Table 1. Table 2 Inventory · Field book for Describing and Sampling Soils; Glossary of Landforms...
1
Inventory Inventory The NCSS program focuses on identifying the types types , distribution, distribution, and properties properties of soil-forming materials, and of adjacent materials that substantively affect the management of soils or land management decisions. Materials: Materials: Geologic material (unconsolidated sediments or weathered rock) is the raw material comprising most soils. So-called Parent Material is the substrate in which soils develop and consists predominantly of traditional geologic categories (Table 1). Distribution: Distribution: The NCSS keys on the occurrence and arrangement of geologic materials to determine credible soil map units (Figure 2). New geologic information is shared with the appropriate state and university geologic communities. Landforms: Landforms: A major emphasis is placed on Landform identification (Figure 3 ) as a conduit for material identification and distribution. This information draws heavily from, but is not limited to, geologic conventions. This information involves QA/QC issues and directly affects NCSS Standards [e.g., Field book for Describing and Sampling Soils; Glossary of Landforms and Geologic Materials (National Soil Survey Handbook -- Part 629)], and national soil databases (i.e., NASIS). Observation Opportunities: Observation Opportunities: Typically, in the process of soil inventory, more numerous surficial observation locales are investigated than in geologic mapping. When properly conducted and recorded (Photo 2 ), this provides a useful package of surficial information for multiple applications. Deep Investigations: Deep Investigations: Various circumstances (e.g., landform or material identification, site history, vadose zone issues) can require exploration of materials below the soil profile. Usually this involves unconsolidated surficial sediments. Various ongoing projects involve acquiring specific site information and in developing descriptive conventions (see handout). Management Management Land management decisions are heavily influenced not only by soils information, but also by the nature and behavior of adjacent geologic materials. Vadose Vadose Zone: Zone: Land management of nutrients, herbicides, and other inputs is directly affected by the movement of water through soil and near-surface materials (Figure 4). The NCSS focuses primarily on water movement dynamics above the permanent groundwater table (Figure 5). Bedrock: Bedrock: The NCSS generally focuses on materials above the contact with consolidated bedrock. However, if the bedrock occurs close enough to the ground surface to affect land management choices (e.g., suitability for basements) observations are made and information recorded. References References Natural Resource Conservation Service. 1999. Data Dictionary (current version) as contained in the National Soils Information System (NASIS). National Soil Survey Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE. Schoeneberger, P.J. and Wysocki, D.A. 1998. Geomorphic Description System (version 2.06). In: Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham E.C., and Broderson, W.D. 1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 1.1. National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Lincoln, NE. Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham E.C., and Broderson, W.D. 1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 1.1. National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Lincoln, NE. Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Glossary of landforms and geologic materials. Part 629, National Soil Survey Handbook, USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE. Table 1. Table 1. (From: Schoeneberger, et al. 1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 1.1. National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Lincoln, NE.) Parent Material Record the Kind(s) Kind(s) of unconsolidated material (regolith) from which the soil is derived. If the soil is derived directly from the underlying bedrock (e.g., granite), identify the Parent Material Parent Material as either grus, saprolite, or residuum and then record the