INTRODUCTIONTABLE OF CONTENTS 1BACKGROUND 3CENSUS RECORDS 4GENEALOGY ON THE INTERNET 10FAMILY STRUCTURE 11SURNAMES AND THEIR ORIGIN 12DNA & GENEALOGY 14

GOLDSBROUGH & WRIGHTGOLDSBROUGH SURNAME 18WRIGHT SURNAME 20GOLDSBROUGH & WRIGHT FAMILY TREE 22ANCESTORS of JAMES GOLDSBROUGH 25ANCESTORS of JAMES GOLDSBROUGH- LOCATIONS 31JAMES GOLDSBROUGH [1: Grandfather] 32JAMES GOLDSBROUGH - WORLD WAR 1 33JAMES GOLDSBROUGH [1: Grandfather] 39JAMES GOLDSBROUGH [1: Grandfather] - CENSUS RETURNS 40WRIGHT FAMILY 42WRIGHT FAMILY - JAMES WRIGHT [3] aka GOLDSBROUGH 48WRIGHT FAMILY - Children of Robert Wright 51WRIGHT FAMILY - Children of James Goldsbrough (Wright) 55SARAH ELIZABETH THOMPSON 58GEORGE GOLDSBROUGH 59JAMES WRIGHT (Goldsbrough) - CENSUS RETURNS 60JOSPEPH WRIGHT - CENSUS RETURNS 62GUISBOROUGH & IRONSTONE 64BMD CERTIFICATES 65DESCENDANTS of ROBERT WRIGHT & ANN GOLDSBROUGH 70WRIGHT FAMILY RESEARCH 73

DOBSONDOBSON SURNAME 76DOBSON FAMILY TREE 78ANCESTORS OF ELIZABETH ETHEL DOBSON 79ANCESTORS OF ELIZABETH E DOBSON - LOCATIONS 86ELIZABETH ETHEL DOBSON [1: Grandmother] 87ELIZABETH ETHEL DOBSON - PHOTOGRAPHS 89ELIZABETH ETHEL DOBSON - CENSUS RETURNS 91FRANCIS GEORGE DOBSON [2: Great Grandfather] 93FRANCIS GEORGE DOBSON - CENSUS RETURNS 94FRANCIS WILLIAM DOBSON 96JOHN MARTIN DOBSON 97CHRISTINA HUSBAND [3: Great Grandmother] 98CHRISTINA HUSBAND - CENSUS RETURNS 99BMD CERTIFICATES 100

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FLETCHERFLETCHER SURNAME 104FLETCHER FAMILY TREE 106ANCESTORS OF WILLIAM FLETCHER 100ANCESTORS OF WILLIAM FLETCHER- LOCATIONS 111WILLIAM FLETCHER. [1: Grandfather] 112WILLIAM FLETCHER - PHOTOGRAPHS 114HELMSLEY WORKHOUSE 117CHARLES NORRIS GREY (Vicar of Helmsley 1870 - 1913). 119WILLIAM FLETCHER IN WORLD WAR 1. 121BULNITSCHE BARRACKS FIRE 122WILLIAM FLETCHER IN WORLD WAR 1, Photos & Medals 126WILLIAM FLETCHER IN WORLD WAR 1, Mementos 127BRITISH INVASION OF RUSSIA 1918-1919. 128WILLIAM FLETCHER 1919 - 1931 135WILLIAM FLETCHER - CENSUS RETURNS 136HANNAH FLETCHER [3: Great Grandmother] 137HANNAH FLETCHER - CENSUS RETURNS 139JOHN FLETCHER - CENSUS RETURNS 142BILSDALE 145BMD CERTIFCATES 146

SMITHSMITH SURNAME 142SMITH FAMILY TREE 144ANCESTORS OF ADELAIDE SMITH 147ANCESTORS OF ADELAIDE SMITH - LOCATIONS 153ADELAIDE SMITH. [1: Grandmother] 154ADELAIDE SMITH - PHOTOGRAPHS 155ADELAIDE SMITH - MEMORIES 156SYDNEY SMITH - PHOTOGRAPHER (1884 - 1958) 158ADELAIDE SMITH - CENSUS RETURNS 159JOHN SMITH - [2: Great Grandfather] 160JOHN SMITH - CENSUS RETURNS 161ANNIE SIMPSON [3: Great Grandmother ] 163ANNIE SIMPSON - CENSUS RETURNS 164THE SMITH GIRLS 165FAMILY PHOTOGRAPHS 170BMD CERTIFICATES 171

