VII

T H E F A B R I C

O F T H E H U M A N B O D Y

2014

2014

154

3

155

5

154

3

155

5

Ta b l e o f c o n T e n T sTa b l e o f c o n T e n T s

foreword foreword – – by Dr. Hilal M. Al-Sayer

Former Kuwaiti Minister of Health

Thank s To addiTional sponsor sThank s To addiTional sponsor s – –

publisher ’ s noTepublisher ’ s noTe

acknowledgmenTsacknowledgmenTs – –

Tr ansl aTor’s inTroducTion Tr ansl aTor’s inTroducTion – – by Daniel H. Garrison

how To use This bookhow To use This book – –

anaTomisT’s inTroducTion anaTomisT’s inTroducTion – – by Malcolm H. Hast

hisToric al inTroducTion hisToric al inTroducTion – – by Vivian Nutton

inTroducTion To book T wo inTroducTion To book T wo – – by Nancy G. Siraisi

LXII a Vesalius bibliogr aphy a Vesalius bibliogr aphy – –

1 preface To The diVine charles V preface To The diVine charles V *2r a2r

10 Printer’s Note to the Reader *4v a5v

11 leT Ter To Johannes oporinus leT Ter To Johannes oporinus VII a5v

Book 1Dedicated to Those Things That Sustain and Support the Entire Body, by Which All Things Are Steadied, and to Which They Are Attached

Chap ter 1

16 The naTure , use , and diVer siT y of bone 1 1

16 The Nature and Use of Bone 1 116 Differentiation of Bones by Use 1 116 Size and Shape 1 1

17 Varieties Based upon Epiphyses, Processes, Heads, etc. 2 2

17 Cartilage 2 318 Varieties of Substance and Structure 2 319 In What Part of the Bones Marrow Is Located 3 319 Differences in Foramina 3 319 Variety Based upon Sensation 3 419 Differentiation by the Membrane Enclosing

the Bones 3 4

Chap ter 2

20 The naTure , use , and VarieTies of c arTil age 3 4

20 The Nature of Cartilage 3 420 Its Use, Similar to the Ordinary Use of Bones 3 420 Cartilage Is Easier to Contract and Expand

Than Bone 3 420 The Use of Cartilage in Joints 4 521 A Third Cartilage in Certain Joints 4 521 Cartilage as a Glue 4 521 Cartilage in the Substance of Ligaments 4 521 Erectile Cartilages 4 522 Cartilages Attached to Parts That Stand Erect 4 522 Varieties of Cartilage 4 6

Chap ter 3

23 names by which The parTs and surfaces of bones are idenTified 5 6

23 Κῶλον: Limb, Member 7 823 Ἐπίφυσις: Epiphysis 7 824 Key to the Figure Illustrations 5 726 The Epiphyses Are Not Covers of the Cavities

Containing Marrow 7 826 Large Bones Are Not the Only Ones with

Epiphyses 7 927 Ἀπόφυσις: Process 8 927 Varieties of Processes and Epiphyses 8 1027 The Function of Processes 8 1028 Κορώνη: Acute Process 8 10

t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s

154

3

155

5

2014

154

3

155

5

2014

VIII

28 Κεφαλή, κεφάλαιον: The Head, and Prominences and Depressions of the Head 9 11

28 Ἄρθρον: Joint 9 1128 Vertebrum, Vertebra, σπόνδυλος 9 1129 Types of Head 9 1129 Kόνδυλος or Condyle 9 1229 Τράχηλος, αὐχήν: Neck, Cervix 10 1230 Κοτύλη, ὀξύβαφον: Acetabulum, Socket, etc. 10 1230 Γλήνη or Glenoid Depression 10 1230 The Function of Depressions and Heads 10 1230 Types of Cavity 10 1331 Ἴτυες, ὄφρυες, ἄμβονες, χείλη: Brows, Lips 11 1331 Βαθμίδες: Hollows 11 1331 Depressions Not Made for Joints 11 14

Chap ter 4

32 on The sTrucTur al rel aTionships of bones 11 14

32 Man Is Made with Many Bones for the Sake of Motion 11 14

32 For the Movement of Expiration 11 1432 To Withstand Hardship 11 1432 For the Variety of the Parts 11 1433 Plan of the Connections That Join Bones 12 –34 Ἄρθρον: Joint; Visible Motions: διάρθρωσις 13 1534 Obscure Motions 12 –34 Συνάρθρωσις or Coarticulation 13 1534 Not All Joints Move in the Same Way 13 1535 Three Forms of Joint 13 1635 Ἐνάρθρωσις: Enarthrosis 13 1635 Ἀρθρωδία: Arthrodia 14 1636 When Nature Formed Arthrodia 14 1636 Γίγγλυμος: Ginglymus 14 1637 When Nature Formed Ginglymus 14 1637 In What Ways Double Joints Are Formed 14 1838 Γόμφωσις: Gomphosis 15 1838 Ῥαφή: Suture 15 1839 Ἁρμονία: Harmonia – 1839 Σύμφυσις: Symphysis 16 1939 Substances That Aid the Union of Bones:

