TA-8777 FIJI · 2018. 6. 21. · Page 2 of 45 Commercial in Confidence TA-8777 FIJI, Fiji Roads...

of 45 Commercial in Confidence TA-8777 FIJI, Fiji Roads Authority Design and Const Stds Interim Report V2.0

TA-8777 FIJI Fiji Roads Authority Design and Construction Standards INTERIM REPORT Version 01 Wed, 20 Jun 2018


Inception Report Table of Contents

Executive Summary 6

1. Introduction 7

1.1. Purpose of this Interim Report 7

1.2. Project Team 7

1.3. Project Dates 7

2. Scope and Objectives 7

2.1. Project Background 7

2.1.1. Fiji Transport Infrastructure Investment Sector Project 7

2.1.2. Major components to this assignment 7

2.2. Objectives and Outputs 8

2.2.1. Key Objective 8

2.2.2. Outputs 8

2.2.3. Outcome 9

2.3. Staging 9

3. Work Undertaken 9

3.1. Work Undertaken to Date for Stage 1 9

3.2. Stage 1 - Detailed Review of Specifications, Drawings and Standards 10

3.2.1. Detailed review of recently updated FRA specifications and drawings and Design Standards10

3.2.2. Submit recommendations for modification of documents to FRA and ADB for review and

comment 10

4. Work Remaining 10

4.1. Stage 2 - Consultation Process: current stage 10

4.1.1. Prepare Interim Report seeking comments 10

4.1.2. Further Consultative and a matrix of comments and responses 10

4.2. Stage 3 - Updating and Publishing improved FRA documents 11

4.2.1. Update design standards, standard drawings and construction specifications 11

4.2.2. Publication of Updated FRA Documents 11

5. Deliverables 11

5.1. Project Deliverables 11

5.2. Technical Deliverables 11

6. Conclusion 12

Interim Report Annexes 13


Annex 1: Consultation Matrix 14

Annex 2: Draft Construction Specifications 33

Annex 3: Draft Design Guide Supplement AGRD Parts 1 to 4 and 6 to 8 35

Annex 4: Draft Pavement Design Guide 37

Annex 5: Draft Structures Design Guide 39

Annex 6: Draft Drainage Design Guide Supplement AGRD Parts 5 and 5aError!

Bookmark not defined.

Annex 7: Draft Standard Drawings (Still Under Development) 41

Annex 8: Draft Signing and Linemarking Manuals (Still Being Developed) 43

Annex 9: Draft Updated Street Lighting Manual (Still Being Developed) 45


Document prepared by: VicRoads 60 Denmark Street Kew, 3101, Victoria, Australia T: +613 9854 2288 F: +613 9854 2170 W: www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/international E: [email protected] In association Document Control Author(s)

Graham Clarke – Team Leader Project Team Project Name TA-8777 FIJI - Fiji Roads Authority

Design and Construction Standards Document Name Interim Report 1 Version Version 1 Issued on 20 June 2018

Prepared by: Authorized by: Graham Clarke – Team Leader Gordon Chakaodza - Project Director Disclaimer This document has been prepared by VicRoads solely for your use in connection with your specific project, and in conformity with your terms of reference. No one should apply the report for any purpose or project except the one to which the terms of reference relates. The use of this document is no longer appropriate where there has been any change in the nature of the project or the related circumstances, or in the specific needs of the reader.


ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AS Australian Standards AWP Annual Work Plans AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ADT Average Daily Traffic ARI Average Recurrence Interval Austroads Association of Australia and New Zealand Transport and Traffic Authorities BS British Standards CMA Catchment Management Authority FRA Fiji Roads Authority HRB Highway Research Board HRJ Highway Research Journal HRR Highway Research Record IR Inception Report ISO International Standards Organisation NAASRA National Association of Australian State Road Authorities NZTA New Zealand Transport Agency PPP Public Private Partnerships PWD Public Works Department QA Quality Assurance QAM Quality Assurance Manual QMS Quality Management System ToR Terms of Reference TRB Transportation Research Board VicRoads Roads Corporation VO Variation Order WB World Bank


Executive Summary

This Interim Report provides details of work undertaken to date and early findings, including a review of existing documentation and proposed updates. It advises of:

• issues encountered,

• consultation undertaken,

• key recommendations and

• presents key documentation for further review by FRA, ADB, Consultants and Contractors.

A work plan for the three stages of the study is also provided. As outlined in the Inception Report, the VicRoads project team currently includes:

• Graham Clarke Road/Highways Engineer/Team Leader

• Andrew Papacostas Geotechnical/Materials Engineer

• Hamid Ghajarnia Drainage Engineer,

• Nayana Weerakkody Pavement Design Engineer

• YewChin Koay Bridge Engineer. This project is part of the Fiji Transport Infrastructure Investment Sector Project (FTIISP) to improve and sustain access to land and maritime transport through rehabilitation of roads, bridges and jetties. The project commenced in March 2015. Part of the second output is the upgrading of design and construction standards and specifications. The technical documents to be submitted with the final report and published are as follows:

• Updated ‘FRA Road Works Standards & Specifications’

• Updated ‘FRA Typical Standard Drawings’

• A design guide that references appropriate design standards to be used and provides Fiji-specific design parameters where appropriate.

The work is being undertaken in 3 Stages and includes a comprehensive, two stage consultation program.


1. Introduction

1.1. Purpose of this Interim Report The purpose of this Report is to provide a summary of the work undertaken and to submit draft documents for review and comment.