DNA & GENEALOGYINTRODUCTION 183DNA CONCEPTS 187DNA TESTING 191Y-DNA TEST RESULTS 193Y-DNA TEST RESULTS - MAPS 197Y-DNA TEST RESULTS (YSEQ) 200G-L497 PHYLOGENETIC TREE 204DNA TESTING - BIG Y 207DNA TESTING - YORKSHIRES DNA 208DNA TESTING - LIVING DNA 210DNA TESTING - DATA ANALYSIS BY YFULL 214mtDNA TEST RESULTS 216mtDNA TEST RESULTS - MAPS 218AUTOSOMAL DNA TEST RESULTS 219AUTOSOMAL DNA TEST RESULTS - ORIGINS 221AUTOSOMAL DNA TEST RESULTS - ANCIENT ORIGINS 224AUTOSOMAL DNA TEST RESULTS - ORIGINS (DNA LAND) 227DNA TEST RESULTS - GED MATCH ANALYSIS 229ANCESTOR BIRTH LOCATIONS 233GENETICS & GENEALOGY TREE 236

APPENDIX IJOSEPH WRIGHT, Blacksmith i - ix

APPENDIX IIANCESTOR LOCATIONS i

APPENDIX IIIINTERNET GENEALOGICAL RESOURCES i

The idea for this family history research arose out of the release of the 1901 English and WelshCensus onto the Internet in 2002. The amount of family information I had at that stage was quitesmall, I knew the names of my Grandparents along with some snippets of information including somephotographs and World War 1 medals. I only ever knew one of my grandparents, the others havingdied before I was born or soon after. The 1901 census record for each of the grandparents is shownlater in the introduction, in addition the 1911 record is also shown although the information did notbecome available until seven years after the 1901 census. It became obvious fairly early on in theresearch that the Goldsbrough surname had been passed on via a female line with the birth of JamesGoldsbrough (Wright) in 1839. This meant that the chapter on the Goldsbrough side of the familyalso needed to include Wrights.

In 2002, the extent of the knowledge of my direct ancestors is shown in the family tree below.

The first four chapters deal with the main surnames, that is Goldsbrough and Dobson on my fathersside and Fletcher and Smith on my mothers side. Each of the first four chapters start with definitionof the surname as well as statistics showing the distribution of the surname in the UK in 1881 and1998. A final chapter deals with DNA Genealogy including the results of my DNA tests. There arealso three Appendices, one, reprints the contents of a handwritten book of potions used by JosephWright, two, shows the locations of ancestors on a map of Yorkshire and three is a list of InternetResources

Throughout the work, supplementary information relating to the family history is also recorded whereit helps to put events in an historical context. A second publication, the Background, providesdetailed information about the supplementary information.

John Goldsbrough

Elsie Goldsbrough

George Harvey Goldsbrough

Joan Fletcher

James Goldsbrough

Elizabeth Ethel Dobson

William Fletcher

Adelaide Smith

BACKGROUND

In the years since the release of the 1901 census, the remainder of the Census records from 1841have been released onto the Internet. In 2009, the 1911 census for England and Wales waspublished on the internet, this was the first census where the original householder schedules havesurvived. The 1911 Census provides information that wasn’t recorded before: number of yearsmarried, children born to the marriage, children living and deceased. Often, our ancestors have mademistakes on the form which can give even more clues to tracking down family members. This meansthat it is now possible to search through eight sets of census records, 1841, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881,1891, 1901 and 1911 via Internet resources without having to visit record offices.

The first national census was taken by the British government in 1801 and a census has been takenevery ten years since that date, except in 1941. The first genealogically useful census was not takenuntil 1841, when names were recorded, prior to that the census was just a head count. The censusinformation available today was copied from the enumeration forms supplied to each householderinto enumerators books. The original householders schedules have been destroyed for the earlycensuses, however the 1911 census is the first census where both enumeration forms and thehouseholders schedules are available.