Ligaments; Συννεύρωσις: Synneurosis 16 1939 Flesh; Συνσάρκωσις: Syssarcosis 16 1940 Cartilage; Συγχόνδρωσις: Synchondrosis 16 1940 Bones That Are Joined with the Aid of No

Substance 16 1940 Some Major Disagreements in This Chapter with

the Opinions of Galen 16 2041 appendiX: Revised Version of Vesalius’

Description of the Ginglymus (Hinge Joint) – 1641 Ginglymus – 1642 Why Nature Sometimes Joined Two Bones with

Several Joints – 17

Chap ter 5

43 The sTrucTure of The head: why iT is shaped a s iT is , and how many configur aTions iT ha s 17 21

43 Key to the Five Figures 17 2144 The Head Was Formed for the Sake of the Eyes 18 2244 How Nature Protected the Eyes 18 2244 The Brain Is Located in the Head for the Sake

of the Eyes, and the Other Senses on Account of the Brain 18 22

45 The Natural Shape of the Head 19 2245 First, Second, and Third Unnatural Shapes 19 2345 Fourth Unnatural Shape 19 2346 Other Variations 19 2346 appendiX a: Revised Version of the Section

on the Natural Shape of the Skull – 2246 Natural Shapes of the Skull – 2247 appendiX b: Expanded Version of the End of

the Section on Variant Shapes of the Head – 23

Chap ter 6

49 on The eighT bones of The head and The suTures connecTing Them 20 25

50 Figure Legend to the Third and Fourth Figures 21 2752 Index of Characters to the Fifth Figure 23 2854 Figure Legend to the Sixth and Seventh Figures 25 3057 What Kind of Dwelling Nature Prepared for

the Brain 26 3157 Why the Skull Is Not Made of Solid Bone 26 3157 The Use of Sutures 26 3158 Sutures of the Naturally Shaped Head 26 3258 The Coronal, Lambdoid, and Sagittal Sutures 26 3258 The Heads of Men Do Not Always Differ from

Those of Women 26 3258 Sutureless Heads 27 3359 Differences in Bones of Old, Young, and

Juvenile Persons 27 –59 Sutures in Unnatural Heads 27 3359 The Scaly Seams of the Temples 27 3360 The Sutures Are Visible Also inside the Skull 27 3360 Why Squamous Agglutinations Do Not

Resemble the Other Sutures 28 3460 Sutures Already Accounted For 28 –60 The Suture Surrounding the Eighth Bone of

the Head 28 3461 Sutures between the Head and Other Bones 28 34

2014

2014

154

3

155

5

154

3

155

5

1BOOK IXT H E F A B R I CO F T H E H U M A N B O D Y61 Extensions of the Lambdoid Suture 28 3461 The Edge of the Cuneiform Bone 28 3462 In What Places the Suture around the Cuneiform

Bone Occurs 28 3463 On a Passage in Galen’s De ossibus, and on

the Suture between the Frontal Bone, the Bones of the Maxilla, and Others 29 35

63 The Borders of the Vertex Bones 30 3663 The Borders of the Frontal Bone 30 3664 The Softest and Least Dense Part of the Skull 30 3764 The Borders of the Occipital Bone 30 3764 The Thickest Point of the Occiput 30 3765 Capitula of the Occipital Bone 31 3865 The Circumference of the Temporal Bones 31 3865 Mammillary Processes 31 3865 The Cavity of the Temporal Bone 31 3866 The Process Resembling a Writer’s Stylus 31 3866 The Jugal Process of the Temporal Bone 31 3966 The Cuneiform Bone 32 3967 The Cuneiform Bone Is Not Perforated like

a Sponge 32 –67 The Winglike Processes 32 4167 The Eighth Bone of the Head 32 4167 A Bone inside the Canine Skull 32 –68 appendiX a: Revised Version of the Sections

on Why the Skull Is Not Made of Solid Bone, and on the Use of Sutures – 31

68 Why the Entire Brain Is Surrounded by Bones, and Why These Vary and Are Connected Chiefly by Sutures – 31

69 appendiX b: Revised Version of the Sections on Sutures inside the Skull and on Squamous Sutures – 33

69 On the Occurrence of Cohesive Squamous Joints instead of Sutures – 33

70 appendiX c : Expanded Version of the Sections on the Cuneiform Bone – 39

70 The Cuneiform or Sphenoid Bone – 3970 The Nature of the Middle Region of the

Cuneiform Bone – 3972 appendiX d: Revised Ending of Chapter 6 – 4172 A Cartilage or Bone in the Brain – 41