appropriate Bedrock - Kind Bedrock - Kind choice. Multiple parent materials, if present, should be denoted; e.g., loess, over colluvium, over residuum. Use numerical prefixes in the Horizon Horizon designations to denote different parent materials (lithologic discontiniuities); e.g., A, BE, 2Bt, 3BC. Kind Kind - e.g., saprolite, loess, colluvium. Kind Kind 1 Code Code Kind Kind 1 Code Code PDP PDP NASIS NASIS PDP PDP NASIS NASIS Eolian Eolian Deposits (non-volcanic) Deposits (non-volcanic) eolian deposit E EOD loess, calcareous -- CLO eolian sands S EOS loess, noncalcareous -- NLO loess W LOE parna -- PAR Glacial Deposits Glacial Deposits drift D GDR till, ablation -- ATI glaciofluvial deposit -- GFD till, basal -- BTI glaciolacustrine deposit -- GLD till, flow -- FTI glaciomarine deposit -- GMD till, lodgement -- LTI outwash G OTW till, melt-out -- MTI supraglacial debris-flow -- SGF till, supraglacial -- UTI till T TIL till, supraglacial melt-out -- PTI In-Place Deposits (non-transported) In-Place Deposits (non-transported) grus 2 -- GRU saprolite 2 -- SAP residuum 2 X RES Mass Movement Deposits Mass Movement Deposits mass movement deposit -- MMD mudflow deposit -- MFD block glide deposit -- BGD rockfall avalanche dep. -- RAD colluvium V COL rockfall deposit -- RFD creep deposit -- CRP rotational landslide dep. -- RLD debris avalanche deposit -- DAD scree -- SCR debris flow deposit -- DFD soil fall deposit -- SFD debris slide deposit -- DSD talus -- TAL earthflow deposit -- EFD topple deposit -- TOD lateral spread deposit -- LSD Miscellaneous Deposits Miscellaneous Deposits cryoturbate -- CRY mine spoil or earthy fill F MSE diamicton -- DIM Organic Deposits Organic Deposits 5 coprogenic materials -- COM organic, grassy materials -- OGM diatomaceous earth -- DIE organic, herbaceous mat. -- OHM marl -- MAR organic, mossy materials -- OMM organic materials O ORM organic, woody materials -- OWM Volcanic Deposits (unconsolidated; Volcanic Deposits (unconsolidated; eolian eolian and mass movement) and mass movement) ash (< 2 mm) H ASH cinders (2-64 mm) -- CIN ash, acidic -- ASA lahar (volcaniclastic flow) -- LAH ash, andesitic -- ASN lapilli (2-64 mm, >2.0 sg 3 ) -- LAP ash, basaltic -- ASB pumice (< 1.0 sg 3 ) -- PUM ash, basic -- ASC scoria (> 2.0 sg 3 ) -- SCO ash flow (pyroclastic) -- ASF tephra (all ejecta) -- TEP bombs (> 64 mm) -- BOM Water Laid or Transported Deposits Water Laid or Transported Deposits alluvium A ALL marine deposit M MAD backswamp deposit -- BSD overbank deposit -- OBD beach sand -- BES pedisediment -- PED estuarine deposit Z ESD slope alluvium -- SAL lacustrine deposit L LAD valley side alluvium -- VSA 1 Parent material definitions are found in the “Glossary of Landforms and Geologic Terms”, NSSH - Part 629 (Soil Survey Staff, 1998), or the “Glossary of Geology” (Jackson, 1997). 2 Use the most precise term for the in situ material. Residuum is the most generic term. 3 sg = specific gravity = the ratio of a material’s density to that of water [weight in air / (weight in air - weight in water)]. 4 Cruden and Varnes, 1996. 5 These generic terms refer to the dominant origin of the organic materials or deposits from which the organic soil has formed (i.e., parent material) (Soil Survey Staff, 1993). These terms partially overlap with those recognized in Soil Taxonomy (terms which refer primarily to what the organic material presently is); see the “Diagnostic Horizons Table” or “Properties Table”. Table 2 Table 2 (From: Schoeneberger, et al. 1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 1.1. National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Lincoln, NE.) Bedrock Describe the nature of the continuous hard rock underlying the soil. Specify the Kind Kind, Fracture Interval Fracture Interval , Hardness Hardness , and Weathering Class Weathering Class . Kind Kind - e.g., limestone. Kind Kind Code Code 1 Kind Kind Code Code 1 PDP PDP NASIS NASIS PDP PDP NASIS NASIS Igneous-Intrusive Igneous-Intrusive diabase -- DIA monzonite -- MON diorite -- DIO peridotite -- PER gabbro -- GAB pyroxenite -- PYX granite I4 GRA syenite -- SYE granodiorite -- GRD syenodiorite -- SYD Igneous-Extrusive Igneous-Extrusive aa (lava) P8 AAL pahoehoe (lava) P9 PAH andesite I7 AND