T THHUUSS WWRROOTTEE … Sentences 69 94 Vocabulary 70 Exercises 71 9 Second Tenses 73 95–99...

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Page i T T H H U U S S W W R R O O T T E E O O N N C C H H S S H H E E S S H H O O N N Q Q Y Y AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF DEMOTIC JANET H. JOHNSON THIRD EDITION THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION No. 45 CHICAGO ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu

Transcript of T THHUUSS WWRROOTTEE … Sentences 69 94 Vocabulary 70 Exercises 71 9 Second Tenses 73 95–99...

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TTHHUUSS WWRROOTTEE ™™OONNCCHHSSHHEESSHHOONNQQYY

AAAANNNN IIIINNNNTTTTRRRROOOODDDDUUUUCCCCTTTTOOOORRRRYYYY GGGGRRRRAAAAMMMMMMMMAAAARRRR OOOOFFFF DDDDEEEEMMMMOOOOTTTTIIIICCCC

JJJJAAAANNNNEEEETTTT HHHH.... JJJJOOOOHHHHNNNNSSSSOOOONNNN

TTTTHHHHIIIIRRRRDDDD EEEEDDDDIIIITTTTIIIIOOOONNNN

THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION • No. 45

CHICAGO • ILLINOIS

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-66151ISBN: 0-918986-76-1

ISSN: 0081-7554The Oriental Institute, Chicago

© 1986, 1991, 2000 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.Published 2000. United States of America.

Second Edition Revised 1991

Third Edition 2000

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TABLE OF CONTENTSLESSON CONTENTS PAGE PARAGRAPH

1 Introduction 1 1–4Alphabet 2 5–8Sentence Types 6 9–10Definitions 7 11

2 Nouns 9 12–15Articles 12 16–18Genitive 14 19Independent Pronouns 14 20Interrogative Pronouns 15 21Nominal Sentences 15 22–25Exercises 18

3 Sd ≤m––––f 19 26–33Passive 21 34Suffix Pronouns 22 35–37Dependent Pronouns 23 38–40Vocabulary 24Exercises 24

4 Adverbs 27 41Prepositions 28 42–43Prepositional Phrases 32 44Exercises 32

5 Infinitives 35 45Qualitatives 35 46–48Present Tense 37 49–51Proclitic Pronouns 39 52Future Tense 39 53Vocabulary 41Exercises 42

6 Adjectives 43 54–59Sd ≤m––––f of Adjective Verbs 47 60–61Demonstratives 48 62Possessives 49 63–66Exercises 51

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LESSON CONTENTS PAGE PARAGRAPH

7 Imperative 53 67Optative 53 68Questions 54 69Proper Names 55 70–71Numbers 56 72–74Conjunctions and Interjections 58 75Vocabulary 59Exercises 60

8 Converters 61 76Circumstantials 61 77–82Relatives 64 83–93Cleft Sentences 69 94Vocabulary 70Exercises 71

9 Second Tenses 73 95–99Imperfect 75 100–02Vocabulary 78Exercises 79

10 Clause Conjugations 81 103Terminative 81 104Temporal 81 105Conditional 81 106–10Infinitive or Sd ≤m––––f as Object of a Verb 83 111–12Finalis 84 113Purpose Clauses 85 114Conjunctive 85 115–16Vocabulary 86Exercises 87

11 Negatives 89 117Present Tense 89 118–20Other Main Clauses 91 121–27Clause Conjugations 94 128Historical Development 94 129Exercises 96

IndexesDemotic Index 99Index to Passages Cited 109English Index 113

Bibliography 123

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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

This grammar is intended solely as a teaching aid. It does not intend to be areference grammar for Demotic as a whole or even for the text of ™Onchsheshonqy fromwhich the vast majority of the examples are taken. The examples are presented in as"clean" a form as possible in order to aid recognition by the beginning student.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank numerous people who have helped,directly or indirectly, in the production of this volume. It is to George Hughes that I owe myfirst introduction to Demotic and my burgeoning interest in this stage of the Egyptianlanguage and the texts written in it. Without his constant encouragement, assistance andsupport, this volume would never have appeared. I would also like to thank severalcolleagues who have used earlier versions of this grammar in teaching introductory classesand who have passed along to me numerous valuable suggestions and corrections, many ofwhich they will see have been incorporated here. These include Robert Ritner, EugeneCruz-Uribe, Mark Smith, John Callender, and Sarah Groll. I would also like to thank theseveral years of Demotic students whose reactions to the earlier versions and whosesuggestions and criticisms helped produce the current form of the lessons. I am especiallygrateful to Robert Ritner and Richard Jasnow for help in the final editing and proof-readingof this manuscript and to Donald Whitcomb for his continuing encouragement and hiswillingness to act as a "sounding board." To all of these people I owe a major debt ofthanks; responsibility for the contents remains mine.

Chicago, IllinoisJuly 1986

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

This second edition has benefited from comments by many of the people who havetaught from it over the past five years, including Joseph Manning, Robert Ritner, DavidSilverman, W. J. Tait, Karl-Theodor Zauzich, and others. One entirely new example hasbeen added, leading to the renumbering of examples 55–65 as 56–66; very rarely the orderof two examples has been switched, leading to their renumbering. A few recent studieshave been added to the bibliography. Many thanks are due to Joseph Manning and John S.Nolan of the Chicago Demotic Dictionary staff and to Thomas A. Holland, Thomas Urban,and Richard Schoen of the Oriental Institute Publications Office for help in final editing andproof-reading of the manuscript. Especial thanks go to Donald Whitcomb for his continuingprodding to finish this second edition.

The text has been reset using Microsoft Word on a Macintosh IIcx. The laserhieroglyphic font was developed by Cleo Huggins and Dexter Sear; I am especiallyappreciative of their willingness to "flip" the entire font for right-to-left printing. The scans of™Onchsheshonqy were done on an Apple Scanner; the text was printed on a LaserMAX1200.

Chicago, IllinoisJuly 1991

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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

This third edition has once again benefited from comments and corrections providedby many individuals. I am especially grateful to Robert Ritner and Karl-Theodor Zauzich forcatching typos and identifying scans that needed to be corrected. Many thanks are dueThomas Urban of the Oriental Institute Publications Office, who prepared this electronicversion and expertly incorporated the many corrigenda, and to John Sanders, who createdthe homepage and uploaded the files on to the Institute’s server.

The publication of this teaching grammar in electronic format is another step for theOriental Institute as it explores the Internet as an alternate method to disseminate theresults and tools of its research; significant in this regard is that the sum of the electronicfiles comprises a book in one of the Oriental Institute's series. The electronic version of themanuscript closely follows the printed version. Fourteen files were created, one for thepreliminary pages (title page, table of contents, preface), one for each of the elevenlessons, one for the indices, and one for the bibliography. Aside from the one file thatcontains the preliminary pages, the other thirteen files recreate the printed version of thebook; indeed, if the manuscript were to be printed again, these files would be used to do so.The fourteen files were converted to PDF (portable document format) files on a Macintoshusing Adobe Acrobat 4.0.

When accessed on the Internet through a browser, the PDF files may not — atpresent — be searchable; however, when the PDF files are saved to the user’s computerand opened with Adobe Acrobat Reader, the files are searchable and pages from the filecan be exported as EPS files, which can be opened, and the graphics thereon manipulatedwith a graphics application such as Adobe Photoshop.

Chicago, IllinoisSeptember 2000

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 11INTRODUCTION

¶1 Demotic is the name applied to both a script and a stage in the development ofthe Egyptian language. The stage of the language called Demotic shows affinitieswith both Late Egyptian, its predecessor, and Coptic, its successor. It waspresumably much closer to the spoken language, especially when it first came intouse, than was the archaic "classical" language preserved in religious texts andhieroglyphic inscriptions. The Demotic script is the most cursive one developed bythe Egyptians. It was first used under Psammetichus I (ca. 650 B.C.), early in theTwenty-sixth, or Saite, Dynasty. By the end of that dynasty, Demotic had become thestandard script for business and everyday affairs. By the Ptolemaic period Demoticwas also the script in which literary compositions were written. The latest Demoticinscription, from Philae, dates from the middle of the fifth century of our era. Duringthis 1,000-year time span Demotic was not a unity. There were differences, oftenminor but still evident, in script, vocabulary, morphology, and/or syntax betweendifferent geographical sections of the country, between different chronologicalperiods (Demotic is usually subdivided into three time periods: early [Saite andPersian], Ptolemaic, and Roman), and between different types of texts. Among thelatter are business and legal documents, private letters, religious, scientific, andmedical and magical texts, mummy tags, funerary and administrative stelae (e.g., theso-called "trilingual" decrees), and literary texts, including both wisdom texts andstories. Even within these subdivisions, the script varies noticeably from scribe toscribe, as with modern handwriting.

¶2 The basic reference works are Demotische Grammatik, by Wilhelm Spiegelberg(1925), and Demotisches Glossar, by W. Erichsen (1954); a supplement to the latterwill appear through the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. These lessons areintended to give a person with some knowledge of Late Egyptian and Coptic anintroduction to Demotic, including basic knowledge of Demotic grammar and anintroduction to the script. They are based on the Ptolemaic period manuscript of the"Instructions of ™Onchsheshonqy" (P. British Museum 10508), published by S. R. K.Glanville (1955), because the script is fairly clear and legible and because the textinvolves both straight historical narrative passages and "literary" passages (i.e., thecollection of aphorisms constituting the actual instructions).1 The grammaticalsummary presented here is limited to the basic elements. Minor details andexceptions are ignored. The student should consult Spiegelberg's Demotische

Grammatik for such. Obviously the student must continue after this brief introductionto familiarize himself with the other handwritings and with other types of texts,especially the large corpus of legal texts.

1There are several important translations and studies of ™Onchsheshonqy; see the bibliography.™Onchsheshonqy was also one of the four basic texts on which Johnson's study (1976) of the Demoticverbal system was based.

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¶3 The Demotic script is an abbreviated development of hieratic; like hieratic, it waswritten exclusively from right to left. The script in early Demotic texts can often betranscribed into the hieratic from which the Demotic developed (e.g., §§§§¶¶¶¶ < •ª < |Õrsy 'south'). But by the Ptolemaic period the Demotic script was developing on itsown, and the attempt to assign hieratic, and from the hieratic hieroglyphic,equivalents of words produces numerous artificial hieratic and hieroglyphic forms.Thus these lessons concentrate on the Demotic script itself, rather than on any realor hypothetical origin or contemporary hieroglyphic equivalent.

¶4 Demotic not only contained both phonetic signs and determinatives, but inaddition many of the signs were ligatures of two or more such signs. Thus, evenmore than in earlier stages of the language, words were learned as units by theEgyptian scribe and must be so learned by the modern student. Every scribe hadquite distinctive handwriting and there may be major differences between the waystwo different scribes wrote the same sign. In these lessons the student will beexposed to just one system, that of the scribe of ™Onchsheshonqy, so that he canconcentrate on grammar. After this, the major problem which remains in Demotic is tolearn to read all the various scripts and handwritings.

ALPHABET

¶5 Roman period texts used more "alphabetic" spellings than did the texts from theearlier periods. At all periods, however, the "alphabetic" signs were used; they shouldbe memorized immediately. Note that some letters have different forms when used asthe first letter in a word (initial) than when used elsewhere in the word (medial, final).Note also the three new transliterations used in Demotic: ©©©© < ÷à ©; †††† < ∆i †; ¡¡¡¡ < t∆ e.2

DEMOTIC DERIVATION REMARKS

£ #### U never word-initial

aaaa rarely word-final

¡ !!!! or |||| ∆ word initial only; internal ¡ is ¥¥¥¥

e ¡¡¡¡ t∆ prothetic ¡ or internal e; early Demotic """"!!!! = ¡

™ ÈÈÈÈ ò usually with horizontal signs

åååå or 2222 ¿ò usually with vertical signs

y ¥¥¥¥ t∆∆

2To be distinguished from grammatical ¡¡¡¡ used in various tense auxiliaries and as the circumstantialconverter; this grammatical form is transliterated ¡w. Note that the Demotic forms given in the chart(and all forms throughout these lessons given in "type" rather than scan) are standardized forms only.

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¶5 Alphabet (cont.)

DEMOTIC DERIVATION REMARKS

w ◊◊◊◊ É initial, consonantal

∂∂∂∂ w medial or final

| as 3 pl. suffix pn. and plural indicator with nouns

b ¢¢¢¢ t no distinction in usage

BBBB tØ sometimes ligatured (e.g., b™y 'to rage', p. 24)

p ππππ é generally early

iiii note ∏∏∏∏ with space filler dot

f gggg ° head on line

also ƒƒƒƒ with space filler dot, head above line

m ˜ or mmmm g no distinction in usage

n ---- or 0000 C often unwritten as preposition (< m) or genitive;also used alphabetically

8888 Ctµ normal form when not above or below another sign;

never for preposition or genitive

r ssss or á á for ™, prothetic ¡, preposition r

∆∆∆∆ or §§§§ t∆ same usage

LLLL Ã normal form of consonant

l llll »Ã Erichsen (1954), Demotisches Glossar, separatesr and l words; one has to look under both spellingsunless the word is Fayumic

h hhhh O often confused with ˙

˙ ....$» ∑ no distinction in usage

µµµµ2¿ note also ÓÓÓÓ with space filler dot

####

|||| in ––––|||| < Cò ê ˙n™

≈ >>>> ÷ or Ï (S, A2, F); ¯ or Ï (B); Ú (A)

© ©©©© ÷Ã Ï (S, A2, F, B); Ú (A)

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¶5 Alphabet (cont.)

DEMOTIC DERIVATION REMARKS

h ≤ ≤≤≤≤ @ above or below another sign

≈≈≈≈ ¡ normal alphabetic form: (S, A2, L); ¯ (B); Ú (A)

s ˘ À most common

SSSS <»Ê especially in names, Greek words;not word-initial in Egyptian words

ÍÍÍÍ m under another sign

cccc over another sign

CCCC or '''' or tttt tà as 3 f. s. suffix pn., 3 m. and f. s. dependent pn.

ß xxxx or ææææ Ω more common

ÆÆÆÆ F over or under another sign

q QQQQ or qqqq =

k kkkk or œœœœ ì often under line, especially as 2 m. s. suffix pn.

ŒŒŒŒ »è for old k£; often for q in late texts

g GGGG or ;;;; ® much confusion among q-k-g

t 3333 or DDDD ∑ often for historical d

¢¢¢¢ ô less frequent

d «««« C∑ n + t > d in foreign words

† †††† or ‰‰‰‰ or »»»» ∆i sometimes for historical t Ò; especially common inpronominal form of nouns, including infinitives

t Ò ZZZZ ®ú the verb tÒ 'to take'; occasionally as phonetic

d≤ :::: or BBBB d or Ud no distinction in usage; sometimes for historical t Ò

UUUU ¢ rare

EEEE in d ≤ 'to say'

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¶6 Determinatives which were used commonly should also be learned quickly. Thefollowing occur several times in the vocabulary presented in the early lessons:

DEMOTIC HIEROGLYPH DEMOTIC HIEROGLYPH

ÎÎÎÎ [ dddd ©PPPP »L yyyy !<<<< ¿ 4444 S

§§§§ »% or »| uuuu or ¯ ´˘ " YYYY µ

eeee … JJJJ ∑

oooo or ==== | or . jjjj ú

'''' E» 5

See Ola el-Aguizy (1998), A Palaeographical Study of Demotic Papyri in the Cairo

Museum from the Reign of King Taharka to the End of the Ptolemaic Period.

¶7 A word on transliteration. The system adopted by Demotists at the InternationalCongress of Egyptologists in 1979 is intended to record within a consistent, albeitartificial, system what the Demotic scribe actually wrote. It is based on the trans-literation of earlier periods of the Egyptian language, especially Middle Egyptian.Those signs used historically, indicating simply that the same sign occurred in earlierspellings of the word, are transliterated historically (e.g., sd ≤m 'to hear'). Those wordsor those parts of words written with alphabetic (uniliteral) signs are transliteratedletter for letter into the modern alphabet. But most Demotic words were written whollyor partially with ligatures. These ligatures cannot be broken down into simple combi-nations of Demotic signs but derive from earlier, less cursive, scripts where theelements are not ligatured. Such ligatures are transliterated historically, the way thecorresponding Middle Egyptian word or word-part is transliterated, except that thephonetic inventory used is that identified within the Demotic alphabetic signs (e.g., dis not distinguished from t, although t Ò and d ≤ are; e.g., mt.t < md.t 'thing' but d ≤r.t'hand'). When a scribe combined alphabetic signs with ligatures, the evidence of thealphabetic signs is given precedence over the ligatures (e.g., s† < st Ò£ 'to turn [away]').A section on transliteration is included in the bibliography because of the number ofrecent discussions concerning this subject.

¶8 Certain punctuation conventions are used. If, in a word, any part of the word,excluding phonetic complements but including the feminine t and plural stroke, iswritten after the determinative, a dot is used to indicate the position of thedeterminative (e.g., s† 'to turn [away]' but d ≤r.†––––f 'his hand'). Despite the fact that theplural stroke is written after the feminine t, this combination is transliterated .wt.Diagonal parallel lines are used to connect a suffix pronoun to the preceding

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pronominal form on which it depends (be it a verb, noun, or preposition [e.g., d ≤r.†––––f

'his hand']). Compounds are connected by a hyphen, as are such grammaticalelements as the r of the past tense relative clause.

SENTENCE TYPES

¶9 There were at most two basic sentence types in Demotic: "nominal" sentences,in which both the "subject" and "predicate" are nominals (nouns, pronouns, nounphrases or clauses), and "verbal" sentences. The rules for word order in nominalsentences will be discussed in lesson 2. In verbal sentences the following word orderis always found (elements in parentheses are optional):

(SM) verb nominalsubject (nominalobject) (adverb[ial][s])

A sentence marker (SM) was an optional particle affecting the meaning or thesyntactical status of the entire following clause (e.g., marking a clause ascircumstantial). The optional adverbials could range from simple adverbs throughprepositional phrases (including the indirect object) to complete subordinate clauses(e.g., indicating time, purpose, etc.). Transitive verbs might have a direct object;intransitive verbs, by definition, could not. The combination verb plus nominal subjectconstitutes what is called a sd ≤m––––f. There were, presumably, morphologicaldifferences between different tenses of sd≤m––––fs although such differences appear inthe writing extremely rarely. The other elements which one tends to think of as verbs,i.e., the infinitive and qualitative (or, old perfective), are not actually verbal forms. Theinfinitive was a noun form and might be used anywhere a noun may be used. Thequalitative was actually an adverbial form of the verb which might be used only inpresent tense sentences.

¶10 If the verb in the main clause was the verb "to be," this verb was written in thosepresent tense sentences with an indefinite noun subject (including sentences statingexistence) (see E1,3 E2) and in all past tense sentences (E3). However, in all futuretense sentences and those present tense sentences whose subject was somenominal other than an indefinite noun, the verb "to be" was not actually written in thesentence (E4, E5). In all of these cases except "existence clauses" (E1), there wasan infinitive (derived historically from preposition plus infinitive and therefore capableof filling the adverbial position), a qualitative, a prepositional phrase, or a "pure"adverb in the adverbial position in the sentence which, with the omission of the verb"to be," appears to be the predicate (E2, the qualitative mw† 'is dead'; E4, the prepo-sition r plus infinitive sd ≤m 'will hear'; E5, the qualitative mw† 'is dead'). Suchsentences have traditionally been called sentences with "adverbial predicates" but,since they otherwise follow all the rules for verbal sentences and because theycannot be divorced from those present and past tense sentences where the verb "tobe" is written (E2 and E3), they must actually be seen as a subset of verbal

3E stands for "example"; the * marks artificial examples composed to illustrate a point.

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sentences. Discussion of all types of verbal sentences, and numerous examples, willbe found in the following lessons.

E1: *wn w™ rmtÒ 'A man exists/there is a man.'

E2: *wn w™ rmt Ò mw† 'A man is dead.'

E3: *wn-n£w p£ rmt Ò n p£ ™(.wy) 'The man was in the house.'(wn-n£w is the past tense form of the verb "to be")

E4: *¡w p£ rmt Ò r sd ≤m n£y––––y mt.wt 'The man will hear my words.'

E5: *p£ rmt Ò mw† 'The man is dead.'

DEFINITIONS

¶11 The following terms will be used in these lessons:

Determiner: definite, indefinite, demonstrative, or possessive articlesuffix pronoundirect genitive"definite" nb 'all, every'

N.B. Noun + nb has two possible meanings:

1) "definite," in which case nb corresponds to English 'all,every' and is frequently reinforced with d ≤r–––– 'all, every' (onwhich, see below, ¶56 and E85–86)

2) "indefinite," in which case nb corresponds to English 'any'and is frequently reinforced with n p£ t£ 'at all' (lit., 'of theearth') (see, e.g., E117, ¶69)

Undefined/undetermined: a simple noun without any determiner

Indefinite: an undefined noun or a noun with the indefinite article or indefinite nb

Defined/determined: a noun with any determiner

Definite: a noun with any determiner other than the indefinite article

Pronominal: form of a noun, infinitive, or preposition to which a suffix pronoun isattached

Construct: form of a noun, infinitive, or preposition to which a(nother) noun is suffixed

Absolute: form of a noun, infinitive, or preposition to which neither a suffix pronounnor a(nother) noun is suffixed

N.B. In citing paradigms, the forms given in square brackets do not occur in ™Onch-sheshonqy; a standardized form has been supplied by comparison with othertexts.

N.B. The orthography of all vocabulary items given is that of ™Onchsheshonqy. In afew cases where a very common word is written in an unusual form in ™Onch-sheshonqy, a more common writing of the word is given in brackets, for futurereference.

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N.B. All citations of phrases, clauses, and sentences in lessons 2–11 are takenfrom ™Onchsheshonqy unless otherwise noted; all are accompanied by acolumn and line reference where the example may be found. If there is morethan one example of the phrase or clause in question, only one column andline reference is given. The original text of ™Onchsheshonqy has sufferedsome damage. There are occasional holes; more frequently, bits of ink haveflaked off the papyrus, leaving behind a gap or traces which are misleading.Since it is more difficult for the beginning student to learn from broken ordamaged words or passages, even when marked as such by brackets, theactual Demotic presented in these lessons is frequently a composite takenfrom several places in the text where the same word or phrase occurs;4

brackets are omitted from composites.

4Because of the desire to have the Demotic reflect the actual orthography of ™Onchsheshonqy,only the most difficult to read examples have been retouched.

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 22

NOUNS

¶12 Masculine nouns had no special ending; e.g.,

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

¡† father w™b priest

ntÒr god hy husband

nkt thing, property tmy town(< dm¡)

b£k servant b£k work

sn brother rmtÒ man

˙ry superior [ „„„„ ] ßr son

[ PPPP ] pr 1 house ™(.wy) house

¶13 Feminine nouns usually ended in a final 3333 t after the determinative. This t isgraphic only; it was never pronounced. Its residue was a final short vowel at the endof many feminine words. Some scribes regularly indicated this final short vowel bywriting ,,,, or ¡¡¡¡ (transliterated £ and e by convention); e.g.,

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

wp.t work b£k.t servant

[ „„„„HHHH ] ˙m.t wife [ 3333„„„„ ] ßr.t daughter

[ ÛÛÛÛ or ËËËË ] mw.t mother [”””” ] s˙m.t woman

rnp.(t) 2 year

1The word pr 'house' was of very limited usage; the normal word for 'house' in Demotic was ™(.wy).2Since the t was not actually written, it is transliterated in parentheses to show that the word is

feminine.

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¶14 The plural mark | .w is written after the determinative and after the feminine .t.But although this w is written at the very end of the word, it should be given in thetransliteration after the dot (.) marking the determinative but before the feminine t .

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

™(.wy).w houses b£k.w servants

w™b.w priests rmtÒ.w men

[||||††††„„„„ ] h≤r†.w 3 children sn.w brothers

ßmw.wt in-laws

¶15 There were numerous compound nouns in Demotic; many include one of thefollowing:

1) rmt Ò (n) (lit., 'man of'). Note that in combinations such as ®®®®rrrr rmt Ò r≈ 'wise man'(19/8) the r≈ may derive historically from a participle.4

E6:22/15

rmtÒ n tmy 'local (man)'

2) s (n) [ ßßßß ] (lit., 'man of')

E8:22/4

s n nb 'gold dealer' (or, 'goldsmith')

3Used as the plural of ßr 'son' and ßr.t 'daughter'.4Note also that the compound rmt Ò r≈ might be used as an adjective, meaning 'wise', and might,

in such cases, modify feminine nouns.

E7: 18/9

s˙m.t rmtÒ(.t) r≈.t 'wise woman'

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Lesson 2

3) ¡ry (n) (lit., 'companion of')

E9:8/12

¡ry-d≤d≤y 'enemy' (lit., 'companion of fighting')

4) mt.t (< md.t ) (lit., 'thing, word, speech'). Mt.t might be used with a followingadjective

E10:12/6

mt.t bn.t 'evil'

E11:4/10

mt.(t) nfr.t 'good'

or with a following noun.