1.2. Project Team The project team includes the following personnel:

• Graham Clarke (AUS) Road/Highways Engineer/Team Leader

• Andrew Papacostas (AUS) Geotechnical/Materials Engineer

• Hamid Ghajarnia (AUS) Drainage Engineer

• Nayana Weerakkody (AUS) Pavement Design Engineer

• Yew Chin Koay (MAL) Bridge Engineer.

1.3. Project Dates The project commenced on 19 March 2018 and is scheduled to be completed on 20 July 2018.

2. Scope and Objectives

2.1. Project Background

2.1.1. Fiji Transport Infrastructure Investment Sector Project This project is part of the Fiji Transport Infrastructure Investment Sector Project (FTIISP) to improve and sustain access to land and maritime transport through rehabilitation of roads, bridges and jetties. The project outcome is improved safety and resilience of land and maritime infrastructure. The project commenced in March 2015 and has two outputs: (i) rehabilitated and climate-resilient land and maritime transport infrastructure, and (ii) efficient project management support and institutional strengthening the project

management and the design and supervision of the selected works, and shorter-term consultancies for:

a. prioritization processes for selection of sub-projects, b. road safety assessments / audits, and c. upgrading of design and construction standards and specifications.

This assignment forms Part 2c of the above project and will be an essential support to the 20 year Fiji Transport Infrastructure Investment Plan.

2.1.2. Major components to this assignment There are two key components to this assignment: (i) Undertake a technical review of FRA Construction Standards, Specifications and

Drawings.

This includes a technical review and consultation for:

• Specifications, titled ‘Road Works Standards & Specifications’, including both road and bridge construction; and

• Around 40 drawings titled ‘Typical Standard Drawings’.


Based on this review, specifications and drawings are being edited and updated for review by FRA.

(ii) Undertake a review of design standards. FRA’s own design standards are currently limited to street lighting, road signs, pavement marking and a Design Guide for Bridge, Wharf, Jetty, Culvert And Crossing Structures. Design standards and/or codes of practice used by FRA and its design consultants are mostly based on on Austroads / NAASRA / AS (Australia), NZTA (New Zealand), AASHTO, ASTM (US) and BS (Bristish). The standards being have been reviewed for suitability in Fiji. This includes an assessment as to which standards are most appropriate for each aspect of road and bridge design. VicRoads is producing design guide supplements for each component of work.

2.2. Objectives and Outputs

2.2.1. Key Objective The project ToR includes the objective to provide FRA with an updated set of construction specifications, standardised drawings, and design standards as listed below (sec 2.2.2). The intended users are FRA, its agents and others involved in the planning, design, construction, supervision and maintenance of roads and bridges in Fiji. The documents will provide a clear and current reference framework for the design and construction of road and bridge works for the next twenty years.

2.2.2. Outputs The technical documents to be submitted with the final report and published are as follows:

• Updated ‘FRA Road Works Standards & Specifications’ o general construction o earthworks o pavement works o drainage o roadside furniture o signs and linemarking o bridgewotrks o landscaping

• Updated ‘FRA Typical Standard Drawings’ o cross sections o pavement types o drainage details o structure details

• A Design Guide Supplement to Austroads Guide to Road Design (Parts 1 – 8): Part 1 Introduction to Road Design Part 2 Design Considerations Part 3 Geometric Design Part 4 Intersections and Crossings


Part 4a Unsignalised and Signalised Intersections Part 4b Roundabouts Part 5 Drainage Part 5a,b Drainage: Road Surface, Networks, Basins & Subsurface Part 6 Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers Part 6a Pedestrian and Cycle Paths Part 6b Roadside Environment Part 7 Geotechnical Design and Investigation Part 8 Process and Documentation

• A Design Guide Supplement to Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology (Parts 2 and 5)

• A Design Guide Supplement to Bridge Design Standard (AS5100)

2.2.3. Outcome The outcome of this assignment will be to improve design, construction and management of Fiji’s roads through the provision of a design guide, specifications and drawings that are appropriate for Fiji’s unique road network, road fleet and environment.

2.3. Staging This project is being undertaken in three key stages. Consultation will be a key factor, throughout the project to ensure the outputs meet the needs of Fiji. The stages are:

Stage Description Completion

1 Detailed review of specifications, drawings and standards 18 May 2018

2 Consultation process 22 June 2018

3 Updating and Publishing improved FRA documents 20 July 2018

3. Work Undertaken

3.1. Work Undertaken to Date for Stage 1 In summary, the team has completed the following tasks as part of the Stage 1 review:

• Inception Meetings

• Informal meetings with key FRA Staff to identify design and construction issues.

• Review of all available documentation

• Site visit to investigate some pavement, drainage and slip issues.

• Site visit to Flame Tree Quarry.

• Meetings with Fulton Hogan

• Site visit to investigate bridge and drainage issues.

• Two day workshop to review issues and key documents (refer Annex 3 for agenda, attendance list and matrix of issues)

• Preparation of draft Specification and Design Supplement documents (Refer Annex 4). It has become apparent that the time frames for this project cannot be met unless draft documents are prepared as part of Stage 1. The original Staging allowed for recommendations only at Stage 1. However, recommendations together with draft documents have been prepared to ensure meaning full consultation and document completion as part of the remaining stages.


The documents will therefore be made available for review prior to commencing Stage 2 and 3 of the project.

3.2. Stage 1 - Detailed Review of Specifications, Drawings and Standards

There were three parts to this stage:

3.2.1. Detailed review of recently updated FRA specifications and drawings and Design Standards

This work included an initial familiarisation review and detailed consultation to identify issues and key documents.