pumice (flow, coherent) E6 PUM basalt I6 BAS rhyolite -- RHY dacite -- DAC scoria (coherent, mass) E7 SCO latite -- LAT trachyte -- TRA obsidian -- OBS Igneous- Igneous-Pyroclastic Pyroclastic ignimbrite -- IGN tuff breccia P7 TBR pyroclastics (coherent) P0 PYR volcanic breccia P4 VBR tuff P1 TUF volcanic breccia, acidic P5 AVB tuff, acidic P2 ATU volcanic breccia, basic P6 BVB tuff, basic P3 BTU Metamorphic Metamorphic amphibolite -- AMP metavolcanics -- MVO gneiss M1 GNE migmatite -- MIG granofels -- GRF mylonite -- MYL granulite -- GRL phyllite -- PHY greenstone -- GRE schist M5 SCH hornfels -- HOR serpentinite M4 SER marble L2 MAR slate M8 SLA metaconglomerate -- MCN soapstone (talc) -- SPS metaquartzite M9 MQT Sedimentary- Sedimentary-Clastics Clastics arenite -- ARE porcellanite -- POR argillite -- ARG sandstone A0 SST arkose A2 ARK sandstone, calcareous A4 CSS breccia, non-volcanic (angular fragments) -- NBR shale H0 SHA claystone -- CST shale, acid -- ASH conglomerate (rounded fragments) C0 CON shale, calcareous H2 CSH conglomerate, calcar. C2 CCN shale, clayey H3 YSH graywacke -- GRY siltstone T0 SIS mudstone -- MUD siltstone, calcareous T2 CSI orthoquartzite -- OQT Evaporites Evaporites, Organics Organics, and Precipitates , and Precipitates chalk L1 CHA limestone, arenaceous L5 ALS chert -- CHE limestone, argillaceous L6 RLS coal -- COA limestone, cherty L7 CLS dolomite L3 DOL limestone, phosphatic L4 PLS gypsum -- GYP travertine -- TRV limestone L0 LST tufa -- TUA Interbedded Interbedded limestone-sandst.-shale B1 LSS sandstone-shale B5 SSH limestone-sandstone B2 LSA sandstone-siltstone B6 SSI limestone-shale B3 LSH shale-siltstone B7 SHS limestone-siltstone B4 LSI 1 Definitions for bedrock are found in the “Glossary of Landforms and Geologic Terms”, NSSH - Part 629 (Soil Survey Staff, 1998), and in the “Glossary of Geology” (Jackson, 1997). Introduction Introduction Geologic information, technologies, and concepts (Photo 1) are an historical and integral part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey Program (NCSS). Some of this information is used directly, whereas other information is adapted to a pedological perspective (Figure 1). Phil Schoeneberger & Doug Wysocki NSSC-NRCS-USDA, Lincoln, NE Photo 1. Photo 1. Colluvium over Deep Residuum Deep Shallow R.O. Thick Colluvium Mod. Deep Residuum (thin or no Colluvium) Cap (loess) Colluvium Interbedded Hard Rock (mudstones) Caprock Residuum (Contrasting Strata?) = soil pit Caprock (sandstones) Residuum (shales) (PJS, 1992) Figure 2. Soil Map Unit Development. Figure 2. Soil Map Unit Development. gravelly clay loam 7.5YR 6/4 gravelly clay loam 5YR 5/6 Soil Horizons Stratigraphy Loess Residuum (stone line) Bedrock Colluvium 1 Colluvium 2 (PJS, 1992) bedrock 7.5YR 6/8 R stony loam 7.5YR 6/8 3C loam 7.5YR 6/8 3BC 2Bt2 2Bt1 silt loam 10YR 3/1 A SOIL vs. STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE Figure 1. Figure 1. Pedologic Pedologic and Geologic Context. and Geologic Context. Riser Uplands Terraces Flood-Plain Steps Annual Flood Plain 100 yr Flood Zone TREAD RISER Figure 3. Landform Identification. Figure 3. Landform Identification. Photo 2. Deep Photo 2. Deep Surficial Surficial Material Observations. Material Observations. Nelson, Co., ND - Seasonal fluctuations or local variations in discharge/recharge areas Flownet for Local Flow - Subhumid Region Discharge Flowthrough Recharge flow line equipotential line (after Richardson, et al. 1992 and Arndt and Richardson, 1988) Figure 4. Water Movement through Soil & Near-Surface Materials. Figure 4. Water Movement through Soil & Near-Surface Materials. Divergent Divergent Convergent Shoulder Backslope Footslope THROUGHFLOW SURFACE FLOW ( After Pennock et al., 1987 ) VERTICAL INFILTRATION Figure 5. Water Movement Dynamics in the Figure 5. Water Movement Dynamics in the Vadose Vadose Zone. Zone. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
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InventoryInventory
The NCSS program focuses on identifying the typestypes, distribution,distribution, and propertiesproperties of soil-formingmaterials, and of adjacent materials that substantively affect the management of soils or land managementdecisions.