E12:5/5

mt.t m£™.t 'truth'

E13:16/16

mt.t Pr-™£ 'affair of state' (lit., 'business of Pharaoh')

5) mr (< ¡my-r ) [ ÈÈÈÈ ] (lit., 'overseer')

E14:2/14

mr-mß™.w 'generals'

E15:24/11

mr-ßn 'chief inspector (in temple), ∫™fiÍê¬∂›'

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Lesson 2

6) ˙w.t [ PPPPHHHH ] (lit., 'house')

E16:8/18

˙w.t-ntÒr 'temple'

N.B. The word tttt¡¡¡¡∂∂∂∂±±±±≠≠≠≠ Pr-™£ 'Pharaoh, king' (the last three strokes of which derivefrom ™n≈, wd ≤£, snb but are treated as part of the noun) was historically acompound, also.

ARTICLES

¶16 The definite article was written pppp p£ (m. s.), tttt t£ (f. s.), tttt n£ (pl.). Many earlyscribes wrote the feminine article TTTT, the plural article NNNN , in order to distinguish them.Before geographic terms many scribes wrote the masculine article PPPP p(r). The nameof the sun-god always included the definite article: ∂∂∂∂§§§§pppp P£-r™ 'Pre'. The indefinitearticle was written wwww [WWWW ] w™ (m. s.), „„„„ w™.t (f. s.), [ ||||<<<<8888 ¥¥¥¥hhhh ] hyn.w (pl.).

¶17 The definite article was used when the reference being made was to a specific,unique individual, object, or item. When the scribe did not need to point out thespecific individual, object, or item to which reference was being made, the indefinitearticle might be used. Many texts, however, did not use an indefinite article; use ofthe plural indefinite article was quite rare. With a "mass" noun (a concept, property,non-discrete thing) or a noun being used "generically" (to refer to a category orclass, rather than a specific member of the category or class), either the definitearticle or no article might be used. The translation into English may use either thedefinite or indefinite article.

E17:13/8–9

t£ mw.t t£ nt ms t£ m¡.t t£ nt t¡ ¡ry

≈r t¡ rmtÒ nb ≈pr nkt rmtÒ r≈ p£ nt r≈ ™rd≤–f

The/A mother is the one who gives birth;the/a road is that which gives a companion.All men acquire property;the/a wise man is the one who knows how to conserve it.

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Lesson 2

¶18 There are several places where no article was used in Demotic even if thereference was "definite," including

1) within compound nouns (see ¶15)

2) in many prepositional phrases

E18:12/9

ß™ d≤.t 'forever'

3) in compound verbs consisting of verb plus noun

E19:5/16

™n smy 'to report'

4) with nouns indicating a part of the body when followed by a direct genitive;e.g., *¡r† ™n≈-ßßnqy '™Onchsheshonqy's eye' and

E20:20/20

¡r†––––f 'his eye'

5) with names of materials; e.g., nb 'gold'

6) in expressions of time

E21:21/23

n gr˙ 'at night'

7) often after a negative (see lesson 11 for negatives).

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Lesson 2

GENITIVE

¶19 The indirect genitive used the genitive ---- n between the possessed noun andthe possessor noun; e.g., rmt Ò n tmy, s n nb (¶15, E6,8). The direct genitive omittedthis genitive n; e.g., ¡ry-d ≤d ≤y, ˙w.t-nt Òr (¶15, E9,16). Sometimes the omission mayhave been purely graphic; i.e., the n may have been included in the spoken versionof the phrase (e.g., Demotic wrote the word 'school' ™.t-sb£ but the Coptic form†¬fi≤¢™ shows that the n was actually pronounced). From the Middle Egyptiangenitive adjective n(y) + dependent pronoun sw indicating possession came theDemotic ???? ns 'belonging to', used especially in names. This form occurs in™Onchsheshonqy only in the plural, written ¿¿¿¿tttt÷÷÷÷ ¡(w––––)s.

E22:4/6–7

¡p––––w ¡tn tÒ-[ß]bt rmt≤ na-h≤-pr ¡(w––––)s Pr-™£ r-r––––f

A personal servant, a staff-bearer and a man of the householdwho belong to Pharaoh were assigned to him.

Several Demotic texts wrote singular ####÷÷÷÷ ¡(w––––)s for ns, presumably reflectingcontemporary pronunciation since personal names built on ns appeared in Greek asEs-, e.g., Esmin for Nsm¡n.

INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS

¶20 PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. ¡nk 1 pl. ¡nn [ ‡‡‡‡iiii¡¡¡¡ ]

2 m. s. mtwk [““““ ] 2 pl. mtwtn [ bbbb∫∫∫∫mmmm ]

2 f. s. mtwt [ 3333∫∫∫∫mmmm ]

3 m. s. mtwf

3 pl. mtww [ ∂∂∂∂∫∫∫∫mmmm ]

3 f. s. mtws [ ,,,,∫∫∫∫mmmm ]

Independent pronouns were used in nominal sentences (see below) and in cleftsentences (see lesson 8). They were occasionally used to indicate possession; e.g.,¡nk s 'It (dependent pronoun) is mine.' (P. Rylands IX, 8/2, see Griffith 1909). Notethat the independent pronoun indicated the possessor whereas, in expressionsusing the form ns (¶19), the noun following ns indicated the possessor.

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Lesson 2

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

¶21 Both ©©©©|||| ¡© and fifififi≥≥≥≥ nm meant either 'who?' or 'what?'. They might be usedanywhere a noun might be used and were simply written in the appropriate nominalposition in the sentence.

E23:27/19

™ß–k n nm5 ˙r p£ t˙£

'To whom5 will you call on account of bitterness?'

Note the construction ¡© r-r–––– 'what kind of … ?' (with a following suffix pronoun).

E24:3/17

¡© rmtÒ r-¡r––––k p£y

'What (kind of) man is he to you?'

Interrogative pronouns were frequently used in cleft sentences, on which see lesson8.

NOMINAL SENTENCES

¶22 Nominal sentences are sentences in which both the "subject" and the"predicate" are nominals. If one of the two was a first or second person pronoun,singular or plural, the independent pronoun was used. It stood first in the sentenceand the other nominal was directly juxtaposed.

E25:16/23

¡nk p£y––––k6 sn 'I am your brother.'

¶23 If one of the two was a third person pronoun, the copula pronoun (m. ‘‘‘‘ p£y, f.’’’’ t£y, pl. ||||tttt n£y) was used. It followed and was directly juxtaposed to the othernominal, with which it agreed in number and gender.

E26:9/16

ßm p£y 'It is summer.'

5The interrogative nm is the object of the preposition n (see below, p. 28, ¶42).6For discussion of the possessive article, see below, ¶¶63–65.

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Lesson 2

E27:4/20

t£y––––k6 bty.t t£y 'It is your abomination.'

E28:25/5

n£ s≈ne.w n p£ ntÒr n£y 'It is the will of god.'

If the nominal with which the copula was used consisted of a noun plus a longmodifier, the copula might move in front of the modifier, immediately after the noun.Thus E28 could have been written *n£ s≈ne.w n£y n p£ ntÒr.

A nominal sentence consisting of a first or second person pronoun plus a thirdperson pronoun would have been written independent pronoun plus copula (cf.mtwf p£y 'It is he,' using an independent pronoun 3 m. s. plus copula [Magical v, 3/8,see Griffith and Thompson 1921]).

¶24 An interrogative pronoun used in a nominal sentence followed an independentpronoun (e.g., mtwk nm 'Who are you?' [Magical 9/17, see Griffith and Thompson1921]) but would have preceded the copula pronoun (e.g., *nm p£y 'Who is he?').

¶25 If the subject and predicate were both nouns (with or without modifiers) or nounclauses, the two were juxtaposed and the copula pronoun was placed at the end ofthe sentence, following both clauses.

E29:23/10

w™ s© ls n pr Pr-™£ w™ s© ˙ny p£ ym p£y

'A slip of the tongue in the palace is (like) a wrong turn ofthe helm at sea.'

E30:24/20

s˙m.t h≤e.t n ¡ny t£y

'A woman is (like) a stone quarry.'

If the two nouns or noun clauses differed in number or gender, the copula pronounagreed with the first (i.e., with the one not immediately preceding the copulapronoun).

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Lesson 2

E31:13/21

n£y––––s sq.w nkt ˙wr™ n£y

'Her savings are stolen goods.'

Note that in some Demotic texts the copula pronoun might be inserted betweenthe two nouns or noun clauses. Wherever the copula pronoun was inserted, thenoun or noun clause immediately preceding it was functioning grammatically as thepredicate of the sentence; the other noun (clause) was in apposition to the copulapronoun serving as subject.7

N.B. Many Demotic texts regularly or occasionally omitted the copula pronounentirely.

E32:8/23

rnn.(t) rmtÒ r≈ r––––f

'The best thing about (lit., 'riches/wealth of') a wise man is hisspeech.'

7It may, perhaps, be better to analyze Demotic nominal sentences consisting of two nouns (nounphrases, noun clauses) not as trimembral nominal sentences but as bimembral nominal sentences(noun [phrase/clause] + copula) with the second nominal in extraposition.

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Lesson 2

EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

*1.

*2.

*3.

*4.

*5.

*6.

*7.

*8.

*9.

*10.

B. Write the following in Demotic:

1. They are the servants of the house [use ™(.wy)].

2. You are a man of the town.

3. The property of the children is mine.

4. Good and evil are things of god.

5. Who are the priests of the temple?

6. She is a wise woman.

7. The gold dealer is the son of the superior.

8. I am the mother of (a) servant of the palace.

9. The father and mother of the husband are the in-laws of the wife.

10. Truth is good.

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 33

SD ¯M––––F

¶26 As noted in lesson 1, verbal sentences in Demotic consisted of, at minimum, averb and a subject, in that order. This combination is called a sd ≤m––––f. Differentmorphological forms of the verb reflected differences in tense (past, present, andfuture). Unfortunately, due to the writing system which indicated only consonants,these different forms were rarely graphically distinct. One example in which theywere is the verb r≈ 'to know'. The indicative (past tense) was always written ®®®® r≈, theform in the negative aorist (negative present habitude) was written ®®®®ÈÈÈÈ ¡r-r≈, whilethe prospective (future) form (found in subordinate clauses as object of the verb t¡ [<d¡ ] 'to cause') was written r≈ by some scribes, ¡r-r≈ by others. The only one of thesethree forms attested in ™Onchsheshonqy is the negative aorist, written ¡r-r≈ (seechapter 11, ¶123 and n. 11, on the negative aorist for a discussion of this form).

¶27 As just noted, the indicative sd ≤m––––f of the vast majority of verbs formed the pasttense and was regularly used in narrative, both as the initial clause in a narrativepassage and in the continuing clauses; all were separate main clause forms inDemotic.

E33:2/20–21

≈pr [p£ nw] n p£ t Ò-wnw(.t) 8.t (n) gr˙

nhs Pr-™£ glp––––f ˙r––––f ™ß–f d≤ nm p£ nt bnr

'[The time] of the 8th hour of the night occurred;the king awoke; he uncovered his face; and he called out, saying,"Who is (the one who is) outside?"'

¶28 For idiomatic reasons, with a small number of verbs the indicative sd≤m––––f istranslated into English as a present tense rather than a past. The most common ofthese is the verb wn 'to be' when used in "existence clauses"

E34:26/5

wn d ≤t˙ n t¡ ™n≈

'There is imprisonment for giving (i.e., preserving) life.'

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Lesson 3

or in other present tense clauses with an indefinite noun subject (see lesson 5, ¶49,for a discussion of such clauses; see lesson 9, ¶100, for the past tense using wn-

n£w).

E35:2/17

wn-n£w wn w™ rmt Ò na h ≤(.t)-pr ˙r-tbn w™ m£™

'A man of the household (or, 'bodyguard') was atop a place.'

The same usage is found with the verbs mst 'to hate' and mr 'to love'.

E36:23/15

kl ¡w mr––––f tgy mst––––f p£ nt wnm––––f

'An ape which loves1 fruit (he) hates the one who eats it.'

See also the discussion of adjective verbs in lesson 6, ¶¶60–61.

¶29 The perfect tense, which is not attested in ™Onchsheshonqy, consisted of theindicative sd ≤m––––f of the verb w£˙ 'to complete, stop' plus the infinitive of the lexicalverb. It was used mainly to describe a condition in the past; that is, it was descriptive,not narrative, past narration [recitation of events, usually in chronological order] beingthe function of the past tense. The perfect can often be translated 'to have alreadydone' something; e.g., mt.t nb.t r-d≤––––t w£˙–y ¡r––––w n––––t d≤r––––w 'Everything which you (f.s.) mentioned, I have already done them all for you' (Setne Khaemwast I, 5/28, seeGriffith 1900). Most scribes wrote this auxiliary identically with the preposition ÁÁÁÁ ˙r

'upon' (see lesson 4, ¶42, for the preposition, and lesson 9, Vocabulary, for theorthography of the verb w£˙ as a lexical item in ™Onchsheshonqy).

¶30 The prospective sd≤m––––f when used in a main clause had future meaning.

E37:10/7

d ≤rp––––k r r†––––k n ™(.wy) rmt Ò ™£ bn ¡w d ≤rp––––k r ls––––k

'You may stumble with your feet in the house of a great man; youshould not stumble with your tongue.'

1Mr is used in a circumstantial, virtual relative clause, on which, see lesson 8.

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Lesson 3

Such main clause examples were fairly rare in Demotic (see lesson 5, ¶53, for thenormal future form). The subjunctive (i.e., subordinate clause) use of this form,especially as object of the verb t¡ (< d¡ ) 'to cause', was much more common. It isfound in the optative (see lesson 7, ¶68), the causative infinitive, the finalis, and thetemporal (on all of which see lesson 10). The sd≤m––––f used as a purpose clause (seelesson 10, ¶114) may also have been the subjunctive. Both the sd ≤m––––f and theinfinitive (¶45) might be used as the object of another verb; see ¶111 and E188–89.

¶31 The third form of the sd ≤m––––f is that which, combined with the preceding particlefifififiÙÙÙÙ [ ˘ıııı ] ≈r, formed what is called the "aorist," an extratemporal form unmarked fortense. It frequently indicated customary action and is often best translated intoEnglish as a simple present or by using an adverb such as 'always, regularly,normally'.

E38:13/9

≈r t¡ rmt Ò nb ≈pr nkt

'All men acquire property.'(lit., 'All men cause that property comes into being.')

¶32 The past tense indicative sd ≤m––––f was occasionally replaced by the equivalent ofthe periphrastic construction ¡r––––f sd ≤m. This practice was more common in the aoristand with the subjunctive uses of the prospective sd ≤m––––f. In the Ptolemaic period thispractice was usually, although not exclusively, limited to foreign verbs or verbs withmore than three radicals.

E39:3/20

¡r––––w d≤d ≤y r <™n≈-ßßnqy s£> T ¯-nfr

'They ran after <™Onchsheshonqy, the son of> Tjay-nefer.'

¶33 If the nominal serving as subject of a sd ≤m––––f was a pronoun, a suffix pronounwas used. Dependent pronouns were used to indicate pronominal direct objects.

PASSIVE

¶34 To indicate the passive, a third person plural pronoun was used (theconstruction remained active).

E40:1/13

¡r––––w Ór-s£-£s(.t) s£ R™-ms r wr swnw

'Harsiese, the son of Ramose, was made the Chief Physician.'

The agent (i.e., the subject of the active equivalent) was introduced by thepreposition n-d ≤r.t 'through, by'; see lesson 4, ¶43.

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Lesson 3

SUFFIX PRONOUNS

¶35 PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. IIII y 1 pl. [ iiii ] n

2 m. s. kkkk k 2 pl. [ bbbb ] tn

2 f. s. [ 3333 ] t

3 m. s. ffff f 3 pl. |||| w

3 f. s. #### s

The 3 f. s. is used for the neuter.In early Demotic, through the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, 1 s. ¥¥¥¥ y was usuallynot written (as in Old Egyptian).

¶36 There were four basic uses of the suffix pronouns: 1) as subject of a verbalsentence; 2) as object of a preposition; 3) as direct object after an infinitive; and 4) aspossessive, either in a direct genitive after the small number of nouns, mostly parts ofthe body, which have a pronominal form, or in the possessive article (on which, seelesson 6).

¶37 The following are the only nouns which appear in ™Onchsheshonqy with anattached suffix pronoun. All these nouns are cited in the pronominal form. With allother nouns, the possessive article had to be used. Many of these pronominal formshave a †††† † after the determinative, before the suffix. In some cases this seems to bereinforcing one of the consonants of the root of the noun; in others it may be thefeminine t, whose pronunciation as /t/ is retained before a suffix pronoun. Especiallyin the latter cases, the † would not normally appear when the noun was not followedby a suffix pronoun.

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

¡r.† eye ™† member

p˙.† strength r† foot

r mouth ls tongue

˙£.† heart ˙r face

˙™ -self ˙£.† front(lit., limb)

≈rw voice h ≤e.† side

s† tail d ≤£d ≤£ head

d ≤r.† hand

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Lesson 3

DEPENDENT PRONOUNS

¶38 PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. [ IIII†††† ] †––––y 1 pl. [ iiii†††† ] †––––n

2 m. s. °°°° †––––k 2 pl. [ bbbb†††† ] †––––tn

2 f. s. [ 3333†††† ] †––––t

3 m. s. #### s 3 pl. 3333#### or ye #### st

3 f. s. #### s

The 3 pl. form was also used for the neuter and after the verb t¡ 'to give' (on whichsee lesson 5, ¶48).

¶39 These forms were used as direct objects after conjugated verb forms and theimperative. Note that some verbs regularly required either a reflexive direct object(e.g., lg 'to stop') or a redundant one. In the latter case the object was a "neuter" s.The most common verbs in ™Onchsheshonqy which require this redundant objectbefore a following clause or quote (often introduced by d ≤, below, ¶75) are w≈£ 'towish', r˙ 'to know', ˙n 'to command', gm 'to find', and tb˙ (< db˙) 'to request', whichmay be classified as verbs of incomplete predication. D ¯ 'to say' often took thisredundant direct object when the subject intervened between d ≤ and the followingclause or quote.

¶40 In Demotic as in other stages of the Egyptian language, pronouns tended toprecede nouns. Thus, if a sd ≤m––––f had a nominal subject but a pronominal directobject, the direct object would be moved in front of the noun subject. A pronominalsubject always preceded the object, whether the latter was nominal or pronominal,since the suffix pronoun was directly attached to the verb.2

2For example, in E117 the pronominal subject k 'you' precedes the pronominal direct object st

'them'. If the subject had been a noun, for example p£ rmt Ò 'the man', the word order would have been*¡n d ≤ st p£ rmtÒ… 'Did the man tell them …?'

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Lesson 3

VOCABULARY

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

¡n to bring sw† to deliver

m©y to beat ßms to follow, serve

˙wy to throw mtr to instruct

qt (< qd) to build £n† to restrain

ßtm to slander mky to pamper

t Ò to take ≈sf 3 to despise

mßt to inspect s˙n to order

n˙† to trust h ≤tb to kill

gm to find d ≤ to say, speak

ßn to ask (someone, b™y to rage, ber 'about' something), enragedquestion

EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

*1.

*2.

*3.

*4.

*5.

3Note that a small hole in the papyrus has destroyed parts of each sign, especially the f.

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Lesson 3

*6.

*7.

*8.

*9.

*10.

B. Write the following in Demotic:

1. I should build a house.

2. Priests and temples exist.

3. They despise his strength.

4. He should restrain his foot.

5. His tongue is normally talking.

6. They were found.

7. You (pl.) pamper yourselves.

8. It is regularly delivered.

9. The servant slandered the general.

10. Fathers instruct sons.

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Lesson 3

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 44

ADVERBS

¶41 There were three general types of adverbs in Demotic: of quality, of place, andof time. Adverbs normally stood at the end of their clause.

TYPE DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

quality m-ßs very

[ ¥¥¥¥ €€€€ ] ™ß£y always, zealously

place r-bnr outside

r-h ≤n inside

r-˙ry up

[ ŸŸŸŸ ] ty (< dy) here

time ™n again

n t£y ˙ty immediately

n p£ hrw today

n mn.(t) daily

n gr˙ at night

n rhy in the evening

n mt(r)e at midday

r ˙£.t before, first

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Lesson 4

PREPOSITIONS

¶42 Demotic had both simple and compound prepositions. Some simple prepositionswere unchanging (i.e., had no special pronominal form).

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

¡rm with, and ¡w† betweenh ≤n in ˙r over, upon

¡wty without

E41:4/5 ¡rm rmt Ò nb 'with every man'

E42:19/12 ¡w† sn 2 'between 2 brothers'

E43:16/18 h ≤n mt.t bn.t 'in evil (times)'

E44:12/5 ˙r p£ tw 'on the mountain'

E45:2/13 ¡wty tn 'without fee'

Other simple prepositions were written differently before pronominal objects (i.e., hadspecial pronominal forms).

n Dative 'to, for' 'in' (< m)

1 s. [ ···· ] n––––y [ IIIIÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––y

2 m. s. [ (((( ] n––––k [ kkkkÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––k

2 f. s. [ «««« ] n––––t [ 3333ÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––t

3 m. s. [ )))) ] n––––f [ ffffÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––f

3 f. s. [ ####**** ] n––––s [ ####ÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––s

1 pl. [ [[[[ ] n––––n [ iiiiÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––n

2 pl. [ ]]]] ] n––––tn [ bbbbÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––tn

3 pl. [ ` ] n––––w [ ||||ÅÅÅÅ ] n-¡m––––w

Noun 0 n 1 0 n 1

1Both n and r were very frequently omitted in writing before a noun object. Note also that manytexts, including ™Onchsheshonqy, omitted the "r of futurity" (see ¶53) and that the preposition ˙r whichwas present in the ancestor of the Demotic present tense [Late Egyptian tw(––––y) (˙r) sd ≤m] was neverwritten in Demotic.

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E46:5/11

n p£y––––f ˙ry 'to its superior'

E47:20/18

n ˙£†–k 'in your heart'

r 'to(ward), at, about, concerning' h ≤r 'under, containing'2

1 s. r-˙r––––y [ ] h ≤r-r-˙r––––y

2 m. s. r-¡r––––k [ or ] h≤r-r(-¡r)––––k

2 f. s. [ 3333ÁÁÁÁRRRR ] r-˙r––––t

3 m. s. r-r––––f [ or ] h ≤r-(r-)r––––f

3 f. s. r-r––––s [ ] h ≤r-r-r––––s

1 pl. [ iiiiÁÁÁÁRRRR ] r-˙r––––n

2 pl. [ bbbbÁÁÁÁRRRR ] r-˙r––––tn

3 pl. r-r––––w [ or ] h ≤r-r––––w

Noun r 1 h ≤r

E48:7/7

r p£ nkt rmt Ò swg 'about the property of a stupid man'

E49:4/18

h ≤r m†k 'containing m†k-wine'

The preposition ÙÙÙÙøøøø ¡¡r 'to, before' occurs in ™Onchsheshonqy only with noun objects;when it occurs with pronominal objects in other texts, it is written ¡¡r-n––––.

Note that there were verbs in Demotic which corresponded to an English transi-tive verb but which in the Demotic were intransitive and were always construed with a(specific) preposition before what corresponds to the English direct object. A goodexample is the verb nw, which meant 'to look' and was regularly construed with thepreposition r, where the compound nw r meant 'to see' (lit., 'to look at'). There werealso verbs in Demotic which, although they could be used transitively, could also be

2Forms in brackets scanned from Spiegelberg (1925), Demotische Grammatik, p. 132, §291.

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used intransitively, construed with a (specific) preposition. In many cases, themeaning of a verb was modified somewhat when construed with a preposition; e.g.,the verb w≈£ 'to wish, desire' was construed with the preposition r before an infinitiveand meant 'to wish to do' something while the compound w≈£ m-s£ (on m-s£, see¶43) meant 'to look for/seek' someone/something and w≈£ wb£ (not attested in™Onchsheshonqy) meant 'to care for' someone.

¶43 Compound prepositions were usually composed of a simple preposition plus anoun or an infinitive.

¡¡r-˙r before (spatially)m-b£˙ before (a king or god)

m-s£ after, except

m-qty like

r-h ≤(.t) according to

E50:17/17

¡¡r-˙r rmt Ò ≈m 'before a poor man'

E51:3/13

m-b£˙ Pr-™£ 'before the king'

E52:8/9

m-s£ sh ≤ 'after a scribe'

E53:4/9

m-s£ ™n≈-ßßnqy s£ T ¯-nfr

'except ™Onchsheshonqy, the son of Tjay-nefer'

E54:22/13

m-qty mn≈ 'like linen'

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E55:9/25

r-h ≤(.t) ™ p£ nt mtw––––k 'according to the extent of what you have'

Occasionally such prepositions had special pronominal forms.

BEFORE NOUN BEFORE PRONOUN TRANSLATION

r-d ≤b£.(†) because of, concerning

or (n-)d ≤r.(†) with, from, through3

(lit., in the hand of)

E56:18/9

(n-)d ≤r.(t) l© 'from a fool'

E57:21/13

(n-)d≤r.†––––f 'from him'

E58:19/25

r-d ≤b£ swg 'because of stupidity'

E59:4/10

r-d≤b£.†––––s 'because of it'

The compound preposition ∆∆∆∆mmmm mtw (< m-d¡) meant 'belonging to'.