3.2.2. Submit recommendations for modification of documents to FRA and ADB for review and comment

Based on the outcomes of the above reviews, the following has been prepared:

• recommendations regarding the design standards to be used in future by FRA and what modifications and supplementary standards are required;

• recommendations for the modification and expansion of standard drawings; and

• recommendations for updating of technical specifications. These recommendations were provided in the form of the following draft documents:

• Draft Construction Specifications

• Draft Design Guide Supplement AGRD Parts 1 to 4 and 6 to 8

• Draft Pavement Design Guide Supplement to AGPT Part 2

• Draft Structures Design Guide

• Draft Drainage Design Guide Supplement AGRD Parts 5 and 5a

• Draft Standard Drawings (Still under development)

• Draft Signs and Linemarking Manual (Under Development)

• Updated Street Lighting Guide (Being reviewed)

4. Work Remaining

4.1. Stage 2 - Consultation Process: current stage

4.1.1. Prepare Interim Report seeking comments The aim of this Stage is to seek feedback on the proposed changes. This Interim Report is a key component of this process.

4.1.2. Further Consultative and a matrix of comments and responses Further consultation will enable FRA, ADB, contractors and consultants:

• to be further informed of the proposed changes;

• understand the reasons for the changes;

• understand the reasons for adopting certain standards;

• provide more informed feedback on the proposed changes. A revised matrix of comments and responses from the consultation process, will be submitted to FRA. Any agreed changes to the proposed modifications that result from the consultations will be incorporated into the draft documents


4.2. Stage 3 - Updating and Publishing improved FRA documents

4.2.1. Update design standards, standard drawings and construction specifications

Once the extent and details of the proposed modifications to the specifications and drawings are finalized, the ‘FRA Road Works Standards & Specifications’ and ‘FRA Typical Standard Drawings’ documents will be updated as agreed. The design standards update, will be in the form of a design guide that:

• references updated FRA design guides,

• references appropriate international design standards to be used;

• provides Fiji-specific design parameters where appropriate. It is not considered appropriate to develop a stand-alone Fiji Road Design Manual for two reasons:

• keeping a Fiji Design Manual up to date would be an expensive and resource intensive process;

• the additional benefits of a stand-alone manual would not justify the effort required for its development;

• the suggested approach is also consistent with Australian State Roads Agency practice in which supplements / guidance to the use of Austroads Guides is provided

4.2.2. Publication of Updated FRA Documents Documents will be provided to FRA for printing and publication on its web site.

5. Deliverables

5.1. Project Deliverables The following project deliverables are being or have been prepared:

• Inception Report

• Initial Workshops/Consultation Presentations and a matrix of the results of the consultations to summarize the areas and where the specifications could be improved are attached

• Progress Report A progress report, part way through completion of Stage 1.

• Interim Report The interim report at the end of Stage 1 with finalised draft documents.

• Second Round Consultation This will enable FRA, ADB, contractors, consultants to be informed of the proposed changes and reasons for changing the existing FRA documents.

• Final Report and updated documents – Week 18 The Final Report will provide details and justification for the proposed modifications to the specifications, drawings and design standards. In particular it will address the form of the design standards update and how they are to be presented. Copies of the specifications, drawings and design standards will be included with the report.

5.2. Technical Deliverables


The technical documents to be submitted with the final report and published are as follows:

• Updated ‘FRA Road Works Standards & Specifications’

• Updated ‘FRA Typical Standard Drawings’

• A design guide that references updated FRA design guides, the design standards to be used, and provides Fiji-specific design parameters where appropriate. This includes:

• Road Geometry • Pavement Design • Drainage Design • Structure Design • Signs and Linemarking • Street Lighting

6. Conclusion

The following documents are submitted for review and comment along with a matrix of prior consultation.


Interim Report Annexes


Annex 1: Consultation Matrix

CONSULTATION MATRIX

Issue Question Response

General Documentation Overview

Current Documentation used by FRA Which are the appropriate documents to be considered by VicRoads: PWD Design and Construction Standards Developed in the Early 90s

Minimal Review required

FRA Guideline for Unsealed Road Construction 2015 Review possibly update. However key requirements should be in the design specification Pavement material requirements will be included in specification. Pavement design requirements will be included in pavement design supplement.

FRA Design Guide Bridge, Wharf, Jetty, Culvert and Crossing Structures Retain and Update Agreed that the bridge and jetty components should be divided into two components.

DNR Interim Manual for Signage and Pavement Markings Advised that this document has been fully updated and is awaiting final approval. Minimal review only required

PWD Specifications for Roadworks Superseded by FRA Documents

FRA Standards and Specifications for Roadworks To be updated

FRA Standard Professional Services Specifications - Contract Management

This is not strictly part of the ToR. However this will be reviewed for Consistency with Austroads Requirement

FRA Standard Professional Services Specifications Investigation and Reporting for Capital Projects

No review required

FRA Standard Professional Services Specifications Management, Surveillance and Quality Assurance (MSQA) of Physical Works Contracts

No review required



FRA PS1 to PS18 – Minimum Standards for Construction Review as appropriate. Eg PS8 Aggregate Testing

DNR Codes of Environmental Practice (1998) COEP 0 to 12

Retain and reference in Design Guide noting that this document needs updating.

PWD Drainage Design Manual Assume now out of date

PWD Irish Crossings – Design and Construction Assume now out of date

PWD Standard Drawings Assume superseded by FRA Documents

FRA Standard Drawings Requires detailed review and updating

PWD Linemarking Specification Assume superseded by FRA Documentation

FRA Lighting Manual Requires review

PWD Signs and Pavement Marking Manual Has been updated by FRA. Minimal review required.