The dates on which the actual censuses were taken are as follows:

1841 - Sunday 6th June1851 - Sunday 30th March1861 - Sunday 7th April1871 - Sunday 2nd April1881 - Sunday 3rd April1891 - Sunday 5th April1901 - Sunday 31st March1911 - Sunday 2nd April

In view of the fact that the indexes to the records have been transcribed, it is important to use searchtechniques which avoid where possible, index transcription errors. A number of such errors werefound during the course of this research. An example of this occurred quite early on with the 1901census when I was searching for my grandfather, James Goldsbrough (Gouldsbrough according to hisbirth certificate). I knew that he had been born in Osmotherley, North Yorkshire in 1877, however hedoesn’t appear in the Census index under that name.

An alternative way of searching the index via the first name, place of Birth and the year of birthidentified three people with the name James born in Osmotherley around 1877. He in fact was listedas James Goldsbro in the index and on the census image as James Goldsbro’. The situation with the1891 index was even worse. Again three people with the name James were found and this time myGrandfather was indexed as James Gonldsborough, though the Census image quite clearly shows thename to be James Gouldsborough.

With census records, in addition to indexing errors there may be original transcription errors when therecords were transferred from the householders schedules into the enumerators books. Errors of thistype are very difficult, or impossible to spot.

CENSUS RECORDS

The census records have been transcribed into a table form for the purposes of this document. Thecensus year and the address at the time of the census is shown at the top of the table. The rowshighlighted in Blue are my direct male ancestors and the rows highlighted in Pink are my directfemale ancestors.

Although this work was initiated by the publication of the 1901 census on to the Internet, I thought itwould be useful to show the results gained from that census as well as the 1911 census for my fourgrand-parents as part of this introduction. They show where my grandparents were in the early yearsof the 20th Century in the years leading up to the start of the First World War.

In 2015 the 1939 Register was transcribed and published by Findmypast.

Sylvanus Percival Vivian, Registrar General for England &Wales between 1921-45, was the drivingforce behind the creating of the 1939 National Register. Having organised the 1921 and 1931Censuses, and having written critically about the 1915 National Register he recognised thatinfrastructure for the 1941 Census could be used to create a National Register, should war break out.His preparations for the 1941 census were, therefore, intertwined with the planning of a nationalregistration system for the purposes of conscription, which began at least as early as 1935.

However the National Register wasn't created simply as a means of identifying fit young men whocould be sent abroad to die for their country - the Great War had demonstrated how important it wasto effectively marshall resources on the Home Front, and sometimes you'll find out what people didduring the war. Although the 1939 National Register covered the whole of the United Kingdom, theNational Archives only holds the registers for England & Wales - so you won't find anyone who was inScotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, or the Channel Islands at the time.

The 1939 Register was a working document - unlike censuses, which were checked, analysed, andarchived, the National Register was updated as changes occurred. For example, if a woman marriedshe would normally adopt her husband's surname - and if this occurred after 29th September 1939 anew identity card had to be issued.

When the National Health Service was founded in 1948 the National Register was used as the basis ofthe NHS Central Register, and this continued in to the early 1990s. As a result many name changeswere recorded as the result of marriages (and divorces) that took place in the 1950s, 1960s, and1970s.

CENSUS RECORDS

The 1901 census record shows that James Goldsbrough was living with his mother, stepfather and hisniece Sarah in Osmotherley, North Yorkshire. The information in the census raises questions as towho were the parents of Sarah A Goldsbrough as well as when did James’s father die and his motherremarry. A Soundex search of the 1901 census index on the Goldsbroughs’ born in Osmotherleyindicated two others, George Goldsborough (born c1867) and Fred Gouldsborough (born c1879). Asthe name was uncommon in Osmotherley it is likely that they were brothers of James.

The 1911 census record for James Goldsbrough shows that he had married around 1907 and that hewas living at Great Broughton with his wife and two children, having moved from Hutton Rudby sinceFrederick had been born. . His occupation at that time was given as a Bricklayers Labourer. Theschedule is signed by him.