E60:1/13 (and 18)

mtw p£ wr swnw 'belonging to the Chief Physician'

3Also to introduce the agent after a passive; see ¶34.

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Note that when the possessor was a 2nd_ or 3rd_ person pronoun, this combination waswritten identically with the independent pronoun. This preposition was especiallycommon in combination with the verb 'to be' (positive wn [¶10], negative mn [¶118]),the resultant clause being the equivalent of English sentences using the verb 'tohave'.

E61:10/16

wn mtw––––y 'I have'

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

¶44 Prepositional phrases consisted of a preposition, either simple or compound,plus an object. If the object was pronominal, a suffix pronoun was used, with thepronominal form of the preposition if there was one. Examples have been quotedabove. With the exception of a pronominal dative in association with a nominal directobject,4 all prepositional phrases followed the direct object, if there was one in thesentence.

EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

*1.

*2.

*3.

*4.

*5.

*6.

*7.

*8.

4For example, E208 in Lesson 11, ¶122.

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*9.

*10.

B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. A wise man speaks the truth before the king.

2. The priest will (or, should) instruct the man like a son.

3. The man and wife brought you to the temple today.

4. The house belonging to the priest was built in the town.

5. The children found it in it.

6. The priests will (or, should) build the temple here.

7. I asked him about good and evil.

8. They found it under her foot.

9. I am the servant of the god.

10. I trust my heart.

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 55INFINITIVES

¶45 The infinitive was a nominal form of the verb. It might be used anywhere in thesentence that a noun might be used. With transitive verbs there were three forms ofthe infinitive in Demotic, the absolute, the construct, and the pronominal. Theconstruct was used before an immediately following noun object, the pronominalbefore an immediately following suffix pronoun object. The forms reflect differencesin vocalization due to differences in stress, as found in the Coptic absolute, construct,and pronominal forms of the infinitive. With final-weak verbs, and a few strong verbs,the pronominal infinitive had a †††† .† before the pronominal suffix, after thedeterminative. The number of strong verbs showing this .† is greater in™Onchsheshonqy than in most texts. The verbs with pronominal infinitives with .†which occur in ™Onchsheshonqy are those given in the vocabulary in lesson 3.Intransitive verbs had only an absolute infinitive.

QUALITATIVES

¶46 The qualitative was an adverbial form of the verb which indicated the statewhich resulted from the action of the verb. For this reason, the qualitative is oftentranslated as a passive.

E62:23/14

d ≤r.t nb swtn n p£ ntÒr 'Every hand is extended to god.'

There are two seeming exceptions to this rule. One is the verb ®®®® r≈ 'to know', thequalitative of which, ®®®®ÈÈÈÈ ¡r-r≈, was used with the meaning 'to know' and was normallyfollowed by a redundant direct object pronoun tttt s before a clause direct object (seelesson 3, ¶39). No other qualitative was ever followed by a direct object. The otherseeming exception to this rule consists of those verbs, usually verbs of motion,whose qualitative was formed with iiii ¡n (from Middle and Late Egyptian prepositionm). Coming as they did from m plus an infinitive, they indicated motion in progress.No examples are attested in ™Onchsheshonqy; samples are given below of the mostcommon examples. The qualitative was used only in the present tense constructions;see below.

