovereignty, but can only exercise it

under legal forms; elections the mode . . . . . . . 598

Who to participate in elections; conditions of residence, presence

atthepolls,&c.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Residence, domicile, and habitation defined . . . 600

Registration of voters . . . . . . . . 601

Other regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

Preliminary action by authorities, notice, proclamation, &c. . 602, 603

Mode of voting; the ballot . . . . . . . . . . 604

Importance of secrecy; secrecy a personal privilege . . 605

Ballot must be complete in itself . . . . . . 606

Parol explanations by voter inadmissible . . . 607

Names on ballot should be full . . . . . . 608

Abbreviations, initials, &c. . . . ; . . . . . . . . 608, 609

Erroneous additions do not affect . . . . . . . . . 610

Evidence of surrounding circumstances to explain ballot. . . 611, 612

Boxes for different votes; errors in depositing . . . . . . 613

Plurality to elect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

Freedom of elections, bribery, treating electors, calling out mili-

tia, service of process, betting on elections, contracts to

influence them, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614, 615

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TABLE OF CONTENTS. xv

Distinction between proper police regulation and an interference with commerce 586

586-588 588

State taxes upon commerce • Sunday police regulations Regulation of highways by the States Control of navigable waters . What are navigable • Congressional regulations of . Monopolies of, not to be granted by States • Power in the States to improve and bridge . And to establish ferries and permit dams

• 588, 589 589

. 589-591 591

. 591, 592 592 593

Regulation of speed of vessels ; d~struction of buildings to pre­vent spread of fire • 594

Establishment of fire limits and wharf lines ; abatement of nui-sances, &c.

Other State regulations of police . Power of States to make breach thereof a crime

CHAPTER XVII.

THE EXPRESSION OF THE POPULAR WILL~

595 595,596 596,597

People possessed of the sovereignty, but can only exercise it under legal forms ; elections the mode . 598

Who to participate in elections ; conditions of residence, presence at the polls, &c. . 599

Residence, domicile, and habitation defined 600 Registration of voters . Other regulations . Preliminary action by authorities, notice, proclamation, &c. Mode of voting; the ballot . Importance of secrecy; secrecy a personal privilege • Ballot must be complete in itself . • Parol explanations by voter inadmissible . Names on ballot should be full • Abbreviations, initials, &c. • Erroneous additions do not affect Evidence of surrounding circumstances to explain ballot. Boxes for different votes; errors in depositing • Plural~ty to elect

601 602

• 602, 603 604 605 606 607 608

608,609 610

• 611, 612 613 614

Freedom of elections, bribery, treating electors, calling out mili­tia, service of process, betting on elections, contracts to

influence them, &c. • • 614, 615

xvi TABLE or couraurs.

W18"

Electors not to be deprived of votes; liability of oflicers for re-

fusingvotes............... 616

Elector’s oath when conclusive; conduct of election . . . 617

Effect ofirregularities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617-621

Effect if candidate is ineligible . . . . . . . . . . . 620

Canvass and return of votes; canvassers act ministerially . . 622

Contesting elections; final decision upon, rests with the courts . 623

Canvasser’s certificate conclusive in collateral proceedings;

courts may go behind . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

What proofs admissible . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

Whether qualification of voter may be inquired into by courts . 627

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xvi TABLE OF CON1ENTS.

Page

Electors not to be deprived of votes ; liability of officers for re-fusing votes 616

Elector's oath when conclusive ; conduct of election Effect of irregularities.

617 • 617-621.

Effect if candidate is ineligible . Canvass and return of votes ; canvRBsers act ministerially • Contesting elections ; final decision upon, rests with the courts • Canvasser's certificate conclusive m collateral proceedings ;

courts may go behind Whnt proofs admissible Whether qualification of voter may be inquired into by courts

620 622 623

624 626 627