JAMES GOLDSBROUGH. (Paternal Grandfather)

Name Relation Condition Sex Age BirthYear

OccupationDisability

Where Born

REED, George Head Married M 66 1835 Carrier OsmotherleyYorkshire

REED, Sarah E Wife Married F 55 1846 OsmotherleyYorkshire

GOLDSBRO, James Son Single M 23 1878 Coachman (NotDomestic)

OsmotherleyYorkshire

GOLDSBRO, Sarah A Grand Daughter Single F 13 1888 Scholar OsmotherleyYorkshire

Name Relation Condition/Yrs married

Sex Age BirthYear

Occupation Where Born

GOLDSBROUGH, James Head Married M 32 1879 BricklayersLabourer

YorksOsmotherley

GOLDSBROUGH, Elizabeth Ethel Wife Married4 years F 25 1886 Yorks Hutton Rudby

GOLDSBROUGH, Frederick Son M 3 1908 Yorks Hutton Rudby

GOLDSBROUGH, Annie Daughter F 0 (8M) 1911 Yorks Gt Broughton

1901 England, Wales & Scotland CensusLodging House Osmotherley, Yorkshire

1911 England, Wales & Scotland CensusGreat Broughton, Yorkshire

CENSUS RECORDS

The 1901 census record for Elizabeth Ethel Dobson shows that she was living at home in East End(now known as East Side), Hutton Rudby with her parents and her brothers, Francis and John.

The family seemed to have moved around a bit, Francis William was born in Rounton and then acouple of years later, Elizabeth was born at Crathorne and then John was born at Hutton Rudby. Herfather, Francis George Dobson was shown to be a Millers Waggoner and was born in Egton and hermother, Christina was born in Middleton on Leven.

The 1911 census record for Elizabeth is shown on the previous page as by this time she had marriedJames Goldsbrough and had two children, Frederick and Annie.

The 1939 register entry for James and Elizabeth is shown below. James is listed as a highwaylabourer, Elizabeth a Laundry worker and James their son is a grocers assistant. There is one furtherentry which is redacted, and that will be Ruth who was probably still at school the time.

ELIZABETH ETHEL DOBSON. (Paternal Grandmother)

Name Relation Condition Sex Age BirthYear

OccupationDisability

Where Born

DOBSON, Francis G Head Married M 39 1862 Millers Waggoner Egton Yorkshire

DOBSON, Christina Wife Married F 35 1866 Middleton on LevenYorkshire

DOBSON, Francis W Son Single M 16 1885 Rounton Yorkshire

DOBSON, Elizabeth E Daughter Single F 14 1887 Crathorne Yorkshire

DOBSON, John M Son M 3 1898 Hutton RudbyYorkshire

1939 Register

First name(s) Last name(s) DOB Sex Occupation Marital status

James Goldsbrough Tuesday Octo-ber 2 1877 Male Highway Labourer Married

Elizabeth E Goldsbrough Saturday July 31886 Female Laundry Worker Married

James Goldsbrough Friday January17 1913 Male Grocers Assistant Single

1901 England, Wales & Scotland CensusEast End, Hutton Rudby, Hutton

CENSUS RECORDS

The 1901 census record for William (Willie) Fletcher, born in Helmsley, shows that at age 11 he wasliving as a boarder with the Thompson family in Langdale Square (close to Church Street), Helmsley.This raises a number of questions including where were his parents at the time of the census, whywas he boarding with the Thompson family.

WILLIAM FLETCHER. (Maternal Grandfather)

The 1911 census record for William (Willie) Fletcher show that at age 21 he was still living as aboarder with the Thompson family in Church Street, Helmsley. He must have finished his tailoringapprenticeship as he was listed as a Journeyman Tailor. A Journeyman Tailor is a tailor who didn’town his own shop, he usually worked for someone else.

Name Relation Condition/Yrs married

Sex Age BirthYear

Occupation Where Born

THOMPSON, John Head Married M 63 1848 Groom Etc Domestic Yorkshire Helmsley

THOMPSON, Ellis Wife Married30 years F 53 1858 Yorks Pockley

RAMSAY, Gerty Stepdaughter Married F 28 1883 Yorks Helmsley

RAMSAY, Allan Son Married M 27 1884 Groom Domestic Yorks Pickering

FLETCHER, Willie Boarder Single M 21 1890 Tailor Journeyman Yorks HelmsleyNICHOLSON, Annie Stepdaughter Single F 10 1901 School Yorks Helmsley

