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Scientific Evaluation of AromaticScientific Evaluation of Aromatic--cumcum--MedicinalMedicinal
Grasses for the Welfare of Marginal PeopleGrasses for the Welfare of Marginal PeopleUplifting Rural Economy in theUplifting Rural Economy in the GangeticGangetic Plains ofPlains of
Eastern IndiaEastern India
EX-Associate Professor & Head, Department of Botany
Bejoy Narayan College, Itachuna, Hooghly, West Bengal
Secretary General, Indian Society for Promotion of
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (ISMAP)
Regional Representative of International
Council of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (ICMAP)
And Advisor and consultant of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants.
E-mail : [email protected]
BYBY
M. Sc. (Gold Medallist), Ph. D.
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INTRODUCTION
> In recent times, herbal plants are finding diverse uses as raw materials,not only for medicines but also as biopesticides and many other articles of
cosmetic and perfumery value like soaps, shampoos, talcum powder,
toothpaste and aroma compounds used in food flavours and fragrances of
natural colours in the world. Global demand for herbal products has steadilyincreased and there has been tremendous developmental activities within
the industrial sectors to develop various types of herbal products.
> The appropriate selection of a herb for specific purpose, its taxonomic
identification, cultivation practice and harvesting at appropriate time aresome of the steps necessary for ensuring a supply of quality raw materials
for production of high valued herbal products. Since, medicinal and
aromatic plants are new and uncommon to the growers, they are unaware of
the fact that these are to be maintained. As the demand for domestic andexport market has been increasing, the production of these crops on a large
scale by incorporating them into cropping system of the country has
become necessary to maintain sustainable production and supply.
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Medicinal and Aromatic plants are now on the decline due to deforestation, lack of
scientific cultivation, conservation etc. This is a problem that demands our
immediate attention for greater interest for the nation.It is urgent need to follow the following important recommendations made by
the third and fourth world congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
(WOCMAP) and the International council of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
(ICMAP) :
1. Should bring together information on identity, distribution and conservationstatus of MAPs.
2. Should gather information on how they are used including local traditional
knowledge.
3. Should gather information on the extent to which they are harvested in wild
population.4. Should gather information on their cultivation & propagation.
5. Should gather information on their agronomy and cultivation in protected
area.
6. Ethno veterinary medicine as well as the use of plants and plant products to
improve animal health, productivity and welfare requires more internationattention.
7. Economic sustainability of plant procurement through wild collection,
domestication and cultivation must be secured through transparent costing
and prizing that will provide ample opportunities for rural income
generation and community development.
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The State of West Bengal is gifted with an enormous wealth of diversity in
plant species. These can be a priceless resource with high potential for
economic and ecological gains especially in the rural areas if properly protectedand promoted. The area of the District of West Bengal (Hooghly) where the
present investigation has been carried out is inhabited by marginal poor
people and a large area of land, which is dry, upland and some what
unfertilized not suitable for traditional crop rice cultivation, is left out as
waste land.Considering the importance of the recommendations of the WOCMAP & ICMAP and
in order to preserve the natural resources of the MAPs of the area along with
their sustainable use and their commercial exploitation for the welfare of the
rural people, present author has attempted to carry out the following
investigations for survey & conservation: Survey of the natural resources of MAPs in the area.
Proper identification of the species growing locally and their uses by the
local people.
Observation to know the causes of depletion and loss of the plants.
Conservation strategies of MAPs. Agro-technology and economics of cultivation for scientific growing of a
few medicinal and aromatic plants in the area.
Promotion of MAPs in the area.
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An attempt has also been made to standardize all the factors
responsible for growth and development of some selected
commercially viable economically important aromatic
grasses and make them feasible for large scale cultivation at
the cultivators field after providing the know how ofcultivation. In a separate line of study, efforts have been
made to increase growth and developmental pattern of the
grasses including the biomass production by using optimum
fertilizers, photoperiodic stimulus and bio-regulators with
special reference to the synthesis of essential oil along with
quality. Finally, analysis of economics of cultivation of the
grasses has been made for their prospect of commercialexploitation in the gangetic plains of West Bengal.