LTA Code of Practice – School Crossings and Markings 2001 LTA Code of Practice for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossings 2001

The status of these documents is unclear. VicRoads is still seeking confirmation regarding their relevance.

PWD Design of Reinforced Concrete Pipes and Culverts Assume now out of date

Land Transport Act 1998 Reference as required

Roads Act 1978 Assuming no longer relevant. Has old road categories

FIJI Roads Authority Decree 2012 Relevant but not technical. Does not require referencing.

Town and Country Planning Act 1978 Reference as required

Environmental Management Act 2005 Reference as required

Crown Lands act 1978 Reference as required

Rivers and Streams Act 1985 Reference as required

General After the workshop, VicRoads was made aware of a number of other documents that require review.

Proposed Design Documentation to be developed

The following documentation was proposed as an outline of design supplement documents to be submitted to FRA: Supplements to AGRD 1 Introduction to Road Design 2 Design Considerations 3 Geometric Design 4 Intersections and Crossings

Agreed



4a Unsignalised and Signalised Intersections 4b Roundabouts 5 Drainage 5a Drainage: Road Surface, Networks, Basins & Subsurface 6 Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers 6a Pedestrian and Cycle Paths 6b Roadside Environment 7 Geotechnical Design and Investigation 8 Process and Documentation

Supplement to Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology, Parts 2 Agreed

FRA Design Guide Supplement for Bridges, Culvert and Crossing Structures

Agreed

FRA Design Guide for Wharf and Jetty Structures Agreed but outside of VicRoads Scope

Manual of Traffic Signs and Markings, Part 1 Signs, Section 2 - Regulatory Signs General

Agreed that these documents should be adopted. However, VicRoads is awaiting status of other documents in the Series. Ie:

• Part 1, Section 1



• Part 2

Manual of Traffic Signs and Markings, Part 1 Signs, Section 3 – Regulatory Signs Parking

Manual of Traffic Signs and Markings, Part 1 Signs, Section 6 – Permanent Warning Signs

FRA Lighting Manual Agreed that this document only requires review and updating

Proposed Construction Specifications to be developed

It is only proposed to review the following document from the 100 series as the remaining documents are more aligned to contract management: 101.12 - Quality Control and Testing

Agreed

The following documents are to be modified from the 200 series: 201 – Clearing and Grubbing Note: 201.08 Survey Marks, 201.09 Damage To Fences, 201.10 Protection And Removal Of Existing Vegetation to be added 202 – Earthworks Changes througout Note: 202.16 Testing of Surface Level of Earthworks, 202.17 Frequency Of Testing, 202.18 Topsoiling to be added Section 205 - Rock Fill

Agreed



New Section 290-Lime Stabilisation of Earthworks Materials This is a new section to be added

The following changes are proposed to the 300 Series: 302 - Construction of Base and Subbase Pavement Courses The following additional text has been proposed:

• Surface level and pavement layer thickness conformity requirements

• Compaction requirements based on statistical approach.

• Reduced frequency of testing where quality control procedures are delivering the required specification outcomes

• Scales of testing for different road type

• Introduction of joint location details

• Preparation of granular pavements for sealing requirements

• Pavement dryback requirements 307 - In Situ Stabilisation of Pavements with Cementitious Binders This is a proposed new Section

Agreed

The following changes are proposed to the 400 Series: 401 - Aggregates for Sprayed Bituminous Surfacing Considerable rework is proposed for the following sections: 401.02 Definitions, 401.04 Aggregates, 401.05 Testing, 401.06 Aggregate Stacks 402 - Priming, Primersealing and Sealing Considerable rework is proposed. A new section is also proposed: 402.17 Maintenance of Seals Default bitumen type requires further investigation. Unclear if multigrade should be mandated. 403 - Removal of Pavement By Cold Planing This is a proposed new section

Agreed

404 - Asphalt This is a substantial new section The specification includes:

• Marshall mix design method

• default bitumen type Multigrade 1000/320 (requires investigation)

• the responsibility for mix performance is with the contractor

• allows 10% RAP to be used in all mixes

Agreed



• suggests reviewing LA requirements (subject to review and availability)

• asphalt density based on characteristic values

• clauses for deductions to be made when compaction not achieve.

• preferences Australian Standards to be used and VicRoads documents

• introduces the need for polished stone value

Other Sections Considerable work is still required for other Sections. This includes: 500 Series – Drainage Section 501 Underground Stormwater Drains Reviewed - numerous changes throughout 600 Series – Miscellaneous Section 601 Concrete For Incidental Construction Section 602 Road Opening For Underground Services Section 603 Cast-In-Palce Concrete Edgings, Paths And Other Surfacings Section 604 Precast Concrete Kerb Section 606 Beaching Section 607 Gabion Boxes & Mattresses Section 608 Geotextiles Reviewed – numerous changes throughout 700 Series – Signs and Linemarking 800 Series – Structures Section 801 Foundations for Structures Some changes throughout 900 Series - Landscaping

Noted

Other Comments

Contractor shall be responsible for all testing and taking action to rectify works where specification requirements not met

Agreed

The following is proposed: Different standards can be applied to different roads based on traffic. Heavily trafficked roads – higher standards required, more testing. Low volume roads – lower standard, less testing, procedural process e.g. roller routines Material quality varies depending on road type / locations and provide flexibility to move away for specification requirements

Agreed



Testing – clearer requirements requiring Contractor to demonstrate compliance should be provided.