DEMOTIC DERIVATION TRANSLATION

~~~~iiii ¡n-¡w m ¡wt comingœœœœ//// ´iiii or ////œœœœ ´iiii ¡n-n™ 1 m n™y going

iiii¥¥¥¥@@@@\\\\iiii ¡n-qty [< qd] sleeping

1The final sign in this group is either a "walking legs determinative" or the qualitative ending .kdiscussed in ¶47.

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¶47 In earlier stages of Egyptian, the qualitative (old perfective) had endings whichagreed in number and gender with the subject of the qualitative. Some of thequalitative forms in Demotic retained these endings, but by the Ptolemaic period theyno longer necessarily agreed with the subject. With most verbs showing endings, thequalitative form consistently used one ending, without reference to the subject. Thus,the ending was simply marking the form as a qualitative. The three common endingson the qualitative are kkkk .k (< .kw¡) (not attested in ™Onchsheshonqy), |||| .w, and †††† .†.

ENDING DEMOTIC VERB TRANSLATION

kkkk .k

|||| .w m£™ to be justifiedmtr to be satisfied,

be in agreement

†††† .† ™d ≤ to be evil, be false

hwß to injure, be offensive

t Ò to take

¶48 In some other cases the qualitative had none of the old endings, but it waswritten differently from the infinitive. In such cases the spelling of the qualitative wasidentical with that of the sd ≤m––––f. Although the qualitative of the verb t¡ 'to give' doesnot occur in ™Onchsheshonqy, the sd ≤m––––f ||||∫∫∫∫ [written ££££ in many texts] is distinct fromthe infinitive, which was normally written ‹‹‹‹ but was written #### in the idiom t¡ wp.t 'tomake festive' and before 3rd person pronominal objects. Note that, in this latter case,it was, quite exceptionally, the 3rd plural form of the dependent pronoun (rather thanthe suffix pronoun) which was used as object of the infinitive (the same form wasused whether the object was singular or plural). This combination t¡ st * 3333#### + #### waswritten 3333####. (For further discussion of the sd≤m––––f of adjective verbs, see lesson 6,¶¶60–61.)

INFINITIVE QUALITATIVE AND SDM––––F

DEMOTIC DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

[ ØØØØ ] ¡y [ ~~~~ ] ¡w to come

™(£)w ™(£)y to be large, be great

™ß£y ™ß£ to be numerous

t˙£ t˙r to be sad

r≈ ¡r-r≈ to know

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PRESENT TENSE

¶49 It has been noted (in lesson 3, ¶28) that the indicative sd ≤m––––f of a small numberof verbs (including wn 'to be') is translated into English as a present tense. Likewise,aorist forms (¶31) are often best translated into English as simple present tenseforms. The actual Egyptian (immediate) present tense construction is that which hastraditionally been called "sentences with adverbial predicates." In these sentencesthe subject preceded this "adverbial predicate," which might be an adverb, aprepositional phrase,

E63:11/13

£my.t rmtÒ r ˙r––––f

'The character of a man is in his face.'

an infinitive (derived historically from the combination preposition ˙r or m plusinfinitive),

E64:18/11

n£ h ≤r†.w n p£ l© mß™ n p£ h ≤yr

'The children of the fool are walking in the street.'

or a qualitative.

E65:2/14–15

n£ mr-mß ™.w n£ rmt Ò.w ™(£)y.w pr Pr-™£ mtr.w r-r––––s d≤r––––w

'The generals and the great men of the palace are all agreed to it.'

When the subject was a definite noun, this noun stood at the beginning of thesentence, with nothing preceding it, as in E62–65. However, as noted in lesson 1,¶10, when the subject of such a clause was an indefinite noun, the verb wn 'to be'preceded the noun (see E35). When the subject of such a clause was pronominal,the proclitic pronouns were used (see ¶52).

§50 Since the verb wn actually appeared in such clauses when the subject was anindefinite noun, and since even in those where it was not overtly expressed its

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presence was implied, all such clauses can best be understood as verbal sentencesfrom which the verb "to be" has been omitted. What has been called the "adverbialpredicate" is actually an adverbial which appears in the normal adverb position, afterthe subject (see ¶9). An infinitive in this position indicated action going on, in contrastwith the qualitative, which indicated the state resulting from the action (cf. E64 withE62). Note that, with the verb "to come," the qualitative ¡w, indicating the stateresulting from the action, is equivalent to an English past tense.

E66:20/12

tw––––y ¡w 'I came.' (or, 'have come')

Since the present tense made no statement concerning the end point of the action orstate, the present tense is often called the "durative."

¶51 The dependent pronouns (see lesson 3, ¶38) could not be used in present tensesentences. If the infinitival predicate of a present tense clause had a direct object,this object had to be introduced by the preposition n, n-¡m–––– (for n-¡m––––, see lesson 4,¶42)

E67:5/14

n£ mt.w(t) r-wn-n£w ™n≈-ßßnqy s£ T ¯-nfr sh≤ n-¡m––––w

'the words which ™Onchsheshonqy, the son of Tjay-nefer, waswriting (them)'

unless the direct object was an undetermined noun.

E68:23/18

p£y––––f ¡† ¡w––––f ¡r †l r-r––––f

'His father (he) is energetic on his behalf.'2

This rule will be referred to as the "durative direct object" or "oblique object" rule.3

2The undetermined noun †l is the direct object of the construct infinitive ¡r.3This rule did not apply to infinitives embedded as the object of another infinitive in a present

tense construction (on such embedding, see ¶111). Note, however, that the "oblique object" might beused with non-present tenses incorporating an infinitive (not the sd≤m––––f ), especially if something inter-vened between the infinitive and the direct object. This corresponded to Coptic usage, where thepronominal or construct infinitive could be used only with a directly following, attached direct object; if

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Thus, present tense clauses had many different outward forms; see E63 with aprepositional phrase in the predicate position; E65 with the qualitative; E66 with thequalitative ¡w; E64 with an absolute infinitive, in this case of a verb of motion; E68with a construct infinitive and undetermined noun direct object; and E67 with apronominal oblique object after the absolute infinitive.

PROCLITIC PRONOUNS

¶52 PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. IIII||||∫∫∫∫ tw––––y 1 pl. [ iiii||||∫∫∫∫ ] tw––––n

2 m. s. |OOOO t¡–k 2 pl. [ bbbb||||∫∫∫∫ ] tw––––tn

2 f. s. [ 3333||||∫∫∫∫ ] tw––––t

3 m. s. fffføøøø ¡w––––f 4 3 pl. 7777 st

3 f. s. ####÷÷÷÷ ¡w––––s4

Some texts wrote the 2 m. s. KKKK ¡w––––k.4

These pronouns were used as the subject of present tense main clauses; theyderived from the Late Egyptian pronominal compound.

FUTURE TENSE

¶53 As noted in lesson 3, ¶30, the prospective sd≤m––––f used in main clauses toindicate future tense was not common in Demotic. The future in Demotic wasnormally written ø ¡w plus subject (suffix pronoun if pronominal) plus preposition rplus an infinitive. Any of the three forms of the infinitive could be used (in contrast tothe present tense where the oblique object rule prevented the use of the pronominaland, except under limited conditions, the construct). In ™Onchsheshonqy, and manyother texts, the preposition r was not written in the future (it had presumably becomevocalic, as in Coptic ™Ó™fi͇ã) so that the future was written ¡w plus subject plusinfinitive.

PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. IIIIøøøø ¡w––––y 1 pl. [ iiii¡¡¡¡ ] ¡w––––n

2 m. s. 6666 ¡w––––k 2 pl. [ bbbbøøøø ] ¡w––––tn

2 f. s. [ 3333¡¡¡¡ ] ¡w––––t

3 m. s. fffføøøø ¡w––––f 3 pl. &&&& [ ||||„„„„|||| ] ¡w––––w

3 f. s. ####÷÷÷÷ ¡w––––s

Noun øøøø [ ssss … ssss] ¡w [r… r]

anything intervened between the infinitive and the object, the absolute infinitive and the "obliqueobject" had to be used. Note also that, in the case of verbs which were construed with a (specific)preposition (see ¶42), that preposition was used in all tenses and all verbal constructions before whatcorresponds to the English direct object.

4The ¡w was a "base" on which the suffix pronoun rested. The Coptic writing of the correspondingforms as Ó, fi, ∏ suggests that this "base" may have been merely graphic and that the pronunciationeven in Demotic may have been simply /f/, /s/, /k/, rather than */ef/, etc.

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¶53 Future Tense (cont.)

The future was used to indicate both simple futurity

E69:18/22

¡w––––y t¡ p£y nkt n p£y rmtÒ

'I shall give this thing to this man.'

and vows and injunctions.

E70:13/18

¡w––––k wn––––f r t£y––––k mw.t

'You should open it (your heart) to your mother.'

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VOCABULARY

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

wnw.t hour sb£.t instruction

mt.t thing, word, speech bld ≤™ potsherd

s≈.(t) field ™ß-s˙n matter, affair

˙n vessel [ ………… ] pr-˙d ≤ storehouse

¡ry companion sh ≤ scribe

£byn poor man [ ˘nnnn ] nb lord

t£ land, earth5 ˙w excess

ßw† merchant ˙w profit

l© fool h ≤yr street

˙d ≤ silver, money sw day

s man ßy fate

tß district d ≤m™ papyrus roll

™q loaf (of bread), gy manner, rations form

wr swnw Chief Physician £my.t character, conduct, personality

Note also the idioms ¡n r-d ≤b£ ˙d≤ 'to buy' (lit., 'to bring for money') and t¡ r-d ≤b£ ˙d ≤ 'tosell' (lit., 'to give for money').

5Also note the phrase n p£ t£ 'at all', discussed in lesson 1, ¶11.

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EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

*1.

*2.

*3.

*4.

*5.

*6.

*7.

*8.

*9.

*10.

B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. Who is the lord of fate?

2. You should follow god.

3. They were given the excess of the silver by the Chief Physician.

4. A wise man is instructing the king's children.

5. The scribes will know the hour of the affair.

6. The poor man is delivering it to the storehouse.

7. I will ask the companion of the fool about the form of the words.

8. We are giving it to her today.

9. The merchant's field is between the street and the town.

10. Fate scorns (lit., despises) money.

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 66

ADJECTIVES

¶54 There were three basic uses of the adjective in Demotic: as a modifier,nominalized as a noun equivalent, and as a predicate. There were very fewadjectives left in Demotic which could actually modify a noun. The noun preceding™ß£ 'numerous' was always singular.

E71:22/21

rmt Ò ™ß£y 'numerous men' (also, 'common man')

E72:2/11

mt.t nfr.t ™ß£y 'numerous good things'

All other adjectives usually followed the noun, with which they agreed in number andgender; some have special plural forms.

MASCULINE FEMININE PLURAL TRANSLATION

™ß£y numerous

™£1 [pl.™(£)y.w] large, great

bn evil

nfr good

≈m small

sbk [sbq] small, few

E73:10/14

sn ™£ 'elder brother'

E74:6/13

mt.t ™£.t 'great thing'

1Note placement of the feminine t under the cross-bar, not at the very end of the word.

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¶54 Adjectives (cont.)

E75:2/15

rmt Ò.w ™(£)y.w 'great men'

E76:10/19

£˙ bn 'poor field'

E77:25/22

s˙m.t bn.t 'evil woman'

E78:11/22

ßy nfr 'good fate'

E79:24/21

s˙m.t nfr.t 'good woman'

E80:7/19

rmt Ò ≈m 'small man'

E81:6/13

mt.t ≈m.t 'small thing'

E82:5/9

rmt Ò.w ≈m.w 'small men'

E83:1/12

sw sbk 'few days'

The adjective ∂∂∂∂———— wr 'great' is attested in ™Onchsheshonqy only in the compound wr

swnw 'Chief Physician' (see Vocabulary, lesson 5).

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¶55 The "adjective" 2222©©©© ©™(m) 'small' preceded its noun.

E84:16/25

©™(m) sh ≤ 'small document'

In some texts ©™(m) was connected to the following noun by the genitive n, indicatingthat this word was actually being treated as a noun and was acting in the same wayas the word ky 'other' (see ¶58). Both m£™ 'true' and m£w 'new' were usually replacedby the corresponding noun after the preposition n : n m£™.t 'true', n m£y 'new'.

¶56 There are three adjective equivalents which occur in ™Onchsheshonqy whichalways took a suffix pronoun referring back to the modified noun.

d ≤r–––– (< r d≤r–––– ) all, entire

rn–––– (< n rn–––– ) (above-)named/mentioned

w™.†–––– alone, only

E85:3/4–5

p£ t£ d ≤r––––f 'the entire land'

E86:1/13–14

nt nb nt mtw p£ wr swnw d ≤r––––w

'everything which belongs to the Chief Physician, entirely'

E87:2/18

p£ rmt Ò rn––––f 'the above-named man'

E88:17/16

w™.†––––k 'you alone'

E89:17/12

mw w™.†––––f 'water alone'

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¶57 Any adjective (but not the adjective equivalents mentioned in ¶56) could benominalized, preceded by an article (or other determiner), and serve as a noun (m.,f., or pl.).

E90:7/13

p£ ™£ r-¡r––––k 2 'the (man) greater2 than you'

Note that abstracts were treated as feminine.

E91:3/22

t£y––––y bn.t 'my evil', i.e., 'evil against me'

E92:8/7

t£ nfr.t 'good(ness)'

E93:19/25

swg 'stupidity'

¶58 As in other stages of Egyptian, the word 'other' was in Demotic actually a noun3

(m. ky; f. [ or ] k.t; pl. [ ] ky.w or [ or ] k.t-h ≤.t ). As such it

might be used independently

E94:6/10

p£ nkt n ky 'the property of another'

or might precede another noun, with which it agreed in number and gender.

¶59 Note that nb 'all, every' or 'any' was not an adjective but a determiner. The nounit modified was always in the singular. Nb could not be nominalized; instead, thecombination nt nb (with the relative pronoun nt ) was used; see E86, above. Nb waswritten nnnn for masculine and feminine.

2Note that the comparative form of the adjective was formed using the preposition r.3Forms scanned from Spiegelberg (1925), Demotische Grammatik, pp. 45–46, §§77–80.

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SD ¯M––––F OF ADJECTIVE VERBS

¶60 The indicative sd ≤m––––f of most adjective verbs contained an initial tttt n£ (whoseorigin is unknown).

or n£-™(£) to be large, n£-nfr to be good be great

n£-™n to be beautiful, n£-™ß£ to be plentiful, be pleasing be numerous

n£-mr to be ill (in a part n£-nd ≤m to be sweet, of the body) [n£-ntm] be pleasant

n£-©y to be high n£-≈m to be small

n£-sb£ to be educated n£-ß™† to be cut

n£-m-ßs to be significant n£-t˙r to be sad

This indicative sd ≤m––––f could have either past or present tense meaning; the tensemust be determined by the context.

E95:12/8

n£-nfr ˙£†–f 'His heart is (or, 'was') good (i.e., 'happy').'

E96:10/2

m-¡r 4 d ≤ n£-nfr––––y (n) sh≤ 'Don't4 say, "I am good (at) writing."'

¶61 This initial n£ was not used in the subjunctive sd≤m––––f of these adjective verbs;

E97:14/12

m-¡r t¡ ™ß£ n£y––––k mt.w(t)

'Don't talk too much!' (lit., 'Don't let your words be numerous!')

E98:20/18

my ™(£)y n£ rmt Ò.w 'Let the men be great!'

4For the vetitive m-¡r, see below, ¶67.

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¶61 Sd ≤m–f of Adjective Verbs (cont.)

nor was it used in the sd ≤m––––f used in the aorist,

E99:8/13

≈r ™ß£ nkt 'Property is plentiful.'

in the qualitative

E100:28/2

m-¡r d ≤ tw––––y ™ß£ nkt

'Don't say, "I have much property."'(lit., 'I am numerous [of] property.')

or in the infinitive forms (see lesson 5, ¶48).

E101:17/25

m-¡r ™ß£y d ≤ mt.t ¡¡r-˙r p£y––––k ˙ry

'Don't talk too much in the presence of your superior!'

DEMONSTRATIVES

¶62 The demonstrative (m. ‘‘‘‘ p£y; f. ’’’’ t£y; pl. ···· n£y) might be used as a pronounmeaning 'this' or 'these' (the plural was often used for the "neuter" 'this') or as anarticle, modifying a following noun, with which it agreed in number and gender.

E102:1/15

m-s£ n£y 'after this'

E103:15/5

p£y rmt Ò 'this man'

'That', as opposed to 'this', was usually expressed using the periphrasis nt n-¡m––––w

(> ™‡ãº†‚) 'which is there'; e.g., *p£ rmt Ò nt n-¡m––––w 'that man' (lit., 'the man who isthere').

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POSSESSIVES

¶63 Possessives consisted of the definite article, which agreed in number andgender with the noun being possessed, plus ¡¡¡¡ , plus a suffix pronoun, which agreed innumber and gender with the possessor. Exceptions: 1st singular did not write thesuffix pronoun y; 2nd masculine k had coalesced with the ¡¡¡¡; variant 3rd person formswere based on §§§§. The following are only a selection of possible forms; especiallyvariable is use or non-use of superscript differentiators for t£ and n£.

PERSON MASCULINE FEMININE PLURAL

1 s. %%%%pppp p£y––––y %%%%#### t£y––––y [ %%%%#### ] n£y––––y

2 m. s. ^pppp or 5555pppp p£y––––k ^tttt or 5555tttt t£y––––k ^tttt n£y––––k

2 f. s. [ 3333 %%%%pppp ] p£y––––t [ 3333 %%%%tttt ] t£y––––t [ 3333 %%%%tttt ] n£y––––t

3 m. s. ffff%%%%pppp or §§§§ p£y––––f ffffTTTT or ffff%%%%tttt t£y––––f ffff%%%%NNNN or §§§§ or §§§§N n£y––––f

3 f. s. #### %%%%pppp p£y––––s #### %%%%tttt t£y––––s #### %%%%tttt n£y––––s

1 pl. [ iiii¡¡¡¡pppp ] p£y––––n [ iiii¡¡¡¡tttt ] t£y––––n [ iiii¡¡¡¡tttt ] n£y––––n

2 pl. [ bbbb¡¡¡¡pppp ] p£y––––tn [ bbbb¡¡¡¡tttt ] t£y––––tn [ bbbb¡¡¡¡tttt ] n£y––––tn

3 pl. [ ÅÅÅÅ ] p£y––––w ÅÅÅÅ t£y––––w ÅÅÅÅ n£y––––w

¶64 The possessives could be used independently, as a pronoun, in which case the1 s. included the suffix pronoun y (IIII1111pppp p£y––––y, IIII1111tttt n£y––––y, etc.).

E104:13/5

p£y––––s 'her own'

¶65 However, since the older usage of attaching a suffix pronoun directly to the nounbeing possessed was of very limited usage in Demotic (see lesson 3, ¶37), the mostcommon use of the possessive was as an article, modifying a following noun.

E105:13/22

p£y––––s hy 'her husband'

E106:10/23

t£y––––y mw.t 'my mother'

E107:12/17

t£y––––k mt.(t) nfr.t 'your good deed'

E108:1/14

n£y––––f sn.w 'his brothers'

N.B. No more than one determiner (see lesson 1, ¶11, for the definition ofdeterminer) should be attached to any one noun (although exceptions to thisrule occur in some texts). Therefore, a phrase such as 'all his brothers' would

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be written not Øn£y––––f sn.w nb but *n£y––––f sn.w d ≤r––––w, using the adjectiveequivalent discussed in ¶56.

¶66 The possessive prefix (m. ˘ pa; f. [’’’’ or ∫∫∫∫’’’’ ] ta[-nt] ; pl. 9999 or |tttt na) (< p£ n, t£ n,n£ n) meant, literally, 'he of', 'she of', or 'those of' the following noun. It was commonin personal names; see ¶71.

E109:10/11

pa n£ ˙tr.w 'the groom' (lit., 'he of the horses')

E110:8/2

na p£y––––k tmy 'the people of your town'

E111:2/17

na h ≤.(t)-pr 'the household' (or, 'bodyguard')

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EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

*1.

*2.

*3.

*4.

*5.

6.

*7.

*8.

*9.

*10.

B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. The above-mentioned man will come to this district.

2. The evil man killed numerous people this year.

3. His daughter came carrying rations.

4. Their instruction is a great thing.

5. Great men are trusted (i.e., One normally trusts great men).

6. The superior of the entire town is greater than I.

7. The scribe is sad on account of this evil deed. (Do two ways!)

8. Potsherds are more numerous than papyrus. (Do two ways!)

9. My mother will give it to me.

10. The good character of a poor man is his profit.

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 77

IMPERATIVE

¶67 Most verbs had no separate imperative form; the infinitive was used as theimperative. However, the dependent pronoun, not the suffix pronoun, was used toindicate a pronominal direct object after an infinitive used as the imperative. A smallnumber of verbs had special imperative forms.

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

r-¡ny bring! ¡¡ry do!, make!

r-d ≤y say! my cause!, give!(< t¡ 'to give, cause')

my-sb£ instruct! my-≈pr acquire!

m-¡r do not…!

E112:13/15

r-d ≤y mt.t m£™.t n rmt Ò nb 'Speak the truth to all men!'

Note that the vetitive m-¡r was followed by the infinitive of the lexical verb.

E113:23/22

m-¡r t¡ £byn ¡¡r-˙r rmt Ò ™£

'Don't put a poor man in the presence of a rich man!'

OPTATIVE

¶68 Those main clause prospective sd≤m––––f forms which do occur in Demotic (seelesson 3) are often best translated as optatives.

E114:4/2

™n≈ ˙r––––k p£y––––y nb ™£

'May your face live, my great lord!'1

1An oath formula.

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¶68 Optative (cont.)

Much more common, however, is the construction my (the imperative of t¡ 'to cause')plus the subjunctive sd ≤m––––f. Such a form is often best translated literally 'cause that'or 'let'.

E115:3/19–20

my ¡n––––w ™n≈-ßßnqy

'Cause that ™Onchsheshonqy be brought!'

The corresponding negative forms consisted of the vetitive m-¡r plus the infinitive t¡plus the subjunctive sd≤m––––f.

E116:4/14–15

m-¡r t¡ t Ò––––w n––––f d ≤m™

'Don't let a papyrus roll be taken to him!'

QUESTIONS

¶69 There are two types of questions, questions for specification and questions ofinterrogation. The first ask "who, what, why?," etc., use interrogative pronouns oradverbs, and have already been discussed in the appropriate sections above. Thesecond, yes or no questions, might be unmarked in the writing (presumably therewas a change of stress in the spoken version) or might be marked by an initial ™™™™ ¡n.⁄n could presumably precede any main clause form.

E117:3/15

¡n d≤––––k st ¡¡r-˙r rmtÒ n p£ t£

'Did you tell them to anyone at all?'

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PROPER NAMES

¶70 Names of gods and geographical names must be learned like other vocabulary.The following occur in ™Onchsheshonqy.

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

[ ÔÔÔÔ ] £s.t Isis [ ››››ÔÔÔÔ ] Ws¡r Osiris

Pt˙ Ptah Nt Neith

P£-r™ Pre Ó™py Hapy

Ór Horus [ flflflfl ] D˙wty Thoth

[ ÎÎÎÎ˙ ] ⁄mn Amun

⁄wn Heliopolis Mn-nfr Memphis

¶71 Many personal names consisted of the name of a god (or king) compoundedwith an element indicating a relationship with that god.

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

Pt˙-¡¡r-t¡-s 2 Ptah is the one who gave him

R™-ms Born of Ra

™n≈-ßßnqy May Sheshonq live!

There were also some very common initial elements of theophorous names, none ofwhich occurs in ™Onchsheshonqy. Among these are ˘ pa 'he of'; ’’’’ [∫∫∫∫’’’’ ] ta 'she of';||||pppp p£-t¡ 'the one whom…gave'; ||||tttt t£-t¡ 'the (f.) one whom…gave'; „„„„pppp p£-ßr 'the sonof…'; 3333„„„„tttt t£-ßr.t 'the daughter of…'; and ???? ns (var. tttt÷÷÷÷ ¡s ) 'the one belonging to …'(see ¶19). In filiations, 'son of' was written ssss s£; 'daughter of' was written ’’’’ ta 'sheof'. For a compilation of personal (not royal) names occurring in Demotic texts, seeErich Lüddeckens et al. (1980–), Demotisches Namenbuch.

2Note the very abbreviated writing of -¡¡r-t¡-s in personal names.

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NUMBERS

¶72 The cardinal numbers are as follows:3

DEMOTIC NUMBER DEMOTIC NUMBER DEMOTIC NUMBER

1 [ ] 10 100

2 20 200

[ ] 3 [ ] 30 [ ] 300

[ or ] 4 [ ] 40

[ ] 5 [ ] 50

[ ] 6 [ ] 60

[ ] 7 [ ] 70

8 [ ] 80

[ ] 9 [ ] 90

[ ] 10 100 1,000

¶73 The numbers from 1 through 10, and 20, also had a feminine form with afeminine 3333 t under the number (beside the number in the case of the number 9).4 Inyear dates and in connection with land, silver, etc., the feminine t was often omitted.In ™Onchsheshonqy the number (with the exception of the number 1,000) alwaysfollowed the noun, in bookkeeping style, and showed a feminine t if the noun wasfeminine. Note that the noun was always singular.

E118:2/17

s 2 '2 men'

E119:2/5

sp 3 '3 times'

3Numbers in brackets scanned from Spiegelberg (1925), Demotische Grammatik, p. 47, §82.4The feminine form of 1 was written identically with the indefinite article: „„„„ .

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E120:2/20

t Ò-wnw.(t) 8.t 'hour 8'

E121:11/7

rnp.(t) 20.t '20 years'

E122:14/9

s 100 '100 men'

E123:18/9

˙d ≤ 200 '200 (pieces of) silver'

E124:19/18

1000 b£k '1,000 servants'

[In other texts the numbers other than 2 preceded the noun, except inmeasurements, etc., where bookkeeping style was preferred.]

¶74 The ordinal numbers consisted of ⁄⁄⁄⁄ m˙ (lit., 'completing') plus the cardinalnumber. This compound followed the noun.

E125:15/10

˙d ≤ m˙-1 'first money'

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CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS

¶75 DEMOTIC USAGE