Ultimately this will help the diversification of crop pattern
and uplift the rural economy.
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> Role of Environment , Growth & Developmental physiology> Role of Environment , Growth & Developmental physiology
for the synthesis of secondary metabolites:for the synthesis of secondary metabolites:The Chemical compounds responsible for aroma are the secondary
metabolites produced in plant parts. Although Genes are responsible for
the production of these compounds but the expression of Genes is
controlled by environmental factors and growth and development patternof a particular plant.
According to Meyer and Anderson, the environment is the foster parent
of every plant and plays an indispensable role in its development as do
hereditary factors which are the Biological Parents.Genetic Constituent +
Environment
Internal Processes and
condition regulated by
hormones & enzymes
Organic
Development
(Growth, Photo
synthetic activity,
Translocation and
accumulation of
necessary raw
materials)
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MATERIALS :MATERIALS :1) Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud. Wats. (Lemon Grass)
2) Cymbopogon martini Stapf. (Palmarosa)
3) Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. (Citronella)
Family : Poaceae.
Following Experiments have been done:Following Experiments have been done:
Cultural Experiments :Cultural Experiments :
Sowing & Transplanting Experiment
Fertilizer Experiments (Different combinations of NPK):Fertilizer Experiments (Different combinations of NPK):N1P1K1 = N60 P50 K30kg & N2P2K2=N120P100 K60 kg./ha.
Photoperiodic Experiments:Photoperiodic Experiments:
Long days & short days experiment (-10,20 and 30PIC)
Hormonal Experiments :Hormonal Experiments :
GA3 50g./ml. and 100 g./ml.
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The different developmental phases were distinguished on theThe different developmental phases were distinguished on the
Basis of presence of reproductive units as follows:Basis of presence of reproductive units as follows:
1.Vegetative : From germination stage upto initiation of bud.
2.Reproductive : From the initiation of bud upto approximately
20% bud, 70% flowers and 10% fruits.
3.Post-reproductive : After reproductive phase, upto 95% fruits and
5% flowers.
4.Senile : After post-reproductive phase, upto the periodwhen 75% of the leaves yellowed.
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Following detailed studies have been undertaken:Following detailed studies have been undertaken:
1. Growth and Developmental behaviour of the plants under
above mentioned experiments
2. Essential oil synthesis in response to the above mentioned
experiments during different developmental phases.3. Analysis of some important metabolites connected with
E.oil synthesis.
4. Analysis of major chemical constituents of the oils duringdifferent developmental phases.
5. Correlationship among growth, development,metabolism
and essential oil formation.
6. Analysis of yield of herbage & oil per hectare
7. Economics of cultivation of the plants.
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West Bengal
Latitude: 22 34' North
Longitude: 88 22' East
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METEOROLOGICAL DATAMETEOROLOGICAL DATA
(During the period of Experimentation)
Temperature RelativeHumidity
(%)
Months
Max. Min Max Min.
TotalRainfall(mm)
Rainydays(No.)
Duration ofBright
Sunshine(hr.)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
24.6
29.1
33.0
35.2
34.6
32.6
31.9
32.8
32.7
31.9
29.2
31.1
10.2
13.0
18.5
22.9
25.0
25.5
25.7
25.7
25.5
22.9
16.0
10.5
95
95
96
91
89
92
94
91
96
96
96
97
41
42
46
53
63
79
82
82
75
75
64
49
0.25
7.15
48.8
46.1
125.9
267.0
304.6
278.4
270.5
200.0
19.7
4.2
1
2
3
5
8
16
22
21
14
10
4
1
9.7
9.5
9.5
10.5
11.0
5.8
5.5
6.5
8.2
9.6
9.5
9.0
Soil Condition : Clay Soil, pH-6.
Soil Composition: N2-4%, P(as P2O5) - 0.03%, Ca (as CaO) - 0.01% and K-0.04%.