RAMSAY, Alice Maud Granddaughter F 0 (6M) 1911 Yorks Helmsley

Name Relation Condition Sex Age BirthYear

OccupationDisability

Where Born

THOMPSON, John Head Married M 48 1853 Groom Not Domestic Helmsley Yorkshire

THOMPSON, Ellis Wife Married F 43 1858 Helmsley Yorkshire

THOMPSON, Rhoda Daughter Single F 17 1884 Helmsley YorkshireTHOMPSON, Lillian G A Grand Daughter F 0 (3M) 1901 Helmsley Yorkshire

FLETCHER, Willie Boarder M 11 1890 Helmsley Yorkshire

1901 England, Wales & Scotland CensusLangdale Square, Church Street, Helmsley

1911 England, Wales & Scotland CensusSmiths Yard, Church Street, Helmsley

CENSUS RECORDS

This census record shows that at the time of the census, Adelaide Smith was 14 years old, living atCastlegate, Pickering with her parents and four sisters. Her occupation was that of a DomesticServant and her father John was a Journeyman Tailor. He had been born in Kirby Mills, nearKirkbymoorside, around 1865, whilst the rest of the family had been born in Pickering.

The 1911 census record shows that at the time of the census, Adelaide Smith was 24 years old, livingat the Black Swan Hotel in Pickering and working as a waitress. As we shall see later, the HotelProprietor, Lancelot Simpson was a relation of Adelaide’s.

ADELAIDE SMITH. (Maternal Grandmother)

Name Relation Condition Sex Age BirthYear

OccupationDisability

Where Born

SMITH, John Head Married M 36 1865 Tailor Journeyman Kirbymills Yorkshire

SMITH, Annie Wife Married F 32 1869 Pickering Yorkshire

SMITH, Adelaide Daughter Single F 14 1887 Servant Domestic Pickering Yorkshire

SMITH, Laura Daughter Single F 12 1889 Pickering Yorkshire

SMITH, Annie Daughter Single F 10 1891 Pickering Yorkshire

SMITH, Sarah J Daughter Single F 7 1894 Pickering Yorkshire

SMITH, Emily Daughter Single F 5 1896 Pickering Yorkshire

Name Relation Condition/Yrs married

Sex Age BirthYear

Occupation Where Born

SIMPSON, Lancelot John Head Widower M 48 1863 Hotel Proprietor Hunmanby Yorks

SIMPSON, Ida Selina Daughter Single F 19 1892 Assisting In Business Hunmanby Yorks

SIMPSON, Lancelot Frances Son Single M 18 1893 Assisting In Business Hunmanby Yorks

SIMPSON, Philip Lovel Son Single M 11 1900 School Pickering Yorks

ROBSON, Keturah Ann Elizabeth Sister Married27 years F 50 1861 Hunmanby Yorks

SIMPSON, Tom Cocksworth Brother Single M 35 1876 Ostler Driffield Yorks

ROBSON, Donald Simpson Nephew M 7 1904 Pickering Yorks

SMITH, Adelaide Servant Single F 24 1887 Waitress In Hotel Pickering YorksHARPER, Mary Jane Servant Single F 19 1892 Housemaid Hotel Pickering Yorks

1901 England, Wales & Scotland CensusCastlegate, Pickering, Yorkshire

1911 England, & Wales CensusBlack Swan Hotel, Pickering, Yorkshire

CENSUS RECORDS

A great deal of other genealogical information has also been made available via the Internet. Thisincludes the Birth, Marriage and Death (BMD) Certificate index from 1837 to the present day. (It was1845 in Scotland where different rules apply to the index). The General Register Office (part of theONS (Office of National Statistics) provides an online ordering system for certificates. The BMD indexcan be used for obtaining the relevant GRO reference numbers which then makes certificate orderingstraightforward.

The National Archives has the First World War medal record cards online as well as other archivematerial such as wills. There are also many historical directories and guides available online. Thesecan provide a great deal of background information for genealogical research. Other informationsuch as electoral rolls is also being made available on various Genealogical websites. A project by theBritish Museum to digitise old newspapers is also underway, it will eventually run to many millions ofpages. In 2014 the Imperial War Museum launched a website as permanent memorial to all thosewho served in World War 1. A detailed list of Internet resources is shown in Appendix 3.