Materials:Materials: Geologic material (unconsolidated sediments or weathered rock) is the raw materialcomprising most soils. So-called Parent Material is the substrate in which soils develop and consistspredominantly of traditional geologic categories (Table 1).
Distribution:Distribution: The NCSS keys on the occurrence and arrangement of geologic materials to determinecredible soil map units (Figure 2). New geologic information is shared with the appropriate state anduniversity geologic communities.
Landforms:Landforms: A major emphasis is placed on Landform identification (Figure 3) as a conduit for materialidentification and distribution. This information draws heavily from, but is not limited to, geologicconventions. This information involves QA/QC issues and directly affects NCSS Standards [e.g.,Field book for Describing and Sampling Soils; Glossary of Landforms and Geologic Materials (NationalSoil Survey Handbook -- Part 629)], and national soil databases (i.e., NASIS).
Observation Opportunities:Observation Opportunities: Typically, in the process of soil inventory, more numerous surficialobservation locales are investigated than in geologic mapping. When properly conducted andrecorded (Photo 2), this provides a useful package of surficial information for multiple applications.
Deep Investigations:Deep Investigations: Various circumstances (e.g., landform or material identification, site history,vadose zone issues) can require exploration of materials below the soil profile. Usually this involvesunconsolidated surficial sediments. Various ongoing projects involve acquiring specific site informationand in developing descriptive conventions (see handout).
ManagementManagement
Land management decisions are heavily influenced not only by soils information, but also by the natureand behavior of adjacent geologic materials.
VadoseVadose Zone: Zone: Land management of nutrients, herbicides, and other inputs is directly affected by themovement of water through soil and near-surface materials (Figure 4). The NCSS focuses primarily onwater movement dynamics above the permanent groundwater table (Figure 5).
Bedrock:Bedrock: The NCSS generally focuses on materials above the contact with consolidated bedrock.However, if the bedrock occurs close enough to the ground surface to affect land management choices(e.g., suitability for basements) observations are made and information recorded.
ReferencesReferences
Natural Resource Conservation Service. 1999. Data Dictionary (current version)as contained in the National Soils Information System (NASIS). National SoilSurvey Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE.
Schoeneberger, P.J. and Wysocki, D.A. 1998. Geomorphic Description System(version 2.06). In: Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham E.C., andBroderson, W.D. 1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version1.1. National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service,USDA, Lincoln, NE.
Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham E.C., and Broderson, W.D.1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 1.1. National SoilSurvey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Lincoln, NE.
Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Glossary of landforms and geologic materials. Part 629,National Soil Survey Handbook, USDA, Natural Resources ConservationService, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
Table 1.Table 1.(From: Schoeneberger, et al. 1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 1.1. National SoilSurvey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Lincoln, NE.)
Parent Material
Record the Kind(s)Kind(s) of unconsolidated material (regolith) from which the soil is derived. If the soil is derived directlyfrom the underlying bedrock (e.g., granite), identify the Parent MaterialParent Material as either grus, saprolite, or residuum andthen record the appropriate Bedrock - KindBedrock - Kind choice. Multiple parent materials, if present, should be denoted; e.g.,loess, over colluvium, over residuum. Use numerical prefixes in the HorizonHorizon designations to denote different parentmaterials (lithologic discontiniuities); e.g., A, BE, 2Bt, 3BC.
KindKind - e.g., saprolite, loess, colluvium.