In the Met. data of the
area, max. temp. was
noted from March toAugust. Increase in the
max. and min. level of
relative humidity with
their min. variation was
noted during June to
Sept. Whereas,increase in the duration
of bright sunshine was
noted from October to
May.
Soil condition and soil
composition as
given in the bottom of
the table.
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Results of Survery and Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Gangetic Bengal
Table I
Medicinal Herbs (locally available) used by the common people for curing common ailments
Common Diseases Herbs used Parts used
Cold & CoughCold & CoughCold & CoughCold & Cough Achyranthes aspera Seeds
Allium cepa Scales
Ocimum sanctum Leaves
Zingiber officinale Rhizome
Adhatoda vasica Leaves
Datura stramonium Seeds
Body PainsBody PainsBody PainsBody Pains Aloe vera Leaves
Zingiber officinale Rhizome
Allium cepa Bulb
Allium sativum Bulb
Argemone mexicana Roots
Solanum nigrum Leaves
Centella asiatica Leaves
Ocimum sanctum Leaves
Calotropis procera Leaves
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Alimentary Tract ProblemsAlimentary Tract ProblemsAlimentary Tract ProblemsAlimentary Tract Problems Aegle marmelos Fruit pulp & leaves
Allium sativum BulbPiper longum Fruits
Piper betle Leaves
Emblica officinalis Fruits
Cassia fistula Ripe FruitsCentella asiatica Leaves
Phyllanthus niruri Whole plant
Andrographis paniculata Leaves
Enhydra fluctuens Leaves
Hygrophila spinoca Leaves
MemoryMemoryMemoryMemory Bacopa monnieri Leaves
Withania somnifera Roots
Vitex negunda Leaves
DiabetesDiabetesDiabetesDiabetes Phyllanthus niruri Whole plant
Emblica officinalis Fruits
Catharanthas roseus Leaves
Gymnema sylvestris Leaves
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Kidney StonesKidney StonesKidney StonesKidney Stones Beorhaavia diffusa Leaves
Bryophyllum calycium Leaves
Phyllanthus niruri Whole plant
Dolichos biflorus Seeds
Liver DiseasesLiver DiseasesLiver DiseasesLiver Diseases Andrographis paniculata Leaves
Tinospora cordifolia Stems
Solanum nigrum Leaves & Fruits
Alstonia scholaris Bark
Hair ProblemHair ProblemHair ProblemHair Problem Elipta alba Leaves
Emblica officinalis Fruits
Azadirachta indica Leaves & Fruits
Skin ProblemSkin ProblemSkin ProblemSkin Problem Aloe vera Leaves
Azadirachta indica Leaves & Fruits
Curcuma longa Rhizome
Cuts & WoundsCuts & WoundsCuts & WoundsCuts & Wounds Cynodon Dactylon Whole Plant
Tagetis patula Leaves
Azadirachta indica Leaves
ImmunityImmunityImmunityImmunity Asparagus racemosus Root Powder
Withania Somnifera Root Powder
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Table II
Gradually depleting Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Scientific name Common name Causes of Depletion
___________________________________________________________________________
*1.Acacia arobica Babul Natural & Biotic
*2.Adhatoda vasica Vasaka Natural & Biotic
*3.Aegle marmelos Bel Biotic
*4.Allium cepa Onion Biotic
*5. Allium sativum Garlic Biotic
*6.Aloe vera GritaKumari Natural
*7.Alstonia scholaris Chatim Biotic
*8. Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh Natural