™™™™ ¡n introduced "yes or no" questions (see ¶69)

CCCC™™™™ ¡n-n£ introduced "real" conditional clauses (see lesson 10, ¶106)

CCCCvvvv∂∂∂∂hhhh hwn-n£w introduced "unreal" conditional clauses (see lesson 10, ¶110)

fifififiIIII˜hhhh hmy "contrary-to-fact" particle, translated 'would that', or similar(see lesson 10, ¶110)

fifififi∂∂∂∂»»»»åååå ™rw 'perhaps', followed by a conjunctive (see lesson 10, ¶115)or a circumstantial (see lesson 8)

++++ ¡ 'o' introduced a vocative

,,,,IIII||||∫∫∫∫ twys 'Here is/are' (often best left untranslated), followed by a nounor a complete sentence

≈≈≈≈ r-d ≤b£ ≈pr 'because', followed by a complete main clause5

d ≤ introduced direct and indirect quotes;

in the former it is equivalent to quotation marks,

in the latter it may be translated 'that'

introduced a clause serving as direct object, especially afterverbs with a redundant pronominal direct object (see ¶39)

or can be translated 'because', 'for', 'in order that', 'so that',or 'namely'

E126:4/19

¡ P£-R™ 'O Pre'

E127:4/17

twys t£ mtr.t 'Here is the instruction.'

E128:4/11

r-d ≤b£ ≈pr wn mtw––––y w™ ©™(m)-h≤l

'because I have a young boy'

5Cf. the preposition r-d≤b£ 'because' followed by a noun or pronoun.

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E129:4/14

˙n s Pr-™£ d ≤ my tÒ––––w n––––f gs†

'Pharaoh ordered (it), "Let him be taken a palette!"'

E130:3/22

r t¡ gm––––y s d ≤ st sd ≤ny r-¡r––––k

'in order to inform me [lit., 'cause that I find (it) out'], "They areconspiring against you."'

VOCABULARY

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

mß™ to walk ™ß to call

fy to carry ≈£™ to leave

sd ≤m to hear, listen mwt to die

¡r to make, do wnm to eat

™n≈6

to live sh ≤ to write

hb to send, write letter ms to give birth

˙ms to sit, live, dwell nw to look + r at

ßm to go t¡-ßm to send+ n–––– away (+ animate object)

mst to hate mr to love

6Written without the initial ™ in personal names; e.g.,™n≈-ßßnqy, above, ¶71.

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EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

1.

2.

*3.

4.

*5.

*6.

*7.

*8.

*9.

10.

B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. Tell me about the character of the king!

2. Can the old woman walk to the street? (use the aorist)

3. O my husband, carry this vessel to the storehouse!

4. Did you look at the form of the 2 temples of Thoth?

5. The scribe said to the priest, "Who are you?"

6. Let me listen to your instructions!

7. It is better to listen than to command.

8. Let me send you the roll of papyrus; don't send me any sherds!

9. I will send you to sit (use r + infinitive) in the house.

10. I saw 3 men in the street.

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 88

CONVERTERS

¶76 "Converters" are "sentence markers" (see ¶9) which, when prefixed to a clause,modify the meaning or syntactical function of the entire clause. The circumstantialconverter, when prefixed to a main clause, converted the main clause to acircumstantial clause; the relative converter changed a main clause into a relativeclause. The imperfect set the tense of the main clause one step (further) into thepast; clauses preceded by the imperfect converter remained main clauses and mightin turn be preceded by the circumstantial or relative converter. The second tenseconverter nominalized the clause so that it could serve as subject in a present tenseconstruction before a (stressed) adverbial.

CIRCUMSTANTIALS

¶77 The circumstantial converter ¡¡¡¡ ¡w could be prefixed to any main clause formexcept the imperative or optative. The converted clause indicated a circumstance thetense of which is relative to that of the verb of the main clause. Thus a circumstantialpresent indicated a circumstance at the same time as the main verb (whatever thetense of the main verb), the circumstantial past a circumstance which happened priorto the main verb (whatever the tense of the main verb), etc.

¶78 The circumstantial present consisted of the converter ¡w plus the subject plusan adverbial (including infinitives or a qualitative). The proclitic pronouns werereplaced by the suffix pronouns.

PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. [ IIII1111 ] ¡w––––y 1 pl. [ iiii¡¡¡¡ ] ¡w––––n

2 m. s. 6666 ¡w––––k 2 pl. [ bbbbøøøø ] ¡w––––tn

2 f. s. [ 3333 ¡¡¡¡ ] ¡w––––t

3 m. s. fffføøøø ¡w––––f 3 pl. &&&& [ ||||„„„„|||| ] ¡w––––w

3 f. s. ####÷÷÷÷ ¡w––––s

Noun (vvvv) ø ¡w (wn)

As with the main clause, an indefinite noun subject was preceded by wn (after the¡w ). The adverbial following the subject in a circumstantial present tense clausecould be, like that of the main clause present tense, an adverb, prepositional phrase,qualitative, or infinitive. The same restrictions were placed on the infinitive in thecircumstantial present as in the main clause present tense (i.e., the oblique ordurative direct object rule [see ¶51] also applied to the circumstantial present).

¶79 The circumstantial of non-present tense forms consisted of ¡w and the mainclause form except that when the ¡w converter and the ¡w of the future were written

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identically, they often coalesced and the circumstantial future, like the main clausefuture, was written ¡w––––f (r) sd ≤m. Such forms are identified as circumstantial futureforms by their use.

E131:6/14

m-¡r hb l© n mt.t ™£.t ¡w wn rmt Ò r≈ ¡w ¡w––––k r≈ hb––––f

'Don't send a fool on an important matter there being a wise manwhom you could (lit., 'will be able to') send!'1

¶80 In addition to their use to indicate a circumstance, circumstantial clauses,including circumstantial nominal clauses, are found regularly after verbs ofincomplete predication, such as ≈≈≈≈ ≈pr 'to happen' and <<<<ÈÈÈÈ gm 'to find'.

E132:4/7–8

≈pr––––f ¡w ≈r ¡n––––w t£y––––f h ≤r.t r bnr pr Pr-™£ n mn.(t)

'It happened that his food was brought out from the palace daily.'

and after particles such as fifififiIIII˜hhhh hmy 'would that!'.

E133:11/2

hmy ¡w––––y swtn d ≤r.†––––y

'Would that I might extend my hand!'

E134:10/11

hmy ¡w p£y––––y sn pa n£ ˙tr.w

'Would that my brother were the groom (lit., 'he of the horses')!'

¶81 As in other stages of Egyptian, relative clauses could be used only after definiteantecedents. The Egyptian equivalent of an English relative clause after an indefinite

1The circumstantial future is being used as a virtual relative, on which see below, ¶81.

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antecedent was a circumstantial clause forming what is called a virtual relative. Therewas great variety among such forms.

E135:3/16

w™ w™b n P£-R™ ¡w––––f ty n Mn-nfr ¡rm––––y

'a priest of Pre who is here in Memphis with me'2

E136:9/8

mt.t ¡w––––s p˙ r ¡˙.t

'a matter which concerns (lit., 'reaches') a cow'3

E137:8/9

sh ≤ ¡w––––w tÒ n-¡m––––f r n£ ™(.wy).w (n) ˙rr

'a scribe who is being taken to prison (lit., 'houses of detention')'4

E138:12/12

™(.wy) ¡w wn rmt Ò r≈ n-¡m––––f

'a house in which there is a wise man'5

E139:20/14

ß߆ ¡w n£-™(£) r––––f 'a window whose opening is great'6

E140:13/3

rmt Ò ¡w ¡r––––w n––––f mt.(t) nfr.t

'a man for whom something good was done'7

2The circumstantial clause is present tense, the predicate being an adverb.3The circumstantial clause is present tense, the predicate being an absolute infinitive.4The circumstantial clause is present tense, the predicate being an absolute infinitive with oblique

object.5The circumstantial clause is present tense, the predicate being a prepositional phrase while the

subject is an undefined noun preceded by wn.6The predicate of the circumstantial clause contains an adjective verb.7The predicate of the circumstantial clause consists of the past tense sd ≤m––––f.

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E141:17/21

s˙m.t ¡w mr––––w s 'a woman who is loved'8

¶82 A circumstantial clause could also be the stressed adverbial adjunct after asecond tense (see lesson 9).

E142:3/20–21

¡¡r––––w ¡y ¡w ¡n––––w s m-b£˙ Pr-™£ n t£y ˙ty

'Bringing him (lit., 'having fetched him') before Pharaohimmediately they returned.'9

RELATIVES

¶83 Relative clauses might modify a preceding definite noun or might themselves benominalized by prefixing the appropriate definite article. In the latter case, they wereused as nouns meaning 'the (one) who/which' and might be used wherever a nouncould be used; in the former case, they were adjective equivalents. They could nevermodify an indefinite noun, for which the circumstantial virtual relative was used (see¶81). The antecedent had to serve some function in the relative clause. It could bethe subject of the relative clause (English "who" or "which"), or it could be the objectof the verb or the object of a preposition (or possessive).

¶84 If the antecedent was identical with the subject of the relative clause and thetense of the relative clause was past, the "past participle" was used. This consistedof the past participle of the verb ¡r 'to do', written È¡ ¡¡r, plus the infinitive of thelexical verb.

E143:4/5

rmt Ò nb ¡¡r mtr r p£ ™ß-s˙n bn Pr-™£

'every man who had agreed to the evil plot (against) Pharaoh'

E144:19/17

p£ ¡¡r mwt 'the one who died'

8The predicate of the circumstantial clause consists of the present tense sd≤m––––f of the verb mr

(see ¶28).9The predicate of the circumstantial clause is a past tense sd ≤m––––f.

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¶85 If the antecedent was identical with the subject of the relative clause and thetense of the relative clause was present, the present participle was used. In thiscase, the relative converter ÚÚÚÚ nt (< nty ) replaced the noun subject in the relativeclause, which thus consisted of nt and the adverbial "predicate," which adverbial"predicate" followed the regular rules for present tense clauses.

E145:2/21

p£ nt bnr 'the one who is outside'10

E146:1/17

p£ nt mtr.w n ˙£.†––––y

'what is pleasing to me (lit., 'to my heart')'11

E147:26/17

p£ nt sk£ 'the one who plows'12

E148:10/22

p£ nt ¡r ˙ry 'the one who acts as ruler'13

¶86 These were the only two main clause forms with participial equivalents. In allother cases, i.e., if the tense was other than past or present or if the antecedent wasidentical with some element other than the subject of the relative clause, thereference to the antecedent was pronominalized but could not be omitted. If theantecedent was identical with some element in the relative clause other than thesubject and the tense of the relative clause was past, the "relative form" was used.This relative form was written r-sd ≤m––––f (¡-¡r––––f with the verb ¡r 'to do, make').

E149:4/17

t£ mtr.t r-sh ≤ ¡t-nt Òr ™n≈-ßßnqy s£ T-nfr

'the instruction which the God's Father ™Onchsheshonqy, the sonof Tjay-nefer, wrote'

10Predicate is an adverb.11Predicate is a qualitative.12Predicate is an absolute infinitive.13Predicate is a construct infinitive with undetermined noun object.

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E150:2/16

n£y----d ≤ 14 n––––f ™n≈-ßßnqy

'this which ™Onchsheshonqy said to him'

¶87 The relative converter nt was used in all cases which did not conform to therequirements for using a participial form or the "relative form." This converter wasdirectly prefixed to a main clause sd ≤m––––f of an adjective verb

E151:10/23

p£ nt n£-™n––––f 'that which is pleasing'

and to the sd ≤m––––f of mr 'to love' and mst 'to hate' with present tense meaning (see¶28).

E152:15/23

t£ nt mst––––k s

'that which (or, 'the one whom') you hate'

¶88 In all other cases, the relative converter was prefixed to the appropriatecircumstantial form.15 Thus the present tense relative where the antecedent wasidentical with some element of the relative clause other than the subject was writtennt plus ¡w plus (suffix pronoun) subject plus adverbial.

PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. [ IIII1111ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––y 1 pl. [ iiii¡¡¡¡ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––n

2 m. s. 6666øøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w ¡w––––k 2 pl. [ bbbb¡¡¡¡ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––tn

2 f. s. [ 3333 ¡¡¡¡ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––t

3 m. s. fffføøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w––––f 3 pl. [ &&&&ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––w

3 f. s. ####÷÷÷÷øøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w ¡w––––s

Noun (vvvv) øøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w (wn)

14For the writing of n£ + the r of the relative form as n£y, see below, ¶90.15The combination nt + circumstantial form could, in most instances, be interpreted rather nt + ¡w,

a phonetic spelling of old nty, followed by the main clause form. However, in the circumstantial presentnt ¡w + main clause would have produced a form *nt ¡w tw––––y (corresponding to Late Egyptian nty tw––––

y) whereas the actual form was nt ¡w + suffix pronoun, i.e., graphically identical with nt +circumstantial ¡w––––. Thus, in this case, at least, the Demotic scribe had reinterpreted nt + ¡w as nt andthe circumstantial.

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This adverbial could be any of the possible adverbial "predicates" of present tensesentences

E153:15/13

t£ mt.t nt ¡w ¡w––––k m£™.w n-¡m––––s

'the thing by which you are justified'16

E154:13/19

p£ nt ¡w ¡w––––s ¡r-r≈––––s 'that which she knows'17

E155:2/14

n£ mt.w(t) nt ¡w ¡w––––k d ≤ n-¡m––––w

'the words which you are saying (them)'18

E156:2/19

t£ kn˙£.t nt ¡w Pr-™£ n-¡m––––s

'the private chamber where Pharaoh is'19

Wn is retained in clauses where the subject is an indefinite noun.

E157:14/13

p£ nt ¡w wn nkt (n-)d ≤r.†––––f

'the one who has property in his hand'20

However, the durative direct object rule was often not applied, allowing the use of thepronominal infinitive in the present tense.

E158:14/4

t£ nt t Ò.†––––f 'that which seizes him'

16Predicate is a qualitative.17Predicate is qualitative of the verb r≈.18Predicate is an absolute infinitive with oblique object.19Predicate is a prepositional phrase.20Predicate is a prepositional phrase.

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¶89 The relative of the future consisted of the relative converter nt and thecircumstantial future ¡w––––f (r) sd ≤m.

PERSON DEMOTIC PERSON DEMOTIC

1 s. IIIIøøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w––––y 1 pl. [ iiii¡¡¡¡ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––n

2 m. s. 6666øøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w ¡w––––k 2 pl. [ bbbb¡¡¡¡ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––tn

2 f. s. [ 3333¡¡¡¡ÚÚÚÚ ] nt ¡w––––t

3 m. s. ffff¡¡¡¡ÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w––––f 3 pl. &&&&ÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w––––w

3 f. s. ####÷÷÷÷øøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w ¡w––––s

Noun øøøøÚÚÚÚ nt ¡w

Note that the (helping) verb wn never occurred in such sentences. Note also thateven if the subject of the relative was identical with the antecedent, the subject couldnever be deleted, only pronominalized.

E159:6/4

p£ nt ¡w––––f ßms.†––––k

'the one who will follow (or, 'serve') you'

Although the pronominal infinitive might occasionally occur in present tense relatives(as above, E158), it was fairly common in future tense ones.

E160:4/20

p£ gy (n) ©™r r tß nt ¡w P£-R™ ¡r––––f

'the manner of raging against a district which Pre will do'

E161:10/14

p£ nt ¡w––––w ˙n––––f n––––f

'the one to whom it will be entrusted'

However, the present and future tense relatives with nominal subject identical withthe antecedent could never be confused because the subject was deleted from thefirst (present tense) giving a form nt + infinitive (¶85, E145–48) while the subject wasnever deleted, only pronominalized, in the future (E161, above).

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¶90 When a past tense participle or relative form was nominalized, the definitearticle was written before ¡¡r but the r of the relative form coalesced in writing with thearticle and the combination was written identically with the copula pronoun (see ¶23),e.g., RRRR + pppp is written ‘‘‘‘.

¶91 Note that with the exception of the two participial forms (present tense nt +predicate, past tense ¡¡r sd ≤m), an Egyptian relative clause must always include aresumptive pronoun (or resumptive adverb). The only normal exception was theomission of the resumptive pronoun when it was functioning as the direct object ofthe verb in a past tense relative clause.

¶92 One can summarize relative clauses in Demotic as follows:

Tense Subject Identical with Antecedent Subject Different from Antecedent

Past ¡¡r sd ≤m (¶84) r-sd ≤m–––– f (¶86)nt n£-™n––––f (¶87) nt n£-™n p£y––––f ™(.wy) (¶87)

Present nt sd ≤m (¶85) nt ¡w––––w sd ≤m (n-¡m––––)f (¶88)nt n p£y––––f ™(.wy) (¶85) nt ¡w wn rmt Ò m p£y––––f ™(.wy) (¶88)nt n£-™n––––f (¶87) nt n£-™n p£y––––f ™(.wy) (¶87)nt mr––––f (¶87) nt mr––––w s (¶87)

Aorist *nt ≈r sd≤m––––f *nt ≈r sd≤m––––w s

(no examples attested in ™Onchsheshonqy, form only a surmise)

Future nt ¡w––––f (r) sd ≤m (¶89) nt ¡w––––w (r) sd ≤m––––f (¶89)

¶93 Clues for translating Demotic relative clauses: Omit the relative converter(usually ÚÚÚÚ). If what is left is a full sentence, identify the resumptive pronoun. Thenconvert that resumptive pronoun to the appropriate relative pronoun in English ("who,which" for subject, "whom" for object, "whose" for possessive) and translate thesentence. If what is left after the relative converter is omitted is not a full sentence,then the Demotic is a participle, the subject is identical with the antecedent, and theclause should be translated using "who, which."

CLEFT SENTENCES

¶94 A cleft sentence consisted of a freestanding pronoun (independent,interrogative, etc.) or a noun plus a defined relative form or participle. Thisconstruction stressed the (pro)noun subject and is best translated '(pro)noun is the(one) who…' or 'it is (pro)noun who…'.

E162:14/4

mtws t£ nt t Ò.†––––f 'It (f.) is that which seizes him.'

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E163:2/21

nm p£ nt bnr 'Who is (the one who is) outside?'

Circumstantial examples occur in ™Onchsheshonqy after the particle hmy 'would that'.

E164:10/22

hmy ¡w ßr ˙ry p£ nt ¡r ˙ry

'Would that it were the son of the superior who acted as superior.'

VOCABULARY

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

p.t heaven mhw.t family

m¡.t way, road £d ≤ thief

˙f snake ™£ donkey

tn fine, fee, tax, levy h ≤l child

ms˙ crocodile ¡ny stone

s£wty guard ms.t interest (on a loan)

wß lack ph ≤r.(t) prescription,n wß (n) 'without' medication

¡r wß to fail mw water

£yt need ™ extent(¡r ) £yt to be in need ¡r ™ d ≤r.t to do one's best

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EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following (N.B.: Not all are complete sentences.):

1.

*2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. the words with which he knows how to instruct his son

2. the one who is stout-hearted (lit., great of heart) in evil

3. It happened that ™Onchsheshonqy, the son of Tjay-nefer, was brought

before the king at night.

4. the (things) which he said to him concerning the affair of the king

5. Water is very sweet to the one who has given it.

6. Would that I might know my brother!

7. a child who has a snake

8. Don't send to a town in which you will find need!

9. the (man) whom you will be able to question

10. Give the prescription to the sick (man) who is in need!

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 99

SECOND TENSES

¶95 The "second tense" was not a tense but rather a nominalized verb form. It wasused as a noun clause in the subject position in a present tense clause before anadverbial; this adverbial element is stressed. It was formed by prefixing the secondtense converter ÈÈÈÈAAAA ¡¡r to the main clause.

E165:19/24

¡¡r n£-nfr ph ≤r.(t) (n-)d ≤r.(t) p£y––––s swnw

'A remedy is good (i.e., effective) only in the hands of its doctor(i.e., the doctor who prescribed it).'

The "adverbial adjunct" being emphasized could be a simple adverb, a prepositionalphrase, a circumstantial clause, or some other adverbial clause (e.g., a purposeclause).

¶96 In the present tense the proclitic pronoun was replaced by the suffix pronoun;the adverbial predicate of a present tense second tense noun clause might be anadverb, a prepositional phrase, a qualitative,

E166:14/13

¡¡r pr wn r p£ nt ¡w wn nkt (n-)d≤r.†––––f

'To him who has property in his hand is the house open.'

or an infinitive.

E167:11/10

p£ nt t¡ßm tf£ r t£ p.t ¡¡r––––f hy r-˙r––––f

'The one who sends spittle to the sky, on him it falls.'

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Because the durative direct object rule applied, the oblique object had to be usedunless the object was an undetermined noun. It was even possible for a secondpresent noun clause to have no actual predicate after the subject.

E168:26/8 1

¡¡r––––w (n-)d ≤r.(t) p£ ßy p£ ntÒr d ≤r––––w

'From the hand of fate and god they all are.'

¶97 In the future the ¡w was omitted (remember, the "r of futurity" was not written in™Onchsheshonqy but does occur in many texts).

E169:23/7

p£ nt mr s˙m.t ¡w wn mtw––––s hy ¡¡r––––w h≤tb.†––––f ˙r t£y––––s pn™£.t

'He who loves a woman who has a husband, it is upon her (very)doorstep that he will be killed.'

¶98 The past tense, however, was not written ¡¡r plus indicative sd ≤m––––f. Rather, the¡¡r preceded the combination subject (a suffix pronoun if pronominal) and infinitive(absolute, construct, or pronominal, as with the future).

E170:2/11–12

¡¡r––––w ¡n.†––––k r pr Pr-™£ ¡w mn mtw––––k nkt n p£ t£

'It was while you had nothing at all that you were brought to thepalace.'

Even though a past tense second tense could be used within a past tense narrativepassage, the second tense was being used to stress an adverbial adjunct; it wasnever a narrative form.

1The prepositional phrase "from the hand of fate and god" is the stressed adverbial adjunct, notthe predicate of the noun clause.

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E171:3/19–21

d ≤ Pr-™£ my ¡n––––w ™n≈-ßßnqy s£ T ¯-nfr ¡r––––w d ≤d ≤y r <™n≈-ßßnqy s£>

T ¯-nfr ¡r––––w d ≤d ≤y ¡¡r––––w ¡y ¡w ¡n––––w s m-b£˙ Pr-™£ n t£y ˙ty d ≤ n––––f

Pr-™£

'The king said, "Let ™Onchsheshonqy, the son of Tjay-nefer, bebrought!" They ran after <™Onchsheshonqy, the son of> Tjay-nefer; they ran and, bringing (lit., 'having brought') him beforePharaoh immediately, they returned. The king said to him, "…."'

The scribe of Setne Khaemwast created a new auxiliary (r-¡r––––f sd ≤m) to distinguishthe past tense second tense (r-¡r––––f sd ≤m) from the present tense second tense (¡¡r––––f

sd ≤m).

¶99 It is not uncommon in ™Onchsheshonqy to find that the best translation of asentence with a second tense clause is as an English conditional clause. This doesnnnnooootttt imply that the second tense wwwwaaaassss a conditional clause (on which, see lesson 10,¶¶106–10, especially ¶109). In most of these sentences the reason for using thesecond tense was, as elsewhere, to stress an adverbial, and the "conditional" aspectis secondary and due to the translation.

E172:19/25

¡¡r––––w t¡ n––––k ™q r-d≤b£ swg my ¡r n––––k sb£.t (n) bty.t

'If it is for stupidity that you are given rations, let education be anabomination to you!'

IMPERFECT

¶100 The imperfect converter VVVVvvvv wn-n£w derived from the verb wn 'to be' and waspresumably the sd ≤m––––f of this verb with past tense meaning (as distinct from theindicative sd ≤m––––f with present tense meaning written vvvv wn and used in existenceclauses, discussed in ¶28). The main clause being converted served as the "subject"of the sd ≤m––––f ; the new unit was also a main clause. The imperfect converter isattested in ™Onchsheshonqy only before the present tense and with the negativefuture (on which, see lesson 11). The converter was prefixed to the main clause formof the present tense with noun subject (definite or indefinite, in the latter case with wn