Some of this research work was made easier because of the fact that many of the people identified asmy ancestors lived in relatively small rural communities in North Yorkshire. It is hoped that thisresearch will shed light on people we visited as children but did not know the relationship to ourfamily.

The Civil Registration Index where available is shown in italics after a name, e.g. James Gouldsbrough( , ). Various abbreviations are also used in the text and they are are asfollows.

m.s. – Maiden SurnameC – Census returnBMD – Birth, Marriage and Deaths Registration Index.B – Birth recordM – Marriage recordD – Death record

A number of variants of the Gouldsbrough name have been identified in census returns and officialcertificates. Each person is identified by the name shown on their birth certificate even though thespelling may have varied during their lifetime.

Gouldsbrough name variants.

Gouldsbrough, Gouldsborough, Goldsbrough, Goldsborough, Golsbrough

GENEALOGY ON THE INTERNET

GREAT-GREATGRANDPARENT

GREAT GRANDPARENT

GREAT-GREATAUNT or UNCLE

GRAND-PARENT

GREAT-AUNT orUNCLE

1ST COUSINTWICE REMOVED

PARENT AUNT orUNCLE

1ST COUSINONCE REMOVED

2ND COUSINONCE REMOVED

YOU BROTHER orSISTER

FIRSTCOUSIN

SECONDCOUSIN

THIRDCOUSIN

CHILD NIECE orNEPHEW

1ST COUSINONCE REMOVED

2ND COUSINONCE REMOVED

3RD COUSINONCE REMOVED

GRANDCHILD GRAND NIECEor NEPHEW

1ST COUSINTWICE REMOVED

2ND COUSINTWICE REMOVED

3RD COUSINTWICE REMOVED

GREAT-GRANDCHILD

GREAT-GRANDNIECE or NEPHEW

1ST COUSIN3 X REMOVED

2ND COUSIN3 X REMOVED

3RD COUSIN3 X REMOVED

Sometimes it can be difficult to see family relationships in particular the terminology used, howeverhere is brief explanation.

1. First, second, third cousins and so on are all in the same generation as you.2. First cousins share a grandparent with you, a second a great-grandparent, and so on.3. Someone is ‘removed’ if they are a generation away. For example, your first cousin’s child is yourfirst cousin once removed.

Hopefully the relationships diagram below will help explain the various terms.

Great Great Grand ParentGreat Grand ParentGrand ParentParentCurrent

FAMILY STRUCTURE

Almost everyone in Britain possesses a surname. In England it is thought that the most of thepopulation gained their surnames somewhere between 1100 and 1300 AD, whilst in the rest of theUnited Kingdom and Northern Ireland, this took place between 1250 and 1400 AD. The main purposeof surnames was to distinguish between individuals with shared common names such as John,George and William.

Most surnames give some indication of the geographical origin of a person’s ancestors. In the north-east of England, for instance, in an area falling between the Humber and the Tyne, it was commonfor people to be named after their father. These names, such as Thompson, Dobson and Simpson,are called patronyms. In south-west England and South Wales, on the other hand, rather than place‘son’ at the end of the father’s name, the letter ‘s’ simply sufficed, producing Williams, Roberts andDavies.

Other types of surname origins, including metonyms, the assignment of names based onoccupation (e.g. Fletcher) and toponyms, where the surname follows location of origin (e.g.Goldsbrough), also regularly display distinctive geographical patterns.

A recent project based at University College London (UCL) is investigating the distribution ofsurnames in Great Britain, both current and historic. It allows users to search the databases that UCLhave created, and to trace the geography and history of their family names. It has producedsurname distribution maps based on the 1881 census and the 1998 Electoral Register. These arereproduced in this study for the main family surnames. In addition a brief description of the origin ofthe surname is given.

The surname distribution map shows the geographical spread of the name. For Great Britain, thisspread is shown for the 120 'postal areas' into which the Post Office organise the country for thepurpose of delivering mail. The 'Postal areas' are typically the first one or two characters in thepostcode (eg YO for York, G for Glasgow). These 120 postal areas are shown in one of six coloursfrom purple, highest concentration of the name, to white, lowest concentration of the name.