*9.Asperagus racemosus Satamuli Biotic*10.Azadirachta indica Neem Biotic
*11.Bacopa monnieri Brahmi Natural
*12.Boerhaavia diffusa Punarnova Natural
*13.Bryophyllum calycinum Patharkuchi Natural
*14.Catharanthus roseus Nayantara Natural & Biotic
*15.Centella asiatica Thankuni Natural & Biotic*16.Cissus quandrangularis Harjora Biotic
*17.Clerodendron infortunatum Ghetu Biotic
*18.Curcuma longa Halud Biotic
*19.Cymbopogon flexuosus Lemon grass Natural & Biotic
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*20.Dolichos biflorus Kulatta kalai Biotic
*21.Eupatorium triplinerve Ayapana Natural
*22.Gloriosa superba Ulotchandal Natural*23. Gymnema sylvestris Gudmar Natural & Biotic
*24.Holarrhena antidysentrica Kurchi Biotic
*25.Hygrophila spinosa Kulekhara Natural & Biotic
*26. Justicia rubra Bisallakarani Biotic
*27. Mentha piperita Pudina Natural
*28.Mimosops elangi Bakul Biotic*29.Mimosa pudica Lajjabati Natural & Biotic
*30.Nelumbo nucifera Padma Natural & Biotic
*31.Ocimum sanctum Radhatulsi Natural & Biotic
*32.Phyllanthus embelica Amlaki Biotic
*33.Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpagandha Natural & Biotic
*34.Saraka indica Ashok Biotic
*35.Terminalia arjuna Arjun Biotic
*36.Tinospora cordifolia Gulancha Natural & Biotic
*37.Tylophora indica Anantamul Natural & Biotic
*38.Vitex negunda Nishinda Biotic
*39.Wedelia calendula Keshraj Natural & Biotic*40.Withania somnifera Aswagandha Natural & Biotic
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Table III
Agro-technology of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants for proper conservation & Cultivation (in brief)
Aromatic Plants
Name Habit Soil Propagation Time of
plan
ting
&
spa
cing
Fertilizer Harvesting
Time
Main
Chemi
cals
Net Profit
(Rs./
ha)
& Parts
used
Cymbopogon flexuosusvar.OD-19(Ita-1)
(Lemon Grass)
Perennialarom
atic
grass
Well drainedsandy
loam
Seeds or rootedslips
Rainyseas
on
60cm x
60c
m
Composed-120q/ha.
NPK- 60:50:40
Kg/ha
4 cuttingsfrom
2nd year
onward
s upto 5
yr.
Citral (75-90%)
45,000/-(Leaves)
Cymbopogon winterianus
var.Manjusha
(Citronella)
Perennial
arom
atic
grass
Light loamy
soil or
sandy
soil
Rooted slips Rainy
seas
on
60cm x
60c
m
Vermi
Compos
ed-
150q/ha.
NPK-
150:60:6
0 kg/ha
4 cuttings
from
2nd year
onward
s upto 5
yr.
Geraniol
(90%)
&
Cironel
lal (35-
45%)
40,000/-
(Leaves)
Mentha piperita
(Pudina/Pepermint)
Perennial
arom
atic
crop
Light
calcare
ous or
deep
richloams
Suckers &
stolons
Winter
seas
on
50cm x
50cm
Composed-
100q/ha.
NPK-
100:60:5
0 Kg/ha
2 cuttings in 6
months
Menthol (50-
55%)
30,000/-
(Leaves)
Ocimum basilicum
(Sweet Basil)
Erect
peren
nial
under
-
shrub
Well drained
rich
loamy
with
alkalin
e-
acidicsoil.
Seeds Rainy
seas
on
60cm x
60c
m
Composed-
120q/ha.
NPK-
120:60:4
0 Kg/ha
Full bloom
stage
then 2
months
interval
s
Linalool (50-
60%)
80,000/-
(Leaves)
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Medicinal Plants
Name Habit Soil Propagation Time of plan
ting
&
spac
ing
Fertilizer HarvestingTime MainChe
mica
ls
Net Profit(Rs./
ha)
& Parts
used
Andrographis paniculata
(Kalmegh)
Erect annual
herb
Clayey to
sandy
soil
Seeds or
cutting
s
June-July.
30c
m x
15cm
Composed-
30 q/ha.