Chap ter 7

73 on The Jugal bone , and The bones resembling a rock ouTcropping 33 42

73 Names Are Assigned to Certain Areas of Bone as if They Were Entirely Separate 33 42

73 The Jugal Bone 33 4273 The Use of the Jugal Bone 33 4273 How Nature Made Provision for the Temporal

Muscles 33 4274 The Mansorius Muscle Originates at the Jugal

Bone 33 –74 The Bones Resembling a Rocky Outcropping 33 43

Chap ter 8

75 on The ossicles ThaT enTer upon The consTrucTion of The organ of hearing 33 43

76 The Cavity Made for the Organ of Hearing, and the Foramina Extending into It 34 44

76 Nerves from the Fifth Pair to the Organ of Hearing 34 44

76 The Anvil-Like Ossicle 34 4477 The Ossicle That Is Not unlike a Small Hammer 35 4577 Comparison of the Second Ossicle to

the Femoral Bone 35 4577 The Use of Ossicles of the Organ of Hearing 35 4578 Marcus Antonius Genua and Wolfgang Herwort,

Chiefly Responsible for My Undertaking and Completion of This Work 35 46

79 appendiX: Revised Version of the First 32 Lines of the Chapter 8 Narrative – 44

Chap ter 9

80 on The T welVe bones of The upper ma Xill a , including The bones of The nose 36 46

80 Index of the First Figure of the Ninth Chapter, and Its Characters 36 46

82 Index of the Second Figure and Its Characters 38 4884 Why the Maxilla Consists of Several Bones,

both Hollow and Light 39 –84 Structural System of the Maxillary Bones 39 –84 Brief Enumeration of the Bones of the Maxilla 39 4885 How Many Bones Make Up the Eye Socket 39 –85 The First Bone of the Maxilla 39 4886 The Second Maxillary Bone 40 5086 Third Maxillary Bone 40 5087 Fourth Maxillary Bone 40 5188 The Fifth Bone of the Maxilla 41 5288 The Sixth Bone of the Maxilla 41 5289 There Are In All Twelve Bones of the Upper

Maxilla 42 5289 Not Everything Thus Far Stated in This Chapter

Fits the Opinions of Galen; Some Items Are Enumerated at the End of the Chapter 42 52

91 appendiX a: Revised Version of the First Two Paragraphs of the Narrative Section – 49

91 What Part of the Skull Is Called the Upper Maxilla – 49

91 Why It Consists of Many Bones, both Light and Hollow – 49

91 appendiX b: How to Distinguish the Maxillary Bones – 49

t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s

154

3

155

5

2014

154

3

155

5

2014

X

Chap ter 13

112 on The bone resembling The greek upsilon 55 69

112 Key to Figures and Characters Set Forth Here 55 69113 Location and Names of the Hyoid Bone 55 69113 Middle Ossicle of the Hyoid Bone 55 69113 Lower Sides of the Hyoid Bone 56 70114 Superior Sides and Attached Ossicles 56 70114 How the Hyoid Bone Is Secured; Its Use 56 70

Chap ter 14

115 on The spine and iTs Various bones 56 70

115 Nature’s Purpose in the Creation of the Spine: To Provide Support 57 71

115 To Provide a Path for the Dorsal Medulla, and at the Same Time Be Flexible 57 72

115 The Reason for the Large Number of Bones 58 72116 Key to the Figure Which Follows, and

Its Characters 56 70118 The Unequal Size of the Spinal Bones and

Spinal Cavity 58 72119 Foramina Made for Putting Forth Nerves 58 73119 The Spines of the Vertebrae 58 74119 The Cartilage Growing near the Tips of the Spines 59 73119 The Transverse Processes 59 74120 Articulation of the Vertebrae 59 73120 That It Was More Suitable for the Spine to

Bend Forward 59 –121 appendiX: Revised Version of the Chapter 14

Narrative – 71

Chap ter 10

92 on The lower ma Xill a 43 54

92 Key to Both Figures of the Tenth Chapter, and Their Characters 43 54

93 Man Has the Shortest Jaw 43 5493 The Human Jaw Is Virtually Made from

a Single Bone 43 5493 Two Processes on Both Sides of the Maxilla 44 5594 Picture of the Special Cartilage in the Joint of

the Maxillae 44 5594 Foramina of the Maxilla 44 5594 Alveoli of the Teeth 44 5594 Breadth, Thinness, Depressions, and Rough

Spots in the Posterior Area of the Jaw 44 55

Chap ter 11

95 on The TeeTh, which are al so counTed a s bones 45 56

95 Key to the Figure of the Present Eleventh Chapter, and Its Characters 45 56

96 The Teeth Have Sensation 45 5796 The Distinction between Teeth and the Other

Bones 45 5796 The Number of Teeth 45 5796 The Canines 46 5796 Molars 46 5797 How Teeth Are Fixed in the Jaws 46 5797 Roots of the Teeth 46 5797 The Number of Teeth Sometimes Varies 46 5897 Wisdom Teeth (genuini dentes) 46 5898 Hollow Space in Teeth 46 5898 Dental Epiphyses 46 58