Agreed

Reduced testing frequency if Contractor demonstrates construction process are meeting specification requirements

Not to be adopted

Payment deduction option when compaction not achieved for stabilsed pavements, asphalt

This was debated in audience. Concerns about inconsistent use and the way it would be implemented. Not to be adopted.

FRA to provide gradings of gravels and other materials which were determined from a meeting with quarry suppliers a few weeks ago. These gradings will be used in the spec

Noted

There is still some uncertainty about what bitumen is used in Fiji and the performance of bitumen types in sprayed seal and asphalt. The use of Multigrade bitumen as a default binder was not confirmed.

Need to consult further with Contractors.

Standard Drawings R100-1 to R100-6 Cul De Sac Turning Heads It is proposed to retain as is

Some other standards have been identified with larger turning radii which VicRoads should investigate

R300 to R306 – Standard Cross Sections for Class A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, B1, B2, B3, B4, C1, C2 Roads These classifications are no longer used therefore it is proposed that these sections be deleted

Agreed at workshop

R307, R308, R309, R310 – Typical Cross Sections It is proposed that these documents be re-drafted to mainly show road elements and Austroads References. Specification and design type information to be removed

Agreed at workshop

R311-1 Foamed Bitumen Treatment VicRoads to review this document in line with design guide and specification. Specification elements to be removed

Agreed

R311-1 & 3 – Typical Section for low level creek Not sure concerning the purpose of this.

Further consideration advice required from FRA

R312-2 – Typical Rural Cross Section Remove as this is covered elsewhere

Agreed

R501-1 to R501-12 – Drainage and Pipe Details VicRoads does not propose to make substantial changes to these documents apart from removing specification type references.

VicRoads has been asked to consider Humes catalogue.

R503-1 to R503-3 – Pit Details VicRoads does not propose to make substantial changes to these documents apart from removing specification type references.

Agreed



R504-1 to R504-8, Dwg 37 – V Drains Generally to be retained. Further cross sections are recommended for consideration. Termination details were also requested

FRA provided no comment regarding additional profiles.

R601-1, 2 – Kerb ramp details To be reviewed for consistency with specification

Agreed

R601-3 to 5 – Bus Bay Detail To be modified to align with Austroads. Pavement design to be reviewed

Agreed

R601-6, 7 – Kerb Ramp Details To be retained

Agreed

R601-8, 9 Bus Bay Details Consideration of DDA to be considered. Structural review required. Location of shelters relevant to bus bay detail to be provided

FRA have advised that other designs are available

R604-1 to 3 Kerb Details Retain. The need for a low profile kerb should be considered. Possible extruded sections should be considered.

VicRoads to work with FRA to try to identify kerb profiles that can be extruded locally.

R604-4 Pedestrian Refuge Needs widening to comply with Austroads

No comment

R702-1 – Hand Rail detail Suggest this be replaced with alternative design without horizontal rails

No comment

R703-1 Sign Installation Detail Retain

Agree

R705-1 to 3 Pavement Marking details To be reviewed against manual

No comment

Other Drawings to be considered:

• Guideposts

• Rural Crossings

• Barrier Details

No others suggested

Other: Flood prone roads need indicator signs

Noted

Road Hierarchy VicRoads has proposed the following Road Hierarchy and sought feedback concerning its appropriate use in Fiji Proposed Rural Road Hierarchy (Based on old PWD) M1 - Main Roads 1: highways connecting the major cities and major provincial centres;

Some concerns were raised regarding hierarchies developed for new developments that did not align with this. Road standards for maintenance are also different. However, it was generally accepted that this road hierarchy would be acceptable.



M2 - Main Roads 2: same role as M1 but less traffic, connect to large towns / provincial centres. S - Secondary Roads: the primary link between towns and villages / support tourism areas. C - Country Roads: provide access for abutting properties to towns and villages. R - Residential Roads: connect properties to the network. Proposed Urban Road Hierarchy Arterial Roads - primary road network and link main districts of the urban area Collector Roads - connecting contained urban areas to the arterial road system Local Streets - exclusively for access with no through traffic function

AGRD Ch 1 - Introduction to Road Design

Proposed approach:

• Not replicating other design guides (eg Austroads)

• Providing Fiji Specific advice as how to apply the

• design guide

• Aiming to ensure consistency of use

• Focusing primarily on Austroads VicRoads is assuming: The Strategy and Planning Section takes the lead role in setting the Strategic Context for Project Work. The Strategy and Planning Section should be consulted when undertaking project planning studies in terms of environmental clearance, statutory controls and land acquisition The principles outlined in the Codes of Environmental Practice for Road Planning, Design, Construction and Maintenance shall be adopted for all design and planning work. There may be a need for strategies to set priorities and standards in Fiji. Eg:

• Rural Roads Strategy

• Urban Road Strategy

• Heavy Vehicle Strategy

• Environmental Management Policy

Agreed as part of inception process Agreed at workshop To be discussed further with senior managers

AGRD Ch 2 - Design Considerations EDD for FRA projects should only be applied to construction on existing roads where feasible NDD options cannot be implemented.

