THE COLD WAR BEGINSChapter 36

1945 - 1952

POSTWAR ECONOMIC ANXIETY

Gross National Product Prices Strikes swept country

1946 = 4.6 million

Taft-Hartley Act Made unions liable for damages that resulted

from jurisdiction disputes among themselves, required union leaders to take non- communist oath

Slowed the growth of organized labor

CONT. Democratic Administration

Sold war factories

Employment Act of 1946 Promote maximum employment, production, and

purchasing power 3 member Council of Advisers

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act = 1944 GI Bill Schooling Veterans Administration = VA

$16 billion in loans = homes / businesses

ECONOMIC BOOM

1950 = American economy surged National income doubled Doubled again = 1960

Cars, swimming pools, backyards, vacations

90% owned televisions

Employment for females = service sector of economy Eventually sparked feminist revolt

CONT. Colossal military budget

“Permanent War Economy” Korean War Pentagon dollars primed the pumps

Aerospace, plastics, electronics Scientific Research

Cheap Energy Petroleum, Oil Highways Air-conditioning

School / Farming Better educated / better equipped Productivity

SUNBELT

Population redistribution 30 million people changed residences every year Advice books

Sunbelt 15-state area New-frontier

Better jobs, better climate, lower taxes Federally financed

Economic war between the states

SUBURBS

“Suburbanites” Government polices

encouraged movement FHA / VA

Tax deductions

Highways = commuters

1960 = 1 in 4 lived in burbs “White Flight” Segregation Suburban shopping

malls

Construction boomed Levittown Revolutionized

techniques in construction

BABY BOOM

Baby Boom Increase in birth rate after 1945 50 million babies by end of 1950’s Height =1957

Baby born every 7 seconds

Boom or Bust cycle Strained/distort American life

Elementary schools Swell then decline

TRUMAN

Harry S. Truman “The average man’s average man” No college education Veteran Scrappy “The buck stops here”

YALTA CONFERENCE

February 1945 = Big Three met FDR, Churchill, Stalin

Black Sea

Occupation zones in Germany Poland = Revised boundaries,

representative government Bulgaria / Romania = Free

elections

United Nations

Atomic Bomb

Stalin agrees to help in Pacific Islands Control over RR in

Manchuria Control over sea

ports Dairen / Port

Arthur

POSTWAR WORLD

Bretton Woods Conference New Hampshire = 1944 Western Allies Established International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Encourage world trade = regulating currency exchange rates

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development = World Bank Promote economic growth in war-raged and

underdeveloped areas U.S. supplies most of funding

CONT.

United Nations April 23, 1945 San Francisco 50 nations Prevent another great-power war New York City

UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization

WHO = World Health Organization

GERMANY

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial = 1945-46 Punish Nazi leaders

Crimes against laws of war, humanity, and plotting aggressions

12 = Hung 7 = Long term jails Other trials continued for years = 200+

SOVIET UNION

Soviet Union suffered huge losses during WWII Justified in claims to Eastern Europe

Installed communist governments Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and

Poland

Satellite Nations = Dominated by the Soviets

STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY

German Reunification?Split into 4 zones

1948Britain, France, and U.S. combined zones

Western Berlin was occupied by the French Soviets surrounded Berlin

Stalin wanted to take over Berlin 1948 --- closed all highway and R.R. into West Berlin

BERLIN

Berlin AirliftFly in food and

supplies 327 days

227,000 flights

2.3 million tons of supplies

1949 = Soviets lifted blockade

CONTAINMENT

Containment Doctrine Taking measures to prevent any

extension of communist rule to other countries

Europe divided into 2 political regions Democratic Western Europe Communist Eastern Europe

Iron Curtain Division of Europe

GERMANY

West part of Germany became a new nation Federal Republic of

Germany = West Germany Included West Berlin

Soviet Union created German Democratic

Republic = East Germany Included East Berlin

COLD WAR

Cold War = 1945 - 1991Conflicting U.S. and Soviet aims in Eastern

Europe Never directly confronting each other

Race to dominate

Truman Doctrine = 1947“It must be the policy of the U.S. to

support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” Greece / Turkey

$400 million

MARSHALL PLAN

July 1947 Paris = Economic Recovery George Marshall = Sec. of State

Provide aid to all European Nations that needed itMarshall Plan

Europe in Chaos Factories bombed Millions living in refugee camps Bitter winter 1946-47

Damaged crops Frozen rivers – transportation – fuel shortage

AMERICA BEGINS TO REARM

National Security Act = 1947 Department of Defense Pentagon Secretary of Defense

Civilian secretaries = navy, army, and air force = Joint Chiefs of Staff

National Security Council Advise the president on security matters

CIA = 1948 Coordinate the government’s foreign fact

gathering

NATO April 4, 1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization = NATO