Chap ter 12

99 on The for amina of The head and The upper ma Xill a 47 59

99 Why a Description of the Foramina Is Undertaken 47 59

109 Skull Cavities Accommodating Vessels of the Hard Membrane 53 67

110 Small Foramina Scattered throughout the Skull Cavity 54 67

2014

2014

154

3

155

5

154

3

155

5

1BOOK XIT H E F A B R I CO F T H E H U M A N B O D YChap ter 15

124 on The VerTebr ae of The neck or cerViX 60 74

124 Key to the Eleven Figures and Characters of the Fifteenth Chapter 61 75

128 Man Was Given a Neck for the Sake of the Lungs 62 77128 The Seven Vertebrae of the Neck 63 77128 Galen’s Opinion about the Motions of the Head 63 84129 A Different Opinion from Galen’s about

the Motions of the Head 63 84130 Joints Made for Movements of the Head 64 –130 Description of the Occipital Bone Where It

Is Articulated to the First Vertebra 64 77130 Description of the First Cervical Vertebra 64 77131 The Head Is Flexed Forward and Back over

the First Vertebra 65 85131 The Worthiest Joint in the Whole Body 65 –132 The Remaining Description of the First Vertebra 65 –133 Depressions of the First Vertebra That Receive the

Protuberances of the Second 66 79133 The Protuberances of the Second Vertebra 66 79133 Dens of the Second Vertebra 66 79134 The Joining of the Dens with the First Vertebra 66 79135 The Head with the First Vertebra above

the Second 67 86136 Why Nature Did Not Wish the Head to Be

Simultaneously Rotated and Inclined to the Sides over the First Vertebra 67 85

136 The Head Cannot Be Flexed Forward and Back over the Second Vertebra, nor Be Inclined to the Side 68 87

136 On What Vertebrae Lateral Motion Occurs 68 87137 The Foramen That Transmits the Second Pair

of Nerves of the Dorsal Medulla to the Posterior 68 80137 The Spine of the Six Lower Vertebrae of the Neck 68 80137 The Second Vertebra Is Larger Than the Several

Beneath 68 81138 The Nature of the Transverse Processes of

the Neck Vertebrae 68 81138 Foramen of the Transverse Processes 69 81138 Nature of the Ascending and Descending

Processes 69 81139 Structure of the Cervical Vertebrae 69 82140 The Number of Processes 70 82140 The Nature of Foramina That Transmit Nerves

Laterally 70 83140 (A) In the Vertebrae of the Neck 70 83140 (B) In the Lumbar Vertebrae 70 83140 (C) In the Thoracic Vertebrae 70 83141 Epiphyses of the Vertebrae 70 83141 The Vertebra Is Made of Several Bones

in Children 71 83141 Connections of the Vertebrae in the Elderly 71 83

142 appendiX: Revised Ending to Chapter 15 – 84142 Disagreements in This Chapter with the Writings

of Galen – 84142 Galen’s Opinion about the Motions of the Head – 84142 A Different Opinion than Galen’s about the

Movements of the Head – 84143 The Head Is Flexed Back and Forth on the First

Vertebra, but Not from Side to Side or in Any Other Way – 85

144 The Head and the First Vertebra Are Rotated over the Second Vertebra, but Not At All Flexed and Extended – 86

144 It Is Not Possible for the Head to Be Moved to the Side over the First Vertebra, nor Even to Be Rotated – 86

145 The Head Cannot Be Flexed Forward and Back over the Second Vertebra, nor Be Inclined to the Side – 87

145 On What Vertebrae Lateral Motion Occurs – 87

Chap ter 16

146 on The VerTebr ae of The Thor a X 71 87

146 Key to the Four Present Figures and Their Letters 71 88148 There Are Most Often Twelve Thoracic Vertebrae 72 89148 A Vertebra Is Supported Above and Below

by Others 72 –148 Diversity in the Bodies of Thoracic Vertebrae 73 –148 Diversity in the Depressions to Which the Ribs

Are Articulated 73 89149 Variety Based upon the Substance of

the Vertebrae 73 90149 Variety Based on the Transverse Processes 74 90150 Varieties of the Spine 74 91151 The Course of the Spines 75 91151 The Course of the Transverse Processes 75 92152 The Difference between Ascending and

Descending Processes, and Their System of Articulation 75 92

153 How the Lumbar Vertebrae Are Articulated to Each Other 76 93

153 Why It Was Fitting That One Vertebra Be Received on Both Sides in the Middle of the Spine 76 94

154 The Number of Processes of the Thoracic Vertebrae 76 94

t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s

154

3

155

5

2014

154

3

155

5

2014

XII

Chap ter 17

155 on The lumbar VerTebr ae 77 94

155 Key to the Three Figures of the Seventeenth Chapter and Their Characters 77 95

156 What the Bodies of the Lumbar Vertebrae Are Like 77 95

156 The Foramina 77 95156 The Transverse Processes 77 95156 The Spine 77 96157 Ascending Processes 77 96157 Descending Processes 77 96157 The Extra Process Which Galen Ascribes to

