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PROCEEDINGS

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING JUNE 22 to 26, 1936

mm m

VOLUME I

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

III.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Bt EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AND SAMPLING OPERATIONS

B-1 Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. Submitted by Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Delft (Netherlands)

B-:2 Sampling and Testing Undisturbed Sands from Boreholes, J, P, van Bruggen (Netherlands)

B-3 · Short Description of a Field-Testing Method with Coneshaped Sounding Apparatus. p, Barentsen (lletherlands)

B-4 E>oploraticn of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. WilliamS, Hanna (Egypt)

B-5 Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operation, L, F, Cooling and D, B, Smith (England)

B-6 An Improved Type of Soil Sampler for Eloploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. Thomas E, Stanton (U,S,A,)

B-7 Desoription of An Apparatus to Register Graphically the Settlements of a Plane Plate Resting upon a Subsoil and Charged with a Constant or Inoreasing Load. J, L, A, Cuperas (Netherlands)

Seotion Ct REGIOnAL SOIL STUDIES FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES

· 0-l Regional Soil Studies for Engineering Purposes, William S, Hanna (Egypt)

0-:2 Soil Survey of the Flushing Meadow Park Site, Long Island, New York, George L, Freeman (u .S,A,)

0-3 Rels.tion betwoon the Chemioal Composition and the Physical Characteristics of Some Hawaiian Soils. Carl B, Andrews (Hawaii)

D-l

D-:2

Section D: SOIL PROPERTIES

Comparison Betvreen Consolidation, Elastic, and other Soil Properties from Laboratory Tests and from Observations of Structures in Egypt. Tsohebotareff (Egypt)

Established Gregory

The Shearing Resistance of Soils, L, F, Cooling, D, B, Smith (England)

Report on the Investigation of the Compressibility of the Ground of the HydroEleotric Power Plant Svir 3 and on the Application of the,Test Results to the Computation of the Settlements, A, Frey Samsioe (Sweden)

Improved Methods of Consolidation Test and of the Determination of Capillary Pressure in Soils, N. Gersevanoff (USSR)

D-5 Long Duration Consolidation Tests, J, H, van der Burght (Netherlands)

D-6 The Chemical Nature of Soils, K, Endell and U, Hoff~ (Germany)

.D-7 The Shearing Resistance of Saturated Soils and the Angle betvreen the Planes of Shearo Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria)

Section E: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS

E-1 Relation between Observed Inequalities of Settlement of Buildings in Egypt and Theoretioul Stress Distribution, Based on Boussinesq Formulas, G~egory Tsohebotareff (Egypt)

E-:2 The Stress Distribution round a Pile, F, E, Relton (Egypt)

E-3 Tangential StressEHi under ~:Spread Foundation. D, P, Kryni_ne (U ,S,A.)

Page

7-10

lQ-ll

1:2

16-22

41-47

IV

(Seation E Continued)

Determination of Stresses Within a Two Dimensional Elastic and Isotropic Earth Mass, D, P, Krynino (U,S,A,)

E-5 Studies of Soil Pressures and Soil Deformations by Means of a Centrifuge. G, I, Pokrovsky and I, s, Fedorov (USSR)

Seation Fo SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

F-1 Settlement Observations or Buildings in Egy-pt, William S, Hanna and Gregory Tsohebote.reff (Egypt)

F-2 Movements of Building Footings Duo to Earthquake Loads, Frederick J, Converse (u.s.A.) ·

F-3 Settlement of Exhibits Buildings at the Texas Centennial Central Exposition, Raymond F. Dawson (u,s.A,)

F-4 Settlement Reaords of the Mississippi River Bridge at Now Orleans. William P, Kimball (u.s.A.)

F-5 A Case of Bridge Abutment Movement, C, L. Nord (U,S,A,)

F-6 A Case of Settlement of a Bridge Pier, D, P, Krynine and C, L, .Nord (U,S,A,)

F-7 Results of Long Duration Settlement Tests, A, S, Keverling Buisman (Netherlands)

F-8 Measuring Groundwater Pressures in a Layer of Peat, Caused by an Imposed Load. J, c. N, Ringeling (Netherlands) ·

F-9 Direot Measuring of Internal Water Pressures in Clay, C, Biomond (Netherlands)

F-10 Settlement or the Soil Surface around the Foundation Pit during the Construction of the Looks at Vrooswijk Resultant on the Sinking of tho Groundwater, W, H. Brinkhorst (Netherlands)

F-11 The National Theatre Building and Efforts made to Prevent its Further Sinking. Jose G, Ledesma (Mexico)

Section Go STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES

G-1 On Bank Slides in the 1'/hangpoo River, Wang Yen (China)

G-2 The Control of Landslides, Robert G, Hennes (U,S,A,)

G-3 Foundation Investigation of Fort Peak Dam Closure Section, T. A, Middlebrooks (u.s.A.)

G-4 Uplift Pressure on Weirs of Simple and Complex Designs. E, McKenzie Taylor and V, J, Vaidhianathan. (India)

G-5 Determination of Groundwater Tensions: A Neoessa.ry Element in Investigating the Stability or Slopes. (Netherle.nda)

G, H, van Mourik Broekman and A, S, Keverling Buisrnan

G-6 Critical Height and Factor of Safety of Slopes Against Sliding, Karl v, Terzaghi (Austria)

G-7 Stability of Slopes o~ Natural Clay. Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria)

Section Ho BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

H-1 Theory of Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles, Paul E, Raes (Belgium)

H-2 On the Computation of Piles, Daaed on the Theory of Axial Impact. A, A, Kansohin and A, A, Plutalow (USSR)

i

I

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(Section R Continued)

H-3 The Carrying Capacity of Piles as Computed from Pile Loading and Pulling Tests, c, Frunx (Netherlands)

Section I: PILE LOADING TESTS

I-1 The Predetermination of the Required Length and the Prediction of the Toe

Page

173-180

Resistance of Piles. Submitted by Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Delft (Netherls.uds) 181-184.

I-2 Pile Loading Tests at Zwijndrecht, Holland, G, C, Boonstra (Netherlands) 185-194

I-3 Records of Some Pile Tests in Shanghai, S, E, Faber (China) 194-199

Section J: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAINING WALLS, EXCAVATION SHEETIJW, TUNNEL LININGS, ETC,

J-1 The Distribution of Normal Pressure on a Retaining Wall Due to a Concentrated Surface Load, M, G, Spangler (u,s,A,)

J-2 The Correlation of Soil Mechanics Studies with the Design and Construction of Retaining Walls, Robart F, Lsgget (Canada)

J-3 .... _.

Distribution of the Lateral Pressure of Sand on the Timbering of Cuts, Karl v, Terzaghi (Austria)

J-4 Effect of the Type of Drainage of Retaining lTalls on the Earth Pressure, Karl v, Terzaghi (Austria)

J-5 A Fundamental Fallacy in Earth Pressure Computations, Karl v. Terzaghi Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April, 1936.

Section K: GROUNJJI'IATER MOVEMENT AND SEEPAGE

K-1 Electric Investigation or Underground Water Flaw Nets. C, G, J, Vreedenburgh and O, Stevens (Netherlands Indies)

K-2 On the Steady Flow of Water Percolating through Soils with Homogeneousanisotropic Permeability. C, G, J, Vreedenburgh (Netherlands Indies)

K-3 Seepage under an Earth Dam, Submitted by Laboratoirss du Batiments et des Travaux Publios, Ministers de L'Education Nationale, Paris (France)

K-4 The Law or Distribution of Moisture in Soils and Methods f~r the Study of the Same, N, A, Ostashev (USSR)

Section L: SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGH\VAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS

200-207

207-211

211-215

215-218

(Submitted as a reprint and enclosed with this volume)

219-222

222-225

225-227

227-228.

L-1·· Studies of Fill Construction Over Mud Flats-Including a Description of Experimental Construction Using Vertical Sand Drains to Hasten Stabilization. O,J. Porter (U.S.A,) 229-235

L-2 · Experimental Road for Heavy Traffic on a very Compressible Soil (Peat-Bog-Ground) • J, A, Royer (Netherlands)

L-3 Vertical and Lateral Displacements of a Reinforced Concrete Culvert Under a ·High Earth Embankment, M, G, Spangler (U,S,A,)

L-4. The Application of Soil Mechanics to Highway Foundation Engineering. John O, Morton (U,S,A;) · .

L-5 Soil Profile Field Methods ~n New Hampshire. John o, Morton (U,S,A,)

L-6 The Soil Survey as used by the Michigan Sta.te Highway Department, Olaf Stokstad (u.s.A,) .

235-238

238-243

\ 243-247

247-247

248-262

VI

M-1

Section M: METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR Et!GI!lEERING PURPOSES, INCLUDING RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING .AllD COMPACTING EARTH FILLS

Page A New Method of Impe~eabilizing and Improving the Physical Properties of Pervious Subsoils by Injecting Bituminous Emulsions. J. Ph, Pfeiffer (Netherlands) 263-266

M-2 Earth Embanlanents for the Pickwick Landing Dam, c. M. Weston (u.s.A,)

11-3 Electrochemical Hardening of Clay Soils. K, Endell and U. Hoffmann{Germany)

~eotion N: MODERN METHODS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIOlT OF FOUliDATIONS

Il-l Foundation for the Palace of the Soviets: Designing a rigid Heavy Foundation on Com-

266-273

273-275

presaible Uaterials through the Use of Soil Meoluinios, Carlton S, 1'rootor (u,s,A,) 276-278

N-2 Foundations of the New Telephone Building, Albany, New York, George W, Glick (u,s,A,) 278-284

N-3 Some Features .in Connection with the Foundatton of Svir 3 Hydro-Electric Power Development. Prof, H, Graftio, Leningrad, in collaboration with Vattenbyggnadsbyran, VBB, Stockholm (Sweden) . 284·290

N-4 A Special Foundation Method for. Bridge Piers, Adopted in Danish fjords. Pro£, Anker Engelund (Denmark)

N-5 The Floating Foundation of the New Building for the National Lottery of Mexico: An Actual Size Study of the Deformations of a Flocculent-structured deep Soil by Jos6 A, Cuevas {Mexico)

Section Z: MISCELWTEOUS

Z-1 Soil Mechanics as a Practical Science, William P, Kimball (u.s.A,)

Z-2 Note on the Physical Characteristics of Mud from the Entrance Bar of the Yangtze River. Herbert Chatley (China)

Z-3 Stress Distribution in Dry and in Saturated Sand Above a Yielding Trap-Door, Karl v, Terzaghi (Austria)

291-294

294-301

302-306

306-307

307-311

Z-4 Investigation or the Bearing-Power of the Subsoil (Especially Moraine) with 25 x 25 mm Pointed Drill Weighted with 100 kg without Samples, O, Godskesen (Denmark) 3n~:n4

Z·;i Soil Studies for the StorstrOJd Bridge, Denmark, A, E, Bretting (Denmark) 314-327

AUTHOR INDEX

Andrews C~3 Freeman C-2 Proctor N-1 Barentsen B~3 Garsavanoff D-1~ Ra.es H-1 Biemond F-9 Glick N-2 Relton E-2 Boonstra I-2 Graftio N-3 Ringe ling F-8 Bretting Z-5 Hanna B-4,C-l,F-l Royer L-2 Brinkhorst F-10 Hennes G-2 Samsioe D-3 Brookman G-5 Hoffmann D-6,M-3 Smith B·5,D-2 van Bruggen B-2 Kansohin H-2 Spangler J-l,L-3 Buiaman F-7 ,o-5 Kimball F•4,Z-l Stanton B-6 van aer Brught D-5 Krynine E-3 ,E-4,F-6 Stevens K-1 Chatley Z-2 Ledesrne. F-11 Stokstad K-6 Converse F-2 Leg get J-2 Taylor o-4 Cooling B-5,D-2 Middlebrooks G-3 Terzaghi D-7 ,G-6 ,G-7 Cuevas N-5 Morton L-4,L-5 J-3' J-4. J-? Cuper as B-7 Nord F~5,F-6 Z•3 Dawson F-3 Osta.shev K-4 Taahebotareff D-l,E-l,F-1 Endell D-6,M-3 Pfeiffer M·l Vaidhianathan ri-4 Engel\Uld N-4 Plutalow H-2 Vattenbyggnadsbyran N-3 Faber I-3 Pokrovsky E-5 Vreedenburgh K-l,K-2 Fedorov E-5 Porter L-1 Wang Yen G-1 Franx H-3 \'Ieaton M-2

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE


ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

JUNE 22 to 26, 1936

VOLUME II

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

•.: ' ,, ·:; Ill: .