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before the indefinite subject) but was prefixed to the circumstantial present form witha pronominal subject. This converter changed the present tense clause into a pasttense, but a durative past tense (in contrast to the sd≤m––––f discussed in lesson 3).Thus, when the adverbial predicate in a present tense following wn-n£w is aninfinitive, the best translation is often 'was doing' rather than 'did'.

E173:2/15–162

mt.t nb.t r-wn-n£w Ór Ór-s£-£s.(t) s£ R™-ms d≤ n-¡m––––w

'the things which Harsiese, the son of Ramose, was saying(them)'

¶101 Frequently the imperfect converter was used with a present tense because ofthe presence in the present tense clause of a qualitative,

E174:4/3

wn-n£w ¡w––––y ¡r-r≈ s d≤

'I knew (it) that…'

adverb, or prepositional phrase, none of which could be used in the "regular" pasttense, or because the clause was an existence clause.

E175:2/17

wn-n£w wn w™ rmt Ò na h ≤.(t) pr ˙r tbn w[™] m£™

'A man of the palace was atop a place.'

The imperfect converter could also be prefixed to a nominal sentence.

E176:2/18–19

wn-n£w p£y––––f gr˙ …p£y

'It was his night….'

2Using the relative form of the imperfect, discussed below.

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Note that when the nominal sentence consisted of the construction Noun + Noun +copula pronoun (¶25), the imperfect converter wn-n£w was placed between the twonouns.

E177:3/17

p£y––––f ¡† wn-n£w p£ ¡ry n p£y––––y ¡† p£y

'His father was the companion of my father.'

¶102 Since the imperfect formed a main clause, it could be converted to acircumstantial or relative form. The former is not attested in ™Onchsheshonqy, but itwould presumably have consisted of the circumstantial converter ¡w and theimperfect clause. The relative of the imperfect was based on the relative form (r-sd ≤m––––f ) of the verb wn, written VVVVvvvvRRRR r-wn-n£w. R-wn-n£w was prefixed to the basicmain clause form if the subject was a noun;

E178:5/143

n£ mt.w(t) r-wn-n£w ™n≈-ßßnqy s£ T ¯-nfr sh≤ n-¡m––––w

'the words which ™Onchsheshonqy, the son of Tjay-nefer, waswriting (them)'

the noun subject was omitted if identical with the antecedent.

E179:4/8–94

rmt Ò nb r-wn-n£w (n) n£ ßtq.w

'every man who was (in) (the) prison(s)'

E180:4/105

p£ t Ò-ßbt r-wn-n£w ¡p r-r––––f

'the staff-bearer who was assigned to him'

3The predicate is an absolute infinitive followed by an oblique object.4The predicate is a prepositional phrase.5The predicate is a qualitative.

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However, if the subject was a pronoun and the antecedent was identical with someother element in the relative clause, r-wn-n£w was prefixed to the circumstantialpresent form.

E181:4/17–186

n£ bld ≤™.w (n) n£ ˙n.w r-wn-n£w ¡w––––w tÒ.†––––w n––––f r-h ≤n h≤r m†k

'the sherds of the jars which were taken in to him (full) of m†k-wine'

VOCABULARY

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

£k [£q] to perish ¡p to reckon

™˙™ to stand w£˙ to put, add

wd ≤£ to be sound w† to send

p˙ to reach nq to copulate

rt to grow hwß to injure,

be offensive

hy to fall ˙rr to delay

˙n to order, mr to be ill, command be troubled

wy to be far (off) lg to remove, + r from stop7

Note also the idiom t¡ wy N1 r N2 'to cause N1 to release N2 (lit., 'to cause N1 to befar from N2')'

6The predicate is a pronominal infinitive.7Sometimes used reflexively, as noted above, ¶39.

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EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following (N.B.: Not all are complete sentences.):

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

*6.

*7.

*8.

*9.

*10.

B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. It was for silver that the merchant sent his son to the storehouse.2. "Let me eat my rations!" said the poor man.3. The scribe is leaving his (roll of) papyrus (only) because his superior said,

"Walk to town!"4. It was while the child was in the water that the thief threw the stone at the

snake.5. He was the superior of the old man who was carrying the little girl.6. In water the crocodile grows old; on land the youth grows up.7. The one who was (being) offensive to his superior perished.8. "I will be far from need," said the fool.9. That which grows in the water will be higher than the land.

10. The stone on which the woman was sitting fell into the road.

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 11 00

CLAUSE CONJUGATIONS

¶103 Clause conjugations are so called because, with the exception of one use of theconjunctive, they always formed dependent clauses, not complete sentences. Sincethey were not main clause forms, the clause conjugations could not be preceded byany of the converters. With the exception of the temporal and conditional clauses, theclause containing one of the clause conjugations followed the main clause.

TERMINATIVE

¶104 The form, written ffff||||∫∫∫∫XXXXxxxx ß™-tw––––f (plus infinitive) or ffff||||∫∫∫∫mmmmXXXXxxxx ß™-mtw––––f (plusinfinitive), and meaning 'until something happens, has happened', is not attested in™Onchsheshonqy.

TEMPORAL

¶105 As the name implies, this form meant 'when (in the past)' or 'after something(has/had) happened'. It was written ||||ΩΩΩΩ§§§§ (n-)d ≤r.(t) (or a phonetic equivalent thereof)plus the sd ≤m––––f. The only example in ™Onchsheshonqy was written MMMM n t£y plus thesd ≤m––––f.

E182:3/15

n£ mt.w(t) n-t£y d≤––––w st n––––k ¡n d≤––––k st ¡¡r-˙r rmt Ò n p£ t£

'The words, when they were said to you, did you say them to(any) man at all?'

CONDITIONAL

¶106 Real conditional clauses were written differently in Demotic depending on theform of the subject. If the subject of the clause was a noun, the conditional particle|t™ ¡n-n£1 was followed by the noun subject and an infinitive.

E183:19/19

¡n-n£ p£y––––k ˙ry d≤ n––––k mt.t rmtÒ r≈

'When your superior tells you something wise'

1To be carefully distinguished from the interrogative particle ¡n, on which, see lesson 8, ¶75.

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If the subject of the clause was a pronoun, 1 ¡w, rather than ¡n-n£, was used beforethe suffix pronoun and the infinitive.

E184:10/8

¡w––––w ˙wy.[ †––––k r-]bnr n p£ ™(.wy) (n) p£y––––k ˙ry

'If you are thrown out of your master's house'

Thus, with a pronominal subject the auxiliary (¡w plus suffix pronoun) was identical inappearance with the future auxiliary and with the circumstantial present.2 Whateverthe subject, the infinitive used after the subject could take a defined direct objectwithout the intermediary of the preposition n ; i.e., the durative or oblique object ruledid not apply to the conditional.

¶107 Conditional clauses may be translated either "if" or "when" (see E183 and 184).In both cases, the conditional clause indicated a point in time in the future differentfrom that of the main clause. This is in contrast to those circumstantial present tenseclauses which are translated "when" (or "while") which indicated duration and a timeperiod of the subordinate clause identical with that of the main clause.3 Thesedifferent types of English "when"-clauses are very different in Egyptian. Almost anykind of independent main clause could serve as the apodosis of a conditional clause.

¶108 Note the common expression ≈≈≈≈ffff1111 ¡w––––f ≈pr 'if (it happens that)', using theconditional auxiliary. The clause following ≈pr was usually a circumstantial. It wasoften a circumstantial nominal sentence or present tense circumstantial withqualitative or adverbial predicate since these constructions did not contain aninfinitive which could be fit into the regular form of the conditional clause.

2Although the auxiliary with pronominal subject was identical with several other auxiliaries, it isusually fairly easy to determine which auxiliary ¡w–––– was being used in a specific example. Thus, thepresent (and circumstantial present) auxiliary could have an adverb(ial) or qualitative "predicate,"which the future and conditional auxiliaries could not, but the future and conditional auxiliaries couldbe followed by a direct object, which the present tense auxiliaries could not (see ¶51 on the "obliqueobject rule"). The future auxiliary formed a main clause, the conditional auxiliary formed a dependentclause with a following apodosis.

3Contrast English "When he stands up, I shall see him," in which the "when" clause corresponds toan Egyptian conditional clause (when = "if"), with English "When he is standing, I see him," in whichthe "when" clause corresponds to an Egyptian circumstantial clause (when = "while"). Contrast also"When he stood up, I saw him," in which the "when" clause corresponds to an Egyptian temporalclause (¶105).

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E185:10/9

¡w––––f ≈pr ¡w p£y––––k ˙ry ˙ms r-˙r p£ yr

'If (it happens that) your superior is sitting on the river(-bank)'

¶109 When the scribe wished to stress an adverbial element within the conditionalclause, he often used the second tense. Either this was a second tense of theconditional or, more likely, it was a simple second tense and the conditional aspectwas implied in the Demotic and is added in the English translation.

E186:19/25

¡¡r––––w t¡ n––––k ™q r-d≤b£ swg

'If it is for stupidity that you are given rations'

¶110 Unreal conditional clauses consisted of the irrealis particle ||||ttttvvvv$$$$hhhh hwn-n£w plusa main clause; no examples occur in ™Onchsheshonqy. Examples with the particlefifififiIIII˜hhhh h my 'would that…!' plus a circumstantial clause can not technically beirrealis clauses since they often formed a main clause.

E187:10/22

hmy ¡w ßr ˙ry p£ nt ¡r ˙ry

'Would that it were the son of the superior who acted as superior!'

INFINITIVE OR SD¯M––––F AS OBJECT OF A VERB

¶111 Many verbs could take another verb as their direct object. If the subject of theverb used as direct object was identical with the subject of the main verb, or if thesubject of the verb used as direct object was unknown or unimportant, the infinitivewas used as the direct object.

E188:4/15–16

n£ mt.w(t) nt ¡w––––f r≈ mtr p£y––––f ßr n-¡m––––w

'the words with which he will be able to instruct his son'

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If the scribe wished to indicate the subject of the verb used as direct object, he usedthe sd ≤m––––f. This usage was especially common after the verb t¡ 'to cause'.

E189:3/11

t¡–y t¡–w n––––k nt nb

'I made them give you everything.'

¶112 If the verb in the main clause was the infinitive form of t¡ and the predicate ofthe clause serving as its object was a sd ≤m––––f, the combination t¡ plus sd ≤m––––f formedthe ancestor of the Coptic causative or compound infinitive. It meant 'to cause, have,make, let, permit someone (to) do something'.

E190:14/23

m-¡r t¡ smy rmt Ò r-¡r––––k 'Don't let a man bring suit against you.'

Such combinations could be freely formed from any verb and are to be distinguishedfrom the small number of verbs whose causative was formed by prefixing t¡ (similar infunction to old s - causatives).

E191:17/5

m-¡r t¡-≈pr n––––k nkt 'Don't acquire wealth!'

In this latter case t¡ and the lexical verb formed one unit and might appear as aninfinitive or sd ≤m––––f ; e.g., ≈r t¡–f t¡-≈pr n––––k ˙s.t ™£.t ¡w†––––w m-ßs sp sn 'It (normally)creates for you very great praise among them' (Magical 11/25–26, see Griffith andThompson 1921). In the causative or compound infinitive, t¡ and the lexical itemremained separate entities.

FINALIS

¶113 The finalis, which indicated the result which would occur from obeying apreceding imperative, consisted of the sd ≤m––––f of the verb t¡ with 1 s. subject and afollowing sd ≤m––––f as direct object of t¡.

E192:17/26

≈m b£.t t¡–y ™(£)y t£y––––k ßf™.t n ˙£.† rmt Ò nb

'Be good tempered (lit., 'small of wrath') that your reputation mayincrease in the hearts of all men!'

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But note, most examples in Demotic of t¡–y sd ≤m––––f retained the literal meaning '(inorder that) I cause him to hear'.

PURPOSE CLAUSES

¶114 If the scribe wanted to indicate the subject of a purpose clause, a subjunctivesd ≤m––––f was used;

E193:6/7

ßn r mt.t nb.t r≈––––k st

'Ask about everything in order that you may know (them)!'

otherwise, the scribe used preposition r plus the infinitive.

E194:3/22

st sd≤ny r-¡r––––k r h≤tb.†––––k

'They are conspiring against you in order to kill you.'

CONJUNCTIVE

¶115 The conjunctive was written ∫∫∫∫mmmm mtw plus the subject (noun or suffix pronoun)plus an infinitive.4 Note the spelling √√√√mmmm mtw––––k. The durative or oblique object ruledid not apply to the infinitival predicate of the conjunctive. The conjunctive was usedto indicate that the tense of the clause in which it is found was identical with thetense of the preceding clause. It was very common after the aorist, futures,imperatives,

E195:7/11

m-¡r ßm n––––k mtw––––k ¡y ˙™–k

'Don't go away and come back of yourself!' (i.e., 'of your ownaccord')

4Note that second and third person examples were written identically with the independentpronoun (¶20) and the preposition mtw–––– (< m-d¡– [¶43]).

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¶115 Conjunctive (cont.)

and the conditional.

E196:15/75

¡n-n£ p£y––––k ™w n rmt Ò ≈pr mtw nkt ™ß£y ≈pr n––––k my ™(£)y n£y––––k

sn.w mtw––––k

'When you have matured, if much property has accrued to you,let your brothers share your wealth! [lit., 'Let your brothers begreat with you!']'

¶116 Usually the subject of the conjunctive was identical with the subject of thepreceding clause. If not, the conjunctive is often best translated as a result clause.

E197:17/23–24

my-sb£ p£y––––k ßr r sh ≤ r sk£ r ˙m r grg r-d≤b£ w™.t rnp.(t) s† Ó™py

mtw––––f gm p£ ˙w n£y-¡r––––f

'Educate your son to write, to plow, to fowl, and to trap against ayear of the withholding of the inundation so that he may find theprofit of (i.e., profit by) what he has done!'

The conjunctive was not normally used after a past or present tense form. In sometexts the conjunctive was occasionally used at the beginning of a sentence, where itis best translated as an injunctive future. Note that even these examples of theconjunctive were incompatible with the converters; one could not have, e.g., acircumstantial conjunctive.6

5Note the translation of the conditional clause as "when," the conjunctive clause as "if."6Thus, any example of the construction circumstantial ¡w +, e.g., mtwk must involve the

independent pronoun mtwk, not the conjunctive.

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VOCABULARY

DEMOTIC TRANSLATION DEMOTIC TRANSLATION

©™r to be angry h ≤sy to be tired

swr to drink sß to despise

s† to turn (away) ß™† to cut (off)

gby to be weak d ≤d ≤y to run

sk£ to plow sd ≤ny to conspire

ßp to receive d ≤wy to steal

tb˙ to request w≈£ to wish, desire

™n smy to report

EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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*6.

7.

8.

79.

10.

B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. When the thief stole the donkey, the man became very angry.

2. Will you drink the water?

3. If the child's family is far off and he writes (lit., sends) to them, they willcause him to listen to their voice(s).

4. When you report to your superior, don't delay!

5. He drank the prescription in order to get well (lit., to be sound).

6. The one who despises (some)thing greatly (lit., who is great of despising[some]thing), from it he (will) die.

7. Plow the field and go to town!

8. Would that my family stand with me!

9. When the child looked at the water, he saw a snake.

10. If you do your best and you fail, don't despise the one who is greater thanyou!

7ßtq means "prison".

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LL EE SS SS OO NN 11 11

NEGATIVES

¶117 To each positive main clause form there was a corresponding negative formbased on the negative particles BBBB bw and bbbb bn. Converted forms were formedregularly by prefixing the appropriate converter to the clause including the negativeparticle. All clause conjugations were negated with the negative verb ÇÇÇÇçççç tm.

PRESENT TENSE

¶118 Present tense clauses containing wn 'to be' were negated by using ÒÒÒÒ¬¬¬¬ mn

'not to be'.

E198:19/71

mn ßr Pr-™£ gr˙ 'There is no son of the king at night.'

E199:21/82

mn l© gm ˙w 'No fool finds profit.'

E200:17/53

m-¡r t¡-≈pr n––––k nkt ¡w mn mtw––––k pr-˙d ≤

'Don't acquire goods while you don't have a storehouse!'

E201:22/174

p£ nt ¡w mn mtw––––f ¡r.†––––f r p£ yr

'the one who doesn't have his eye on the river'

1Negation of existence clause.2Negation of present tense sentence with undetermined noun subject, using wn/mn.3Negation of circumstantial wn + mtw indicating possession.4Negation of relative wn + mtw indicating possession.

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¶119 All other present tense clauses, including sd≤m––––f s of adjective verbs and secondtense constructions, were negated by prefixing the negative particle bbbb bn to thepositive form and inserting ™™™™ ¡n after the adverbial "predicate."

E202:11/20

bn ¡¡r––––w ms k£ (n) k£ ¡n

'It is not (to) a bull that a bull is born.'

If the scribe wished to negate the second tense clause rather than the nexusbetween this clause and the following adverbial, the negative verb ÇÇÇÇçççç tm was usedin the second tense clause.

E203:25/20

¡¡r s˙m.t tm mr p£ nkt n p£y––––s hy ge ˙w† ¡¡r-˙r ˙£.†––––s

'If about the property of her husband a woman does not care,another man is in her heart.'

Note that sentences with bn…¡n are negative; sentences using tm are positive,although one component clause is negative.

¶120 Nominal sentences and cleft sentences were also negated using bn…¡n (writtenbn ¡w…¡n in ™Onchsheshonqy).

E204:12/245

m-¡r d ≤ mt.t ¡w bn ¡w p£y––––s †£ ¡n p£y

'Don't say a thing whose time it is not!'

E205:21/96

mn p£ nt hwß 7 r p£ ™£ r-r––––f ¡w bn ¡w mtwf p£ nt hwß.† ¡n

'There does not exist one who7 (can) abuse his superior while he(himself) is not the one who is abused.'

5Circumstantial negative nominal sentence used as virtual relative.6Circumstantial negative cleft sentence.7Note the treatment of the nominalized relative form with generic meaning as an indefinite noun

subject, capable of serving as subject of an existence clause with wn/mn.

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OTHER MAIN CLAUSES

¶121 The negative future was also formed with bn, but never had the following ¡n.Usually the negative future was formed by prefixing bn to the future ¡w––––f (r) sd ≤m,although the preposition r was not written.8

E206:18/16

m-¡r d ≤ wn mtw––––y p£y nkt bn ¡w––––y ßms ntÒr bn ¡w––––y ßms rmt Ò ™n

'Don't say, "I have this property. I will not follow (or, 'serve') godand I will not follow man, either."'

™Onchsheshonqy also has examples of bn ¡w plus the sd ≤m––––f as negative future.

E207:10/7

d ≤rp––––k r r†––––k n ™(.wy) n rmtÒ ™£ bn ¡w d ≤rp––––k r ls––––k

'You may stumble with your feet in the house of a great man; youshould not stumble with your tongue.'

¶122 The negative past was written fifififibbbb bn-pw plus subject plus infinitive.9

E208:4/2–3

bn-pw––––f d ≤ n––––y w£˙ 'He did not tell me an answer.'

¶123 With all verbs other than the verb r≈ 'to know', the negative aorist was written∞ BBBB bw-¡r plus subject plus infinitive.

E209:22/15

bw-¡r ms˙ t Ò rmt Ò n tmy

'A crocodile cannot seize a local man.'

8When the subject of the clause was the 2 masculine pronoun .k, the scribe might write bn ¡w––––k

using %%%%, the freestanding form of ¡w, before 6666 , the ¡w––––k ligature.9For an example of metathesis of the subject and infinitive, see E211 in n. 11, below.

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E210:7/4

m-¡r mtr l© bw-¡r––––f ms†––––k

'Don't instruct a fool lest10 he hate you!'

With r≈ the negative aorist was written bw-¡r-r≈ plus subject.11

E212:12/5

bw-¡r-r≈––––k ™ p£y––––k ™˙™

'You don't know the extent of your lifetime.'

¶124 The negative perfect was written ||||∫∫∫∫ÏÏÏÏBBBB bw-¡r-tw plus subject (suffix pronoun ifpronominal) plus infinitive.

¶125 The circumstantial, relative, and imperfect converters could be prefixed to theforms with the negative particles.

E213:10/1312

hmy ¡w bn ¡w––––f mwt 'Would that he (will) not die!'

E214:7/513

m-¡r mtr p£ nt ¡w bn ¡w––––f sd≤m n––––k

'Don't instruct the one who will not listen to you!'

10For the translation 'lest', see below, ¶126.11This form with r≈ has been explained by some as metathesis of the subject and infinitive, as is

seen occasionally with noun subjects.

E211:3/7

bn-pw r≈ Pr-™£ 'Pharaoh did not know how (to …).' (or, 'was unable [to]')Bn-pw r˙ N here contrasts with *bn-pw––––f r≈ with pronominal subject; similarly, *bn ¡w r≈ N 'N will notknow' contrasts with *bn ¡w––––f r≈ 'He will not know'.

Others explain bw-¡r r≈ as an expanded (phonetic) writing of a non-periphrastic sd ≤m––––f (LateEgyptian bw r≈––––k > Demotic bw ¡r-r≈–k > Coptic º™Ï†∏) where ¡r-r≈ > ™Ï in contrast to the infinitiveform r≈ > Ï.

12Circumstantial negative future after hmy.13Nominalized relative of negative future.

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E215:15/1814

m-¡r d ≤ ßm––––y n t£y mt.t ¡w bn-pw––––k ßm n-¡m––––s

'Don't say, "I went into this matter," without having (lit., 'while youhaven't') gone into it!'

E216:12/415

p£ nt ¡w bn-pw––––f ßp s.(t)-d ≤b£

'one who has not experienced distress'

E217:7/1816

b£k ¡w bw-¡r––––w m©y.†––––f 'a servant who is not beaten'

E218:8/817

mn p£ nt ¡w bw-¡r––––f mwt

'One who does not die does not exist.'

E219:19/2318

¡¡r ¡rp ™w ¡w bw-¡r-tw––––w glp––––f

'As long as it hasn't been opened, wine matures.'

¶126 The range of meaning of the negative forms coincides generally with that of thecorresponding positive form. When a negative aorist follows an imperative, it mayoften be translated 'lest' (as above, E210). Note that the negative perfect occurredmost frequently after the circumstantial converter, in which case the clause can betranslated 'before something happened/had happened'.

¶127 For the negative imperative and negative optative, see lesson 7.

14Circumstantial negative past.15Nominalized relative of negative past.16Circumstantial negative aorist.17Relative of negative aorist.18Circumstantial negative perfect.

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CLAUSE CONJUGATIONS

¶128 Clause conjugations were negated by inserting the negative verb tm in theinfinitive position and appending the infinitive of the lexical verb to it.

E220:24/1119

¡w––––f tm ßn ¡w––––w ß™†–f

'If he doesn't inspect, it (his wages) will be cut off.'

When the subject was a noun, metathesis of the negative verb tm and the nounsubject might occur; e.g., *¡n-n£ tm N 'if N does not…'. Nominally used infinitives arealso negated with tm.

E221:20/2220

™se.t n pr tm ˙ms n-¡m––––f

'The waste of a house is not living in it.'

See above, ¶119, for the negation of second tense clauses, including the negationwith tm.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

¶129 It has been claimed that there is a sharp break between Demotic and Coptic,that Demotic is a late, dead end development from Late Egyptian. However, there areas many connections between Demotic and Coptic as between Late Egyptian andDemotic. There were breaks in each case, and the adoption of a radical new scriptfor Coptic emphasizes the break between Demotic and Coptic. However, Demoticshould be seen as part of the main line of development of the Egyptian language. Fora summary of the historical development of the Egyptian verbal system, from LateEgyptian through Demotic into Coptic, see the following table.21

19Negative conditional.20Here tm is being used to negate an infinitive serving as the second noun in a nominal sentence

from which the copula pronoun has been omitted (see ¶25 and E32).21For a slightly fuller discussion of this question, see Johnson (1976: 298–301). Note, also, e.g.,

the differences between types of nominal sentences in Late Egyptian and Demotic.

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THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN VERBAL SYSTEM

MEANING LATE EGYPTIAN DEMOTIC COPTIC

Present tw––––y (˙r) sd≤m tw––––y sd ≤m ˆfi͇ã

Circumstantial Present ¡w––––y rd¡.k ¡w––––y sd≤m ™Ófi͇ã

Relative Present nty tw––––y sd ≤m nt ¡w––––y sd ≤m ™ˆfi͇ã

Second Present ¡¡r––––f sd ≤m ¡¡r––––f sd ≤m ™Ófi͇ã

Negative Present bn tw––––y (˙r) sd≤m bn tw––––y sd ≤m ¡n (å)ˆfi͇ㅅ……†¬ (¡wn£)