the Lumbar Vertebrae 77 96157 The Hospitality of Giovanni Andrea Bianchi 77 –158 Number of Processes in the Lumbar Vertebrae 77 –159 appendiX: Revised Ending of Chapter 17 – 96159 There Are Fewer Than Five Vertebrae in

the Loins of Apes and Dogs – 97

Chap ter 18

160 on The sacr al bone and The coccyX 79 98

160 Key to the Three Figures Placed Above and Their Characters 79 98

162 The Anatomical Negligence and Ignorance of Physicians 81 –

162 Galen’s Opinion about the Sacrum and Coccyx 81 –163 Description of the Simian and Canine Sacrum 81 –163 Description of the Canine Coccyx 82 –165 Description of the Human Sacrum 83 –167 Foramina Transmitting Nerves in the Sacrum 84 –167 The Spines of the Sacrum 84 –167 The Nature of the Anterior and Posterior

Areas of the Sacrum 84 –167 An Account of the Coccyx 84 –168 Those Who Contend Galen Taught Human

Anatomy Are Disrespectful toward Him 85 –168 The Reason for the Name of the Coccyx

and Sacrum 85 –169 appendiX: Revised Version of Chapter 18 – 99169 The Ten Bones to Be Described in This Chapter – 99169 The Sacrum or Wide Bone – 99170 The Coccyx – 100170 Description of the Sacrum; the Connection

of Its Bones – 100170 The Foramen Made for the Dorsal Medulla – 100171 The Upper Surface of the Sacrum – 100

171 The Lower Surface – 101171 The Sides – 101172 The Posterior Side – 101172 The Anterior – 101172 Foramina Provided for the Transmittal of Nerves – 102173 What Happens When the Sacrum Is Made

of Only Five Bones – 102173 Description of the Coccyx – 102173 How Galen Described the Sacrum and Coccyx – 103174 The Bone Formed from Three Bones in the Ape

and the Dog, Which We Call the Sacrum – 103175 The Ossicles beneath the Sacrum in the Ape and

the Dog, and Their Coccyx – 104175 The Sacrum and the Coccyx Are Described in

Galen as They Are in the Ape – 105177 More Than Galen’s Other Anatomical Works, His

Work On the Bones Should Be Attributed to Him – 107

Chap ter 19

178 on The bones of The Thor a X 85 107

180 Key to the Seven Figures of the Nineteenth Chapter 85 107

182 What the Thorax Is; the Chest; the Pectoral Bone 88 110182 The Diligence of the Maker of Things in

Creating the Thorax 88 110182 Why the Abdomen Is Not Also Bony 89 –183 What Nature Paid Special Attention to in

Constructing the Thorax 89 –183 The Number of Ribs 89 111183 Men and Women Have the Same Number of Ribs 89 111184 Symmetry of Body among the Ligurians 90 111184 The Substance and Epiphysis of the Ribs 90 111184 The Bony Substance 90 111184 Cartilaginous Substance 90 111184 Not All Ribs Are of Equal Length 90 112185 Unequal Breadth 90 112185 Smoothness and Roughness of the Ribs;

Their Sulcus 90 112185 The Rough Tubercle of the Ribs 91 112186 Articulation of Ribs to the Vertebrae 91 113186 Description of the Pectoral Bone in Quadrupeds 91 113187 Description of the Human Pectoral Bone 92 114188 Comparison of the Pectoral Bone to a Sword 92 115188 The Pectoral Bone Is Crescent-Shaped on

Both Sides 93 115189 The Substance of the Pectoral Bone 93 115189 The Use of the Pectoral Bone 93 115189 The Use of the Pointed Cartilage 93 116189 The Course of the Ribs 93 116

2014

2014

154

3

155

5

154

3

155

5

1BOOK XIIIT H E F A B R I CO F T H E H U M A N B O D YChap ter 20

190 on The c arTil aginous subsTance which is a scribed To The ba se of The hearT, or The bone of The hearT 93 116

190 The Human Heart Has No Bone 93 116190 The Cartilaginous Substance of the Heart 93 116191 Anatomists’ Errors 94 117191 The Fraudulence of Physicians and Druggists 94 117

Chap ter 21

192 on The sc apul ae 94 117

194 Position and Attachments of the Scapula 96 119194 Use of the Scapula 96 119195 The Triangular Shape of the Scapula 96 119195 The Base of the Scapula 96 119195 Epiphyses of the Base 97 119195 Cartilage of the Base 97 119195 Differences between the Upper and Lower Sides 97 120196 Three Angles of the Scapula; a Fuller Description

of the Sides 97 120196 The Neck of the Scapula 97 120196 The Depression Made to Receive the Humerus 97 120197 The Cartilage Which Often Augments the Socket

of the Scapula 98 120197 Processes of the Scapula 98 121197 The Inner Process 98 121198 The Anterior Surface of the Scapula, next to

the Ribs 98 121199 Posterior Surface or Dorsum of the Scapula 99 122199 The Shoulder Top or ἀκρώμιον, Whose Careful