TABLE. OF CONTENTS

Seotion AI REPORTS FROM SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORIES 0!1 TESTING APPARATUS, TECHNIQUE OF TESTING AND INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS

A-1 General Report from the Laboratory of the Egyptian University 'in Cairo, Charles Andreae. (Egypt),

A·2 Report on Teating Apparatus, Teohnique of Testing and Investigations in Progress. Submitted by the Laboratory of Soil Meohanioa, Delft (Holland),

A-3 Report from Soil Ueohanica Laboratory on Testing Apparatus, Technique of Testing, and lnveatigations in Progress. Submitted by Building Reseo.roh Station, Go.rstcn, Harts (England),

A-4 Report on an Apparatus for Consumate I-nvestigation of the Mechanical Properties o{ Soils, Walter Kjellman, (Sweden).

A-5. The Soil Mechanics Laboratory at Yale University, D. P, Krynine. (u.s.A.),

A·6 Report from the Soil Mechanics Laboratory at the Univeraity of Michigan on Teating Apparatua, Technique of Testing, and Inveatigations in Progreaa. w. s, Housel. (u.s.A.).

A•7 Cornell University Soil Mechanios Laboratory •. H, T. Jenkins, (u.s.A.),

A-8 Report of Soils Teating Laboratory Fort. Peck Distriot, U, s·, Engineer Offioe at Fort Peok, Montana. J, P. Hartman. (u.s.A.),

A-9 Report on the Laboratoire du Sol et dea Fondations. Submitted by the Laboratoirea du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, Uiniatere de l 'Education Nationals, Paris (France), .

A-10 Apparatua for Teatin~ Compressibility and Capillary Propertiea of Soils. v. Bouliohev. (USSR).

A·l~ The Spring·Scale Cone. A Pocket Apparatua for Determining the Firmnesa of ~lay. o, Godskesen. (Denmark).

A·l2 Recent Progress of Reaearoh 7/orks on Soil Mechanica in Japan, especially about some Soil Meohanics Laboratories. N. Yamaguti, (Japan),

A-13 A New Method for Determining the Relative Consistency of Soils. Donald M, · Burmister. (u.s.A,),

A·l4 Soil Engineering in the Tennessee Valley, Evan w. Vaughan. (u.s.A.),

A·l5 Report on Work of the American Sooiety for Testing Materials. C. A. Hogentogler · and w. s. Housel, (u.s.A.),

A·l6 Soil Mechanics Laboratory at the Thayer School of Civil Engineering. W, P, Kimball, (u.s.A.).

A-17 The Soil Mechanics Division of the Preussische Versuchaanstalt fUr Waaaerbau and Schift'bau in Berlin. (Germany).

A-18 The Soil Meohanica Laboratory at the Mining Academy of Freiberg. (Germany),

A·l9 The Soils Laboratory of the Division of Teats, u, S. Bureau of Public Roads, (u.s.A.),

A·20 The Division for Soil Mechanics of the Franziua·Institute for Foundations and Hydraulics at the Technical University in Hanover. (Germany}.

A-21 Determination of the Water Content of Soil Samples by Means of Xylol, Begemann. (Germany}.

A·22 The I-nstitute of the German Research Sooiety for Soil Mechanics (Degebo} at the Tachnisohe Hoohschule in Berlin. (Germany),

A·2:l The Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the U, S. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, s. J, Buchanan. (u.s.A,),

A-24 The Soil Mechanics Laboratory at the Technisohe Hochschule in Vianna. (Austria).

A.25 The Soil Mechanics Laboratory at Harvard University. P, c, Rutledge. (u.s.A,).

Page

1·3

12·16

24.Z8

28.29

29·33

37·38

43·47

48.49

49·52

52·54

68.72

72·81

81·85

8!j.97

IV

Section B 1 EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AliD SAJAPLING OPERATIONS

B-8 Preliminary Results o£ Coring in Loose Strata, H, Fehlmann. (Switzerland),

Section C 1 REGIONAL SOIL STUDIES FOR EUGINEERING PURPOSES

C-4 Bibliography o£ Shanghai Soils and Foundations, Submitted by Engineering Society · o£ China,

C-5 Testing the Subsoil for the Nmv Drinking Water Reservoir of the City of Vienna at the Lainz Game. Preserve. R, Till~. (Austria),

c-6 Regional Soil Study of Clays from Chicago, Illinois, P, c, Rutledge. (u.s.A,),

Seotion D 1 SOIL PROPERTIES

D-8 On the Influence o£ Soale-liko Shape o£ Clay Particles on the Process of Shear in Soils. George Tar-Stepanian. (USSR), . • .

D-9 The Influence of the Speed of Loading Increment· on the Pressure Void Ratio Diagram o£ Undioturbed Soil Samples, Karl Langer. (France), ·

D-10 Shearing Tosto, Compressive Tests on Cylinders. Comparison of Resulto in Vim< of Determining 'the Angle of Friction and the Settlements in Soils, Maurice Buisson. (France).

D-11 A Ring Shearing Apparatus for the Determination of the Shearing Resistance and Plastic Flow of Soils. 11. Juul Hvorslev. (Austria),

D-12 An Investigation of Jllrgensen 1 s Squeeze Test. Arpad War lam. (Hungary l.• D-13 Progress Report on an Investigation of the Shearing Resistance of Cohesi.onless

Soils. J, D. Parsons. (u.s.A,). · ·

D-14 Progress Report on Research on the Consolidation of Fine-Grained Soils. Hamilton Gray. (u.s.A.),

Section E1 STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS

E-6 A Rational Method for the Determination of the Vertical Normal Stresses under Foundations, W, Steinbrenner, {Austria).

E-7 A Method of Representing the Distribution of Stress in Ground, Charles Fischer. {Austria),

E-8 Influence of Rigidity of a Circular Foundation Slab on the Distribution of Pressures over the Conte.ot Surfe.ae, Hubert Bororrioka. (Austria), ·

E-9 The Measurement of Soil Pressures on the ·Lining of the Midto\m Hudson Tunnel, G. }.!,

Re.pp and A. H. Baker. (u.s.A.), . ·

E-10 Stress Distribution in Ele.stio Solids, Hamilton Gray, (U,S,A,),

E-ll Correlation of Surfe.oe Loading ~eats with Unoonfined Compression Tests for Cohesive Soils, Austin B, Mason, (u.s .• A. ),

SeotiQn F 1 SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

F-12 Settlement Reoords ond Loading Data for Various Buildings Ereoted by the Public Vlorks Departmsnt, Munioipe.l Council, Shanghai. N, V{, B •. Clarke and J, B. Watson. (Chine.),·

F-13 Foundation Date.. J, A. Favrot. (Chine.).

F-14 FoUndation Soil Testing and Settlement Measuring, Charles Fisoher. (Austria),

F-15 Securing e. Vienna Tenement House against Injurious Settlement by Reducing the Soil Pressure and Draining the Underground, R. Tillme.nn. (Austria),

Seotion G 1 STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES

G-8 On the Stability of Foundations of Embankments. Leo JOrgenson. (Estonia),

G-9 Stability or Earth Slopes, Joseph J.t.ky, (Hungary).

Page 98-101

102

102-107

107-lll

112-116

116-120

121-125

142-143

144.

144-149

150-l%

157-168

'169-173

174-185

185-186

186-191

191-193

194-200

200..207.

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Seotion H 1 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

H-4 Conditions for the St~ility of Piles, E, M, Lozovsky. (USSR),

H-5 ~arnic Formul& for Determining the Resist&nae of Piles, B, M, Lozovsky. (USSR).

H-6 Notes on the Pile Driving Formula Included in the Proposed Boston Building Code, J, stuart Crandall, (u.s.A.).

Seotion. I 1 PILE LOADING TESTS

I-4 Pile Driving &nd Test-loading Records. N. W, B. Clarke and J, B. Watson, (China),

I-5 Lae.d Test on a Wood Pile DriVen into the Ground, R. Tillmann, (Austria),

I-6 Pile· Loading Tests, Bonnet Carre Floodway, J, P. Dean and J. C. Baehr. (u.s.A.),

Section J1 EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAII!ING VIALLS, EXCAVATION SHEETING, TUNNEL LININGS, ETC,

J-6 Relation betvreen Relative Density and Earth Pressure, Hans Petermann. (GerDlBJlO')•

Section L1 SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGH'iiAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS

L-7 Observations of the Texas State Highway Department on the Subsequent Effects of the Vniformity and the Non-Uniformity of Foundation Soil-Types on Pavements; and also the Effects of Uniformity and Non-Uniformity of Uoisture Content Fluotuatione in Soil Foundations of High Volumetric Change, Henry c. Porter, (u.s.A,),

L-8 Progress Report on an Investigation of Frost Action in Soils. A. Mackintosh. (u.s.A.)·

Seotion M1 METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR .ENGINEERING PURPOSES, INCLUDING RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Ill COJ!STRUCTING AND COMPACTING EARTH FILLS

M-4 Soil Consolidation Vlorks Effected near Elne, France on a Bridge over the Tach River, P. Baohy. (Fronoe),

Section N 1 MODERll METHODS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS

N-6 The Failure of Bridge Piers due to Scour. Karl v •. Terzaghi, (Austria),

N-7 Concrete Filled Steel Cylinders for Foundations. Harry T. Immerman, (u.s.A.),

N-8 Foundations of 40Wall St., New York City, Harry T, Immerman. (U.s.A,)",

N-9 Cofferdams, Lazarus White. (U, S.A.),

Section Z 1 MIS!lELLANEOUS

z-6 Principles Governin~ Interpretation of Results Obtained Through Exploration ·or Soils for Foundation Purposes, J, M, Abeleff, (USSR),

Z-7 About the Protection of' Structures from the Existence of Radiating Elastic Waves in the Soil. D. D. Barkan, (USSR).

z-8 Field Investigations of' the Theory of Vibration of MAssive Foundation under Machines, D. D. Barkan. ·(ussR), .

z-9 A Method of Determining the Rate of Deformation in Soil Mass by. Means of Electricity, G, I. Pokrowskio (USSR),

"Z-10 Consolidation of Marina Clay. 0. K. Froehlich (Aus'tria) •.

z-11 Pretest Shoring of' Retaining Wall. Harry T, Immerman, (U.S.A,),

z-12 The Alexander Dam, Soil Studies and Settlement·Cbservations, Joel B. Cox, (U.S.A.),

Z-13 Experimelits with Models for Determining the Deformation and Tensions in Foundations on Plo.stio Ground, Ad, Pogacy. (Poland) •

Page 208-211

212-216

216-220

264

264-267

267-'2:72 .272-'2:79

280-282

285-288

289-290

290-294 294-296 296-298

298-299

VI

z-14 Water Supply Souroes for Metropolitan Boston, FrankE, Winsor, (u.s.A,),

z-15 Foundations and Embankments of quabbin Dams, Stanley M, Dora. (u.s.A,),

z-1.6 Soil Mechahios Laboratory at the Technical University of Budapest, Hungary. . Joseph Jaky, (Hungary),

Z-17 Proposed N~ Boston Building Code - Chapter on Foundations. Gilbert Small, (u.s.A,).