NPK-
30:20:10
Kg/ha
Just before
flow
ering
stage
Kalmeghin,
And
rogr
aphin &
Pani
colin
60,000/-
(Leaves)
Adhatoda vasica (Vasaka) Erect
peren
nial
under
shrub
Moist sandy
&
alluvia
l
Steam
cutting
s
Rainy
seas
on
1mx
1m
Bone dust-
50q/h
a.
NPK-
50:30:20/h
a
After 6
mont
hs
Quinozole
Vaci
colin
,Adh
atodi
ne,
etc.
50,000/-
(Leaves)
Centella asiatica (Thankuni) Prostrate
peren
nial
creepi
ng
herb
Natural moist
soil
Rooted node
cutting
s
Rainy
seas
on
20cm x
20c
m
Vermi
Comp
osed-
30q/h
a.
3-4 harvests
per
year
Glucoside-
asiat
icosi
de &
Asia
tic
asid
30,000/-
(Leaves)
Catharanthus rosesus
(Periwinkle)
Erect
peren
nial
herb
High alkaline
loamy
soil
Seeds &
steam
cutting
s
Rainy
seas
on
60c
mx
60cm
Composed-
50q/h
a.
NPK-
50:30
:20kg/ha
After 10-12
mont
hs
Alkaloids
Vinb
lasti
ne &
Vinc
ristine
75,000/-
(Roots &
Leav
es)
Table - IV
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Results of Growth andDevelopmental Physiology
in relation to the synthesis ofEssential oils and Economics
of cultivation of Aromatic
Grasses in Gangetic Bengal
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Table - V
Effect of effective treatments on leaf formation, dry weight accEffect of effective treatments on leaf formation, dry weight accumulation andumulation and
essential oil formation in lemon grass andessential oil formation in lemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa during vegetative phase.during vegetative phase.
In the table, analysis of growth behaviour and E.oil formation of the plants clearly revealed
that max. rates of extension growth, leaf formation and dry wt. accum. remained
associated with the max. rate of formation of E.oil. It has been also observed that the most
effective treatments of fertilizer, photoperiod and GA3 increased the growth behaviour
thereby increasing the E.oil formation. Max. effect was noted in N1P1K1 treatment.
% increase (+) or decrease (-) over control
Treatments Leaf formation Dry wt. accumulation Essential oil formation
CF CM CF CM CF CM
N1P1K1 +25 +40 +15 +14 +16 +25
LD-20 PIC +12 +26 +06 +07 +10 +13
SD-20 PIC -02 -22 -02 -03 -01 -08
GA3-50g/ml +08 +16 +04 +05 +07 +09
CF : C. flexuosus, CM : C. martini, N1 = 60 kg/ha., P1 = 50 kg/ha., K1 = 30 kg/ha.,
PIC = Photo Inductive Cycle.
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Table - VI
Duration of developmental phases and corresponding essential oilDuration of developmental phases and corresponding essential oil
formation in different treatments in lemon grass andformation in different treatments in lemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa..
Our results have clearly established a very definitive role of reproductive period on essential oil
formation and the data of fertilizer, photoperiod and gibberellin treatments have lucidly exposed to
a more congenial internal environment during reproductive growth for an augmented production
of essential oil per unit amount of laminar tissue.
CF : C. flexuosus, CM : C. martini, N1 = 60 kg/ha., P1 = 50 kg/ha., K1 = 30 kg/ha.,
PIC = Photo Inductive Cycle, --- no flower formation.
Treatments Duration (days) of phases E. Oil (gm./100 gm) content
Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reproductive
CF CM CF CM CF CM CF CM
Control 105 75 45 60 0.30 0.36 0.36 0.40
N1P1K1 93 60 57 80 0.41 0.48 0.48 0.52
N1P1 95 62 55 73 0.38 0.46 0.46 0.52
N1K1 100 65 50 70 0.36 0.44 0.40 0.48
SD-10 PIC 100 80 50 50 0.31 0.32 0.37 0.36
LD-20 PIC --- 63 --- 67 --- 0.40 --- 0.45
GA3-50g/ml 117 65 38 65 0.34 0.38 0.39 0.43
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Table VII
Duration of senile phase and essential oil content in lemon grasDuration of senile phase and essential oil content in lemon grass ands and palmarosapalmarosa..