Circumstantial ¡w bn tw––––y (˙r) ¡w bn tw––––y sd ≤m ¡n ™¬ˆfi͇ㅅ……†¬ Negative Present sd≤m (¡wn£)

Progressive tw––––y m n™y r sd≤m tw––––y n£ sd ≤m ˆ¬†fi͇ã

Aorist ≈r sd ≤m––––f ≈r sd ≤m––––f ≈r ¡r––––f sd≤m φÓfi͇ã

Negative Aorist bw ¡r––––f sd≤m bw ¡r––––f sd≤m º™Ófi͇ã

Future ¡w––––f r sd≤m ¡w––––f (r) sd≤m ™Ó™fi͇ã

Negative Future bn ¡w––––f (r) sd ≤m bn ¡w––––f sd ≤m 嬙Ófi͇ã

Past sd ≤m––––f sd ≤m––––f ¡r––––f sd ≤m †Ófi͇ã

Second Past ¡¡r––––f sd ≤m ¡¡r––––f sd ≤m 准Ófi͇ã

Negative Past bw-pw––––f sd≤m bn-pw––––f sd≤m º÷™Ófi͇ã

Perfect sd ≤m––––f w£˙–f sd ≤m †Ófi͇ãearly †Ófi͇ã

Negative Perfect bw-¡rt––––f sd≤m bw-¡r-tw––––f sd≤m ã÷†‡ôfi͇ã

Optative ¡m¡ sd ≤m––––f (my) sd ≤m––––f

my ¡r––––f sd≤m º†¤™Ófi͇ã

Negative Optative m-dyt sd ≤m––––f m-¡r t¡ sd ≤m––––f

m-¡r t¡ ¡r––––f sd≤m ã÷ꇤ™Ófi͇ã

Terminative ß™£ ¡¡rt––––f sd≤m ß™-(m)tw––––f sd≤m φ(¬)‡ôfi͇ã

Temporal m-d ≤r sd ≤m––––f (n-)d ≤r.(t) sd ≤m––––f 凙¤™Ófi͇ã

Conditional ¡r ¡w––––f ˙r sd≤m ¡w––––f sd≤m ™Óφ¬fi͇㠡n-n£ Noun sd ≤m

Negative Conditional ¡r ¡w––––f ˙r tm sd≤m ¡w––––f tm sd ≤m ™Ó‡ãfi͇ã

Irrealis h(£)n(£) wn hwn-n£w ™¬™

Causative Infinitive d¡ sd ≤m––––f t¡ sd ≤m––––f

t¡ ¡r––––f sd≤m ‡¤™Ófi͇ã

Finalis t¡–y sd≤m––––f

t¡–y ¡r––––f sd≤m ‡†¤™Ófi͇ã

Conjunctive mtw––––f sd ≤m mtw––––f sd ≤m ¬ôfi͇ã

Purpose Clause r + infinitive r + infinitive ™ + infinitive(subjunctive) sd ≤m––––f (subjunctive) sd ≤m––––f

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EXERCISES

A. Transliterate and translate the following:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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B. Translate the following into Demotic:

1. While you had nothing at all (lit., of the earth), you were brought to thepalace.

2. (A) man does not love the one whom he hates (or, who hates him).

3. because I did not kill (a) man

4. Don't hate him (r-˙r––––f) while you don't know (a) thing about (lit., belongingto) him!

5. Don't live in a house in which those (people/matters) of property will notreach you!

6. Don't do (a) thing about which you haven't first questioned!

7. Don't say, "I hate my superior. I will not serve/follow him."

8. No rich man or poor man exists at night.

9. Nothing happens except that which god will command.

10. Don't take (¡r) to yourself a woman whose husband is alive lest he becomeyour enemy (lit., act for you as fighting companion)!

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DD EE MM OO TT II CC II NN DD EE XXTRANSLITERATION TRANSLATION PAGE

£yt 'need'; 'to be in need' 70

£byn 'poor man' 41

£my.t 'character, conduct, personality' 41

£n† 'to restrain' 24

£s.t 'Isis' 55, ¶70

£k 'to perish' 78

£d ≤ 'thief' 70

¡ vocative particle 58, ¶75

¡¡r second tense converter 73, ¶95; 74, ¶98

¡¡r see ¡r 'to do, make'

¡¡r(-n––––) 'before' 29, ¶42

¡¡r-˙r 'before' 30, ¶43

¡¡ry see ¡r 'to do, make'

¡y 'to come'; cf. ¡w 'to come' 36, ¶48

¡w verbal auxiliary 2, ¶5, n. 2; 39, ¶52, n. 4; 39, ¶53; 74, ¶97; 82,¶106; 82, n. 2

¡w circumstantial converter 2, ¶5, n. 2; 61, ¶¶77–79; 66, ¶88, n. 15

¡w 'to come'; cf. ¡y 'to come' 36, ¶48; 38, ¶50

¡n-¡w qualitative of ¡w 35, ¶46

¡(w––––)s see ns 'belonging to'

¡wn 'Heliopolis' 55, ¶70

¡w† 'between' 28, ¶42

¡wty 'without' 28, ¶42

¡p 'to reckon' 78

⁄mn 'Amun' 55, ¶70

¡n interrogative particle 54, ¶69; 58, ¶75

¡n negative particle 90, ¶119; 90, ¶¶120–21

¡n 'to bring' 24

r-¡ny imperative of ¡n 53, ¶67

¡n r-d≤b£ ˙d≤ 'to buy' 41

¡n-¡w see ¡w 'to come'

¡n-n£ conditional particle 58, ¶75; 81, ¶106

¡n-n™ qualitative of n™ 'to go' 36, ¶46

¡n-qty qualitative of qt 'to sleep' 36, ¶46

¡ny 'stone' 70

¡r 'to do, make' 59

¡¡r past participial form of ¡r 64, ¶84; 69, ¶90

-¡¡r-t¡-s element in PNs 55, ¶71

¡¡ry imperative of ¡r 54, ¶67

¡r £yt 'to be in need' 70

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¡r (cont.)

¡r ™ d ≤r.t 'to do one's best' 70

¡r wß 'to fail' 70

¡r-r≈ see r≈ 'to know'

¡r.† 'eye' 22, ¶37

¡ry 'companion' 41

¡ry (n) 'companion (of)' 11, ¶15, 3

¡ry-d ≤d ≤y 'enemy' 11, E9

¡rm 'with, and' 28, ¶42

¡© 'who, what?' 15, ¶21

¡© -r-r–––– 'what kind of … ?' 15, ¶21

¡† 'father' 9, ¶12

™ 'extent' 70

¡r ™ d ≤r.t 'to do one's best' 70

™(.wy) 'house' 9, ¶12

™£ 'large, great' 44, ¶54

™(£)y qualitative and sd≤m––––f of ™£ 36, ¶48

™(£)w infinitive of ™£ 36, ¶48

n£-™£ sd≤m––––f of ™£ 47, ¶60

™£ 'donkey' 70

™n 'again' 27, ¶41

™n smy 'to report' 87

n£-™n sd≤m–f of ™n 'to be beautiful, pleasing' 47, ¶60

™n≈ 'to live' 59

™rw 'perhaps' 58, ¶75

™˙™ 'to stand' 78

™ß 'to call' 59

™ß-s˙n 'matter, affair' 41

™ß£y 'numerous' 43, ¶54

™ß£y 'always, zealously' 27, ¶41

™ß£ qualitative and sd≤m–f of ™ß£y 36, ¶48

™ß£y infinitive of ™ß£y 36, ¶48

n£-™ß£ sd≤m–f of ™ß£y 47, ¶60

™q 'loaf (of bread), rations' 41

™† 'member' [part of the body] 22, ¶37

™d ≤ 'to be evil' 36, ¶47

.w mark of plural 5, ¶8; 10, ¶14

mark of qualitative 36, ¶47

w£˙ 'to put, add; to complete, stop' 20, ¶29; 78

wy 'to be far (off)' 78

t¡ wy 'to cause … to release …' 78

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w™.† – 'alone, only' 45, ¶56

w™b 'priest' 9, ¶12

wp.t 'work' 9, ¶13

wn 'to be' 6, ¶10; 19, ¶28; 61, ¶78; 66, ¶¶88–89; 75,¶100; 77, ¶102

wn-n£w imperfect converter 75, ¶¶100–01

r-wn-n£w circumstantial and imperfect ofwn-n£w 77, ¶102

wn mtw 'to have, possess' 32, ¶43

wnw.t 'hour' 41

wnm 'to eat' 59

wr 'great' 44, ¶54

wr swnw 'Chief Physician' 41

w≈£ 'to wish' 23, ¶39; 30, ¶42; 87

w≈£ wb£ 'to care for' someone, something 30, ¶42

w≈£ m-s£ 'to look for, seek' someone 30, ¶42

Ws¡r 'Osiris' 55, ¶70

wß 'lack' 70

n wß(n) 'without' 70

¡r wß 'to fail' 70

w† 'to send' 78

wd ≤£ 'to be sound' 78

m-b£˙ 'before' 30, ¶43

b£k 'servant' 9, ¶12

b£k 'work' 9, ¶12

b£k.t 'servant' (f.) 9, ¶13

b™y 'to rage, be enraged' 24

bw negative particle 89, ¶117

bw-¡r–f negative aorist 91, ¶123

bw-¡r-tw negative perfect 92, ¶124

bn 'evil' 43, ¶54

bn negative particle 90, ¶117; 91, ¶121

bn…¡n negative present 90, ¶¶119–20

bn ¡w variant of negative particle bn 90, ¶¶120–21

bn-pw negative past 92, ¶122

r-bnr 'outside' 27, ¶41

bld ≤™ 'potsherd' 41

p.t 'heaven' 70

pa 'he of …' 50, ¶66; 55, ¶71

P£-t¡-… element in PNs 55, ¶71

P£-r™ 'Pre' 12, ¶16; 55, ¶70

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pr 'house' 9, ¶12; 12, ¶16

pr-˙d≤ 'storehouse' 41

Pr-™£ 'Pharaoh, king' 12, ¶15

p˙ 'to reach' 78

p˙† 'strength' 22, ¶37

ph ≤r.(t) 'prescription, medication' 70

Pt˙ 'Ptah' 55, ¶70

fy 'to carry' 59

m-¡r vetitive 53, ¶67

m£™ 'to be right, justified' 36, ¶47

n m£™.t 'true' 45, ¶55

n m£y 'new' 45, ¶55

m¡.t 'way, road' 70

my see t¡ 'to cause'

mw 'water' 70

mw.t 'mother' 9, ¶13

mwt 'to die' 59

mn negative existence 32, ¶43; 89, ¶118

mn mtw 'not to have' 32, ¶43; 89, E200–01

Mn-nfr 'Memphis' 55, ¶70

n mn.(t) 'daily' 27, ¶41

mr 'to love' 20, E36; 59; 66, ¶87

mr 'to be ill, be troubled' 78

n£-mr sd≤m–f of mr 47, ¶60

mr 'overseer' 11, ¶15, 5

mr-mß™ 'general' 11, E14

mr-ßn 'chief inspector, lesonis' 11, E15

mhw.t 'family' 70

m˙ in ordinal numbers 57, ¶74

m©y 'to beat' 24

ms 'to give birth' 59

ms.t 'interest' on a loan 70

ms˙ 'crocodile' 70

mst 'to hate' 20, E36; 59; 66, ¶87

mß™ 'to walk' 59

mßt 'to inspect' 24

mky 'to pamper' 24

mt.t 'thing, word, speech' 11, ¶15, 4; 41

mt.t bn.t 'evil' 11, E10mt.t Pr-™£ 'affair of state' 11, E13mt.t m£™.t 'truth' 11, E12mt.t nfr.t 'good' 11, E11

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mtw 'belonging to' 31, ¶43

mtw conjunctive auxiliary 85, ¶115; 86, n. 6

mtr 'to be satisfied, be in agreement' 36, ¶47

mtr 'to instruct' 24

n mt(r)e 'at midday' 27, ¶41

n 'of' 14, ¶19

n 'to, for' 28, ¶42

n(-¡m–) 'in' 28, ¶42; 38, ¶51

n-¡m–w 'there'

nt n-¡m–w 'that' (lit., 'which is there') 48, ¶62

na 'those of' 50, ¶66

¡n-n™ qualitative of n™ 'to go' 35, ¶46

nw (r) 'to look (at), see' 30, ¶42; 59

nb 'lord' 41

nb 'every, all, any' 7, ¶11; 46, ¶59

nfr 'good' 43, ¶54

n£-nfr sd≤m–f of nfr 47, ¶60

nm 'who ?, what ?' 15, ¶21

n˙† 'to trust' 24

ns 'belonging to' 14, ¶¶19–20; 55, ¶71

nq 'to copulate' 78

nkt 'thing, property' 9, ¶12

Nt 'Neith' 55, ¶70

nt relative converter 65, ¶85; 66, ¶87; 68, ¶89nt n-¡m–w 'that' (lit., 'which is there') 48, ¶62nt nb 'everything' 46, ¶59

nt Òr 'god' 9, ¶12

n£-nd≤m sd ≤m–f of nd ≤m 'to be sweet, pleasant' 47, ¶60

r 'mouth' 22, ¶37

r 'to, at, about, concerning' 28, ¶42; 46, E90, n. 2

+ verb 28, ¶42; 39, ¶53; 62, ¶79; 68, ¶89; 74, ¶97; 85,¶114; 91, ¶121

r-¡ny see ¡n 'to bring'

r-d≤y see d≤ 'to say'

P£-r™ see P£-r™ 'Pre'

rmt Ò 'man' 9, ¶12rmt Ò (n) 'man (of)' 10, ¶15rmt Ò r≈ 'wise (man)' 10, ¶15 and n. 4

rn– '(above-)named/mentioned' 45, ¶56

rnp.(t) 'year' 9, ¶13

n rhy 'in the evening' 27, ¶41

r≈ 'to know' 19, ¶26; 23, ¶39; 35, ¶46; 36, ¶48

¡r-r≈ from verb r≈ 'to know' 19, ¶26; 35, ¶46; 36, ¶48; 92, ¶123

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rt 'to grow' 78

r† 'foot' 22, ¶37

l© 'fool' 41

ls 'tongue' 22, ¶37

lg 'to remove; to stop' 23, ¶39; 78

hy 'husband' 9, ¶12

hy 'to fall' 78

hwn-n£w irrealis particle 58, ¶75; 83, ¶110

hwß 'to injure, be offensive' 36, ¶47; 78

hb 'to send, write letter' 59

hmy 'would that!' 58, ¶75; 62, ¶80; 70, ¶94

n p£ hrw 'today' 27, ¶41

˙£.† 'front' 22, ¶37

r˙£.t 'before, first' 27, ¶41

˙£.† 'heart' 22, ¶37

˙™ '-self' 22, ¶37

˙™py 'Hapy' 55, ¶70

˙w 'excess' 41

˙w 'profit' 41

˙w.t 'house' 12, ¶15, 6

˙w.t-nt Òr 'temple' 12, E16

˙wy 'to throw' 24

˙f 'snake' 70

˙m.t 'wife' 9, ¶13

˙ms 'to sit, live, dwell' 59

˙n 'vessel' 41

˙n 'to command, order' 23, ¶39; 78

˙r 'Horus' 55, ¶70

˙r 'face' 22, ¶37

˙r 'on, over, upon' 20, ¶29; 28, ¶42

r-˙ry 'up' 27, ¶41

˙ry 'superior' 9, ¶12

˙rr 'to delay' 78

n t£y ˙ty 'immediately' 27, ¶41

˙d ≤ 'silver, money' 41

¡n r-d≤b£ ˙d≤ 'to buy' 41

t¡ r-d ≤b£ ˙d ≤ 'to sell' 41

≈£™ 'to leave' 59

©™(m) 'small' 45, ¶55

©™r 'to be angry' 87

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n£-©y sd≤m–f of ©y 'to be high' 47, ¶60

≈pr 'to become, come into being;to happen' 62, ¶80; 82, ¶108

t¡-≈pr 'to acquire' 21, E38

my-≈pr imperative of t¡-≈pr 53, ¶67

r-d≤b£ ≈pr 'because' 58, ¶75

¡w–f ≈pr 'if' 82, ¶108

≈m 'small' 43, ¶54

n£-≈m sd ≤m–f of ≈m 47, ¶60

≈r aorist auxiliary 21, ¶31

≈rw 'voice' 22, ¶37

≈sf 'to despise' 24

r-h≤(.t) 'according to' 30, ¶43

h ≤e.† 'side' 22, ¶37

h ≤yr 'street' 41

h ≤n 'in' 28, ¶42

r-h≤n 'inside' 27, ¶41

h ≤r 'under' 29, ¶42

h ≤r† .w 'children' 10, ¶14

h ≤l 'child' 70

h ≤sy 'to be tired' 87

h ≤tb 'to kill' 24

s 'man' 41

s (n) 'man (of)' 10, ¶15, 2

s£ 'son' 55, ¶71

m-s£ 'after, except' 30, ¶43

w≈£ m-s£ 'to look for, seek' someone 30, ¶42

s£wty 'guard' 70

sw 'day' 41

swnw 'doctor'

wr swnw 'Chief Physician' 41

swr 'to drink' 87

sw† 'to deliver' 24

sb£ 'to teach'

my-sb£ imperative of t¡-sb£ 'to teach' 53, ¶67

n£-sb£ sd≤m–f of sb£ 'to be educated' 47, ¶60

sb£.t 'instruction' 41

sbk 'small, few' 43, ¶54

sn 'brother' 9, ¶12

smy see ™n smy 'to report'

s˙m.t 'woman' 9, ¶13

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s˙n 'to order' 24

™ß-s˙n 'matter, affair' 41

s≈.(t) 'field' 41

sh≤ 'to write' 59

sh≤ 'scribe' 41

sß 'to despise' 87

sk£ 'to plow' 87

s† 'to turn (away)' 87

s† 'tail' 22, ¶37

sd≤m 'to hear, listen' 59

sd≤ny 'to conspire' 87

ßy 'fate' 41

ß™ d ≤.t 'forever' 13, E18

ß™-(m)tw–f terminative auxiliary 81, ¶104

ß™† 'to cut (off)' 87

n£-ß™† sd≤m–f of ß™† 47, ¶60

ßw† 'merchant' 41

ßp 'to receive' 87

ßm 'to go' 59

t¡-ßm 'to send' 59

ßmw.wt 'in-laws' 10, ¶14

ßms 'to follow, serve' 24

ßn 'to ask, question' 24

ßr 'son' 9, ¶12; 55, ¶71

ßr.t 'daughter' 9, ¶13; 55, ¶71

m-ßs 'very' 27, ¶41

n£-m-ßs sd≤m–f of m-ßs 'to be significant' 47, ¶60

ßtm 'to slander' 24

qt 'to build' 24

¡n-qty qualitative of qty 35, ¶46

m-qty 'like' 30, ¶43

.k mark of qualitative 35, n. 1; 36, ¶47

ky 'other' 46, ¶58

gy 'manner, form' 41

gby 'to be weak' 87

gm 'to find' 23, ¶39; 24; 62, ¶80

n gr˙ 'at night' 28, ¶41

.t mark of feminine 5, ¶8; 9–10, ¶¶13–14; 22, ¶37; 43, ¶54, n. 1

† mark of pronominal form 22, ¶37; 35, ¶45

mark of qualitative 36, ¶47

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ta 'she of' 50, ¶66; 55, ¶71

t£ 'land, earth' 7, ¶11; 41

T£-t¡-… element in PNs 55, ¶71

n t£y see n-d≤r(.t) temporal auxiliary

t¡ 'to give, cause' 23, ¶38; 36, ¶48; 84–85, ¶¶111–13

my imperative of t¡ 53, ¶67

-¡¡r-t¡-s element in PNs 55, ¶71 and n. 2

t¡ wy … r 'to cause … to release …' 78

t¡ r-d≤b£ ˙d ≤ 'to sell' 41

t¡-≈pr 'to acquire' 21, E38

my-≈pr imperative of t¡-≈pr 53, ¶67

my-sb£ imperative of t¡-sb£ 'to teach' 53, ¶67

t¡-ßm 'to send' 59

ty 'here' 27, ¶41

twys 'Here is/are' 58, ¶75

tb˙ 'to request' 23, ¶39; 87

tm negative verb 89, ¶117; 90, ¶119; 94, ¶128

tmy 'town' 9, ¶12

tn 'fee, fine, tax, levy' 70

t˙r 'to be sad' 36, ¶48

t˙£ infinitive of t˙r 36, ¶48

n£-t˙r sd≤m–f of t˙r 47, ¶60

tß 'district' 41

t Ò 'to take' 24; 36, ¶47

d ≤ 'to say, speak' 23, ¶39; 24

r-d≤y imperative of d≤ 53, ¶67

d ≤ conjunction 58, ¶75

d ≤£d≤£ 'head' 22, ¶37

d ≤wy 'to steal' 87

r-d≤b£.(† ) 'because of, concerning' 31, ¶43

¡n r-d≤b£ ˙d≤ 'to buy' 41

t¡ r-d≤b£ ˙d ≤ 'to sell' 41

r-d≤b£ ≈pr 'because' 58, ¶75

d ≤m™ 'roll of papyrus' 41

d ≤r– 'all, every, entire' 7, ¶11; 45, ¶56; 50, ¶65

d ≤r.† 'hand' 22, ¶37

¡r ™ d ≤r.t 'to do one's best' 70

(n-)d ≤r.(† ) 'with, from, by, through' 21, ¶34; 31, ¶43

n-d ≤r.t temporal auxiliary 81, ¶105

D ¯˙wty 'Thoth' 55, ¶70

d ≤d ≤y 'to run' 87

d ≤d ≤y see ¡ry-d≤d ≤≤y 'enemy'

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IINNDDEEXX TTOO PPAASSSSAAGGEESS CCIITTEEDDNote abbreviations: ¶ = Paragraph; E = Example;

X = Exercise ( A and B refer to the two parts of the exercises)

™ONCHSHESHONQY

COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

1/12 ¶54, E83

1/13 ¶34, E40; ¶43, E60

1/13–14 ¶56, E86

1/14 ¶65, E108

1/15 ¶62, E102

1/17 ¶85, E146

1/18 ¶43, E60

2/5 ¶73, E119

2/11 ¶54, E72

2/11–12 ¶98, E170

2/13 ¶42, E45

2/14 ¶15, E14; ¶88, E155

2/14–15 ¶49, E65

2/15 ¶54, E75

2/15–16 ¶100, E173; cf. X9, A5

2/16 ¶86, E150

2/17 ¶28, E35; ¶66, E111; ¶73, E118;¶101, E175

2/18 ¶56, E87

2/18–19 ¶101, E176

2/19 ¶88, E156

2/20 ¶73, E120

2/20–21 ¶27, E33

2/21 ¶85, E145; ¶94, E163

3/4–5 ¶56, E85

3/5–6 cf. X8, A5

3/7 ¶123, n. 11, E211

3/10–11 X11, B1

3/11 ¶111, E189

3/13 ¶43, E51

3/15 ¶69, E117; ¶105, E182

3/16 ¶81, E135

3/17 ¶21, E24; ¶101, E177

COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

3/19–20 ¶68, E115

3/19–21 ¶98, E171

3/20 ¶32, E39

3/20–21 ¶82, E142

3/21–22 X11, A6

3/22 ¶57, E91; ¶75, E130; ¶114, E194

4/2 ¶68, E114

4/2–3 ¶122, E208

4/3 ¶101, E174

4/5 ¶42, E41; ¶84, E143

4/6–7 ¶19, E22

4/7–8 ¶80, E132

4/8–9 ¶102, E179; cf. X10, A9

4/9 ¶43, E53

4/10 ¶15, E11; ¶43, E59; ¶102, E180

4/11 ¶75, E128

4/14 ¶75, E129

4/14–15 ¶68, E116

4/15–16 ¶111, E188; X8, B1

4/17 ¶75, E127; ¶86, E149

4/17–18 ¶102, E181

4/18 ¶42, E49

4/19 ¶75, E126

4/19–20 X11, B3

4/20 ¶23, E27; ¶89, E160

4/21 X8, A3

5/5 ¶15, E12; X10, A1

5/9 ¶54, E82; X6, A6

5/11 ¶42, E46

5/14 ¶51, E67; ¶102, E178

5/16 ¶18, E19

5/19 X8, B1

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Index to Passages Cited

COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

6/4 ¶89, E159

6/7 ¶114, E193

6/10 ¶58, E94

6/13 ¶54, E74; ¶54, E81

6/14 ¶79, E131

6/15 cf. X8, B8

6/20 X11, B4

7/4 ¶123, E210

7/5 ¶125, E214

7/7 ¶42, E48

7/11 ¶115, E195

7/13 ¶57, E90

7/14 X10, A4

7/18 ¶125, E217

7/19 ¶54, E80

7/22 X8, A6

8/2 ¶66, E110

8/4 X11, B6

8/7 ¶57, E92

8/8 ¶125, E218

8/9 ¶43, E52; ¶81, E137

8/12 ¶15, E9; X8, A9; X11, B10

8/13 ¶61, E99

8/18 ¶15, E16

8/23 ¶25, E32

9/6 X8, A4

9/8 ¶81, E136

9/9 X9, A1; cf. X10, B6

9/16 ¶23, E26

9/18 cf. X11, B5

9/25 ¶43, E55

10/2 ¶60, E96

10/7 ¶30, E37; ¶121, E207

10/8 ¶106, E184

10/9 ¶108, E185

10/11 ¶66, E109; ¶80, E134

10/13 ¶125, E213

COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

10/14 ¶54, E73; ¶89, E161

10/16 ¶43, E61; X8, A10

10/19 ¶54, E76

10/22 ¶85, E148; ¶94, E164; ¶110,E187

10/23 ¶65, E106; ¶87, E151

11/2 ¶80, E133

11/4 X8, B6

11/7 ¶73, E121; X9, A3

11/10 ¶96, E167

11/13 ¶49, E63

11/20 ¶119, E202

11/22 ¶54, E78

12/4 ¶125, E216

12/5 ¶42, E44; ¶123, E212

12/6 ¶15, E10; X10, A7

12/7 X8, B9

12/8 ¶60, E95

12/9 ¶18, E18

12/12 ¶81, E138

12/13 X7, A2

12/17 ¶65, E107; X10, A10

12/21 X11, A8

12/24 ¶120, E204

13/3 ¶81, E140

13/5 ¶64, E104

13/8–9 ¶17, E17

13/9 ¶31, E38

13/15 ¶67, E112

13/18 ¶53, E70

13/19 ¶88, E154; X8, A1

13/21 ¶25, E31

13/22 ¶65, E105

14/3 X11, A10

14/4 ¶88, E158; ¶94, E162

14/6 X8, B2

14/9 ¶73, E122

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Index to Passages Cited

COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

14/12 ¶61, E97

14/13 ¶88, E157; ¶96, E166

14/23 ¶112, E190

15/5 ¶62, E103; X11, A4

15/6 X8, A7

15/7 ¶115, E196; X7, A4

15/10 ¶74, E125

15/13 ¶88, E153

15/18 ¶125, E215

15/23 ¶87, E152

16/7 X11, B7

16/16 ¶15, E13

16/18 ¶42, E43

16/20 X11, A5

16/23 ¶22, E25

16/24 X11, A7

16/25 ¶55, E84

17/5 ¶112, E191; ¶118, E200

17/8 X7, A1

17/12 ¶56, E89

17/16 ¶56, E88

17/17 ¶43, E50

17/18 X10, A3

17/21 ¶81, E141

17/23–24 ¶116, E197

17/25 ¶61, E101; X10, A5

17/26 ¶113, E192

18/9 ¶15, n. 4, E7; ¶43, E56; ¶73,E123; X7, A10

18/11 ¶49, E64

18/16 ¶121, E206

18/18 X11, A9

18/22 ¶53, E69

19/3 cf. X8, B5

19/7 ¶118, E198; cf. X11, B8

19/9 X11, B2

19/12 ¶42, E42

COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

19/17 ¶84, E144

19/18 ¶73, E124

19/19 ¶106, E183

19/22 cf. X9, B6

19/23 ¶125, E219

19/24 ¶95, E165

19/25 ¶43, E58; ¶57, E93; ¶99, E172;¶109, E186

20/12 ¶50, E66

20/14 ¶81, E139

20/18 ¶42, E47; ¶61, E98; X10, A2

20/20 ¶18, E20

20/22 ¶128, E221

21/8 ¶118, E199

21/9 ¶120, E205

21/13 ¶43, E57

21/23 ¶18, E21

21/25 X11, A3

22/4 ¶15, E8

22/8 X10, A8

22/13 ¶43, E54

22/15 ¶15, E6; ¶123, E209

22/17 ¶118, E201

22/21 ¶54, E71

22/24 X11, A1

22/25 X11, B9

23/7 ¶97, E169; X8, B7

23/10 ¶25, E29

23/14 ¶46, E62

23/15 ¶28, E36

23/18 ¶51, E68

23/22 ¶67, E113

24/11 ¶15, E15; ¶128, E220; X9, A2

24/20 ¶25, E30

24/21 ¶54, E79

24/23 X11, A2

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COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

25/5 ¶23, E28

25/20 ¶119, E203

25/22 ¶54, E77

26/5 ¶28, E34

26/8 ¶96, E168

COLUMN/LINE ¶, EXAMPLE NUMBER

26/11 X9, A4

26/17 ¶85, E147

27/10 cf. X8, A8

27/19 ¶21, E23

28/2 ¶61, E100

OTHER TEXTS

Magical 9/17 ¶24

Magical 11/25–26 ¶112

Magical v, 3/8 ¶23

P. Rylands IX, 8/2 ¶20

Setne Khaemwast I, 5/28 ¶29

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EE NN GG LL II SS HH II NN DD EE XXTERM PAGE

absolute infinitive 7, ¶11; 35, ¶45; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 74, ¶98

abstract noun 46, ¶57

action 35, ¶46; 38, ¶50

adjective 11, ¶15; 43–46, ¶¶54–57; 46, ¶59

equivalent 45–46, ¶¶56–57; 49, ¶65; 64, ¶83

verb 36, ¶48; 47–48, ¶¶60–61; 66, ¶87; 90, ¶119

adverb 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 21, ¶31; 27, ¶41; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 54, ¶69; 61, ¶78; 69, ¶91; 73–74, ¶¶95–96; 76, ¶101

adverb(ial) 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 35, ¶46; 38, ¶50; 61, ¶76; 61, ¶78; 66, ¶88; 73, ¶95; 75, ¶99; 83,¶109; 90, ¶119

adjunct 64, ¶82; 73, ¶95; 74, ¶98

predicate 6, ¶10; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 65, ¶85; 67, ¶88; 73, ¶96; 76, ¶100; 82, ¶106, n. 2;82, ¶108; 90, ¶119

resumptive 69, ¶91

agent 21, ¶34; 31, ¶43, n. 3

agreement

gender 12, ¶16; 15, ¶23; 16, ¶25; 36, ¶47; 43, ¶54; 46, ¶¶58–59; 48–49, ¶¶62–63; 56,¶73

number 12, ¶16; 15, ¶23; 16, ¶25; 36, ¶47; 43, ¶54; 46, ¶¶58–59; 48–49, ¶¶62–63; 56,¶73

alphabet 2, ¶5

antecedent 62, ¶81; 64–66, ¶¶83–86; 66–68, ¶¶88–89; 69, ¶¶92–93; 77, ¶102

definite 62, ¶81

indefinite 62, ¶81

aorist 21, ¶¶31–32; 37, ¶49; 48, ¶61; 69, ¶92; 85, ¶115; 95, ¶129

negative 19, ¶26; 92, ¶123; 93, ¶126; 95, ¶129

apodosis 82, ¶106, n. 2

article 7, ¶11; 12–13, ¶¶16–18; 46, ¶57

definite 7, ¶11; 12, ¶¶16–17; 49, ¶63; 64, ¶83; 69, ¶90

demonstrative 7, ¶11; 48, ¶62

indefinite 7, ¶11; 12, ¶¶16–17

possessive 7, ¶11; 22, ¶36; 49, ¶63; 49, ¶65

'to be' 6, ¶10; 19, ¶28; 32, ¶43; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 61, ¶78; 66–68, ¶¶88–89; 75, ¶100;77, ¶102; 89, ¶118

causative infinitive 21, ¶30; 84, ¶112; 95, ¶129

circumstantial

clause 58, ¶75; 61–64, ¶¶76–83; 67–68, ¶¶88–89; 70, ¶94; 73, ¶95; 75, ¶100; 77,¶102; 81–83, ¶¶106–08; 83, ¶110; 95, ¶129

converter 2, n. 2; 61–62, ¶¶76–79; 77, ¶102; 86, ¶116, n. 6; 89, ¶117; 92–93, ¶¶125–26

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clause 6, ¶9; 23, ¶39; 61, ¶76; 85, ¶115

circumstantial 58, ¶75; 61–64, ¶¶76–81; 66–68, ¶¶88–89; 70, ¶94; 73, ¶95; 75, ¶100; 77,¶102; 81–83, ¶¶106–08; 83, ¶110; 95, ¶129

conditional 58, ¶75; 75, ¶99; 81, ¶103; 81–83, ¶¶106–10; 85, ¶115; 95, ¶129

conjugation 81, ¶103

negative 89, ¶117; 94, ¶128

dependent 6, ¶9; 19, ¶26; 35, ¶46; 58, ¶75; 61, ¶76; 81, ¶103; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 82, ¶107;83–84, ¶¶111–12

existence 6, ¶10; 19, ¶28; 75–77, ¶¶100–01; 89, ¶118; 90, ¶120, n. 7

main 6, ¶10; 19, ¶27; 20, ¶30; 39, ¶52; 53–54, ¶¶68–69; 58, ¶75; 61, ¶¶76–77; 61,¶79; 65–66, ¶¶86–87; 66, ¶88, n. 15; 73, ¶95; 75, ¶100; 77, ¶102; 81–82,¶¶106–07; 83, ¶110; 84, ¶112; 89, ¶117

purpose 6, ¶9; 21, ¶30; 73, ¶95; 85, ¶114; 95, ¶129

relative 6, ¶8; 61, ¶76; 62, ¶81; 64–69, ¶¶83–93; 77, ¶102; 95, ¶129

result 84, ¶113; 86, ¶116

subordinate 6, ¶9; 19, ¶26; 21, ¶30; 35, ¶46; 58, ¶75; 61, ¶76; 81, ¶103; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 82,¶107; 83–84, ¶¶111–12

virtual relative 63, ¶81; 64, ¶83

cleft sentence 14–15, ¶¶20–21; 69, ¶94; 90, ¶120

comparative 46, ¶57, n. 2

compound 6, ¶8

infinitive 84, ¶112

noun 10, ¶15; 13, ¶18; 43, ¶54; 57, ¶74

preposition 30–32, ¶¶43–44

verb 13, ¶18

conditional clause 58, ¶75; 75, ¶99; 81, ¶103; 81–83, ¶¶106–10; 85, ¶115; 95, ¶129

negative 94, ¶128; 95, ¶129

real 58, ¶75; 81–83, ¶¶106–09; 95, ¶129

irrealis 83, ¶110; 95, ¶129

unreal 58, ¶75; 83, ¶110

conjunction 58, ¶75

conjunctive 58, ¶75; 81, ¶103; 85–86, ¶¶115–16; 95, ¶129

construct infinitive 7, ¶11; 35, ¶45; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 74, ¶98

converter 61, ¶76; 81, ¶103; 86, ¶116; 89, ¶117

circumstantial 2, n. 2; 61–62, ¶¶76–79; 77, ¶102; 86, ¶116, n. 6; 89, ¶117; 92–93, ¶¶125–26

imperfect 61, ¶76; 75–77, ¶¶100–01; 89, ¶117; 92, ¶125

relative 61, ¶76; 65, ¶85; 66–68, ¶¶87–89; 69, ¶93; 92, ¶125

second tense 61, ¶76; 73, ¶95

copula pronoun 15–17, ¶¶23–25; 69, ¶90; 77, ¶101

dative 6, ¶9; 28, ¶42; 32, ¶44

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defined

noun 7, ¶11; 82, ¶107

participle 69, ¶94

relative form 69, ¶94

definite 7, ¶11; 13, ¶18

noun 7, ¶11; 37, ¶49; 64, ¶83; 75, ¶100

antecedent 62, ¶81

article 7, ¶11; 12, ¶¶16–17; 49, ¶63; 64, ¶83; 69, ¶90

demonstrative

pronoun 48, ¶62

article 7, ¶11; 48, ¶62

dependent

clause 6, ¶9; 19, ¶26; 35, ¶46; 58, ¶75; 61, ¶76; 81, ¶103; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 82, ¶107;83–84, ¶¶111–12

pronoun 4, ¶5; 21, ¶33; 23, ¶¶38–40; 36, ¶48; 38, ¶51; 53, ¶67

determinative 5, ¶6; 9–10, ¶¶13–14; 35, ¶45; 35, ¶46, n. 1

determiner 7, ¶11; 46, ¶57; 46, ¶59; 49, ¶65

determined noun 7, ¶11

direct

genitive 7, ¶11; 13, ¶18; 14, ¶19; 22, ¶36

object 6, ¶9; 21, ¶30; 21, ¶33; 22, ¶36; 23, ¶¶39–40; 29, ¶42; 32, ¶44; 35, ¶46; 36,¶48; 38, ¶51; 53, ¶67; 58, ¶75; 64, ¶83; 69, ¶91; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 82, ¶107; 83–85, ¶¶111–13

durative 38, ¶51; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 67, ¶88; 74, ¶96; 82, ¶107; 85, ¶115

oblique 38, ¶51; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 67, ¶88, n. 18; 74, ¶96; 82, ¶107; 85, ¶115

redundant 23, ¶39; 35, ¶46; 58, ¶75

reflexive 23, ¶39

quote 58, ¶75

durative 38, ¶50; 76, ¶100

durative direct object 38, ¶51; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 67, ¶88; 74, ¶96; 82, ¶107; 85, ¶115

ending

noun 9–10, ¶¶12–14

qualitative 35, ¶46, n. 1; 36, ¶47

existence clause 6, ¶10; 19, ¶28; 75–77, ¶¶100–01; 89, ¶118; 90, ¶120, n. 7

negative 32, ¶43; 89, ¶118

feminine

noun 9, ¶13; 10, n. 4; 46, ¶57

.t 5, ¶8; 9–10, ¶¶13–14; 22, ¶37; 43, ¶54, n. 1; 56, ¶73

filiation 55, ¶71

finalis 21, ¶30; 84, ¶113; 95, ¶129