Z-18 Practical Soil Meohanios at Muskingum. Theodore T, Knappen and Robert R, Phillipa. (u.s.A.),

Z-19 Improved Soil Testing Methods, Glennon Gilboy. (u.s.A.),

Z-20 Simple Tests Determine Hydrostatic Uplift, Karl v. Terzaghi, (Austria),

Z-21 Field Test for Identification of Soils Capable of Frost Heaving. Leo JUrgenson. (Estonia),

AUTHOR INDEX

Abele££ z-6 Froehlich Z-10 Pars oris Andreae A-l Gilboy Z-19 Petermann Bachy M-4 Godskesen A-ll Phillipe Baehr I-6 Gr.., D-14, E-10 Poge.ny Be.ker E-9 Hartman A-8 Pokrowski Barkan Z-8, Z-9 Hogentog1er A-15 Porter Begeme.nn A-21 Housel A-6, A-15 Re.pp llorowioka E-8 Hvorslev D-ll Rutledge Bou1ichev A-10 !Jmnerman 11-7 ,11-B,Z-ll Small Buchanan A-23 JOky a-9, z-16 Steinbrenner

Page 300

300-307

307

308-318

Appendix (reprint) Appendix (reprint) Appendix (reprint) Appendix (reprint)

D-13 J-6 Z-18 Z-13 Z-9 L-7 E-9 A-25, c-6 Z-17 E-6

Buisson D-10 Jenkins A-7 Ter-Stepanie.n D-8 Burmister A-13 JUrgenson G-8, Z-21 Terzaghi N-6, z-20 Crandall H-6 Kimball A-16 Tillma.nn C-5, F-15, I-5 Clarke F-12, I-1+ Kjellme.n A-4 Vaughan A-14 Cox Z-12 Kne.ppen Z-18 Ylarlam D-12 Dean I-6 Krynine A-5 Watson F-12, I-4 Dora Z-15 Langer D-9 White N-9 Fe.vret F-13 Lozovsky H-4, H-5 Winsor Z-14 Fehlms.nn B-8 Mackintosh L-8 Yamaguti A-12 Fischer E-7, F-14 Mason E-ll

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i.

II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Secretary's Report. A, Casagrande (u.s.A,),

Treasurer's Report, · P, c, Rutledge, (U,S.A,),

ADDRESSES

Opening Remarks. A, Casagrande. (U.S.A,),

Address of Welcome. James B, Conant. (U,S,A,),

Relation Betvreen So.il Mechanics ani! Foundation Engineering, Karl v. Terzaghi. (Aus~ria), · · ·

Address. DanielE, Moran. (u,s,A,),

Soil Study and Engineering. F, E. Schmitt, (u,s,A,),

Farewell Address. A, Agatz. ( Geme.ny),

Closing Address of the President. Karl v. Terze.ghi, (Austria).

Section Bt EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AND SAMPLIHG OPERATIO!lS

B-9 Opening Diseussion, Henry A. Mohr, (u.s.A,),

B-10 ·Disoussion, Daniel E. Moran. (u,s,A.),

B-ll Discussion, Ee.rl F. Bennett, (u,s,A,),

B-12 Discussion. A Method for Determining the Representative Character of Undisturbed Samples and Something of the Disturbance Caused by the Sampling Operation, Donald M. Burmister. (u,s,A,),

B-13 Disoussion, llarold E. Russell. (u.s~A.).

B-14 Discussion, Spencer J, Buohane.n, (U,S,A,),

B-l!) Discussion, EvanVf. Vaughan, (u,s,A,),

B-16 Comments on Various Papers, (B-31 B-6, B.-7),···

Section Dt SOIL PROPERTIES

n-.15 Opening Disoussion, Donald W, Taylor. (u,s,A.),

D-16 .Discussion. Soil Properties as Functions of.General Soil Formation Processes, H, F. Winterkorn. (u.s.A,),

1)..17 Discussion of Paper C-2, Interpretation of Some of the Results of the Soil Survey of the Flushing Meadows Park Site. Donald M, Burmister. (u.s.A,),

D-18 Discussion. Willie.ili P, Kimball, (u,s,A.),

n-.19 Discussion, G, Tsohebctaretr. (Egypt),

1)..20 Discussion, C, A, Hcgentcgler. (u,s,A,).

1)..21 · Discussion, George E, Ekble.w, (U,S,A,),

1)..22 Discussion, L, F. Cooling, (England),

ll

ll-12

13-18

18-19

19-21

21-22

22-23

26-28

33

33-36

37

37-38

38-39

39

39-40

III

D-23 Discussion of Paper o..6 (Blf l<>tter), The Chemical Nature of Clays, H, F. Winterkorn, (u,s,A,)

D-24 Discussion (By l<>tter), Apparatus for Testing Soils in Compaoted State, c. A, Hogentogler, Jr. (u,s,A,),

D-2!i Discussion (By l<>tter); Permeability Device for Undisturbed San<) Srunples, Joseph Szily, (Hungary),

D-26 ·Discussion (By Lotter), liO\'I' Apparatus for Volumetric Determination of Carbonates and Water Contents in Soils, le.dislav C, Smolik, (Czechoslovakia),

D-27 Discussion (By l<>tter), Relation Between Void Ratio and Effective Principal Stresses for a Remculded, Silty Clay, l<>o Rendulic, (Germany),

D-28 Discussion (By Letter), Conditions of Failure for Remoulded Cohesive Soils. M, Juul Hvorslev, (Austria),

D-29 Discussions (By Lotter), Maurice Buisson, (France),

D-30 Discussions (By Letter), Carl B, Andrews, (Honolulu),

D-31 Discussion of Paper o..6 (By Lotter), T,. A, Middlebrooks, (u,s,A,),

D-32 Discussion, Lazarus White. (U,S,A,),

D~33 Discussion (By Letter), Notes on the Shearing Resistance and the Stability of Cohesionless Soils and their Relation to the Design of Earth Druns, Arthur Casagrande, (U,S,A,),

D-34 Discussion (By Letter), The Determination of the Pre~Consclidation Load and Its Practical Significance. Arthur Casagrande, (U,S,A,),

D-35 Commento on Various Papers. (D-1, C~6),

D-36 Discussion (By Letter), Bror Felleniuso (Sweden),

Section Et STRESS DISTRIBUTIOn I!! SOILS

" ~12 Opening Discussion. Pressure Distribution, Franz Kogler. (Germany),

Discussion on the Distribution of Stress around a Pile, Raymond D, Mindlin. (u.s.A,),

~14 Discussion, A Graphical llethod of Determiuing the Distribution of Stress in the Underground Due to Foundation Loads, Donald M, Burmister. (U,S,A,),

~15 Discussion, D, P, Krynineo (U,S,A,),

~16 Discussion, Benjrunin K, Hough, -Jr, (U.S.A,).

~17 Discussion (By Letter), Stress Distribution as a Problem in Attraction. George w. Gliok. (u,S,A,),

~18 Comments on Various Papers. (E-9),

~19 Discussion (By Letter), ThOIW.s A, Middlebrooks·, (U,S,A,),

~20 Discussion of Paper Jlo, ~4 (By Letter), D, P, Krynine. (u,s,A,)

Seotion F1 SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

F-16 Ope~ Disoussion, Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria),

F~17 Diaoussion, Interpretation of Loading Tests for Footings. Donald M, Burmister. (u.s.A,)

Page

47-48

58-60

71

71~73

73-74

.75

7~77

77

78

78

87~88

IV

F-18 Discussion. Additional Experience on Situ-Cast Concrete Piles, Rudolf Tillman, (Austria),

F-19 Disaussion of Paper F-2, Rudolf Tillman, (Aust~ia),

F-20 Disaussion, Wilhelm Loos, (Germany),

F-21 Discussion of Papers No, F-12 and F-13 (By Latter). On Settlement of Struaturas in Shanghai, China. Karl v, Terzaghi, (Austria).

F-22 Disaussion on the 1~vements of the Piers of the Mississippi River Bridge1 Paper llo, F-4, Kal'l v. Tarzaghi, (Austria), and William P. Kimball. \U.S,A,)

F-23 Discussion of Paper F-4 (By Letter). Settlement Records of the Mississippi River Bridge at New O,leans, William P, Kimball, (u.s.A,),

F-24 Discussion, Vlillirun S, Housel, (U,S,A,),

F-25 Discussion on Paper .llo, F-8. (By Latter). 14>uriae Buisson. (Fre.naa),

F-26 Discussion (By Letter). Soil Testing and Observation in the Design and Construotion of Rotundan-Bridge Across the Danube River in Vienna. Charles Fisch.er, (Austria),

F-27 Discussion of Paper No, F-6 (By Lotter), Thomas A, Middlebrooks, (U,S,A,),

F'-28 Discussion (By Latter). Settlement Observations on Structures of the "Raichsautobahnan11

• Leo Casagrande. (Germany), .

F-29 Discussion (By Letter). Comparison of Computed and Observed Settlements, Ernst von Gottstein. (Germany).

F-30 Comments on Various Papers (F-2, F-14),

Section G1 STABILITY OF EARTH AIID FOUNDATIO!T WORKS AlTD OF NATURAL SLOPES

G-10 Opening Discussion. Frank A, Marston, (U,S,A,),

G-11 Opening Discussion. Stability of Embankment Foundations. G, Gilboy. (11,S,A,)

G-12 Discussion, T. T. Knappen, (u.s.A.),

G-13 Discussion, A Method for Determining the Shearing Resis.tance of Fill Materials, Earth Embankments, ato, in Place by Means of a llew Shear Apparatus, Donald 11, Burmister. (u.s.A.).

G-14 Discussion, Joachim Ehrenberg, (Germany).

G-15 Discussion on Gilboy's Presentation of Jurgenson's 11ethod of Foundation llnalysis, T, A, Middlebrooks, (u.s.A.),

G-16 Disousoion, Notes on the Stability of Slopes, Donald \'1, Taylor, (U,S,A,),

G-17 Discussion (By Latter), Two Examplos Concerning Underground Sliding Caused by Construction of Embankments and Statio Investigations of the Effectiveness of 11easures Provided to Assure their Stability, Ernst von Gottetaia, ( Get'!llallY) •

G-18 Discussion of Paper No. G-3 (By Latter), Arshng G, Solakian, (U,S,A,)

G-19 Discussion (By Letter), Robe~t G, Hennes, (U,S,A,),

G-20 Comments on Various Papers. ( G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4),

Page

89

89-90

90-92

96-98

98-99

99-101

101

104-1o6

107-110

110

111-112

112

112-113

114-116

117-118

118

118-122

122-128

128-129

129

130

v

Section H1 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

H-7 Opening Discussion, J, S, Crandall, (U,S,A,),

1!-8 Discussion on Sections H e.nd I, John G, Mason, (U,S,A, ),

H-9 Discussion, R, Pietkowski. (Poland),

H-10 Discussion, Lazarus \Yhite. (u.s.A,),

H-11 Discussion on the Lateral Resistance of Piles, Pe.per No, H-1, Paul Raes (Belgi\lli\) and A, E. Cummings. (U,S,A,),

· H-12 Discussion on Sections H e.nd I, W, S, Hsnnn e.nd Gregory Tsohebote.reff, (Egypt),

H-13 Discussion, Carlton s, Proctor •. (U,s,A,),

H-14 Discussion, Kjetil Hsugeto, (U,S,A,),

H-15 Discussion (By Letter), Some References to Pile Driving and the Supporting Power of Piles in British Teopnioal Publications, Robert Fo Leggett, (Canada),

H-16 DiooUBsion of Paper No, H-5 (By Lotte>·), Dimitri P, Krynine, (u.s.A,),

H-17 Discussion of Paper No, H-2 (By Letter), Calculation of Piles Aocording to the Theory of the Longitudinal Flow, B,. B, Kretschmer. (USSR),

H-18 Report on Special Meeting of the Committee on Bearing Value of Pile Foundations, Waterways Division, .American Society of Civil Engineers,

H-19 Comments on Various Papers. (I-5),

Section J1 EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAI!IIUG WA.IJ.1l, EXCAVATION SHEETING, TU!lllEL LI!lHTGS, ETC.

J-7 Opening Discussion, Arthur Casagrande, (U,S.A,)

J-8 Discussion, Karl v, Terzaghi, (Austria),

J-9 Discussion, Pressure Distributions on Retaining Walla. Raymond D, Mindlin, (u.s.A,)

J-10 Discussion of Paper J-3· Jeremiah E, B. Jennings. (U,S,A,),

J-11 Discussion of Paper No, J-1 (By Letter), A, E, Cummings, (U,S,A,),

J-12 Discussion of Paper No, J-1 (By Letter), D, P, Krynine. (U,s,A,),

J-13 Discussion (By Letter), Some References to Lateral Earth Pressure in British Teohnioal Publications, Robert F, Leggett. (Canada).