In the table, it has been noted that shorter the duration of senile phase higher is theessential oil content in the treated plants as compared to control. In NPK treated
plants the minimum duration of senile phase is closely associated with the maximum
essential oil content.
CF : C. flexuosus, CM : C. martini, N1 = 60 kg/ha., P1 = 50 kg/ha., K1 = 30 kg/ha.,
PIC = Photo Inductive Cycle.
Treatments Increase (+) or decrease (-) of senile
phase over control (days)
% increase (+) or decrease (-) of
essential oil content over control
C-flexuosus C. martini C-flexuosus C. martini
N1P1K1 -10 -10 +0.09 +0.08
N1P1 -06 -08 +0.07 +0.07
N1K1 -05 -05 +0.03 +0.03
LD-10 PIC +05 -05 +0.03 +0.03
GA3-50g/ml +05 -06 +0.05 +0.04
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Table - VIII
Synthesis of essential oil in relation to total nitrogen, solublSynthesis of essential oil in relation to total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and total carbohydratee nitrogen and total carbohydrate
formation in different treatments during developmental phases offormation in different treatments during developmental phases oflemon grass andlemon grass and palmapalma rosarosa..
Of the three Biochemical parameters, the increase of soluble Nitrogen and total Carbohydrate contents
could be said to remain associated with increased synthesis of E.oil during reproductive phase. It might be said
that increasing accum. of Carbohydrate, mainly derived from the accum. of Photosynthates, could serve as one ofthe ingredients to be channeled in to the formation of E.oil precursor.
Veg. : Vegetative Phase, Ref : Reproductive Phase.
Treatments % content during phases
Total nitrogen Soluble nitrogen Total Carbohyd Essential oil
Veg. Rep. Veg. Rep. Veg. Rep. Veg. Rep.
C-flexuosus
Control 2.36 2.26 0.80 1.26 2.41 3.03 0.30 0.36
N1P1K1 2.96 2.92 1.10 1.51 3.10 3.32 0.41 0.48
LD-20 PIC 2.48 2.49 0.81 1.36 2.58 3.15 0.36 0.40
GA3-50g/ml 2.50 2.45 0.84 1.30 2.44 3.08 0.34 0.39
C-martini
Control 2.44 2.28 0.90 1.30 2.28 3.16 0.36 0.40
N1P1K1 3.06 3.04 1.14 1.48 2.52 3.66 0.48 0.52
LD-20 PIC 2.68 2.52 0.98 1.40 2.40 3.40 0.40 0.45
GA3-50g/ml 2.56 2.35 0.92 1.35 2.32 3.28 0.38 0.43
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Table - IX
Formation of essential oil under varying effective treatments duFormation of essential oil under varying effective treatments during differentring differentdevelopmental phases of lemon grass anddevelopmental phases of lemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa..
In this table, it is observed that the total content of the E.oil per unit laminar tissue,
when examined separately during vegetative, reproductive, post reproductive and
senile phases, always appeared to be max. during reproductive phase and N1P1K1treatment showed max. content than the other treatments.
CF : C. flexuosus, CM : C. martini, N-only = Nitrogen 60kg/ha.
Optimum
treatments
Essential oil content (gm/100 gm fresh laminar tissue)
Vegetative Reproductive Post reproduct. Senile
CF CM CF CM CF CM CF CM
Control 0.30 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.30 0.38 0.25 0.32
N1P1K1 0.41 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.40 0.45 0.34 0.40
N-only 0.35 0.42 0.42 0.50 0.38 0.42 0.32 0.38
LD-20 PIC 0.31 0.45 0.40 0.48 0.36 0.43 0.30 0.38
GA3-50g/ml 0.34 0.38 0.39 0.46 0.34 0.42 0.30 0.36
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Table - X
CitralCitral andand GeraniolGeraniol content during different developmental phases ofcontent during different developmental phases oflemon grass andlemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa in different treatmentsin different treatments
While analysing citral & Geraniol contents in lemon grass & pamarosa oils during the
progress of developmental phases of the plants, it was revealed that the chemical
constituents attained its max. peak during reproductive phase of development. Max.
content was noted in N1P1K1 treatment.