Kind Kind 11 Code Code Kind Kind 11 CodeCodePDPPDP NASISNASIS PDPPDP NASISNASIS
EolianEolian Deposits (non-volcanic) Deposits (non-volcanic)eolian deposit E EOD loess, calcareous -- CLOeolian sands S EOS loess, noncalcareous -- NLOloess W LOE parna -- PARGlacial DepositsGlacial Depositsdrift D GDR till, ablation -- ATIglaciofluvial deposit -- GFD till, basal -- BTIglaciolacustrine deposit -- GLD till, flow -- FTIglaciomarine deposit -- GMD till, lodgement -- LTIoutwash G OTW till, melt-out -- MTIsupraglacial debris-flow -- SGF till, supraglacial -- UTItill T TIL till, supraglacial melt-out -- PTIIn-Place Deposits (non-transported)In-Place Deposits (non-transported)grus 2 -- GRU saprolite 2 -- SAPresiduum 2 X RESMass Movement DepositsMass Movement Depositsmass movement deposit -- MMD mudflow deposit -- MFDblock glide deposit -- BGD rockfall avalanche dep. -- RADcolluvium V COL rockfall deposit -- RFDcreep deposit -- CRP rotational landslide dep. -- RLDdebris avalanche deposit -- DAD scree -- SCRdebris flow deposit -- DFD soil fall deposit -- SFDdebris slide deposit -- DSD talus -- TALearthflow deposit -- EFD topple deposit -- TODlateral spread deposit -- LSDMiscellaneous DepositsMiscellaneous Depositscryoturbate -- CRY mine spoil or earthy fill F MSEdiamicton -- DIMOrganic Deposits Organic Deposits 55
coprogenic materials -- COM organic, grassy materials -- OGMdiatomaceous earth -- DIE organic, herbaceous mat. -- OHMmarl -- MAR organic, mossy materials -- OMMorganic materials O ORM organic, woody materials -- OWMVolcanic Deposits (unconsolidated;Volcanic Deposits (unconsolidated; eolian eolian and mass movement) and mass movement)ash (< 2 mm) H ASH cinders (2-64 mm) -- CINash, acidic -- ASA lahar (volcaniclastic flow) -- LAHash, andesitic -- ASN lapilli (2-64 mm, >2.0 sg 3) -- LAPash, basaltic -- ASB pumice (< 1.0 sg 3) -- PUMash, basic -- ASC scoria (> 2.0 sg 3) -- SCOash flow (pyroclastic) -- ASF tephra (all ejecta) -- TEPbombs (> 64 mm) -- BOMWater Laid or Transported DepositsWater Laid or Transported Depositsalluvium A ALL marine deposit M MADbackswamp deposit -- BSD overbank deposit -- OBDbeach sand -- BES pedisediment -- PEDestuarine deposit Z ESD slope alluvium -- SALlacustrine deposit L LAD valley side alluvium -- VSA
1 Parent material definitions are found in the “Glossary of Landforms and Geologic Terms”, NSSH - Part 629 (Soil Survey Staff,1998), or the “Glossary of Geology” (Jackson, 1997).
2 Use the most precise term for the in situ material. Residuum is the most generic term.3 sg = specific gravity = the ratio of a material’s density to that of water [weight in air / (weight in air - weight in water)].4 Cruden and Varnes, 1996.5 These generic terms refer to the dominant origin of the organic materials or deposits from which the organic soil has formed (i.e.,
parent material) (Soil Survey Staff, 1993). These terms partially overlap with those recognized in Soil Taxonomy (terms which referprimarily to what the organic material presently is); see the “Diagnostic Horizons Table” or “Properties Table”.
Table 2Table 2(From: Schoeneberger, et al. 1998. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 1.1. National SoilSurvey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Lincoln, NE.)
Bedrock
Describe the nature of the continuous hard rock underlying the soil. Specify the KindKind, Fracture IntervalFracture Interval, HardnessHardness,and Weathering ClassWeathering Class.
KindKind - e.g., limestone.