Section K: GBOUJID WATER MOVEt<E!IT AND SEEPAGE

K-5 Opening Discussion, Joel D, Justin. (U,S,A,],

K-6 Discussion, William P, Creager. (U,S,A,),

K-8

Discussion, A Praotioal Application of the Flow !let Method of Analysis to the Design of Cofferdams. Donald M, Burmister. (U,S,A,),

Discussion of Paper K-3 (By Letter), Direct Measurement of the Permeability of the Ground, J, P, Daxelhofer. (Fre.noe),

K-9 Discussion. Q, Stevens, (Netherlands Indies),

Page

131-132

132-136

1;:>6-137

137-138

155-156

157-158

158-159

159-16o

16o

161

161-162

162-164

VI

Section Lo SOIL PROBLEMS Ill HIGHYIAY E!IGI!IEERI!IG INCLUDING FROST ACTIO!! Ill SOILS

L-9 Opening Discussion, Soils for Highway Uses, C, A, Hogentogler. (U,S,A,),

L-10 Discussion, H, F. Winterkorn. (U,S,A,),

L-11 Discussion, 1ruck Settlement Under High>;ay Fills. Earl F. Bennett. (U,S,A,),

L-12 Discussion (By Letter), Effect of' Freezing a.nd Thawing of Soil-under Foundations of Cold Storage Warehouse, E, A, Dockstader, (U,S,A,),

L-13 Frost Action in Soils and Its Relation to High>;ay Engineering• Gunnar Beskow. (Sweden),

Section Mo JJETHODS FOR IMPROVI!lG THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES, I!ICLUDI!lG RECEl!T DEVELOPI!EllTS IN CONSTRUCTING AliD COMPACTING EARTH FILLS

M-5 Comparative Studies of the Effectiveness of Different Methods for Compacting Cohesionless Soils, Wilhelm Leos, (Germany) ,

M-6 Opening Discussion. Karl v, Terzaghi, (Austria),

Section No MODER!! METHODS OF DESIGN AJID CO!!STRUCTIQII OF FOIDIDATIOI!S

11-10 l'he Foundations of the San Franoisoo-Oakla.nd Bay Bridge, Carlton S, Proctor. (u.s.A,)

N-11 Foundation of' Modern Bridges in Delllllllrk. Aage E, Bretting. (Dell!Ml.rk) •

N-12 Experienoes in the Construction and Working of Mercantile Harbours at Bremen and Brcmerhaven and their Value in the Design of New Structures. A, Agatz, (Germany),

11·13 The Foundation of the Building "La Ba1aise" in Lugano, Switzerland Involving Modern Methods in Deep Foundation Technique, G, D, Radio. (Italy),

N-14 Opening Discussion. Lazarus 1'/hite. (U,S,A,),

11-15 Discussion on the Movements Within Foundation Pits During Construction. J, A, Cuevas (Mexico}, Lazarus White (u,s,A,) a:o:l Karl v, Terzaghi (Austria),

N~l6 Discussion. Paul E, Rae a, (Belgiwa),

11-17 Foundation Conditions in Mexico City. Jose A, Cuevas •. (Mexico),

Section Zo MISCELLANEOUS

Z-22 Discussion, Karl v. Terzaghi, (Austria),

Z-23 Discussion of Paper No, N-6 (By Lotter), Irving B, Crosby, (U,S,A,),

Z~24 Discussion (By Letter), Maurice Buisson, (France),

Z-25 Di.scussion (By Letter). Karl R, Kennison. (U,S,A,),

z~26 Discussion of' Paper No. Z-17 (By Letter), Proposed !lew Boston Building Code. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria),

Z..'Z{ A Preliminary Investigation into the Subject of Foundations in the 'Blaok Cotton' and 'Kyatti' Soils of the Mandalay District, Burma. D. Wooltorton, (India),

Z-28 Discussion of Paper No, Z..'Z{ (By Letter). W, E, Sl.jnpson, (U,S,A,);

Page

167~168

168-169

169-170

171-173

17:?

j

174-179.

180.182

18:?-193

193-201

201-215

215-225

226-228

228·231

231-233

233-237

238

238-2:?9

2:?9-240

240

VII

Pag0 Z-29 Report on a Joint Meeting of the Comnittee on Foundations e.n,d Soil Mechanics

of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education and of the Committee on the Standardization of Symbols and Conventions. 258

25B-26l

261-263

264

261.~-265

265

265-266

266

266-267

267-268

268

Z-29o. Opening Discussion, A. Casagrande. (u.s.A.).

Z-29b Discussion on Instruction in Soil Mechanics, Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria),

Z-29o Discussion, Herbert Ensz, (u.s.A,),

Z...29d Discussion, E. E. Bauer. (U,S,A,).

z.!29e Discussion, W. P, Kimball, (U,S,A,),

Z-29£ Disoussion, Frederick J, Converse, (u.s.A,),·

Z-29g Discussion. D, Krynine, (U,S,A,),

Z·29h Discussion. Robert G, Hermes. (U.S.A,),

Z-29i Discussion, Donald M. Burmister. (U .s~A,),

Z-30 Discussion of Paper No, Z-4 (By Letter), 0, Godskesen. (Denmark),

.List of Participating and Absentee Members Appendix LIST OF PAPERS DISCUSSED

Paper llo.

A-25

B-3

B-6

B-7

C-2

0..3

C-6

Il-l

D-7

E-l

E-2

E-4

F-2

F-4

F-6

F-8

F-12

Author Discussion Conte.ined in

Rutledge Z-24

Barentsen B-16

Stanton B-131 B-16

Cuperas B-16

Freeman D-17

Andrews D-30

Rutledge D-35

Tschebotareff D-19, D-29, D-30, D-35

Cooling & Smith D-22 1 D-29

Gerservv.noff D-29

Endell & Hoffmann D-31

Terzaghi D-31

Tsohebotareff .E-13

Relton E-13

Krynine

Converse

Kimball

Krynine & lford

Ringe ling

Clark & Watson

E-20

F-30

F-22, F-23

F-27 F-25

F-21

Paper No.

G-2

G-6

G-9

H-l H-2

H-5

I-5

J-l

J-3

K-3

ll-6

Z-17

Z-18

Z-27

Author Discussion Contained in

Favrot F-21

Fischer F-30

Wang G-20

Hennes G-19, G-20

1liddlebrooks G-18, G-20

Taylor & Vaidhianathan G-20 Terzaghi G-16

Jaky G-16.

Raes H-11 Kansohin & Plutalow R-17

Lozovsky H-16

R, Tillman H-19

Spangler

Terzaghi

Vreedenhurgh

IOO.yer

Terzaghi

Committee

Knappen & Phillipe

Ylooltorton

J-9, J-ll, J-12

J-10

K-9

K-8

Z-22, Z-23

Z-26

Z-24 Z-28

I

l l

I

'

i 1

I I

I i I

I ! '

. \

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND


ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND

· . FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

.ROTTERDAM

JUNE 21 TO 30 • 1948

VOLUME I

~.: .. ) ,~-'-

TABLE OF OONTEN~S

SECTION I THEORIES, I!YPOTRESES, CONSIDERATIONS OF A GENERAL CHARACTER, Page'

Sub-section Ia ;,GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Ia 1 Early history and bibliography of soil mechanics, J, Feld (U,S,A,) 1

Sub-section Ib 1 GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS-'

Ibl Engineeri~ uses and limitations of pedology for regional expl~ration of soils. H,F, Winterkorn (U,S,A,) , , , 8

Sub-section Ic 1 PHYSICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS,

Ic i Contribution to the theory of shrinking. R, Haefeli and G. Amberg (Switzerland) 1? Ic 2 Heat flow towards the floor of cold stores, situated in the ground level, and

calculation of the insulation or the heating system to prevent frost penetration in the ground. R,F,X, Ruckli (Switzerland) 18

Ic? Physico-Chemical properties of soils, H,F, Winterkorn (U,S,A,) 2?

Id 1 Id 2 Id ? Id 4

Ie 1 Ie 2 Ie ? Ie 4

Ie 5

Ie 6 Ie 7

Ie 8 Ie 9 Ie 10 Ie 11

Sub-section Id 1 STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONS ; CONSOLIDATION

Problems of soil settlement, T, Edelman (Netherlands) Precise determination of primary consolidation • .I.,H, Naylor end I,G,Doran (Ireland) The mathematical solution for esrly,stages of consolidation, E,N,Fo:z:, (England) On the compressibility of preconsolidated soil-layers. R,Haefeli (Switzerland)

Sub-section Ie 1 SREARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS

On the law of friction of sand, Takeo Mogami (Japan) Determination of the bearing power of clay foundation. Takeo Mogami (Japan) The stability of slopes acted upon by parallel seepage, R, Haefeli (Switzerland) Limitation of the validity of application of the formulas from Prandtl - Buisman and from Andersen for the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil underneath footings, E. de Beer and M, Wallays (Belgium) Improvement of the method of calculation of the equilibrium along sliding circles, H, Raedschelders (Belgium) The ~ = 0 analysis of stability and its theoretical basis. A,W, Skempton (England) A simplified method for computing the bearing capacity of the soil supporting footings or piers. L. Marivoet (Belgium) Validity of Coulomb's law of stability, J, J6ky (Hungary) State of stress in great depth, J. J6ky (Hungary) A fundamental theory of plastic deformation and breakage of soil. K,Hoshino (Japan) On the bearing capacitY of piles. J, J6ky (Hungary)

Sub-section If I EARTH PRESSURE

?0 }4 41, 42

51 55 57

63

68 72

78 87

100

If 1 Pressure in silos. J, J6ky (Hungary) 10? If 2 Calculations of sheet pile walls in cohesive soils, C,F,Kollbrunner (Switzerland) 108

Ig 1

Ig 2

Ig ? Ig 4

Ig 5 Ig 6

Sub-section Ig : STRESS DISTRIBUTION

Approximative calculations of the stress-distributions due to concentrated vertical loads, G,.l., Oosterholt (Netherlands) , 112 On the depth of foundation, F, Szel~owski (Poland) 115 Computation of beams resting on soil, E. de Beer (Belgium) 119 The influence of the heterogenity of the soil mass on its deformation, K, Hruban (CzeQhoslovakia) 12? Sources of error in settlement estimate, K, Hruban (Czechoslovakia) 127 The mean elastic settlement of'a uniformly loaded area at a depth below the ground surface. E,N, Fo:z: (England) 129

Sub-section Ii ; MISCELLANEOUS

Ii 1 The concept of soil moisture deficit, R,K, Schofield and H,L. Penman (England) 1}2

l

I , I I

·r

I ,•

SECTION II 1 LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS page

Sub-sectio~ II a GENERAL

IIa l Effect of natural hardening of the unconfined compression strength of remolded clays, O, Moretto (Argentine) 137

IIa 2 ·~ne geotechnical properties of a deep stratum of post-glacia.J. ~~ey at Gosport. A,W, Skempton (England) 145

lia 3 LaboratorY studies relating to the clay fraction of cohesive soils, K,E, Clare (England) 151

Sub-section II b IDENTIFICATION TESTS

IIb l An experimental study of maximum and minimum porosities of sands, J,J,Kolbuszewski (England) 158

IIc 1

IIo2

IIdl

IId 2

IId 3 IId '4

IId5

IIel IIe 2

Sub-section II c CONSOLIDATION TESTS

Seoundsry time effect in the compression of unconsolidated sediments of volcanic origin. A, Croce (Italy) 166 Consolidation tests on soils containing stones. L,J, Murdock (England) 169

Sub-section II d 1 TRIAXIAL TESTS

Correlation between the results of cell-tests end compression tests. E, de Beer (Belgium) 173 The angle of shearing resistance in cohesive soils for tests at constant.water content. H,Q, ·Golder and A,W, Skempton (England) 185 A study of the immediate triaxial test on cohesive soils, A,W, Skompton (England) 192 A contribution to the study of the elastic properties of sand, G. Wilson end J,L,E, Sutton (England) 197 The determination of the shearing strength of varved clays end of their sensit-ivity to remolding, G,P, Tschebotarioff end J,R, Beyliss (U,S,A,) 203