For the purpose of this map a highest 'concentration' means the postal area(s) which, for theparticular name, have the highest frequency per million names. This means that the postal areas aregraded according to the relative number of electors with the name, not according to the absolutenumber. The classing has been organised so that approximately one sixth of all the electors with thename(s) you have chosen will live in postal areas in each of the six coloured bands.

SURNAMES AND THEIR ORIGIN

Post Code Areas.

SURNAMES AND THEIR ORIGIN

Over the past few years there have been great strides in the application of DNA testing forgenealogical purposes.

Y-DNA

The Y-DNA test is designed to trace the direct paternal line (your father, father’s father, father’sfather’s father, etc.). Only men have Y-DNA so this test is only available for men. Since only mencarry and pass on Y-DNA, this test will not reveal ancestry from any mothers. A father passes hisY-DNA directly to his sons, virtually unchanged. This means that if you want find out the origins ofyour mother’s father’s father’s father, etc., you need test one of your male relatives who is a directmale descendant of that line (e.g., your mother’s brother, your mother’s brother’s son, etc.). Thistest will provide information regarding the single origin of the direct line being tested in broadgeographic terms (e.g., European, African, Asian or Native American, etc.).

mtDNA

The mtDNA test is performed on mitochondrial DNA, which is passed virtually unchanged from amother to her children with no influence from the father. This means the mtDNA test traces aperson’s direct maternal line (your mother, mother’s mother, mother’s mother’s mother, etc.) withno input from any fathers along the way. Both males and females can take this test. Becausemitochondrial DNA changes so slowly (and because surnames usually change with each successivegeneration along this line), these tests are less useful in finding relatives within a closegenealogical time frame.

Autosomal

The FTDna autosomal DNA test, the Family Finder, is designed to find relatives on all of yourancestral lines within the last five (5) generations.* This test uses autosomal DNA (DNA inheritedfrom both mother and father, four grandparents, eight great-grandparents, etc., back about 5generations). This test can also give you a breakdown of your ethnic makeup by percentage. Thisis very different from the mtDNA and Y-DNA tests, which tests only the direct maternal or paternallines, respectively. Because it uses a different type of DNA from either of the other tests, theresults of this test can only be compared to other people’s results if they have taken this specifictest. The Family Finder test will provide you with the names, email addresses, and predictedrelationships between you and your matches (e.g., Parent/Child, 2nd Cousin, etc.). It will alsoprovide you with the percentages of the different ethnicities to which you belong. Please note thatthe Family Finder test cannot tell you from which of your parents your matches or ethnicpercentages are from, just which ones you have. Also, any particular ethnicity will need to beabout 3% or greater to show up in the results.

DNA & GENEALOGY

How DNA is inherited

Humans have 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells, long strands of DNA that - even under amicroscope - are only visible during cell division. We inherit 23 chromosomes from each of ourparents, and we get 22 of them whether we are male or female; they are called autosomes. Thelast two chromosomes determine sex: females have two X chromosomes, one inherited from eachparent; males have one X chromosome (inherited from their mother) and one Y chromosome(inherited from their father).

Cells also contain organelles (the word means 'little organs') called mitochondria which have theirown DNA (it's thought that mitochondria are the relics of bacteria that invaded cells over a billionyears ago); the role of mitochondria is to provide energy for the cell. These mitochondria arepassed by mothers to all of their children, both male and female - but only the female children canpass their mitochondria, and thus their mtDNA, to the next generation.

A number of organisations now offer DNA testing but by far the largest database is held byFamilyTree DNA, this was the organisation that I originally used for my YDNA and mtDNA tests,the results of which are presented in the DNA chapter. Other companies such as Britains DNA,Ancestry and Yseq have entered the field. Yseq concentrates only on Y-DNA and in particular SNPtesting. Subsequent testing of my DNA was carried out both by Yorkshire DNA (part of the BritainsDNA company) and Yseq. In 2016 LivingDNA was launched in the UK and in early 2017 a samplewas submitted for their DNA tests.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

I would like to extend a special thanks to Ruth Brown (Gouldsbrough) for supplying additionalfamily information and old photographs. Also to my wife Margaret for her support and patiencewhilst I have been compiling the background information.

DNA & GENEALOGY