Defensive Military alliance Pledged military support to one another

First time the U.S. entered into an alliance during peacetime

Standing military = 500,000 troops Thousands of planes, tanks, and supplies

128 Countries today

“To keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in”

RECONSTRUCTION / ASIA

Japan Under command of Douglas MacArthur

Democratization of Japan

Top war criminals tried 1946 – 48

MacArthur dictated-Constitution

CHINA 1945

Northern China was under Communist control

After WWII --- Nationalists and the Communists ceased cooperation Civil War erupted

1944 – 1947 U.S. played peacemaker

Supported the Nationalists Chiang Kai-shek $2 Billion worth of military equipment

and supplies No soldiers

CHINA CONT. Communists

Mao Zedong Peasants support

Read / Write Improve food production Flocked to Communists’ Red Army

Nationalists - weak and corrupt Leader fled to Taiwan --- Chiang Kai-shek

May 1949 Communists ruled all of mainland China

CHINA CONT.

China’s New GovernmentPeople’s Republic of China

U.S. refused to recognize Containment failed Attacked Truman

American fear of Communism began to burn out of control

RACE TO TOP

September 1949 Soviets explode A-Bomb

Development of H-Bomb City smashing thermonuclear weapon More powerful than the A-Bomb U.S. = 1952 Soviets = 1953

Nuclear Superiority

COMMUNISTS

Feared communist Spies

Truman soft??

1947 = Loyalty program Disloyal organizations

Loyalty Review Board Investigated more than 3 million federal employees

3,000 resigned / dismissed Loyalty oaths

SPIES

House Un-American Activities Committee = (HUAC) Movie industry = propaganda 43 subpoenaed

Hollywood Ten Refused to testify Sent to prison

Blacklist 500 actors

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Spies “Leaked” atomic data to Moscow Convicted = 1951

Electric Chair

SPIES

Alger Hiss Former State Department official

Whittaker Chambers = former spy accused Hiss of spying Too long ago

Hiss convicted of perjury Nixon prosecuted him

ELECTION 1948

Republicans = Thomas E. Dewey

Democrats = Harry Truman Democrats split vote

South – “Dixiecrats”

Truman’s “Give’em Hell Speeches” “Whistle Top Campaign”

Civil Rights Labor Benefits Health Insurances

Truman pulls off a victory

KOREAN WAR

Japan annexed Korea in 1910Ruled until August 1945

38th Parallel – North Latitude North = Soviets = Communist South = Americans = Democratic

1948 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea = North

Korea Republic of Korea = South Korea

KOREAN WAR

June 25, 1950 North Korea swept across the 38th Parallel

Korean War begins

June 27 Truman ordered troops stationed in Japan to

support South Korea 16 nations sent 520,000 troops / aid

90% - American troops Under command = General Douglas

MacArthur

U.S. FIGHTS

North Korea ---- unstoppable Driving deep into South Korea

MacArthur launched a surprise counterattack Surrounded troops Pushed North Korean troops across line and deep

into North Korea

CHINA FIGHTS BACK China’s foreign minister warned

“his country would not stand idly by and let the Americans come to the border”

November 1950300,000 Chinese troops joined North Korea

Wanted North Korea as communist buffer state

Main opponents of war China v. United States

CONT.

Chinese outnumbered UN forces10 to 1

UN and South Korean troops pushed out of North Korea Lost control of South Korean Capital

Seoul

MACARTHUR

1951 MacArthur wants to attack China

Nuclear weapons against Chinese cities

Truman rejected idea Soviet Union had mutual-assistance pact with China

WWIII??

“Wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy”

MACARTHUR VERSES TRUMAN

MacArthur continued to urge full scale war against China Tried to go over presidents head Spoke / wrote privately to newspaper and

magazine publishers Refused warnings to follow orders

April 11, 1951 Truman fired MacArthur

STALEMATE June 23, 1951

Soviet Union suggested a cease-fire Truce talks began in July

Reached an agreement Cease fire line--- existing battle line Established a demilitarized zone between the

opposing sides

Spent another year arguing over POW’s

July 1953Two sides signed an Armistice

Ending the War

CONT.

Agreement was Stalemate North Korea pushed back Communism contained

No use of atomic weapons Korea 2 nations

54,000 American died

Cost $67 Billion

Increased fear of Communism in the United States

Country First test Most recent test Total tests Estimated warheads

United States 1945 1992 1,054 7,650

Russia 1949 1990 715 8,420

United Kingdom 1952 1991 45 225

France 1960 1996 210 300

China 1964 1996 45 240

India 1974 1998 6 80-100

Pakistan 1998 1998 6 90-110

North Korea 2006 2013 3 Fewer than 10

Israel No confirmed test

No confirmed test

No confirmed test 80

Iran No confirmed test

No confirmed test

No confirmed test 0