Sub-section II e 1 DIRECT SHEAR TESTS

A large shear box for testing sands and gravels, A.W. Bishop (England) The shearing resistance of soils as determined by direct shear tests at a constant rate of strain, J. MacNeil Turnbull (Australia)

Sub-section II f 1 ELECTRO:QSMOSIS

207

211

IIf l Electro-osmosis. L. Casagrande (England) 218

llgl IIg 2 IIg 3 ·

Sub-section II g MISCELLANEOUS

Laboratory compaction technique, A.L. Little (England) Some laboratory experiments in the waterproofing of soils, K,E, Clare (England) An investigation of the bearing capacity of shallow footings in dry sand, G.G. lleyerhof (England) ·

SECTION III FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

Sub-section III a I BORING AND SAMPLING

Ilia l Field tests with new combined loading test sampler for Harbour Extension Works. A. llortensen (Dem;nark)

Ilia 2 Extractor for. taking disturbed ssmples in hard ground, o. Wager (Sweden) IIIa ; Concerning tbe physical propert1e of cleys. R,E. Fadum (England) IIIa 4 A method of' extracting lone; continuous cores of undis~'urbed soil. W,K;Jellmann and

T, Kallsteni us (Sweden)

nib 1 IIIb 2

IIIb 3

IIIb 4

Sub-section lll b I l!IEAS!lREMENTS OF SPECIAL SOIL PROPERTIES

Permeability of peat by water, J,L,A, Cuperus (Netherlands) Simple field tests for. soils, A,H, Gawivh (Australia} Devermination in situ of the shear strength of undisturbed cley by means of a. rotating auger, L, Carlson (Sweden) . . A practical method of rapid measurement of 'soil moisture and its applications, K, Hoshino (Japan) ·

224 230

23?

. 244

249 250

255

2!_i8 264.

'·''

270

IIIb 5

IIIb 6

IIIb 7

nrc 1

IIIc 2

III<> :? IIIc 4

. r±rc 5

, .. , . • f '-.. -.'

'··.· . ' ..

Testing of the elasticity and stress property of rock soil, F; ·aornlimann (Switzerland) _

·construction and method-of operating of a new deepsounding apparatus, G, Plahtema (Netherlands) -Improved sounding apparatus, as developed in Holland since 19?6. J, Vermeiden· (Netherlands) . ·

Sub-section III o .I MEASUREMENTS OF PRESSURES AND DEFORMATIONS

Experience gained in the measurement of pore pressures in a dam-and its foundation. M,G, Speedie (Australia) · - _ . . Some results of water pressure measurements in clay layers, E, de Beer and H. Raedschelders (Belgium) _ Loading tests on clay, s. Odenstad (Sweden) Measurement of pore water pressure, T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) An electrically operating pore water pressure cell, R,G, Boiten and G, Plantema (Netherlands) .

Sub-section II-I d : VIBRATION RESEARCH

277

280

287

2~

299 :?03

IIId l The resonance· ot·machine foundations and the soil coefficients whioh effect it, G,_p, Tschebotarioff and E,R, Ward (u,S,A,) :?09

Sub-section III e AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHING

IIIe l The determination of soil conditions by aerial photographic analysis. D,J, Belcher ·(u,s·,A,) __

IIIe 2

IIIe :?

Correlation between permafrost and. soils as indicated by aerial photographs, K,B, Woods, J,E, Hittle and R,E, Frost (U,S,A,) Aerial photographs used for an engineering evaluation of soil materiels, R,E, Frost and K;B, Woods (U,S,A,)

Sub-section III g MISOELLAIIEOUB

?21

IIIg l The permafrost investigations in arctic and subarctic regions, W,K, Wilson (U,S,A,) 330

I I

i

I

t I ( .,

f l

•I .'·'1 'I l: .

j l : ·1~ . >;< •• .,.___ .

\



ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND


ROTTERDAM

·JUNE 21 TO 30 • 1948

VOLUME II

.- ..

TABLE OF CONTENTS

V 0 L U M E II

SECTION IV STABILITY AND DEFORMATIONS OF FARTH CONSTRUCTIONS Page

Sub-section IVa: E!dBANKMENTS OF HIGHWAYS AND RAILROADS

IVa l Strengthening the road-bed of a railway, supported by soft .soil and situated amidst the buildings of the central part ·of a town. J,L.A, Cuperus and F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) · 1

IVa2

IVb 1

·m 2

IVb3

IVcl

rvc 2 IVc3

IVc 4 IVc 5 IVc 6

IVc7

Undulation of railway embankments on soft sub-soil during passi!lg of trains·. F,Q, de Nie (Netherlands)

.Sub-section IVb: DAMS AND LEVEES

8

Some factors involved in the design of a large earth dam in the Themes Valley, A,W, Bishop (England) 13 A ship in a flood defence bank constructed on a peat bog. W .H. ·ward (England) 19 Construction of Muirhead Reservoir, Scotland, J ,A, Banks (England) 24

Sub-section IVc: EXCAVATIONS AND SLOPES

Description of a flow slide in loose sand, R,B, Peck and W, V ,Kaun (U,S,A) A coastal landslip, W,H, Ward (England)

Control of the stability of a sliding slope in a rBilway-cut near Wetteren, .L, Marivoet (Belgium) Two failures with cut-off walls. T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) Slips in fissured clay, F,L, Cassel (England) The rate of softening in stiff fissured clays, with special reference to London clay, A. W, Skempton (England) . Analytical studies· of Panama Canal slides. W, V, Binger (U ,S,A,)

Sub-section IVd: hiTSCELLANEOUS

31 l:?

38 43 46

50 54

IVd l Stabilization of river banks, W,E, Doran (Ireland) 60 IVd 2 Practical examples of the ¢ = 0 analyses of stability of clays, A,W, Skempton and

H,Q, Golder (England) 63

Va 1

Vbl Vb2

Vb:? Vb4

Vc 1

VIa 1

VIa 2

SECTION V . : EARTH IRESSURE; STABILITY AND DISPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING CON

STRUCTIONS,

Sub-section Va: EARTH IRESSURE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL WALLS

Earth pressure against retaining walls. H. Jansson, A .• Wickert and A. Rinkert (Sweden)

Sub-section Vb: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL WALLS

Measurement of pressure in timbering of a trench in clay, H,Q, Golder (England)

Lateral earth pressure as a problem of deformation or of rupture. G.P. Tschebotarioff and Ph,P. Brown (U,S,A,) Earth pressure on flexible walls, S, Packshaw (England)

Computation of a quay wall, T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands)

Sub-section Vc: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Experience with flexible culverts through railroad embankments, O.K. Peck and R,B, Peck (U.S.A,)

SECTION VI FOUNDATION IRESSURE ANO SETTLEMENTS OF BUILDINGS ON FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

Sub-section VIa: MEASUREM>NTS OF SETTLEMENTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY

71

76

81 86

91

95

Discussion of the influence of soil dumped behind the abutments of a bridge on the 99 settlements of this construction. J,L,A, Ouperus (Netherlands) .

Subsidence signal-tower Cruquiskade at Amsterdam, F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 101 i i

___ I

t' ~l" If; l:i·· t

1l I I ~~· II

1\

'l ; I

', i '

I j '

._,j

' ·~

_¥\:-

Page

VIa 3

VIa 4

subsidence of the northern abutment of the railw~ bridge aeross the,Hollsnds Diep, F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 104 Settlement of auxiliary pier No, 5 of the railway bridge across the Maas (Meuse) near Venlo. F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 106

VIa5

VIa 6

Settlements of a viaduct, a culvert and the road-bed in the railway Arnbem-Zutphen, near Voorstonden. F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 109 Settlement records on bridges founded on sand, E.de Beer (Belgium) lll

VIa 7 Estimation of future settlements of the dikes of the North-East Polder, based on observation of past settlements. F,J,B,G. Geers and W,C, van Mierlo (Nether-lends) 122

VIa 8 Determination of expected settlements of hydraulic fills in the Syangen Polder near Rotterdam. w.c. van Mierlo and H,I, den Breeje (Netherlands) 125

VIa 9 VIa 10

Settlement analysis of Waterloo Bridge, L.F. Cooling (England) 130 Settlement observation on four grain silos. L,F, Cooling (England) 135

VIa 11 Loading tests on tanks in Persia. R,V, Allin (England) 138 VIa 12 Observed settlements: C,F. Kollbrunner (Switzerland) 141

. Sub-section VIb: MEASUREMENTS OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE CONTACT FACE,

VIb 1 Tests for the determination of the distribution of soil reactions underneath beams resting on soil. E,de Beer (Belgium) 142

Sub-section VIc: INFLUENC)E OF GROUNDWATER

VIc 1 Influence of groundwater level oscillation on subsidence of structures, J, Jaky (Hungary) ~ 148

VId 1 VId 2

VId 3 VId 4

VId 5

VIIa 1

VIIa 2

VIIa3 · ~VIIa 4

VIIa5

VIla 6

Sub-section VId: SPECIAL HlOBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Small bouse foundation design. J,E, Jennings end D,J, Henkel (South Africa). Some soil rupture and settlement problems in the construction of a lock, at Duffel.L, Marivoet (Belgium) Site exploration for foundations at Portsmouth. J,W. Hunter (England) Some examples of foundation movements due to causes other then structural loads. L,F. Cooling end w.H, Ward (England) ~

Structures in areas subjected to mining subsidence. K,W, Mautner (England).

SECTION VII PILE FOUNDATIONS, PIIE LOADING TESTS

Sub-section VIIa: SETrLEMENT AND BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

The use of long spliced piles driven through soft silt to firm foundations, J,B,O, Hosking (Australia) Predetermination of the resistance of a pile on basis of field shear and loading test values, A, Morte.nsen (Denmark) · Some pile driving problems. T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) Effect of vibration on piles in loose sand, \V,F, Swiger (England) Two remarks on piles: 1. The allowable settling of piles. 2. New type of concrete pile, R, Piatkowski (Poland) · ·

151

153 159

162 167.

178

180 185 191

194 ..

Some experiences with testa on model piles, G,P, Tscbebotarioff and L.A. Palmer (U,S,A,) . .L95

VIIa 7 Comparison of the extent of disturbance produced by driving piles into plastic clay to the disturbance caused by an unbalanced excavation. G,P, Tscbebotarioff and J.R. Schuyler (U.s.A.') 199

Sub-section VUe: SPECIAL PROBL1!1.!S VIle 1 Pile settlements .. related to neighboring excavations. J, Feld (U.S.A,) 203

SECTION VIII : PROBLEMS OF ROAD AND RUNWAY CONSTRUOtiONS

Sub-section VIIIb:METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN

VIIIb 1 Tests on subgrade core samples, as applied to the design of road foUndations. P.C, Lewis (South Africa). . ~213

~ ·.