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future tense 6, ¶10; 19, ¶26; 20, ¶30; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶79; 68, ¶89; 69, ¶92; 74–75, ¶¶97–98;75, ¶100; 82, ¶106; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 85–86, ¶¶115–16; 91, ¶121; 95, ¶129

negative 75, ¶100; 91, ¶121; 95, ¶129

gender

agreement 12, ¶16; 15, ¶23; 16, ¶25; 36, ¶47; 43, ¶54; 46, ¶¶58–59; 48–49, ¶¶62–63; 56,¶73

generic noun 12, ¶17; 90, ¶120, n. 7

genitive 3, ¶5; 14, ¶19; 45, ¶55

direct 7, ¶11; 13, ¶18; 14, ¶19; 22, ¶36

indirect 14, ¶19

'to "have"' 32, ¶43

imperative 23, ¶39; 53–54, ¶¶67–68; 61, ¶77; 84, ¶113; 85, ¶115; 93, ¶126

negative 53–54, ¶¶67–68

imperfect 75–78, ¶¶100–02

converter 61, ¶76; 75–77, ¶¶100–01; 89, ¶117; 92, ¶125

incomplete predication

verbs of 23, ¶39; 62, ¶80

indefinite 7, ¶11

antecedent 62, ¶81

article 7, ¶11; 12, ¶¶16–17

noun 6–8, ¶¶10–11; 20, ¶28; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 61, ¶78; 64, ¶83; 67, ¶88; 75, ¶100;90, ¶120, n. 7

independent pronoun 14, ¶20; 15–16, ¶¶22–24; 32, ¶43; 69, ¶94; 85, ¶115, n. 4; 86, ¶116, n. 6

indicative sd ≤m––––f 19–20, ¶¶26–29; 21, ¶32; 37, ¶49; 47, ¶60; 66, ¶87; 74, ¶98; 75, ¶100

indirect

genitive 14, ¶19

object (dative) 6, ¶9; 28, ¶42; 32, ¶44

quote 58, ¶75

infinitive 4, ¶5; 6, ¶9; 6–8, ¶¶10–11; 20–21, ¶¶29–30; 22, ¶36; 30, ¶43; 35, ¶¶45–46;36–38, ¶¶48–50; 38, ¶51 and n. 3; 39, ¶53; 48, ¶61; 53–54, ¶¶67–68; 61, ¶78;64, ¶84; 66–68, ¶¶88–89; 73, ¶96; 74, ¶98; 75, ¶100; 81, ¶104; 81–83, ¶¶106–08; 83–84, ¶¶111–12; 85–86, ¶¶114–15; 91–92, ¶¶122–24; 94, ¶128

absolute 7, ¶11; 35, ¶45; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 74, ¶98

causative 21, ¶30; 84, ¶112; 95, ¶129

compound 84, ¶112

construct 7, ¶11; 35, ¶45; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 74, ¶98

pronominal 4, ¶5; 5, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 35, ¶45; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 39, ¶53; 67–68, ¶¶88–89; 74, ¶98

interjection 58, ¶75

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interrogative

particle 54, ¶69; 58, ¶75

pronoun 15, ¶21; 16, ¶24; 54, ¶69; 69, ¶94

intransitive verb 6, ¶9; 29, ¶42; 35, ¶45

irrealis 83, ¶110; 95, ¶129

main clause 6, ¶10; 19, ¶27; 20, ¶30; 39, ¶52; 53–54, ¶¶68–69; 58, ¶75; 61, ¶¶76–77; 61,¶79; 65–66, ¶¶86–87; 66, ¶88, n. 15; 73, ¶95; 75, ¶100; 77, ¶102; 81–82,¶¶106–07; 83, ¶110; 84, ¶112; 89, ¶117

masculine noun 9, ¶12; 46, ¶57

"mass" noun 12, ¶17

metathesis 91, ¶122, n. 9; 92, ¶123, 11; 94, ¶128

morphology 1, ¶1; 6, ¶9; 19, ¶26

motion

verbs of 35, ¶46

name 12, ¶16; 14, ¶19; 50, ¶66; 55, ¶¶70–71; 52, n. 6

narrative 19, ¶27; 20, ¶29; 74, ¶98

negative 13, ¶18; 89–93, ¶¶117–27; 95, ¶129

aorist 19, ¶26; 92, ¶123; 93, ¶126; 95, ¶129

clause conjugation 89, ¶117; 94, ¶128

conditional 94, ¶128; 95, ¶129

existence clause 32, ¶43; 89, ¶118

future 75, ¶100; 91, ¶121; 95, ¶129

imperative 53–54, ¶¶67–68

optative 53, ¶68; 95, ¶129

particle 89, ¶117; 92, ¶125

past 91, ¶122; 91, ¶123, n. 11; 95, ¶129

perfect 92, ¶124; 93, ¶126; 95, ¶129

present 89–90, ¶¶118–19; 95, ¶129

verb 89, ¶117; 90, ¶119; 94, ¶128

neuter 22, ¶35; 23, ¶39; 48, ¶62

nominal 6, ¶9; 15, ¶21; 15, ¶23; 35, ¶45; 68, ¶89; 94, ¶128

nominalization 43, ¶54; 46, ¶57; 46, ¶59; 61, ¶76; 64, ¶83; 69, ¶90; 73, ¶95; 90, ¶120, n. 7

sentence 6, ¶9; 14, ¶20; 15–17, ¶¶22–25; 62, ¶80; 76–77, ¶101; 82, ¶108; 90, ¶120; 94,¶129, n. 21

non-present tense 38, ¶51, n. 3; 61, ¶79

noun 6, ¶9; 7–12, ¶¶11–15; 13, ¶18; 16, ¶23; 16, ¶25; 22, ¶¶36–37; 23, ¶40; 29,¶42, n. 1; 30, ¶43; 35, ¶45; 43–46, ¶¶54–58; 48, ¶62; 49, ¶65; 56, ¶73; 64,¶83; 65, ¶85; 69, ¶94; 75, ¶100; 77, ¶102; 81; ¶106; 85, ¶115; 91, ¶123, n. 11;94, ¶128

abstract 46, ¶57

clause 6, ¶9; 16, ¶25; 64, ¶83; 73–74, ¶¶95–96

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noun (cont.)

compound 10, ¶15; 13, ¶18; 43, ¶54; 57, ¶74

defined 7, ¶11; 82, ¶107

definite 7, ¶11; 37, ¶49; 64, ¶83; 75, ¶100

determined 7, ¶11

ending 9–10, ¶¶12–14

feminine 9, ¶13; 10, n. 4; 46, ¶57

generic 12, ¶17; 90, ¶120, n. 7

indefinite 6–8, ¶¶10–11; 20, ¶28; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 61, ¶78; 64, ¶83; 67, ¶88; 75, ¶100;90, ¶120, n. 7

masculine 9, ¶12; 46, ¶57

"mass" 12, ¶17

phrase 6, ¶9; 7, ¶11; 14, ¶19; 17, ¶25, n. 7; 49, ¶65

plural 10, ¶14

pronominal 4, ¶5; 5, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 22, ¶¶36–37

undefined 7, ¶11

undetermined 7, ¶11; 38, ¶51; 74, ¶96

number

agreement 12, ¶16; 15, ¶23; 16, ¶25; 36, ¶47; 43, ¶54; 46, ¶¶58–59; 48–49, ¶¶62–63; 56,¶73

numbers 56–57, ¶72–74

object

direct 6, ¶9; 21, ¶30; 21, ¶33; 22, ¶36; 23, ¶¶39–40; 29, ¶42; 32, ¶44; 35, ¶46; 36,¶48; 38, ¶51; 53, ¶67; 58, ¶75; 64, ¶83; 69, ¶91; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 82, ¶107; 83–85, ¶¶111–13

durative 38, ¶51; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 67, ¶88; 74, ¶96; 82, ¶107; 85, ¶115

oblique 38, ¶51; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 67, ¶88, n. 18; 74, ¶96; 82, ¶107; 85, ¶115

redundant 23, ¶39; 35, ¶46; 58, ¶75

reflexive 23, ¶39

indirect (dative) 6, ¶9; 28, ¶42; 32, ¶44

of a preposition 22, ¶36; 28–30, ¶42; 29, ¶42, n. 1; 32, ¶44; 64, ¶83

oblique object 39, ¶51; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶78; 67, ¶88, n. 18; 74, ¶96; 82, ¶107; 85, ¶115

old perfective see qualitative

optative 21, ¶30; 53, ¶68; 61, ¶77; 95, ¶129

negative 54, ¶68; 95, ¶129

orthography 7, ¶11

palæography 5, ¶6

participle 10, ¶15; 64–66, ¶¶84–87; 69, ¶¶90–91; 69–70, ¶¶93–94

defined participle 69, ¶94

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particle 6, ¶9; 21, ¶31; 58, ¶75; 62, ¶80; 70, ¶94; 81, ¶106; 83, ¶110; 89, ¶117; 92, ¶125

interrogative 54, ¶69; 58, ¶75

negative 89, ¶117; 92, ¶125

passive 21, ¶34; 31, ¶43, n. 3; 35, ¶46

past 20, ¶29; 61, ¶76

tense 6, ¶10; 19, ¶¶26–27; 20, ¶29; 21, ¶32; 38, ¶50; 47, ¶60; 61, ¶¶76–77; 61, ¶79;64, ¶84; 65, ¶86; 69, ¶¶90–92; 74, ¶98; 75–77, ¶¶100–01; 86, ¶116; 95, ¶129

negative 91, ¶122; 91, ¶123, n. 11; 95, ¶129

perfect tense 20, ¶29; 95, ¶129

negative 92, ¶124; 93, ¶126; 95, ¶129

periphrasis 21, ¶32; 48, ¶62

phonetics 2, ¶4; 5–6, ¶¶7–8; 66, ¶88, n. 15; 91, ¶123, n. 11

phrase

noun 6, ¶9; 7, ¶11; 14, ¶19; 17, ¶25, n. 7; 49, ¶65

prepositional 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 13, ¶18; 32, ¶44; 37, ¶49; 61, ¶78; 73–74, ¶¶95–96; 76, ¶101

plural

noun 10, ¶14

pronoun 15, ¶22; 21, ¶34; 36, ¶48

.w 3, ¶5; 5, ¶8; 10, ¶14;

possession 14, ¶¶19–20; 32, ¶43

possessive 22, ¶¶36–37; 64, ¶83

article 7, ¶11; 22, ¶36; 49, ¶63; 49, ¶65

prefix 50, ¶66

pronoun 49, ¶64

predicate 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 15, ¶22; 17, ¶25; 38–39, ¶51; 43, ¶54; 69, ¶91; 73, ¶96; 84,¶112; 85, ¶115

adverbial 6, ¶10; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 65, ¶85; 66, ¶88; 73, ¶96; 75, ¶100; 82, ¶106, n. 2;82, ¶108; 90, ¶119

prefix

possessive 50, ¶66

preposition 3, ¶5; 6, ¶10; 20, ¶29; 21, ¶34; 28–32, ¶¶42–44; 35, ¶46; 38, ¶51; 39, ¶53; 45,¶55; 46, ¶57, n. 2; 58, ¶75, n. 5; 82, ¶107; 85, ¶114; 85, ¶115, n. 4; 91, ¶121

compound 30–32, ¶¶43–44

object of 22, ¶36; 28–30, ¶42; 29, ¶42, n. 1; 32, ¶44; 64, ¶83

prepositional phrase 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 13, ¶18; 32, ¶44; 37, ¶49; 61, ¶78; 73, ¶95–96; 76, ¶101

pronominal 5, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 28, ¶42; 31, ¶43; 32, ¶44

present

tense 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 19, ¶28; 21, ¶31; 29, ¶42, n. 1; 35, ¶46; 37–40, ¶¶49–53; 47, ¶60;61, ¶¶76–78; 65, ¶85; 66–68, ¶¶87–89; 69, ¶¶91–92; 73–74, ¶¶95–96; 74, ¶98;75–78, ¶¶100–02; 81–83, ¶¶106–08; 86, ¶116; 89–90, ¶¶118–19; 95, ¶129

negative 89–90, ¶¶118–19; 95, ¶129

habitude see aorist

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proclitic pronoun 37, ¶49; 39, ¶52; 61, ¶78; 73, ¶96

progressive 95, ¶129

pronominal 4, ¶5; 5, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 22, ¶¶36–37; 28, ¶42; 31, ¶43; 32, ¶44; 35, ¶45; 38, ¶51,n. 3; 39, ¶53; 66–68, ¶¶88–89; 74, ¶98

infinitive 4, ¶5; 5, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 35, ¶45; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 39, ¶53; 66–68, ¶¶88–89; 74, ¶98

noun 4, ¶5; 5, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 22, ¶¶36–37

preposition 5, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 28, ¶42; 30, ¶43; 32, ¶44

pronominalization 65, ¶86; 68, ¶89

pronoun 6, ¶9; 21, ¶34; 23, ¶40; 32, ¶43; 69, ¶94; 76, ¶100; 78, ¶102; 82, ¶106

copula 15–17, ¶¶23–25; 69, ¶90; 77, ¶101

demonstrative 48, ¶62

dependent 4, ¶5; 21, ¶33; 23, ¶¶38–40; 36, ¶48; 38, ¶51; 53, ¶67

independent 14, ¶20; 15–16, ¶¶22–24; 32, ¶43; 69, ¶94; 85, ¶115, n. 4; 86, ¶116, n. 6

interrogative 15, ¶21; 16, ¶24; 54, ¶69; 69, ¶94

plural 15, ¶22; 21, ¶34; 36, ¶48

possessive 49, ¶64

proclitic 37, ¶49; 39, ¶52; 61, ¶78; 73, ¶96

relative 46, ¶59

resumptive 69, ¶91; 69, ¶93

singular 15, ¶22; 36, ¶48

suffix 3–4, ¶5; 6, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 15, ¶21; 21, ¶33; 22, ¶¶35–37; 23, ¶40; 32, ¶44; 35,¶45; 36, ¶48; 39, ¶52, n. 4; 39, ¶53; 45, ¶56; 49–50, ¶¶63–65; 53, ¶67; 61,¶78; 66, ¶88; 73, ¶96; 74, ¶98; 82, ¶106; 85, ¶115; 92, ¶124

prospective sd≤m––––f 19, ¶26; 20, ¶30; 21, ¶32; 39, ¶53; 53, ¶68

punctuation 5, ¶8

purpose clause 6, ¶9; 21, ¶30; 73, ¶95; 85, ¶114; 95, ¶129

qualitative 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 35–38, ¶¶46–50; 48, ¶61; 61, ¶78; 73, ¶96; 76, ¶101; 82, ¶106,n. 2; 82, ¶108

ending 35, ¶46, n. 1; 36, ¶47

question 15, ¶21; 54, ¶69; 58, ¶75

quote 23, ¶39; 58, ¶75

direct 58, ¶75

indirect 58, ¶75

quotation mark 58, ¶75

real conditional clause 58, ¶75; 81–83, ¶¶106–09; 95, ¶129

redundant direct object 23, ¶39; 35, ¶46; 58, ¶75

reflexive direct object 23, ¶39

relative

clause 6, ¶8; 61, ¶76; 62, ¶81; 64–69, ¶¶83–93; 77, ¶102; 95, ¶129

virtual 63, ¶81; 64, ¶83

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relative (cont.)

converter 61, ¶76; 65, ¶85; 66–68, ¶¶87–89; 69, ¶93; 92, ¶125

form 65–66, ¶¶86–87; 69, ¶90; 69, ¶94; 77, ¶102; 90, ¶120, n. 7

defined 69, ¶94

pronoun 46, ¶59

result clause 84, ¶113; 86, ¶116

resumptive

adverb 69, ¶91

pronoun 69, ¶91; 69, ¶93

sd≤m––––f 6, ¶9; 19–21, ¶¶26–33; 36–37, ¶¶48–49; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 39, ¶53; 47–48, ¶¶60–61; 66, ¶87; 75, ¶100; 81, ¶105; 83–85, ¶¶111–14; 90, ¶119; 91, ¶121; 91,¶123, n. 11

indicative 19–20, ¶¶26–29; 21, ¶32; 37, ¶49; 47, ¶60; 66, ¶87; 74, ¶98; 75, ¶100

prospective 19, ¶26; 20, ¶30; 21, ¶32; 39, ¶53; 53, ¶68

subjunctive 21, ¶30; 21, ¶32; 47, ¶61; 54, ¶68; 85, ¶114

second tense 64, ¶82; 73–75, ¶¶95–99; 83, ¶109; 90, ¶119; 95, ¶129

converter 61, ¶76; 73, ¶95

sentence

cleft 14–15, ¶¶20–21; 69, ¶94; 90, ¶120

nominal 6, ¶9; 14, ¶20; 15–17, ¶¶22–25; 62, ¶80; 76–77, ¶101; 82, ¶108; 90, ¶120; 94,¶129, n. 21

marker 6, ¶9; 61, ¶76

type 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 37, ¶49

verbal 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 19, ¶26; 22, ¶36; 37, ¶50

singular pronoun 15, ¶22; 36, ¶48

state 35, ¶46; 38, ¶50

subject 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 15, ¶22; 16, ¶25; 19, ¶26; 21, ¶33; 22, ¶36; 23, ¶¶39–40; 36,¶47; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 39–40, ¶¶52–53; 61, ¶78; 64–66, ¶¶83–86; 66–68,¶¶88–89; 69–70, ¶¶92–94; 73, ¶95; 74, ¶98; 75, ¶100; 77, ¶102; 81, ¶106; 82,¶106, n. 2; 83, ¶111; 84–86, ¶¶113–16; 90, ¶120, n. 7; 91, ¶122; 91, ¶123, n.11; 92, ¶124; 94, ¶128

subjunctive sd ≤m––––f 21, ¶30; 21, ¶32; 47, ¶61; 53–54, ¶68; 85, ¶114

subordinate clause 6, ¶9; 19, ¶26; 21, ¶30; 35, ¶46; 58, ¶75; 61, ¶76; 81, ¶103; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 82,¶107; 83–84, ¶¶111–12

suffix pronoun 3–4, ¶5; 6, ¶8; 7, ¶11; 15, ¶21; 21, ¶33; 22, ¶¶35–37; 23, ¶40; 32, ¶44; 35,¶45; 36, ¶48; 39, ¶52, n. 4; 39, ¶53; 45, ¶56; 49–50, ¶¶63–65; 53, ¶67; 61,¶78; 66, ¶88; 73, ¶96; 74, ¶98; 82, ¶106; 85, ¶115; 92, ¶124

temporal 21, ¶30; 81, ¶103; 81, ¶105; 95, ¶129

tense 2, n. 2; 6, ¶9; 19, ¶26; 61, ¶¶76–77; 73, ¶95

future 6, ¶10; 19, ¶26; 20, ¶30; 39, ¶53; 61, ¶79; 68, ¶89; 69, ¶92; 74–75, ¶¶97–98;75, ¶100; 82, ¶106, n. 2; 85–86, ¶¶115–16; 91, ¶121; 95, ¶129

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tense

future (cont.)

negative 75, ¶100; 91, ¶121; 95, ¶129

non-present 38, ¶51, n. 3; 61, ¶79

past 6, ¶10; 19, ¶¶26–27; 20, ¶29; 21, ¶32; 38, ¶50; 47, ¶60; 61, ¶¶76–77; 61, ¶79;64, ¶84; 65, ¶86; 69, ¶¶90–92; 74, ¶98; 75–77, ¶¶100–01; 86, ¶116; 95, ¶129

negative 91, ¶122; 91, ¶123, n. 11; 95, ¶129

perfect 20, ¶29; 95, ¶129

negative 92, ¶124; 93, ¶126; 95, ¶129

present 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 19, ¶28; 21, ¶31; 29, ¶42, n. 1; 35, ¶46; 37–40, ¶49–53; 47,¶60; 61, ¶¶76–78; 65, ¶85; 66–68, ¶¶87–89; 69, ¶¶91–92; 73–74, ¶¶95–96;74, ¶98; 75–77, ¶¶100–02; 81–83, ¶¶106–08; 86, ¶116; 89–90, ¶¶118–19; 95,¶129

negative 89–90, ¶¶118–19; 95, ¶129

present habitude see aorist

terminative 81, ¶104; 95, ¶129

'to be' 6, ¶10; 19, ¶28; 32, ¶43; 37–38, ¶¶49–50; 61, ¶78; 66–68, ¶¶88–89; 75,¶100; 77, ¶102; 89, ¶118

'to "have"' 32, ¶43

transitive verbs 6, ¶9; 29, ¶42; 35, ¶45

transliteration 2, ¶5; 5–6, ¶¶7–8; 9, ¶13, n. 2; 10, ¶14

undefined noun 7, ¶11

undetermined noun 7, ¶11; 38, ¶51; 74, ¶96

unreal conditional clause 58, ¶75; 83, ¶110

verb 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 19, ¶26; 29, ¶42; 35–36, ¶¶45–47; 37, ¶50; 38, ¶51, n. 3; 66,¶87; 73, ¶95; 83–84, ¶¶111–12; 91, ¶123

adjective 36, ¶48; 47–48, ¶¶60–61; 66, ¶87; 90, ¶119

compound 13, ¶18

incomplete predication 23, ¶39; 62, ¶80

intransitive 6, ¶9; 29, ¶42; 35, ¶45

motion 35, ¶46

negative 89, ¶117; 90, ¶119; 94, ¶128

transitive 6, ¶9; 29, ¶42; 35, ¶45

verbal sentence 6–7, ¶¶9–10; 19, ¶26; 22, ¶36; 37, ¶50

vetitive 53–54, ¶¶67–68

virtual relative clause 63, ¶81; 64, ¶83

vocative 58, ¶75

word order 5, ¶9; 15–17, ¶¶22–25; 23, ¶40, 27, ¶41; 32, ¶44; 38, ¶50

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BBIIBBLLIIOOGGRRAAPPHHYY11

GRAMMARel-Aguizy, Ola

1998 A Palaeographical Study of Demotic Papyri in the Cairo Museum from the Reign of King

Taharka to the End of the Ptolemaic Period (684–30 B.C.), MIFAO, vol. 113, Cairo: Institutfrançais d'archéologie orientale

du Bourguet, Pierre, S.J.1976 Grammaire fonctionnelle et progressive de l'égyptien démotique, Louvain

(reviews: Lüddeckens, Enchoria 7 [1977] 199–204; M. Smith, CdE 52 [1977] 262–71;Johnson, BiOr 35 [1978] 35–40; Andrews, JEA 66 [1980] 188–89)

Bresciani, Edda1969a Nozioni Elementari di Grammatica Demotica, Milan (review: Lüddeckens, Enchoria 2 [1972]

153–57)

Brunsch, Wolfgang1984 "Outline of the Contents of Ulrich Luft A démotikus nyelv, Budapest, 1983," GM 71: 95–96

1985 Review of A démotikus nyelv by Ulrich Luft, in Enchoria 13 (1985) 243–51

de Cenival, Françoise1973–74 "L'Écriture démotique," in Textes et langages de l'Égypte pharaonique, pt. 1, BdE, Vol. 64, 1,

Cairo, pp. 37–44

Cruz-Uribe, Eugene1979 "An Archaic Use of the Impersonal Pronoun in Demotic," Serapis 5: 15–16

Devauchelle, Didier1987 "L'Écriture démotique: présentation," BIE 64–65 (1983–1985) 175–83

Erichsen, W.1954 Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen (reviews: Massart, Or 24 [1955] 223–24; Klasens, BiOr 13

[1956] 221–23; Hughes, JNES 16 [1957] 55–63)

Halpert, A. F.1983 "A Student's Guide to the Durative Tenses," Ancient World 6: 39–52

Johnson, Janet H.1971 "Remarks on Egyptian Verbal Sentences," Afroasiatic Linguistics 5,5: 153–72

(review: Vycichl, CdE 57 [1982] 65–66)

1976 The Demotic Verbal System, SAOC, No. 38, Chicago (reviews: Williams, Serapis 4 [1977–78]81–86; Satzinger, JARCE 15 [1978] 145–46; Zauzich, BiOr 35 [1978] 40–41; Quecke, Or 48[1979] 435–47; de Cenival, CdE 55 [1980] 87–101; Thissen, OLZ 76 [1981] 344–45)

1977 "The Dialect of the Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden," in Studies in Honor of

George R. Hughes, January 12, 1977, ed. by J. H. Johnson and E. F. Wente, SAOC, No. 39,pp. 105–32

1981 "Demotic Nominal Sentences," in Studies Presented to Hans Jakob Polotsky, ed. by Dwight W.Young, Beacon Hill, East Gloucester, Massachusetts, pp. 414–30 (and see W. Schenkel,"Fokussierung. Über die Riehenfolge von Subject und Prädikat im klassisch-ägyptischenNominalsatz," in Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens zu Ehren von Wolfhart

Westendorf, ed. by F. Junge, Göttingen, 1984, pp. 157–74 [esp. 173–74])

1This is a selective bibliography; items not written in one of the standard modern European languages areomitted and most of the items included in the bibliography of Johnson (1976), The Demotic Verbal System, arenot repeated here. For current bibliography of Demotic studies, see Heinz-Josef Thissen, "DemotistischeLiteraturübersicht 1968/9 [and continuing]," Enchoria 1 (1971)–.

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Page 124

Bibliography

GRAMMAR (cont.)

Johnson, Janet H. (cont.)1987 "The Use of the Articles and the Generic in Demotic," in Aspects of Demotic Lexicography,

Acts of the Second International Conference for Demotic Studies, Leiden, 19–21

September 1984, ed. by S. P. Vleeming, Leuven, pp. 41–55

Lexa, Frantißek1949 Grammaire démotique, 7 vols., Prague [ 1947–51] (review: Vergote, CdE 26 [1951] 107–09)

Lichtheim, Miriam1981 "On the Participle ¡¡r in Demotic," in Studies Presented to Hans Jakob Polotsky, ed. by

Dwight W. Young, Beacon Hill, East Gloucester, Massachusetts, pp. 463–71

Lüddeckens, Erich1975 "Demotisch," LdÄ 1: 1052–56

Lüddeckens, Erich, (ed.) et al.1980– Demotisches Namenbuch, Wiesbaden

Martin, Cary J.1989 Review of Thus Wrote ™Onchsheshonqy by J. H. Johnson, in BiOr 46: 576–79

Nur-el-Din, M. A.1979 "Checking, Stress Marks, Partition Indications and Marginal Lines in Demotic Documents,"

Enchoria 9: 49–62

Osing, Jürgen1980 "Zur Lesung der neuägyptisch-demotischen Negation ØC ," Enchoria 10: 93–104

Quecke, Hans1988 Review of Thus Wrote ™Onchsheshonqy by J. H. Johnson, in Orientalia 57: 220–23

Ray, J. D.1978 "Nasal Vowels in Egyptian," Enchoria 8, 2: 77–78

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel1989 "Work-Notes on Demotic Syntax, I," Orientalia 58: 28–60

Shore, A. F.1973–74 "Demotic," in Textes et langages de l'Égypte pharaonique, pt. 1, BdE, Vol. 64, 1, Cairo,

pp. 143–50

Spiegelberg, Wilhelm1925 Demotische Grammatik, Heidelberg

Stricker, B. H.1954 "Het semantisch subject in het Demotisch," OMRO 35: 65–73

1962 "Het demotische adjectief," OMRO 43: 26–49

Tait, W. J.1986 "Guidelines and Borders in Demotic Papyri," in Papyrus: Structure and Usage, ed. by

M. L. Bierbrier, "British Museum Occasional Papers," No. 60, London, pp. 63–89

1987 "Approaches to Demotic Lexicography," in Aspects of Demotic Lexicography, Acts of the

Second International Conference for Demotic Studies, Leiden, 19–21 September 1984, ed.by S. P. Vleeming, Leuven, pp. 95–108

Vergote, J.1982 "Essai de comparison diachronique entre les systèmes de conjugaison Égyptiens et Copte—le

conjunctif," in L'Égyptologie en 1979: axes prioritaires de recherches, Colloques inter-nationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, no. 595, vol. 1, Paris, pp. 77–80

Vleeming, S. P.1981 "La phase initiale du démotique ancien," CdE 56: 31–48

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Page 125

Bibliography

1989 Het Demotische Schrift, Leiden(Including S. P. Vleeming, "Inleiding tot het Demotische Schrift"; M. Malinine, "Jeux d'écritureen démotique" [RdE 19 (1967) 163–66]; P. W. Pestman, "Jeux de déterminatifs en démotique"[RdE 25 (1973) 21–34]; P. W. Pestman, "A Comforting Thought for Demotists? Errors ofScribes in the 'Archive of the Theban Choachytes'" [from Studi in onore di E. Bresciani, Pisa,1985, pp. 413–22]; index from B. H. Stricker, "Het Graphisch Systeem van de MagischePapyrus London & Leiden," [OMRO 31 (1950) 64–71; 36 (1955) 92–132; 39 (1958) 80–103;42 (1961) 25–52; and 45 (1964) 25–55; and index from W. Erichsen, Demotische

Lesestücke, Vol. 1, Heft 3 "Schrifttafel," Leipzig, 1939, pp. 41–46)

Vos, R. L.1975 Index of Citations in W. Spiegelberg's 'Demotische Grammatik', Eg. Hl., Vol. 9, Amsterdam

(review: Lüddeckens, Enchoria 6 [1976] 177)

Zauzich, K.-Th.1987 "Differenzierende Schreibungen bei differierender Wortbedeutung," in Aspects of Demotic

Lexicography, Acts of the Second International Conference for Demotic Studies, Leiden,

19–21 September 1984, ed. by S. P. Vleeming, Leuven, pp. 109–13

TRANSLITERATION

de Cenival, Françoise1980 "Unification des méthodes de translittération," Enchoria 10: 2–4; "Compte-rendu de la séance

du 13.9.79, après-midi," Enchoria 10: 11–13

1982 "Unification des systèmes de translittération utilisés en démotique: Résultats du colloque," inL'Égyptologie en 1979: axes prioritaires de recherches, Colloques internationaux du CentreNational de la Recherche Scientifique, no. 595, vol. 1, Paris, pp. 91–92

Johnson, Janet H.1980 "CDDP Transliteration System," Enchoria 10: 5–6

Smith, Mark1978 "The Transliteration of Demotic," Enchoria 8, Sonderband: 33–36

Tait, John1982 "The Transliteration of Demotic," Enchoria 11: 67–76

Thissen, Heinz-Josef1980a "Zur Transkription demotischer Texte," Enchoria 10: 7–9

™ONCHSHESHONQY

Betro, M. C.1982 "Considerazioni in margine ad un testo: Anchscescionqi e il suo mondo," EVO 5: 25–33

Bresciani, Edda1969b Letteratura e poesia dell' antico Egitto, Turin

Brunner, Hellmut1979 "Zitate aus Lebenslehren," in Studien zu den altägyptischen Lebenslehren, ed. by E.

Hornung and O. Keel, "Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis," Vol. 28, pp. 105–71 (esp. 119–22)

Cannuyer, Christian1984 "Singe savant ou caméléon," RdE 35: 189–91

Gemser, B.1959 "The Instructions of 'Onkhsheshonqy and Biblical Wisdom Literature," in Supplements to

Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 7, pp. 102–28

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Bibliography

™ONCHSHESHONQY (cont.)Glanville, S. R. K.

1955 The Instructions of ™Onchsheshonqy (British Museum Papyrus 10508), Catalogue ofDemotic Papyri in the British Museum, Vol. 2, London (review: Parker, RdE 13 [1961] 133–35)

Jasnow, Richard1982 "An Unrecognized Parallel in Two Demotic Wisdom Texts," Enchoria 11: 111

Lichtheim, Miriam1980 Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. 3, The Late Period, Berkeley; "Some Corrections to my

Ancient Egyptian Literature, I–III," GM 41: 67–79 (review: Ritner, JNES 45 [1986] 243–44)

1983 Late Egyptian Wisdom Literature in the International Context. A Study of Demotic

Instructions, "Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis," Vol. 52 (reviews: Jasnow, BiOr 44 [1987] 103–09;Roccati, OLZ 82 [1987] 545–46; Thissen, Enchoria 14 [1986] 189–97)

1984 "Demotic Proverbs," in Grammata Demotika, Festschrift für Erich Lüddeckens zum 15. Juni

1983, ed. by Heinz-J. Thissen and Kark-Th. Zauzich, Würzburg, pp. 125–40

Pirenne, J.1964 "Les Instructions d'Onchsheshonqy," Bulletin de l'Academie Royale de Belgique, 5th series,

50: 65–81

Smith, H. S.1958 "A Cairo Text of Part of the 'Instructions of ™Onchsheshonqy'," JEA 44: 121–22

1980 "The Story of ™Onchsheshonqy," Serapis 6: 133–56

Smith, Mark J.1986 "Weisheit, demotische," LdÄ 6: 1192–1204

Stricker, B. H.1957–58 "De wijsheid van Anchsjesjonq," JEOL 15: 11–33

1958 "De wijsheid van Anchsjesjonq," OMRO 39: 56–79

Thissen, Heinz-Josef1980b "Lehre des Anch-Scheschonqi," LdÄ 3: 974–75

1984 Die Lehre des Anchscheschanqi (P. BM 10508), "Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen,"Vol. 32, Bonn (reviews: Chauveau, CdE 63 [1988] 276–78; Lichtheim, Die Welt des Orients

15 [1984] 205–06; Müller, AfP 32 [1986] 74–75; Ritner, BiOr 44 [1987] 641–46; M. Smith,JNES 48 [1988] 51–53; Tait, Enchoria 15 [1987] 233–35; Vleeming, OLZ 83 [1988] 148–50)

Vittmann, Günther1981 "Zu den ägyptischen Wiedergaben von 'Eupator'," GM 46: 21–26

Walcot, P.1962 "Hesiod and the Instructions of ™Onchsheshonqy," JNES 21: 215–19

OTHER TEXTS CITED

Griffith, F. Ll.1900 Stories of the High Priests of Memphis: The Sethon of Herodotus and the Demotic Tales of

Khamuas, 2 vols., Oxford

1909 Catalogue of the Demotic Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester, 3 vols.,Manchester

Griffith, F. Ll., and Herbert Thompson1921 The Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden, 3 vols., London

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