Agreed at workshop



Completed Extended Design Domain Application Forms shall be forwarded to Manager Engineering Design and Procurement who will consolidate appropriate reporting for FRA review. No evidence of an Access Management Policy to control access on Arterial Roads/Spacing of intersections etc. This may need to be developed

To be discussed with senior managers

AGRD Ch 3 - Geometric Design Assessment of actual operating speeds is preferred. Otherwise apply: Urban Roads – Speed Limit Rural Roads – Speed Limit plus 10km/hr The Head of Governance and Manager Design and Procurement shall be consulted to determine specific requirements for Oversize Vehicles. There may be a need to define OD routes and special OD vehicles? Typical cross section widths are provided in the supplement for Sealed and Unsealed roads V Drain Type 1 may be used where the natural materials are able to resist dispersion and erosion. The maximum depth shall be limited to 1m. V Drain Type 11 shall be used where the natural materials are not able to resist dispersion and erosion or the depth is greater than 1.0m. The maximum depth shall be limited to 1.5m Consideration be given to more drivable drains FRA staff advised that a crossfall of 4% should be adopted to reduce water impacts on pavements

Agreed at workshop Agreed at workshop To be discussed with senior managers Agreed at workshop It was also agreed that 2 lane cross sections are required for unsealed roads Agreed GC to seek further advice considering this proposal

AGRD Ch 4 - Intersections and Crossings

Design vehicles: Use AGDR for adoption of appropriate design vehicles. Design vehicles should be clarified with FRA Refer also the Land Transport Act, Clause 79 for legal vehicle dimensions in Fiji. FRA advice will be required concerning the need to consider restricted access vehicles (25m long) before commencing geometric design The 19m prime mover and semi-trailer may be used as the design vehicle for OD routes. Bus Facilities In the absence of Design Notes, refer designer to FRA for:

• Bus stop layouts

No comment provided Agreed but need to discuss with Senior Managers



• Bus stops on shoulders

• Bus Priority Taxi Ranks Notes refer to FRA for guidance Property Access and Median Openings Access Management Policies required

Agreed but need to discuss with Senior Managers Agreed but need to discuss with Senior Managers

AGRD Ch 4b - Roundabouts The new Austroads method results in larger diameter roundabouts than previous design methods, especially in lower speed environments. If there are site constraints that restrict the use of the new Austroads design method, FRA (the client or contract superintendent) should be consulted regarding the development of an acceptable solution. Cyclists Queried the need to provide guidance on bicycle lanes at roundabouts?

Agreed at workshop Agreed

AGRD Ch 6 - Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers

Planting Guide There is no planting guide in FRA VicRoads has provided Tree Planting Principles in supplement. Safety Barriers FRA has no policy or GL for use of safety barriers. VicRoads recommends that one be developed? VicRoads has provided graphs and calculations for determining the clear zone width in the supplement Motorcyclists Additional requirements for motorcyclists has been provided:

• Seal Shoulders

• clear zone free obstructions,

• use semi mountable kerbing instead of barrier kerbing.

• appropriate verge and batter toe rounding.

• Avoid non-frangible planting and landscaping features A motorcycle design note should be developed in the future Driveable Slopes To be driveable, batter slopes desirably should be 4:1 or flatter. To be relatively safe for trucks, batter slopes should be 6:1 or flatter. Is this achievable? Driveable Endwalls

Agreed that this is appropriate in lieu of a policy/guide Agreed Agreed Agreed that this can be allowed but not mandated



For pipe diameter or box culverts heights up to 0.6 metres, refer to Standard Drawing SD1992 for details of the traversable endwall. Is this required? Standard Drawings to Assist Safety Barrier Location A suite of standard drawings for Safety Barriers should be considered Barrier Types It is proposed that the following permanent safety barriers be considered:

• Flexible systems

• Semi-rigid systems

• Rigid systems

Agreed that this could be provided as long as industry can supply Agreed that this could be provided as long as industry can supply Agreed that this could be provided as long as industry can supply

AGRD Ch 6a - Pedestrian and Cycle Paths

Need for a Path Noted that FRA should develop a Bicycle Strategy. In the interim reference will be made to FRA Pedestrians Guidance provided includes:

• Meeting requirements of all users

• Assessing the level of service for pedestrians

• Ensuring crossing facilities meet required walking speeds Pedestrian paths should also comply with the objectives of an urban design strategy or existing Council standards. These are not available but reference retained at this stage Reference is made to numerous Cycle Notes for crossings, surfacings etc. These are currently not available in Fiji. Suggest that VicRoads references be used in the interim.

Agreed Agreed that this level of detail is required. Agreed

AGRD Ch 6b – Roadside Environment It is recommended that the following references be used:

• Codes of Environmental Practice for Road Planning, Design, Construction and Maintenance.

• Environmental Management Act, and the

• Rivers and Streams Act. Fauna and Livestock Management A guideline for Fauna Management is required however this will not be referenced at this stage Livestock Crossings Guidance is required

Agreed until updated Agreed Agreed



Noise Control Guidance for barriers is required Landscaping A guideline for Landscaping us required but this will not be referenced at this stage Signs, markings and delineation

Agreed Agreed

AGRD Ch 8 – Process and Documentation

Design Accreditation Recommended that those engaged to undertake design works for FRA shall be accredited through FRA’s Prequalification Scheme. Accreditation through the scheme requires consultants to have an operational quality management system. Refer to FRA website for further details regarding these requirements. Road Safety Audits Recommended the following audit criteria

Project Cost Audit Stages Required

> $5.0m

Audits should be undertaken at all stages

$0.15m to $5.0m

Risk assessments should be undertaken to determine the stages of audit. In general, at a minimum, audits should be undertaken at one of the design stages.

< $0.15m Risk assessments should be undertaken to determine the stages that the audits should be carried out.