VIIIb. 2 A procedure for evaluating the influence of the moisture of the subgrade· ~ii: the thickness required for flexible pavements of airfields, H, Loxton, H,Y, Beavis

·and U,D, McNicholl (U.S.A,)

Page

218 VIIIb 3: Pavement evaluation by loading tests at Naval and Marine Corps Air Station.

L.A. Palmer and J ,B, Thompson (U.S.A,) 222

VIIIc 1

VIIIc 2

VIIId 1

VIIId 2

VIIIe 1

VIlle 2

VIIIe 3

VIIIe 4

IXb 1 IXb 2 IXb 3

IXd 1

Xa 1 Xa 2 Xa 3

Xbl

XI 1

,-Sub-section VIIIc: METHODS OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN. Stresses under pavements, Computation of traffic stresses in a simple road struct-. ure, L. Fox (England) . · 236 Principle on concrete runway design. C,E, Docker and J ,H, llcFeeters (England) l046

Sub-section VIIId; DESIGN AND OONSTRUCTION OF SOME ROADS AND AIRFIELDS

Soil mechanics investigations for the design of the runways at the Kloten airfield. F, Germann and IV, Eng (Switzerland) An example of concrete runway design.with critical comments. C,E, Docker and J ,N, McFeeters (England)

Sub-section VIIIe: INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILuRES, DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION

Security against frost-heave can often be found in half the frostfree depth. O, Godskesan (Denmark) , . The investigation of road foundation failures, \V,A, Lewis (England) Two- and three- dimensional ground-water flow towards the ice-lenses formed in the freezing ground, R,F. RUckli (Switzerland) Frost damage to roads in Denmark A, Riis (Denmark)

SECTION IX

Sub-section IXb

IMPROVEMENT OF THE MECHANICAL PROI'ERTIES OF SOIL

MECHANICAL METHODS

An improved soil compaction rammer, A,H, Gawith (Australia) Soil stabilisation in Argentine Highways, L,M, Zalazar (Argentine) Silt consolidation by vibroflotation. S. Steuerman (U.S, A,)

Sub-section IXd : PHYSICAL METHODS

Accelerating consolidation of fine-grained soils by means of cardboard wicks. W. Kjellman (Sweden)

SECTION X GROUNDIWATBR PROBLEMS

Sub-section Xa: GENERAL GROUNDWAT&JR INVE8'HGATIONS

On the flow of groundwater, M, Sitz (Palestine) On the permeability of homoBeneous anisotropic soils, Shih Te Yang (U,S,A,) Notes on ground water lowering by means of filter wells, R, Glossop and V.H. Collingridge (England)

Sub-section Xb : SEEPAGE PROBLEMS OF DAMS AND LEVEES

Critical head for the expansion of sand on the downstream side of weirs. z. Bazant (Czechoslov~~ia)

S]X)TIOI! XI : SUGGESTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, EXCHANGE OF INFORMATIONS

Proposal for the statutes of the Permanent Organisation of the International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, T.K. Huizinga (Netherlands)

257

2B2

2B7

292 292 297

302

;106 317

;120

322

!

., .;l

~ l

SECTION IV 1 STABILITY AND DEFOR!/.ATIONS OF EARTH CONSTRUCTIONS

Sub-section IVb DAMS AND LEVEES Page

IVb 4 Pore pressure .assumptions for stability studies of earth dams, A.Rufenacht (Australia) 230

IVb 5 Estimating construction pore pressures in rolled earth dams. J.W.Hi.tf (U.S.A,) 234 IVb 6 Stability analysis in the desigh of earth and rockfill dams R,C, Clarke

(Australia) 240 IVb ? Ten years pore pressure measurEments. Il.C. ;Valker and W.¥1. Daehn (U.s.A.) 245 IVb 8 Earth dam design and construction practices of the Bureau of Reclawation,

F,C, Walker and ·.v.E. Collins (U,S,A,) 250

IVb 9 Earth-fill overflow dams in flood control. P. Baumann (U,S,A,) 253

IVc8

IVc 9

IVc 10


California experience in stabilizing earth slopes through the installation of horizontal drains by the hydrauger method, Th.E. Stanton (U.S.A,) Underpinning and under-drainage to check earth sliding and settlemants at a large cement plant. c.s. Proctor (U,S,A,) . Slope stability studies for the Del t a-Mindota Intake Canal. IV. H. Wolf and w.G. Holtz (u.s.A.)

256

260

268 IVc ll Failure of a big retaining wall at "Wienfluss" creek-shore in Vienna. R.F .Till-

mann (Austria) 274 IVc 12 Treatment of frost sioughing slopes, K,S, Lane (U,S,A,)

Va 2

Va ;5

Va 4

va.5

Vh5

Vh6

Vh7

Vc 2 vc ,

SECTION V EARTH PRESSURE: STABILITY AND DLSPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING CONSTRUCTIONS

Sub-section Va : EARTH PRESSUHE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL 1'/ALIS

Soil mechanics in relation to the design of large dry docks, D,H. Little (England) · Definition of stability against overturning of retaining walls. A, Paduert (Belgium) Reduction of lateral cohesive soil pressure on quaywalls by use of sand dikes, H, Epstein (u.s.A.) A study of retaining wall failures. R,B. Peck, H,O, Ireland and C .Y, Teni; (U.S.A,)

Sub-section Vb 1 EARTH PRESSUHE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL WALLS

Measurements of ~assures agSinst a deep shaft in plastic clay, R.B. Peck and s. Berman (u.s.A,) Upon the deflection and strength of anchored bulkheads. E,S, Browzin (France) Effect of bound~ conditions on lateral earth pressure, G,P, Tschebotarioff and J.D. Welch (u.s.A,) . .

' Sub-section Vc : EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Earth pressure in mining, F,X,Th. van Iterson (Netherlands) Earth pressure on horizontal circular conduits, Public Works, Amsterdam (Netherlands)

. 281

284

287

291 296

;500 . .?02

;508

314

;5l7

\

. ,· ...



ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND


ROTTERDAM

JUNE al TO 30 - 1948

VOLUME Ill

Ib2 Ib~

Ib4

Ic 4

Ic 5 Ic 6

Id 5

Id 6

Id ?

Id 8

Ie 12

Ie 13 Ie 14

Ie 15 Ie 16

SECTION I

Sub-section Ib

TABLE OF CONTENTS

V 0 L U M E III

THEORIES, HYPOTHESES, CONBIDERATIONB OF A GENERAL CHARACTER

: GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS

Soil mechanics and geology, A. von Moos and L, Baerrum (Switzerland) Relation of soil mechanics and geology in foundation exploration Lower Mississippi Valley. W,J, Turnbull and H,N, Fisk (u.s.A,) Some geological aspects of the problems of soil genesis and soil classification, w,J, Turnbull and H,N, Fisk (u.s.A;)

Sub-section Ic : PHYSICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

Some fUndamental factors influencing the properties of soil materials. Ralph E, Grim (U.S,A,) Thermal conductivity of soil. M,S, Kersten (U,S,A,) ~

For a systematic study of the properties of soils sa related to their permanent characters and to their non-permanent characters. R, Spronck (Belgium)

Sub-section Id : STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS: CONSOLIDATION

A method for estimating the load ~ettlement characteristics and bearing value of clays and clay-soils from unconfined compression and tri-axial compression tests, -D.M. Burmister (u.s.A,) Time effect in connection with consolidation tests. R, Haefeli and YI,Schaad (Switzerland) · The first law of thermodynamics and the consolidation process, E,C,W,A, Geuze and C,M,a, de Bruyn (Netherlands) A formula combining the Terzaghi load-compression relationship end the Buisman secular time effect. A,W, Koppeaan (Netherlands)

Sub-section Ie 1 SHE4RING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS

Shearing strength and water content,. a complement to the sheering theory. R,Haefeli (Switzerland) On the bearing power of soil in a two-dimeneional problem, T. Mizuno (Japan) Soil-gliding·under the influence of an infinite strip of load. L,Suklae ( Jugo-8lavia) . Protracted sliding surface, L, Bendel (Switzerland) State of stresses in a heavy soil mass, c. Torre (Austria)

Sub-section If I EARTH PRESSURE

If 3 Minimum value of earth pressure J.JSky (Hungary) If 4 Novel theory of eerth pressure,: J,J8ky (Hungary)

Sub-section Ig : STRESS DISTRIBUTrON

Ig ? Pavement slabs on non-rigid foundations. A,H,A. Hogg (England) Ig 8 Over the plastic range in the semi-infinite mass, H,Borowicka (Poland) Ig 9 Influence values for estimating stresses in e~astic foundations. R.E. Fadum (U$,AJ

Ihl Ih2

Sub-section Ih 1 VIBRATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS

Relaxation methods, D,N. de G. Allen (U,S,A,) The natural oscillation of ground and industrial foundations. and R.E.R, Hallllllolid (England) .

SECTION II

Sub-section IIb

LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

IDENTIFICATION TESTS

J,H,A, Crockett

Page

l

3

6

8 12

15

18

23

29

32

38 44

49 $3 5?

6l

65

?O 75 ?7

85

88

Ilb 2 The laboratory determination of the volume weight and air space of stoney soils, E.W. Russell (Englani) • . 94

IIb 3 Notes on some Canadian "Silts". R,F, Legget arid F. Lionel Peckover (Canada) 96

)

I .

' Analysis of the latest American testa on soil capillarity, D.P. Kr;ynine Soft rock ( "Kurzawka") A,Pog&ny (Poland)

·.. ..Page (u.s+) 100---lib 4

Ilb 5

IId 6 IId7

. lid 8 IId 9

lie ~

IIe4

~ IIe 5 IIe 6

II! 2

IIg4 IIg5 IIg6

IIg 7

IIg8 IIg 9

IIg 10

IIg ll

IIg 12

llg l~

Sub-secti~n IId : TRIAOCIAL TESTS

The stability of granular and-cohesive materials. N,W, McLeod (u.s.A,) Application of triaxial compression tests to stability 'analyses of rolledfill earth dams. D,F, Glynn (Australia) Critical density of some Dutch sands. E,C, W,A. Gauze (Netherlands)· The dynamic triaxial trials. L.Bendel (Switzerland)

Sub-section He : DIRECT SHEAR TESTS .

Compression, an important factor in the shearing test. E,C,W,A. Geuze (Netherlands) Examination of connection between the change of porosity ana shearing stress of tied ground due to mon-axial loads, A. Pog&ny (Poland) Soil friction coefficient as a function of water content. R. Ariano (Italy) Shearing tests on cohesive soils. w. Steinbrenner. (Australia) -· ·

Sub-section II:f : ELECTRO-OSMOSIS

Results of labpratory investigations on the electricB.l treatment of soils, E.c.w.A. Geuze, C,M,A. de Bruyn and K. Joustra (Netherlands)

Sub-section Ifg 1 MISCELLANEOUS

Specific heat tests on soils. M.s. Kersten (U,S,A,)

•'

Apparatus for measuring thermal conductivity of soil. M.s. Kersten (U,S,A.) Descriptions of tests carried out on a chalk-clay soil in connection with the foundations for the Aeronautical National Establishment at Bedford, F.s. Strongman (England) A laboratory study of the settlements of loaded rectangular plates into soft soil. H.w.w. Pollitt, W.A. Lewis and P.H.T. Lewis (u.s.A,) Some laboratory tests o.n chalk. G, Wilson (England) The investigation of decomposed granite in Hong-Kong for use as a stabilised base course material. J .K.M, Henry and H, Grace (England) Photographic method for determining the soil action beneath footings. M.G. Bekker (Canada) Teats on bearing capacity of shallow foundations on horizontal top surfaces of sand fills snd the behaviour of soils under such foundations. H. Peynircioglu (Turkey) Use of micro photography and density-testing methods at researches on distribution of tension and deformation condition of sandy and tied soil. A, Pogany (Poland) Viscous flow tube model. R,A, Barron (U,s,A,)

SECTION III FIELD INVEo~IGATIONd

Sub-section Ilio 1 MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIAL SOIL PROPERTIES

J

105

llO

ll7 125 l~l

1~9

14~

144 150

15~

158 162

166

172 18~

187

19~

194

206 209

IIIb 8 A method for determining the resistance of the subsoil by driving. S, Stump (Switzerland) 212

Sub-section IIId: VDlRATIONAL RESEARCH

IIId 2 Soil Vibrations. H,J, Oosterbeek Jr. (Netherlands) IIld ~ Dynamic investigations, L, Bendel (Switzerland)

Sub-section II If 1 AREAL STUDIES

IIlf 1 Regional study of the soils from Sao Paulo. E, Pichler (Brazil) IIIf 2 Areal studies of soils in New Jersey. A,C, Ely (U.S,A,)

214 218

222 227

£-

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ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND


ROTTERDAM

JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948 ·

VOLUME IV

T A B L E 0 J C 0 N T E N T B

V 0 L U M E IV

SECTION VI I FOUNDATION PRESSURE AND SETTLa!ENTS OF BUILDINGS 0!! FOOTINGS !!!D RAFTS

VIa 1~

VIa 14

VIa 15

VIa 16

VIa 17 VIa 18 VIa 19

VIa 20

VIa 21

VIc 2 Vlc ~

VId 6 VId 7

VId 8 VId 9

Sub-section VIa 1 J.!E!SUREIU!NTS OF SETTI.l!MENTS AND COIIPARISON WITH THECRI

Settlement observations on a large water tank, Salt Lake City, Utah,· O.K. Peck and R.B, Peck (u.s.A,) Settlement of foundations due to saturation of loeee subeoil. O.K. Peck and R,B, Peck(U,S,!,) The foundation problems of the piere of the Little Belt Bridge, A. Jeppesen (Dellll!ark) Settlement measurements in the region of the .landelide of Zug, (Switzerland) A. von Moos (Switzerland) Building settlement observations in S~o Paulo. M. Vargas (Brazil) The foundation of the Rotunda Bridge in Vienna. K, Fischer (Austria) Praseure - settlings - measurements with trial plates and piles of various eizes. L, Bendel (Switzerland) Foundation· of tank O,C,B,-9 at Alemoa Santos (Brazil). A.J. Costa Nunes (Brazil) Discussion of assumptions pertaining to stress analyses for eettlement computation purposes, R,E, Fadum (U.S,!,)

Sub-section VIc 1 INFLUENCE OF GROUNDWATER

Water-dame (obeervation in nature). L. Bendel (Switzerland) Water-dame (model-trials). L, Bendel (Switzerland)

Sub-section VId 1 SPECIAL PROBLEIIS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Stability of foundations on permanently frozen ground. H, Carlson (U.S.A,) Engineering in permafrost in Canada's Mackenzie Valley, R,A. Hemstock (Canada) Foundation conditions in the Edmonton area. R.W. Hardy (Canada) Foundations in downtown S~o Paulo (Brazil),. L. Rios and F, Pacheco Silva (Brazil) .