Description Must Now Be Commenced 99 122200 Cartilage Peculiar to the Joint of the Clavicle

with the Upper Process of the Scapula 99 123201 A Third Bone Enumerated by Galen in the Joint

of the Acromion with the Clavicle 100 123202 The Only Animals in Which the Upper Process

of the Scapula Exists 100 124202 The Use of the Acromion 100 124

Chap ter 22

203 on The cl aVicles 101 124

203 Legend to the Three Preceding Figures and Their Characters 101 124

204 The Number of Clavicles 102 125204 Their Articulation to the Pectoral Bone 102 125204 The Special Cartilage of the Joint of the Clavicle

with the Pectoral Bone 102 126204 The Marvelous Curvature of the Clavicle 102 126205 The Use of Curvature 102 126205 Why the Shoulder Joint Is Kept Away from

the Ribs; the Use of the Clavicle and Acromion 102 126205 The Connection of the Clavicle to the Acromion 103 127205 Composition, Protuberances, Rough and Smooth

Places, and Foramina of the Clavicle 103 127

Chap ter 23

207 on The humerus or arm bone 103 128

207 Index of Characters in the Two Figures of the Present Chapter 103 128

208 Humerus and Brachium 105 129208 The Humerus Is Not Larger Than All the Bones

after the Femur, as Galen Believes 105 129208 Description of the Upper Part of the Humerus 105 129209 Description of the Lower Part of the Humerus 105 129211 The Errors of Aristotle and Many Others 107 –212 Description of the Middle Parts of the Humerus 107 131

t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s

154

3

155

5

2014

154

3

155

5

2014

XIV

Chap ter 24

213 on The bones of The forearm: The ulna and r adius 108 132

213 What the Ten Figures That We Have Placed in Order beneath the First Figure of This Chapter Represent, and Index of All the Characters Inscribed on the Eleven Figures 109 133

216 The Forearm 110 135216 Ulna and Radius 110 135216 Articulation of the Ulna to the Humerus:

Description of Its Depression and Processes at This Point 110 135

217 Articulation of the Radius to the Humerus 111 136218 The Motion of the Ulna on the Wrist;

Its Lower Area 112 136218 What the Ulna Has along Its Length 112 137219 The Curvature of the Radius 113 137219 Articulation of the Radius to the Ulna 113 138220 Smooth and Rough Surfaces on the Length of

the Radius 113 138220 Account of the Lower Part of the Radius 113 138221 Cartilage Separating the Carpus from the Ulna 113 139222 Depressions of the Radius Suited for Transmitting

and Positioning Muscles and Their Tendons 114 140

Chap ter 25

224 on The c arpus 115 141

226 The Carpus Is Constructed of Eight Bones Differing from Each Other in Shape 117 142

226 Where the Carpus Is Covered with Ligaments, and Where by Cartilage 117 143

226 Why There Are Two Rows of Carpal Bones 117 143227 Names of the Carpal Bones 117 143227 Peculiarities Claimed by the Fourth Bone 117 143228 To What Bone It Is Attached 118 144228 To What Row It Should Be Assigned 118 144228 How Many Bones Are Conterminous with

the First Wrist Bone 118 144229 How Many Bones Are Conterminous with

the Second 118 144229 How Many Bones Are Conterminous with

the Third 118 144229 How Many Bones Are Conterminous with

the Fifth 118 145229 Connection of the First Bone of the Thumb and

the Metacarpal Bones to the Carpus 118 145

230 How Many Bones Are Conterminous with the Sixth 119 145

230 Bones Conterminous with the Seventh 119 145230 Bones Conterminous with the Eighth 119 145230 The Ossicle Located at the Joint of the Fourth

Metacarpal Bone with the Carpus 119 146230 The Process of the Eighth Bone 119 146231 The Process of the Fifth Bone 119 146

Chap ter 26

232 on The meTac arpus 119 146

232 The Term “Postbrachial” Is Preferable 120 146232 The Metacarpus Is Counted as Four Bones

by Some, Five by Others 120 146233 The Character of the Four Metacarpal Bones 120 147233 (A) Length 120 147233 (B) Epiphyses 120 147234 (C) Their Interconnection 120 147234 The Spaces between the Metacarpals 120 147234 Why the Metacarpal Bones Give Way to Muscles 120 147

Chap ter 27

235 on The digiTs of The hand 121 148

236 The Fingers Are Rightly Made Up of Three Bones Each 121 149

236 The Just Size of the Bones 122 149236 The Fitting Shape of Bones and Entire Fingers 122 149238 The System of Articulation of the Finger Bones 123 150239 Attachment of the First Thumb Bone to

the Carpus 123 150239 The Type of Joint of the Second Thumb Bone

with the First, and Its Motions 123 150240 The System of Articulation of the Third Bone of

the Thumb with the Second 124 150240 The Form of the First, Second, and Third Joints

of the Four Fingers 124 150240 The Flexible and Elegant Fingers of Giovanni

Centurio 124 –241 The Small Processes of the Third Finger Bone 124 151241 The Digits Are Justly Made Five in Number 124 –241 The Dignity of the Fingers 124 –

