TABLE 28.1. Human Development Index (HDI), Adjusted to Reflect Inequality:Selected Countries in Africa South of the Sahara, 2010

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 28.1. Older women selling produce at a rural market, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Older widowed or divorced women often live in extreme poverty, dependent on meager earnings from trade to survive. Photo: author.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 28.2. Newspaper vendors, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Selling newspapers is a typical low-paying job on the margins between the informal and survival sectors. Photo: © UNESCO (Dominique Roger).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 28.3. A woman and her children in temporary shelter after the demolition of their home in Harare, Zimbabwe. They were among some 500,000 residents of Harare who lost their homes during a single operation in 2005 to demolish allegedly illegal

dwellings. This photo epitomizes the extreme vulnerability of many of the urban poor. Photo: ©UN-HABITAT.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 28.4. Inequality in the distribution of income in selected African cities. Inequitable distributions are commonly measured by using Gini coefficients. Gini coefficients range from 0 to 1; a coefficient of 0 would mean perfect equity (everyone having the same income), while 1 would reflect perfect inequity (all income going to just one person). South Africa has the most inequitable cities in

the world—a legacy of apartheid. Data source: UN-HABITAT. The State of African Cities 2010. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT, 2010.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 29.1. Village dispensary, Jigawa State, Nigeria. For most rural Africans, access to modern health care means a walk of several kilometers to a small clinic staffed by two or three primary health care workers. Photo: author.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 29.2. The “inverse care law” of health care provision: Resources tend to be distributed in inverse proportion to need (i.e., the number of people served).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 29.3. With the declining quality of care in public health sector, Nigerians rely increasingly on purchased drugs. The drugs by itinerant medicine sellers are usually taken without professional medical supervision; many of the drugs sold in

this way are bogus or expired. Photo: Roy Maconachie.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

TABLE 29.1. Measures of Health Expenditures and Outcomes in Selected African Countries

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 29.4a. Health interventions in Mozambique. (a) A health care worker prepares to vaccinate young children at a health clinic. Photo: © CIDA (Bruce Paton).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 29.4b. Health interventions in Mozambique. (b) A village well provides an accessible, safe, and dependable supply of water—one of the cheapest and most effective defenses against a host of diseases. Photo: © CIDA (Bruce Paton).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 29.5. Indigenous healer and patient, Botswana. Ethnomedicine accounts for a substantial proportion of the health care obtained by Africans. Photo: Rachael Dixey.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 29.6. One-year-old children lacking immunization against measles, 2009.Data source: World Bank. Africa Development Indicators 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.1a. Children at play. (a) A game of football, Koubri, Burkina Faso. Photo: Roy Maconachie.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.1b. Children at play. (b) A wire hoop, rolled endlessly down the road, is a toy for these Zambian children. Photo: © CIDA.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.2a. Children at work. (a) Children selling tomatoes in the market in Mankessim, Ghana,while simultaneously caring for an infant sibling. Photo: © CIDA (Pierre St. Jacques).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.2b. Children at work. (b) Child breaking stones in order to help support his family, Burkina Faso. Photos: © UN-HABITAT (Michèle Henriette).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.3a. Portraits of education, Niger. There is a vast difference in the curricula, formal and informal, of these two schools. (a) A Koranic school, where traditional Islamic education, conducted in the Arabic language, focuses on the study

of the Koran and other religious texts. Photo: © CIDA (Roger LeMoyne).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.3b. Portraits of education, Niger. There is a vast difference in the curricula, formal and informal, of these two schools. (b) Scene in a modern primary school in rural Niger. Photo: © CIDA (Roger LeMoyne).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.4. Primary school enrollment ratios, 2009. The data show the proportion of the school-age population attending school. Data source: World Bank. Africa Development Indicators 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011.

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

TABLE 30.1. Children’s Access to Education in Selected African Countries

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.5. Class for the children of pastoralists, Karamoja region, northern Uganda. The school is simple, reflecting the fact that its location shifts in response to seasonal movements of the region’s herders. Photo: © UNESCO (Marc Hofer).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

FIGURE 30.6. Children at risk: A former child soldier living at the Gulu Center for Traumatized Children in northern Uganda. Many former child soldiers are unable to return to live with their families. Photo: © CIDA (Peter Bennett).

From Africa South of the Sahara, 3rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.