VId 10 Foundations for maete of stevedore training ship. L.F. Rader (U.S,A,) VId 11 Deformation of brickworke due to the sinking of foundation. F, Zalewski and

A. P6g6ny (Poland) VId 12

VId 13

Vlla8 VIla 9

VIla 10

VIla 11

VIla 12

VIla 13

A problem of foundation on loamy soil in subtropical countries. H, Neumann end M. Poloneky (Paleetine) Problem of constructing foundations in mining districte •. Construction of a new electric power•plant in Jaworzno. (Silezia) F. Zalewski (Poland)

SECTION VII 1 PILE FOUNDATIONS, PILE LOADING TESTS

Sub-section VIla I SETTI.l!MENT AND BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

Influence ·of soft ground on the design of long pilee, G.w. Glick (U.S.A.) Influence of construction matters on the bearing capacity of. bore pile•• G, Radio (Italy) Performance of pile foundations of navigation locks and dams on the upper Yiseiseippi river. L,B. Feagin (U.S.A.) Foundations for the Aggeraund Bridge, Denmark. L. Bjerrum, C. Ostenfeld and W. J dneon (Denmark) Results of a special loading-test on a reinforced concrete pile, a eo-called pile-sounding! interpretation of the results of deep-soundings, permiseible pile loade and extended eettlements observations. G, Plantema (Netherlands) The bearing capacity of piles as derived from deep soundings, loading teats and formulae, 0, Frenx (lletherlande)

Page

1

4

5

9 1~

22

28

~1

40

45 47

51

62 65

69 72

75

78

82

88

98

107

112

118

VIla 14

VIIa 15

VIla 16

. VIla 17

Vllb l

VIIb 2

VIla 2

VIle } VIle 4

Electrical reeistance,strain gauges for determining the transfer ot load from driven piling to soil, L, LeRo;r Crandall (U,S,!,) The occurrence ot hydrodynamic stresses in the pore water of sand-layers during the driving of piles in it1 the consequence of this phenomenon on the application of pile driving formulas, G. Plantema (Netherlands) Comparison between the penetration-curve of the sounding-needle before and after the plaoirig into position of a pile.L .• Bendel (Switzerland) Movements of a driven-in pile, when new piles are being driven in, L, Bendel (Switzerland)

Sub-section VIlb 1 HORIZONTAL PRESS!,!RES ON PILE FOUNDATIONS

Horizontal pressures on pile foundations. C, Franx and G,C, Boonstra (Netherlands) · Horizontal earth pressure against a row of piles,E,C,W,A, Gauze (Netherlands)

Sub-section VIIo 1 SPECIAL PROBLEMS

Effect of drainage by well points on pile foundations, !, Plomp and W,C, van Mierlo (Netherlands) Unique construction method for wharf rehabilitation. L,F, Rader (U,S,A,) Level control in buildings by means of adjustable piling,M, Gonzalez (Mexico)

SECTION VIIl 1 PROBLEI!S CF ROAD AND R!J!!WAY CONSTRUCTIONS

Sub-section VIlla 1 TEST SECTIONS

VIlla 1 Dynamic testing of pavements and base courses, C, v.d. Poel (Netherlands)

Sub-section VIIlb 1 METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEnENT DESIGN

VIIlb 4

VIIIb 5

VIlle ?

VIIId ?

VIIId 4

VIIId 5

VIlle 5

VIlle 6

Vlllf 1 VIIIf 2

VIIlf ?

The sneer stren~h method of the determination of pavement thickness, R. Glossop and H.Q. Golder (England) An investigation on airport runways in Canada, N,W, McLeod (Canada)

Sub-section VIIIc 1 METHODS OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN

Calculation of stresses in road and runway constructions. M, de Kruyff, c. v,d, Feel and R, Timman (Netherlands)

Sub-section VIlld 1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SOME ROADS AND AIRFIELDS

The incorporation of decomposed granite in the design and construction of pavements in Hongkong. J,K,M, Henry and H, Grace (England) Soil investigations and runway construction at Schiphol airport, J,W, Clerx and L,J,H, Weinberg (Netherlands) Determination of the bearing capacity of the new combined rigid-flexible runway construction at Schiphol with the aid of loading testa, L,J,H, Weinberg, H,K,S,P, Bsgemann, c. Lit and H,C, Caratans (Netherlands)

Sub-section VIlle 1 INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILURES, DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION

The causes and control of subgrade moistllZ'e changes. D, Croney·, W .A, Lewis and J ,D, Coleman (England) A study of subgrsde conditions on a railroad in the Western United States, Th, H, Thornburn (U,S,A,)

Sub-section Vlllf 1 MISCELLANEOUS

Construction of highway and railwayembankments.A. Myslivec (Czechoslovakia) The present scope and possible future development of soil mechanics in British railway civil engineering construction and maintenance, A.B. Toms (England) The influence of light surfacings on the traffic carrying capacity of soil, H,w.w. Pollitt (England)

Page

122

127

129

1'10

B5

141

149 152

15?

164 16?

181

190

197

204

211

218

222

226

237

IXb 4 IXb 5

IXb 6

IXb 7 IXb 8

IXb 9

IXc 1

IXc 2

IXc 3

IXc 4

IXc 5

IXc 6

Xa 4

Xb2

SECTION IX 1 IIIPROVEMI<NT OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Sub-section IXb 1 llECHANICAL METHODS

Providence vibrated density tests. K,S, Lane (U,S,A,) Raaoarch on soil compaction at the Road Research Laboratory (Great-Britain), D,J, Maclean and F,H,P, Williams (England) Computation of the optimum moisture content in the.moieture-density relationship of soils. J, MacNeil Turnbull .(Australia) Soil stabilization with soft aggregates, S,R, Mahra (India) Adaption of locally availablematerialafor usa in construction of earth dams, R,R, Philippa (U,S,A,) Addition of Bentonite to the impervious core of San Valentino earth dam, G. Wetter (Italy)

Sub-section IXc 1 PHYSICO-CHEIUCAL METHODS

The microbial decomposition of resinous stabilizing agents in soil, P,C,T, Jonas (England) Investigations of different types of cement for grouting purposes, Ch.E. Blatter (Switzerland) An example of soil-cement construction development, C,F, Armstrong (England) . Soil stabilization tests used in Great-Britain, S,B, Webb (England) Cap grouting to stabilize foundation on cavernous limestone.C,S, Proctor (u.s.A.) Resinous water repellents for soils. J,B, Eustis and W,G, Shockley (u.s.A,)

SECTION X 1 GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS

Sub-section Xa 1 GENERAL GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS

Some recorded observations of groundwater levels related to adjacent tidal movements, H,J,R, Harding (England)

Sub-section Xb 1 S!lEPAGE PROHLEl!S OF DAMS AND LEVEES

The effect of a slightly pervious top blanket on the performance of relief wells. R,A, Barron (U.S.A,)

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256 262

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317

324



ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND


ROTTERDAM

JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948

VOLUME V

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SECTION I 1

Sub-section lb1

T A B 1 E 0 F C 0 N T E N T S

VOLUME V

.THEORIES. HYpQTHESES. CONSIDERATIONS OF A GEN8RAL CHARACTER

GEOlOGY AND SJ IL J.IECHAN ICS Page

Tho influence of Geology on .soil testing ~thode in Western Europe, H,q, Golder (Englond) l

Sub-section Ic: PHYSICAL AND PHYSICC-CHll!.>ICAL PROP~RTI~S OF SOILS

Dynamic properties of soils. H.F, Winterkorn (U,S,A,) 4 Influence of the consolidation in tho clay by thixtropy and ita reaction on the shearing resistance. w. Barnatzik (Austria) 7 On capillary phenomena and the capillary pressure in coherent soil, H,Kastner (Austria) .

Sub-section ld 1 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS! CONSQL!DATION

Deformations and stresses in the mediums with internal friction (SUmmary), J. Mandel (France)

Sub-aaction Ia1 SHEARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS

8

11

Contribution to tho shearing theory. Ch.Schaerer, W.Schaad and R,Haafeli (Switzer-land) 12

The extreme inclination of slopes with groundwater passing through them, W,Bernatzik (Austria) 19 Sliding surfaces and stability calculations for soil masses of culvilinear pro-file (Summary), M, Frontard (France) 20 General theory of the bearing capacity of piles (SUmmary), A,Caquot and J ,Kerisel (France)

SECTION II 1 LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

Sub-section IIa 1 GENERAL

Structure of disturbed soils. E,S, Barber (U,S,A,)

Sub-section Ilb 1 IDENTIFICATION TESTS

The determination of the capillary rise in ssnd by means of prism pressure tests, W, Bernatzik (Austria)

Sub-section lid 1 TRIAXIAL TESTS

Stre•e-deformation end strength characteristics of soile under dynamic loads, A, Casagrande end W,L, Shannon (U.S.A,) An investigation of stress-strain characteristics of cohesionlesa soils by triaxial compression tests. Liang-sheng Chen (U,S,A.) The causes of the jerky process of deformation in the case of saturated and damp soils. W, Bernatzik (Austria) Shearing strength determinations by undrained cylindrical compression tests with pore pressure measurements. D.!Y. Taylor (u.s-.A.) A study on plastic clay of the Paris region (Summary), L, Florentin, G,l 1Heriteau and E, Brenda (France) " Settlements deducted from oedometer tests, computation hypothesis and triaxial tests (Summary), M, Buisson (France)

Sub-section IIf 1 ELECTRO-OSMOSIS

some effects of electric current on the consolidation characteristics of a soil, R,F, Dawson and R.W. McDonald (U.s.A.)

Sub-section lig 1 MISCELLANEOUS

A study of photoelastic models of foundations. H.F. Phillippe and F,M, Mellinger (U.S.A,) ·

22

24

28

29

35

43

45

49

51

58

.I I I I

Ilia 5

IIIc 6

rno 7

IVb 10

IVb 11

IVb ·12

IVc 13

IVd 3 IVd 4

Va 6

Vb8

Vb9

VIa 22

VIb 2

VIo4

VId 14

SECTION III 1 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

Sub-section Ilia: BORING AND SAMPLING

Sampling disturbance and its effect on analytical solutions to soil problems, J,D, Parsons (U.S.A,)

Sub-section IIIc: I!EASVREMENTS OF PRESSijRl:fS AND DEFORMATIONS

Instrumentation for field measurements of deflections and pressurss for sirport pavements. J,M, Griffith and E,H, ~oodmen (U,S,A,) Two types of soil testing units (Summary), R, Doguil1eume (France)

SECT! ON IV I STABILITY AND DEFORMATIONS OF EARTH CONSTRUCT! ONS

Sub-section IVbl DAMS AND LEVE!lS

Deformability of earth materiels and its effect on the stability of earth dams following a rapid, drawdown. H,E, Glover, H,J, Gibbs and w.w. Daehn (U,S,A,) Earth dam design,construction and performance as practiced by the water system of the department of Water and Paaer, City of Los Angeles. H,R. Proctor (U,S,A.) The elimination of h3drostatic uplift pressures in new e~rth-fill dams. R.R. Proctor (u.s.A.)