C = Citral, G = Geraniol
Optimum
treatments
% Content during phases
Vegetative Reproductive Post reproduct. Senile
C G C G C G C G
Control 66.80 66.42 80.00 85.00 70.00 70.00 76.00 62.00
N1P1K1 72.50 70.00 88.80 90.00 78.80 80.32 80.00 70.00
LD-20 PIC 68.00 68.00 82.40 88.00 72.00 78.00 76.00 64.00
GA3-50g/ml 68.00 66.00 80.80 82.00 70.00 70.00 72.00 52.00
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Table XI
*Yield of green herbage and*Yield of green herbage and E.oilE.oil inin C.C. flexuosusflexuosus (CF) and(CF) and
C. martiniC. martini(CM) under varying optimum treatments(CM) under varying optimum treatments
Treatments Yield of herbage (quintal/hectare) Yield of E.oil (kg/hectare)
C-flexuosus C. martini C-flexuosus C. martini
Transplanted plants 250-300 200-250 110-120 100-110
N1P1K1 500-550 350-400 250-260 170-180
LD-20 PIC 300-350 250-300 130-140 110-120
* Average of 5 years (upto six cuttings in C-flexuosus and four cuttings in C. martini
Table XII
CF CM
Total cost of Cultivation including distillation (Rs.) 55000.00 45000.00
Total Return (Rs.) 110000.00 90000.00
Net Gain (Rs.)/ha. 55000.00 45000.00
Economics of cultivation of lemonEconomics of cultivation of lemon grass(CFgrass(CF) and) and
PalmarosaPalmarosa (CM) /hectare (Average of 5 years)(CM) /hectare (Average of 5 years)
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CONCLUSION1. About 400 plants which are available in the area are of medicinal value.2. About 80 MAPs are widely used by the local people to cure their common diseases.
3. About 40 MAPs which are depleting day to day have been recorded and these are conserved
in the Medicinal Plant Garden as Ex situ conservation.
4. Biotic pressure (including the over exploitation, excess cultivation of traditional crops,
unscientific collection by the suppliers and destruction of the plants for the development of
buildings i.e. urbanization) and Natural factors (including climatic change, drought, loss ofwater bodies etc) are the chief for the depletion and gradual loss of MAPs.
5. Specific requirements of agronomical input and also other requirements like physical and
chemical treatments for success in cultivation of the MAPs in the gangetic tract of West
Bengal.
6. Relation between weather condition of the area (bright sunshine, higher variation of
maximum & minimum temperature and humidity) and essential oil formation.7. Relation between growth and essential oil synthesis of the plants.
8. Definite role of reproductive phase for increased synthesis of essential oils & major
chemical constituents.
9. Morphological and Biochemical indexing of the essential oil formation.
10. Increased production of herbage yield and oil yield per hectare towards different optimum
treatments and net gain for cultivation of the plants would be attractive to the farmers toexploit the plants (specially the aromatic grasses) commercially in the area.
11. The aromatic-cum-medicinal plants may be exploited as non-traditional cash in the
Gangetic tract of West Bengal for the upliftment of rural economy.
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SUGGESTIONGovernment or private agencies should
take initiative and active interest in
1) Conservation, development and cultivation practices of important
medicinal and aromatic plants.
2) Expansion of the area under cultivation to meet the growing domestic as
well as export demand and reclamation of fallow land.3) Generation of quality planting material through the development of herbal
gardens and nurseries and using modern biotechnology.
4) Establishment of processing and distillation units in suitable places with
easy access for the rural people.