No response regarding this. This recommendation shall be removed from the design supplement unless FRA advises differently. Appears to have been accepted by FRA

Bridge and Jetty Design It is recommended that the existing design guide be divided into two parts

• Part 1 – Bridge and culvert structures

• Part 2 – Jetty and wharf structures

Agreed

It is recommended that the Design Supplement adopt AS 5100 as a reference with some modification if required.

Agreed



It is recommended that provision of earthquake resistant design of structures will be in accordance with NZTA Bridge Manual.

Agreed

The design guide is to be used to specify FRA’s requirements regarding the design and management of its structures. All irrelevant information (i.e. testing, construction, manufacturing requirements, etc.) will be removed to the relevant documents.

Agreed

Irish crossings will be removed and the design requirements will be covered by Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 5B : Drainage – Open Channels, Culverts and Floodways

To comment provided. Will make change unless FRA advises otherwise.

Vehicle / trains configuration and axle loads (i.e. the maximum effect on a bridge measured relative to a reference vehicle) to be established

VicRoads will discuss with JICA. Failing additional information, AS5100 Part 2 will be adopted

The possibility of a pre-qualification process instead of Producer Statement Design

Without further advice the Guide will remain silent on this issue

Structures Definition Unless advised further, to be included in the guide

Buried corrugated metal structures Without further advice VicRoads will prohibit these structures

Design of large box culverts Subject to further advice, design of culverts and link slabs from 1500mm span to 4200mm span and 4200mm in height in the guide

RC panels for reinforced soil structures Without further advice, the guide will provide no additional information on this issue.

Integral and semi integral bridges Unless advised further, to be included in the guide

Bridge traffic barriers To be based on AS5100 loadings. Design to focus on new and rehabilitated structures. FRA to advise consultant if design loads cannot be achieved.

Bridge approach barriers To be included in accordance with AS5100.

Bridge support protection Without further advice, the guide will provide no additional information on this issue.



Bridge and step joints Without further advice, the guide will provide no additional information on this issue.

Bond and mechanical anchors Without further advice, the guide will provide no additional information on this issue.

Drainage Design – AGRD Parts 5a,b Recommend a matrix of project classification based on complexity or value of the project (in axis Y) timeline in axis X. Based on this matrix, we can introduce different levels of requirements to projects. Projects to be classified into small, medium and large.

Unless advised further, to be included in the guide

Hydraulic studies require 1D or preferably 2D hydraulic software modelling.

Unless advised otherwise, the design guide will assume consultant capability in this area.

According to AustRoads, the need for wildlife, people and also their live stocks should be considered in the design of road crossings. This means extra costs for construction of road crossings or sizing crossings to meet not only hydraulic requirements but also fauna passages. This includes construction of passage for fish migration to the source of rivers, unique wildlife species etc.


Change in sea level is the only approved consequences of climate change. Queensland road design guideline recommends a sea level rise of 0.6 m for all hydraulic calculations.


WSUD structures such as sediment basins and wetlands and dry structures such as extended detention basins, swales, grass strips etc. Design and construction of these structures required acquiring a software called MUSIC. Also, this software package requires rain and evaporation data.

Requirements to be included but not strongly mandated. Designer should seek FRA advice before commencing design

Flat batters (preferably 1V:3H and max 1V:2H) are to provide a higher level of safety to the society. Where not feasible, protection to be considered.

Design requirements to be provided but not mandated.

Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves are old (1991) and should be updated. The guide will still reference the 1991 curves and provide alternative design methodology. Further development of curves is recommended. The interim option is to define a project to conduct a literature review on possible methods for tropical climate such as Fiji and recommend a practical method. The

Unless advised further, 1991 curves and provide alternative design methodology will be included.



second option is to define a project to study and generate this information for the whole country.

Australian Rainfall and Runoff priorities the appropriateness of hydrological methods to Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA), Development of Rainfall-runoff models and application of empirical methods such as rational method. Regarding Flood Frequency Analysis, the guide will recommend:

• if long-term streamflow data undertake FFA.

• In the absence of streamflow data, for large and complex catchments, development a rainfall-runoff model is recommended

• If above are not feasible an empirical method such as rational method is recommended

Unless advised further, this approach will be adopted

The recommended design flow for the design of underground drainage system in Australia is varies based on the projects up to 10-year ARI. Considering the higher intensity of rains in Fiji, the designer may seek FRA approval to adopt a smaller 5 year ARI to reduce costs.


Maximum spacing for access chambers is 200 m for pipe larger than 1800 mm and 120 m for smaller pipes.

This is ok but irrelevant as closer spacings are always needed for hydraulic reasons.

AustRoads recommendation of the percentage of blockage of drainage to be adopted.

Noted

Recommended allowed spread width of flow on streets are as per AGRD table 5.1 to be adopted, but adjusted for Fiji maximum speed limit

Noted

Trapezoidal drains to be recommended but not mandated Noted

AGPT – Part 2: Pavement Structural Design Ch. 2 - Pavement Design Systems

The desired project reliability is the chance that the pavement being considered will outlast its design traffic FRA / Consultants will be required to suggest any alterations/changes to required reliability levels


Ch. 3 – Construction & Maintenance Consideration

Due to the intense rainfall and shallow ground water table expected in Fiji, it is proposed to adopt a minimum drainage blanket thickness of 300 mm (in the absence of a proper hydrological assessment). A Geotechnical Engineer should be able to confirm the location / area where the drainage blanket is required based on the geotechnical investigations. FRA / Consultants to comment on the proposed minimum thickness of the blanket.


Ch. 4 - Environment Procedures to calculate WMAPT, and WMAPTs for selected sites throughout Australia and New Zealand, are presented in Appendix B of the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology – Part 2.