KindKind Code Code 11 KindKind Code Code 11
PDPPDP NASISNASIS PDPPDP NASISNASISIgneous-IntrusiveIgneous-Intrusivediabase -- DIA monzonite -- MONdiorite -- DIO peridotite -- PERgabbro -- GAB pyroxenite -- PYXgranite I4 GRA syenite -- SYEgranodiorite -- GRD syenodiorite -- SYDIgneous-ExtrusiveIgneous-Extrusiveaa (lava) P8 AAL pahoehoe (lava) P9 PAHandesite I7 AND pumice (flow, coherent) E6 PUMbasalt I6 BAS rhyolite -- RHYdacite -- DAC scoria (coherent, mass) E7 SCOlatite -- LAT trachyte -- TRAobsidian -- OBSIgneous-Igneous-PyroclasticPyroclasticignimbrite -- IGN tuff breccia P7 TBRpyroclastics (coherent) P0 PYR volcanic breccia P4 VBRtuff P1 TUF volcanic breccia, acidic P5 AVBtuff, acidic P2 ATU volcanic breccia, basic P6 BVBtuff, basic P3 BTUMetamorphicMetamorphicamphibolite -- AMP metavolcanics -- MVOgneiss M1 GNE migmatite -- MIGgranofels -- GRF mylonite -- MYLgranulite -- GRL phyllite -- PHYgreenstone -- GRE schist M5 SCHhornfels -- HOR serpentinite M4 SERmarble L2 MAR slate M8 SLAmetaconglomerate -- MCN soapstone (talc) -- SPSmetaquartzite M9 MQTSedimentary-Sedimentary-ClasticsClasticsarenite -- ARE porcellanite -- PORargillite -- ARG sandstone A0 SSTarkose A2 ARK sandstone, calcareous A4 CSSbreccia, non-volcanic(angular fragments) -- NBR shale H0 SHAclaystone -- CST shale, acid -- ASHconglomerate(rounded fragments) C0 CON shale, calcareous H2 CSHconglomerate, calcar. C2 CCN shale, clayey H3 YSHgraywacke -- GRY siltstone T0 SISmudstone -- MUD siltstone, calcareous T2 CSIorthoquartzite -- OQTEvaporitesEvaporites,, Organics Organics, and Precipitates, and Precipitateschalk L1 CHA limestone, arenaceous L5 ALSchert -- CHE limestone, argillaceous L6 RLScoal -- COA limestone, cherty L7 CLSdolomite L3 DOL limestone, phosphatic L4 PLSgypsum -- GYP travertine -- TRVlimestone L0 LST tufa -- TUAInterbeddedInterbeddedlimestone-sandst.-shale B1 LSS sandstone-shale B5 SSHlimestone-sandstone B2 LSA sandstone-siltstone B6 SSIlimestone-shale B3 LSH shale-siltstone B7 SHSlimestone-siltstone B4 LSI1 Definitions for bedrock are found in the “Glossary of Landforms and Geologic Terms”, NSSH - Part 629 (Soil Survey Staff,
1998), and in the “Glossary of Geology” (Jackson, 1997).
IntroductionIntroduction
Geologic information, technologies, and concepts(Photo 1) are an historical and integral part of theNational Cooperative Soil Survey Program (NCSS).Some of this information is used directly, whereas otherinformation is adapted to a pedological perspective(Figure 1).
Phil Schoeneberger & Doug WysockiNSSC-NRCS-USDA, Lincoln, NE
Photo 1.Photo 1.
Colluvium overDeep Residuum
Deep Shallow R.O. ThickColluvium
Mod. Deep Residuum(thin or noColluvium)
Cap (loess)
Colluvium
Interbedded Hard Rock (mudstones)
Caprock Residuum (Contrasting Strata?)
= soil pit
Caprock (sandstones)
Residuum
(shales)
(PJS
, 199
2)
Figure 2. Soil Map Unit Development.Figure 2. Soil Map Unit Development.
gravelly clay loam7.5YR 6/4
gravelly clay loam5YR 5/6
Soil Horizons Stratigraphy
Loess
Residuum
(stone line)
Bedrock
Colluvium 1
Colluvium 2
(PJS, 1992)bedrock7.5YR 6/8
R
stony loam7.5YR 6/8
3C
loam7.5YR 6/8
3BC
2Bt2
2Bt1
silt loam10YR 3/1A
SOIL vs. STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE
Figure 1. Figure 1. Pedologic Pedologic and Geologic Context.and Geologic Context.
Riser
Uplands Terraces Flood-Plain Steps
AnnualFloodPlain
100 yr Flood Zone
TREADRISER
Figure 3. Landform Identification.Figure 3. Landform Identification.
Photo 2. Deep Photo 2. Deep Surficial Surficial Material Observations.Material Observations.
Nelson, Co., ND- Seasonal fluctuations or localvariations in discharge/recharge areas
Flownet for Local Flow- Subhumid Region
DischargeFlowthrough
Recharge
flow line
equipotential line
(after Richardson, et al. 1992 and Arndt and Richardson, 1988)
Figure 4. Water Movement through Soil & Near-Surface Materials.Figure 4. Water Movement through Soil & Near-Surface Materials.
Divergent
DivergentConvergent Shoulder
Backslope
Footslope
THROUGHFLOW
SURFACE FLOW
( After Pennock et al., 1987 )
VERTICAL INFILTRATION
Figure 5. Water Movement Dynamics in the Figure 5. Water Movement Dynamics in the VadoseVadose Zone. Zone. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation,and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)should contact USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and IndependenceAvenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