5) Expansion and dissemination of Agro Technology, as developed, to therural people and user agencies through local Panchayats and Block
Development Offices.
6) Establishment of training centres to train the rural people for the cultivation
of MAPs and extraction of essential oils of aromatic crops.
7) Establishment of Co-operative societies through which the raw products
developed by the rural people can be easily sold directly to the users.
8) Establishment of a coordinated network among the different segments
involved in the development of aromatic crops, especially the scientists, \
farmers, traders and the Government and non-Government organizations
for sustainable utilization of MAPs for the welfare of rural masses.
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Promotion of MAPs in the area has been done by organizing :
1. By organizing national symposium (NACMAP-05)
2. Local seminars & workshops.3. Training programmes in our institution and in a rural technology centre
for the sake of farmers and unemployed youths.
4. Awareness programme in Schools & Colleges to make the local people
aware about the importance of the conservation of MAPs in the area
and also make them interested to grow the crops as nontraditional cashcrops in their fallow land (not suitable for traditional rice cultivation)
with the agro technology developed in our institution, which will
ultimately enable them to earn extra money and enhance their job
opportunities
I owe my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. S. K. Chatterjee, Dr. C. M. Ghosh,
West Bengal, India and
Prof. Dr. Ch. Franz (Austria) and Dr. L.E. Craker (USA)
for sending invaluable massage for my promotional activities of MAPs
in the remote area for uplifting rural economy.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe Author is grateful to the following Scientists /
Organizations for their Help and Encouragement :
1.Prof. Dr. S. K. Chatterjee (Ex. Prof. and Head Deptt. of Botany, B.U.,
Director and other med. Plants, Govt. of West Bengal ; M.D., W.B.
Pharmaceutical & Phyto Chemical Development Corp Ltd. India).
2.Prof. Dr. Ch. Franz, Director, Institute of Applied Botany and FoodScience, Vienna, Austria & Vice-President, ICMAP.
3.Dr. S. Sahoo, Scientist, R.R.L., Bhubaneswar, India.
4.Dr. D. D. Patra, Scientist, CIMAP, Lucknow, India
5.Dr. Chintamoni Ghosh, Director, State Medicinal Plants Board, W.B.,
6.U.G.C., New Delhi, India.
7.D.S.T., Govt. of West Bengal,India
8.Department of Agri Horticulture Society of India, Kolkata
9.Principal, B.N. Mahavidyalaya, Itachuna, Hooghly, W.B., India for
providing the research plots and necessary laboratory facilities.10.Director, Rural Technology centre, Burdwan University, India.
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LET US TAKE A QUICK LOOK AT THE PHOTOGRAPHSLET US TAKE A QUICK LOOK AT THE PHOTOGRAPHS
Lemon Grass
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Lemongrass Field
Palmarosa(high yielding var.)
Palmarosa Field
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Citronella OcimumMenthaLemon Grass
Centella CatharanthusAndrographis AdhatodaAdhatoda
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Research Lab. Extraction
With Dr. Kubeckza
(Germany) With Dr. Franz(Vienna)
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THAILAND
WOCMAP-III
WITH DR. HEYWOOD(THAILAND)
WOCMAP -III
WITH EOAI SECRETARY
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WITH DR. KHANJUJA
CIMAP WITH EOAI PRECIDENT
WITH DR. S.K. CHATTERJEENACMAP- 2005
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WOCMAP- IV (CAPETOWN)
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Work Shop
Training Programme Consultancy
With Dr. S.K. Chatterkee
Principal Speaker
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In conclusion, it is worth mentioning thatthe urgent need of the hour is the sincerecooperation and coordination among
scientists, policy makers, traders and farmersinstrumental for the successful promotionand development of medicinal and aromatic
plants in a particular agroclimatic regionwith appropriate agrotechnology fulfillingthe needs of domestic as well as exportdemand of herbal products on one hand andreclamation of wasteland thereby upliftingrural economy on the other.
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THANK YOU