2014

2014

154

3

155

5

154

3

155

5

1BOOK XVT H E F A B R I CO F T H E H U M A N B O D Y241 Why the Fingers Are Unequal 125 –242 The Thumb Is Handsomely Situated 125 –243 appendiX: Revised Version of the Main Part

of Chapter 27 – 149243 The Shape of the Fingers Taken Together – 149243 In What Way the Finger Bones Differ from Intact

Fingers Above and Below, and of What Kind Their Substance Consists – 149

243 Design of the Joints by Which the Finger Bones Are Attached to Each Other and to Adjacent Bones – 150

244 Attachment of the First Bone of the Thumb to the Carpus – 150

244 How the First Bone of the Thumb Is Articulated to the Second – 150

244 How the Second Is Articulated to the Third – 150244 How the Second and Third Joints of the Four

Fingers Are Articulated – 150244 How the First of These Is Articulated – 150245 Nature’s Purposes in the Joints of the Fingers – 151245 The Extremity and Tip of the Third Finger Bone – 151245 The Inner Surface of the Bones along Their

Longitude – 151246 The Sides – 152

Chap ter 28

247 on The ossicles which resemble a sesame seed 125 152

247 Where the Sesamoid Ossicles Are Located 125 –248 In the Hand 125 –248 The Ossicles in the Foot 125 –249 An Ossicle More Familiar to Magicians and

Followers of Occult Philosophy 125 –249 Albadaran 125 –250 appendiX: Revised Version of Chapter 28 – 152250 The Construction of the Patella Demonstrates

the Nature of Sesamoids – 152250 How Many Sesamoids Occur in the Hand – 153251 How Many Sesamoids Are Observed in the Foot – 153251 Additional Sesamoid Ossicles – 153251 The Albadaran Ossicle – 154

Chap ter 29

252 on The bones which are aT Tached To The sides of The sacrum 127 154

252 Index of the Three Figures at Hand and Their Characters (Which Will Follow the Order of Their Presentation in This Chapter) 127 154

254 Ilium; Pubis; Hip Bone 128 155254 The Use of the Bones Attached to the Sides of

the Sacrum 129 156254 The Surface of the Ilium Attached to the Sacrum 129 156255 The Part of the Ilium Extending behind

the Transverse Processes of the Sacrum 129 157255 The Epiphysis of the Ilium: Spine, Back 129 157256 Muscles Occupying the Epiphysis 130 157256 Muscles Occupying the Inner Space of the Ilium 130 157256 The Depression Carved in the Upper Part of

the Hip Bone 130 158257 Projections of the Depression 130 158257 How the Strength of the Hip Bone Is

Provided For 00 158257 The Line on the Back of the Ilium, and

the Muscles Which Occupy It 130 157258 The Acetabulum Provided to Articulate the Femur 130 158258 The Depression by Which the Thickest Nerve in

the Body Is Conveyed 131 159258 The Acute Process of the Hip Bone 131 159259 The Depression against Which the Tenth of

the Muscles That Move the Femur Turns 131 159259 The Epiphysis of the Hip Bone 131 159259 An Account of the Pubic Bone 131 159259 The Difference between the Attachment of Bones

to the Sacrum in Men and Women 131 159260 Why the Pubic Bone Is Pierced by a Very Large

Foramen; Its Depressions and Convexities 132 160261 The Bones Attached to the Sides of the Sacrum

Are Made Up of Three Bones in Small Children 132 160

Chap ter 30

262 on The femur 132 161

262 Index of Characters Which Will Be Used to Mark the Two Figures of the Present Chapter on the Following Page 132 161

264 The Upper Head of the Femur 134 162264 The Two Lower Heads of the Femur and Their

Depression 134 162265 Two Processes, or Rotators, of the Femur 134 163266 The Shape of the Femur along Its Length 135 164

t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s

154

3

155

5

2014

154

3

155

5

2014

XVI

Chap ter 31

268 on The Tibia and fibul a 136 165

268 Index of the Figures of the Thirty-First Chapter and Their Characters 137 166

272 The Lower Leg: Tibia 138 167272 Fibula and Tibia 138 167272 Epiphyses of the Tibia and Fibula 138 168272 Area Where the Femur Is Articulated to the Tibia 138 168272 Cartilages by Which the Socket of the Tibia

Is Enlarged 138 168273 The Connection of the Fibula to the Tibia 139 168273 Where the Fibula Separates from the Tibia 139 169274 The Depressions and Eminences of the Tibia,

by Which It Is Articulated to the Talus 139 169274 The Inner Malleolus 139 169275 Articulation of the Fibula with the Talus 148 [140] 169275 The Talus Is Not Exposed to Touch before