Unless FRA / Design Consultants are able to provide details (supported documentation if available) of the



Currently, a value of about 380C is likely. adopted WMAPT for Fiji for pavement design purposes AGPT approach to be adopted.

Ch. 5 - Subgrade Evaluation If a lime stabilised material layer need to be incorporated in the pavement composition, additional CBR testing need to be undertaken to ensure the homogeneity of the stabilised layer. Where the lime stabilised layer is considered in the determination of pavement thickness, an additional 30 mm construction tolerance must be added to the design thickness of the lime stabilised layer. Hence, the minimum construction layer thickness for a lime stabilised layer is 180 mm (150 mm + 30 mm). The maximum design thickness for lime stabilised materials is 220 mm (construction thickness 250 mm).


The proposed number of 1 x 103 ESA is for discussion purposes. It represents a road carrying one ‘heavy’ truck per week for 20 years. The purpose of the nominated loading is to primarily identify roads which require more geotechnical investigations in supportive of determining the Design CBR for the pavement designs. Heavily trafficked roads are considered to require more investigation than lightly trafficked roads. The provision of more data will help the designer to understand the variation of the insitu material and selection of the most appropriate Design CBR.

FRA/Consultants to provide comment on the suggested loading in terms of ESA or AADT.

CBR results could vary depending on the soaking times, which are 4 , 7 or 10 days. The Fiji rainfall is high/intensive and with a shallow water table, the pavement materials may perform at its saturated condition. Therefore, a longer soak period may appropriate. Workshop feedback indicated a preference for a 7 day laboratory soaked CBR test to determine design CBR. Also note, the increased soaking periods would escalate cost and time duration to undertake testing.

Unless advised further, 7 day lab soaked CBR to be adopted

Ch. 6 – Pavement Materials The asphalt moduli for different asphalt mixes are calculated based on the respective WMAPT. As the WMAPT is not clear at this stage, asphalt moduli will be provided based on Vicroads data for available multigrade mixes for a WMAPT of 250C. Section 404 allows alternative binder types to be used. The default binder is Multigrade bitumen. For size 7,10, 14 and 20 mm mixes the following presumptive modulus values based on indirect tensile testing are appropriate for pavement design purposes.

Unless otherwise advised, design moduli to be calculated based on VicRoads ITT modulus and then adjusted for the Fiji WMAPT.



Where alternative binders are proposed, ITT (Indirect Tensile Test) testing in accordance with Austroads Guide for Pavement Technology - Part 2 is to be undertaken to determine pavement design modulus values.

The use of naturally occurring material, crushed gravels, soft or ripped rock in pavement base or subbase layers has been covered in FRA Specification Section 301.

All other naturally occurring marginal or non-standard material placed as “Base” or “Subbase” material may be inferior to the crushed rock with respect to the long-term performance of the pavement. Design modulus values of 300 MPa are likely. Crushed rock to be used when pavements are sealed.

Ch. 7 – Design Traffic Both M1 and M2 class roads considered to be significantly important roads and require less disruption to the road users. Therefore, a higher design period (30 years) has been adopted compared to the rest of the road types to minimise any major rehabilitation works. For both C and R road types are less significant and require lower design periods (20 years), as the risk involved with disruption to road users is low.


Ch. 8 – Design of Flexible Pavements VicRoads has provided a design chart for Unbound Flexible Pavements in lieu of mechanistic design approach. It is noted that currently, Consultants are adopting mechanistic design approach in granular pavement design resulting wider variation between the design options specifically in pavement depths. The mechanistic approach using the “CIRCLY” software program allows the designer to adopt a range of design parameters especially for the crushed rock moduli as it is not well defined. As a result of this variation, it is difficult to implement consistency across the various design options and hence leads to varied cost estimates.

Unless advised further, this approach (Design chart for Unbound Flexible Pavements ) will be adopted.

VicRoads has recommended a chart from Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology – Part 2 for the lightly trafficked roads. It is suggested to adopt a minimum CBR of 50 in lieu of 30 as given in the chart.


It is proposed to adopt the same classification (the road hierarchy) proposed for the sealed roads.


As a quality control measure, VicRoads has provided a minimum CBR value (50%) for both Running Course and Base of the unsealed roads. Also, it provides a consistency across the road network. These are typical values and can be altered if required.




Ch. 9 – Design of Rigid Pavements It is proposed to make reference to NSW – RMS (Roads and Maritime Services) Rigid Pavement Standard Details – Construction and Maintenance. Specific details are provided in the supplement.


Ch. 13 – Unsealed Roads (New) It is proposed to include a section on Unsealed Roads in the supplement. Recommended to adopt the VicRoads suggested road hierarchy. FRA to confirm the design parameters provided in the table for the selection of pavement types.

Unless advised further, this approach will be adopted TBC by FRA

Ch. 14 – Pavement Structural Overlays (New)

It is proposed to undertake structural overlay designs in accordance with the Austroads guide to Pavement technology – Part 5



Annex 2: Draft Construction Specifications


Annex 3: Draft Design Guide Supplement AGRD Parts 1 to 4 and 6 to 8


Annex 4: Draft Pavement Design Guide


Annex 5: Draft Structures Design Guide


Annex 6: Draft Standard Drawings (Still Under Development)


Annex 7: Draft Signing and Linemarking Manuals (Still Being Developed)


Annex 8: Draft Updated Street Lighting Manual (Still Being Developed)

TA-8777 FIJI · 2018. 6. 21. · Page 2 of 45 Commercial in Confidence TA-8777 FIJI, Fiji Roads...

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