Dissection 148 [140] 170275 The Outer Malleolus 148 [140] 170275 The Unfleshed Part of the Fibula 148 [140] 170276 The Fibula Is a Triangle along Its Length 148 [140] 170276 The Shape of the Tibia along Its Length 148 [140] 171

Chap ter 32

278 on The paTell a 141 171

278 The Situation and Form of the Patella 141 172278 How the Patella Is Connected to the Femur 141 172279 Index of Characters in the Second Figure 141 171279 The Substance of the Patella 142 172279 The Use of the Patella 142 172

Chap ter 33

280 on The bones of The fooT 142 173

280 Legend to the Thirteen Figures of the Present Chapter, and Their Characters 143 174

283 The Similarity of Quadrupeds to Humans in Their Legs and Feet 145 175

284 The Talus 145 175284 Its Location and Mode of Articulation with

the Tibia and the Fibula 145 176

284 Depressions of the Talus by Which It Receives Ligaments from the Tibia and Fibula 146 176

285 Depressions by Which It Brings down Tendons 146 177285 Joint of the Talus with the Bone Resembling

a Boat 146 177285 Attachment of the Talus to the Calcaneus 146 177285 Depression Appearing between the Attachments

of the Talus with the Calcaneus 146 177286 The Calcaneus 146 177286 The Side Facing the Ground 146 177286 The Upper Surface of the Calcaneus, Brought

Backward beyond the Straight Line of the Tibia 146 177286 The Inner Side of the Calcaneus 147 178287 The Outer Side 147 178287 The Anterior Part of the Calcaneus 147 178287 The Navicular Bone 147 178287 Concavity of the Navicular Bone 147 178287 The Anterior Surface of the Bone, and Its Three

Flat Surfaces 147 178288 The Superior Surface 147 178288 The Inferior Surface 147 179288 Bones in the Foot to Which There Is No

Corresponding Bone in the Hand 147 179288 The Tarsus 147 179288 The Three Inner Bones of the Tarsus 150 [148] 179288 The Fourth and Outermost Bone 150 [148] 179289 The Shape and Size of the Tarsal Bones

Are Varied 150 [148] 179289 An Account of the Metatarsus 150 [148] 180290 The Metatarsus Consists of Five Bones 150 [148] 180290 Articulation of the Metatarsus with

the Tarsus 150 [148] 180290 Intervals between the Metatarsal Bones 149 180290 Articulation with the Toes 149 181291 The Digits of the Foot 149 181291 The Foot Has One Bone Less Than the Hand,

Contrary to Galen’s View 149 181

Chap ter 34

292 on The nail s 149 181

292 Why the Digits Have Nails 149 181292 The Nature of Nails Is Rightful 149 182293 Attachment of the Nails 150 182

2014

2014

154

3

155

5

154

3

155

5

1BOOK XVIIT H E F A B R I CO F T H E H U M A N B O D YChap ter 39/40

304 by whaT meThod The bones and c arTil ages of The human body may be prepared for inspecTion 155 190

304 A System for Soaking Bones in Lime and Then Cleaning Them in a Stream 155 190

305 A Way of Preparing Bones by Cooking 155 191309 What Bones Are Most Useful for Teaching 159 195310 How the Cleaned Bones Should Be Joined 159 196315 appendiX: Vesalius’ Bow Drill to Perforate

Bones for Articulation – 196

Chap ter 40/39

316 on The number of bones 155 188

317 appendiX: Addition on the Number of Cartilages – 189

SkeLe ton S

318 eXpression of The bones of eXpression of The bones of The human body linked TogeTher The human body linked TogeTher and Viewed from The fronTand Viewed from The fronT 163 203

322 delineaTion of The bones of delineaTion of The bones of The human body, freed of The The human body, freed of The resT of The parTs which They resT of The parTs which They supporT and posiTioned in Their supporT and posiTioned in Their proper pl ace , from The sideproper pl ace , from The side 164 204

326 bones of The human body bones of The human body seT forTh from behindseT forTh from behind 165 205

330 Index of Characters Placed on the Three Figures Representing the Entire Skeleton 166 206

Chap ter 35

294 on The c arTil ages of The eyelids 150 182

Chap ter 36

295 on The c arTil age of The ear 150 183

Chap ter 37

296 on The c arTil ages of The nose 151 183

Chap ter 38

297 on The c arTil ages of The rough arTery, and whaT Therein would be c alled by The greek s gloT Tis and epigloT Tis 151 184

298 Index of the Thirteen Figures Which Are Set Forth Here in Order, and Their Characters 152 185

300 Where the Nature whe Rough Artery Will Be Thoroughly Described 153 185

300 First Laryngeal Cartilage 153 186301 Second Laryngeal Cartilage 153 186302 Third Laryngeal Cartilage 154 187302 Operculum of the Larynx 154 187303 Lingula of the Larynx, or Fissure and Primary

Organ of the Voice 154 188303 The Other Cartilages of the Rough Artery,

Resembling the Letter C 155 188