Coastal flOw slides in the Dutch province of Zeeland. A,W. Koppejan, B,M, van Wamelen and L,J ,H, Weinberg (Netherlands)

Sub-section IVd I MISCELLANEOUS

Utility of loess as a construction material. W,J, Turnbull (U,S,A,) Slide and subsidence of the hills of St. Raphael-Telemy.(Summary). G. DroUhin, M, Gautier and F, Dervieux

SECTION V 1 EARTH PRESSURE! STABILITY AND DISPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING CONSTRUCTIONS,

Sub-section Va: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL WALLS

Exparimental study of the pressure exerted by a pulverulent mass against a retention wall (Summary), J, Grador (France)

Sub-section Vb: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL· WALLS

A report of field and laboratory tests on the stability of posts against lateral loads, W.L. Shilts, L,D, Graves and G,F. Driscoll (U,S,A,) About the calculation of anchored bulkheads with fixed earth supports. R.N. Davidenkoff (Germany) ·

SECTION VI 1 FOUNDATION PRESSURE AND SETTLEMENTS OF BUILDINGS ON FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

Sub-section VIar MEASllREMI'NTS CJF SETTLEUENTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY

Settlement records of structures in the Texas Gulf coast area. R,P, Dawson and W,E, Simpson (u.s.A.)

Sub-section VIb: MEASUREMENTS CJF THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE CONTACT FACE

Full sca1e measurement test of pressure on the sub-soil of a bridge pier (Summary), A. Mayer, G, L(1Vy and G,l'Heriteau (France)

Sub-section VIc: INFLUENCE CJF GROUNDWATER

The sinking of shafts as a canso of settlement. W, Bernatzik (Austria)

Sub-section VId I SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

The resistance to reversing and the stability of the foundations of pylons. Soci6t6 Intercommunale Belge d'Eleotrieit6 (Belgium)

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.9

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Problems in heavy waterfront construction in areas of deep mud deposits. L.C. Coxa and R.C, Stokes (U.S,A,)

SECTION VII : PILE FOUNDATIONS, PILE LOADING TESTS

Sub-section VII a: SETTLEMENT AND BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

Pile test programs, H,B, Thornley (U.S.A,) The determination of pile bearing capacity from sub-soil investigatione and laboratory tests. F,J, Converse (U.S.A,) A study of pile friction values. R,D, Chellis (U,S,A,) Investigation to determine the driving characteristics of piles in soft clay, w.s. Housel and J.R. Burkey (U.S.A,) Tests on small sized model piles (Summary), J,Florentin1 G, l'Heriteau and M, Farhi (France) . About an observed case of negative friction on pileo (Summary), J.Florentin and G. l'Heriteau (France)

Sub-section VIIb : HORIZONTAL PRESSURES ON PILE FOUNDATIONS

Page

133

136

140 142

146

154

155

The earth pressure and deflection along the embedded lengths of piles subject-ed to lateral thrust, L.A. Palmer snd J,B, Thompson (U,S,A,) 156

2

3

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7

8

9

SECTION VIII 1 PROBLEMS OF ROAD AND RUNWAY CONSTRUCTIONS

Sub-section VIIIa: TEST SECTIONS

Stresses end displacements in a homogeneous soil. W,J, Turnbull, W,K. Boyd and S.M. Fergus {U.S.A.) Runway load tests (Summary). L,Netter and E, Becker (France)

Sub-section VIIIb 1 METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN

WYoming method for flexible pavement design. I.E. Russell and D,J, Olinger (U,S,A,), Kansas triaxial method for flexible pavement design. State Highway Commission of Kansas (u.s.A,). Evaluation of flexible pavements for airfields, G, McFadden and Th,B,Pringle (u.s.A.) The use of ~late bearing tests in the evaluation of subgrades for highways, L,D. Hicks ~u.s.A.)

10 Flexible pavement design criteria for very heavy multiple wheel loads assamblies. W,J. Turnbull, W,K, Boyd and C,R, Foste:.; (U.S.A.)

11 Runway strength, Correlation between the distribution of stresses in the soil derkvod from: 1) the C,E.R, method of the determination of runway thickness; 2) the theory of Boussineaq (Summary), R, de l'Hortet (France)

Sub-section VIIIe: INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILURES, DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION

Sub-drainage problems in highway construction as related to Geology and Soil Mechanics, J ,D. Mclleal (u.s.A.) .

7

8 Corrugation of desert roads (Summary), A,Msyer and M.Guilbert (France)

Sub-section VIIIf: MISCELLANEOUS

4 Classification of soils for airport construction. H.Aaron (U,S,A,) 5 Relation of density and sheer strength to the classification of highway sub

grade and flexible base materials, C,McDowell (U.S.A.)· 6 Environmental factors 8ffecting thb strength of subgrades, F,R, Olmstead and

E,A, Willis (U,S,A,) 7 The preparation of subgrades of compacted soils for paving of structures.

R.R. Proctor (u.s.A.) 8 Trafficability of soils stuaies, G,B. Schoolcraft, W,K, Boyd and C,R, Foster

(u.s.A.)

162 165

165

168

172

177

181

185

186 189

190

194

197

201

206

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IXal

IXb 10

IXb 11

IXb 12

IXb 13

IXb 14

IXb 15 IXb 16 IXb 17

IXc 7

IXc 8

IXc 9 IXc 10

IXc 11 IXc 12 I:xc 13

IXc 14

l:xc 15

IXc 16

IXd 2

IXd 3

Xa 5 Xa 6 Xa 7 Xa 8

Xa 9 Xa 10

SEC'?ION IX :

Sub-sectio~ IXa:

H:PctOVE:c.EN'r OF TEE 1illCHAliiCAL P~OPE~TBS OF JOIL

G;;NERAI COliSIDE«A'riONS

Soil stabilization. H.F. Winterkorn (U.S.A.)

Bub-section IXb: MEC!IA.'UCAI METEODS Subgrade compaction tests with heavy rollers. B.J. Johnson and A.A. Maxwell. (U.S.A.) , The relat~onship between the foot poUnds per cubic foot of compactive effort and the shear strength of the compacted soils. R.R. Proctor (U.S.A.) Relationship between the foot pounds per cubic foot of cornpactive effort to soil density and subsequent consolidation under various loadings. R.R.Proctor (u.s.A.) A comparison of the physical properties of an alluvial silt compacted by field ~d laboratory methods. L.A. Dubose (u.s.A.) The relationship between the foot pounds per cubic foot of compactive effort expended in the laboratory compaction of soils and the required compactive efforts to secure similar results with sheepsfoot rollers. tt.R. Proctor (U.B.A.) Field compaction tests. VI.J. Turnbull and G. McFadden (U.o.A.) Air entrainment in compacted earth embankment. C.F. Heisel~an (U.S.A.) Laboratory soil compaction methods, penetration resistance measurements and the indicated saturated penetration resistance. R.R. Proctor (u.s.A.)

Sub-section IXc: PHYSICO-CEEMICAL METHODS

Page

209

216

219

223

227

231 235 239

242

Pressure subsurface grouting on the New York Central System West of Buffalo. IV.T, Johnston (u.s.A.) 248 Stabilization ~th cutback asphalt of 42 kilometers of the natural surface soil of the ~erlja Highway in Venezuela. E.V. Barrett (Venezuela) 251 An interesting Belgian realization of "Clay-concrete". M. Thuilleaux (France) 256 Improvement of highway subgrades and flexible bases by the use of hydrateQ lime. c.McDowell and VI.H, Moore (U.S,A.) . 260 The control of cement injections by means of bore cores. 1'1. Bernatzik (Austrie) 267 <ules governing the use of soil-concrete (Summary). M. Sindzingre (France) 268 Drainage and stabilization of the soil surrounding a tunnel of the Paris Under-ground Railway, by means of systematic injections of chemical products under pressure, in presence of selenitic ground-water (Summary). M.F. Noblet (France) 269 Disadvantages presented by injections of cl~y suspensions (oummary). M. Poisson (France) · . 270 The Lac Noir Dam, consolidation and waterproofinrr (Bummary). Entreprise de Fon-dations et Travaux Hydrauliques (France) 270 Clay-cement mixtures in soil injection (Summary). Soci~t~ de Sondages, Injec-tions, Forages (France) 272

Sub-section IXd 1 PHYSICAl II>ETHODS

Vertical sand drains as a means of foundation consolidation and accelerating settlement of embankments on marsh land. T. E. Stanton (u.s.A.) Treatment of plastic clay with electric current (Summary). M. Poisson (France)

SECTION X GROUJIDWATER PROBLEMS

Sub-section Xa GENERAL GROUNDWA'fER INVESTIGATIONS

Geometric rules governing subsoil water flow. A. Basch (Austria) Subterranean erosion in clay. W, Bernatzik (Austria) Filter wells and Dupuit's formula (Summary). H. Cambefort (France) Flow of fluids through powdery mediae (Summary). H. Cambefort (France) On the laws of seepage flow (Summary). J, Ferrandon .(France)

Discussion of Therza~hi's Ideas an: "Surface tension of water and the rise of water in capillaries". M.Sitz (Palestine)

273 279

280 286 286 287 288

289

Xb} Xb4

XI 2 XI 3

XIIa 1 XIIa 2

li:IIa 3

XIIa 4

XIIc 1 XIIc 2

XIIc 3

XIIc 4

Sub-section Xb 1 SEEPAGE PROBLEl!S OF DAMS AND LEVEES

Use of flow-not in earth dam and levee design.H,R,Cedergren (U,S,A,) Efficacy of partial cutoffs for controlling underseepage beneath dams and levees constructed on pervious foundations.C,l,Mansur and W,R,Perret (U,S,A,)

SECTION XI 1 SUGGESTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, EXCHANGE OF INFORMATIONS,

Suggestions for intern>tional collaboration. National Committee of India, Suggestion for international collaboratio~. National Committee of Australia,

SECTION XII 1 SUBJECTS OF A GENERAL CHARACTER

Sub-section XIIa: CLASSIFICATION OF SOII.S

Unified classification of soil~. R, Piatkowski (Poland) Development of a uniform system of soil identification and classification. National Committse of Australia, A new classification of soils based on the particle size d~stribution curve. J,McNeil Turnbull (Australia) A suggested modern engineering classification of soils, R,a, Proctor (U,S,A,)

Sub-sec~ion XIIo I NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT AND IDEAS IN THE SPHERE OF SOIL MECHANICS. WITH A REPORT OF LITERATURE

Soil Mechanics in Great Britain, British National Committee. Soil Mechanics in Canada, R,F, Legget (Canada) National exposition of the latest inventions and ideas in the sphere of Soil Mechanics, National Committee of India, National exposition of the latest inventions and ideas, N:tional Committee of Australia.

-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o

PRINTED BY GEBR, KEESMAAT Special printers for export RAARLEM - THE NETHERLANDS

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INTERN AT ION AL CONFERENCE

ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND


ROTTERDAM

JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948

VOLUME VI

CONTENTS 0 F V 0 L U M E VI

·eport on the activities of the Second International Conference on Soil , and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam.June 21 to 30 1948. Huizinga. Secretary.

report. Ir. w.c. van Mierlo, Treasurer

AT Tllg OPENING SESSION, TUESDAY JUNE 22, IN THE CITY THEATRE, HO'rTERDAM .ddress by Ir. J.P. van Bruggen. Opening by Dr. Ir. W.J.H. Harmsen. .ddress by Prof. K. ·Terzaghi,

:TING OF THE CONFERENCE

AT THE OFFICIAL CLOSING OF THE CONFERENCE .ddress by Prof. K. Terzaghi. .ddress by Ir. J ,p, van Bruggen. t the Farewell Dinner by Prof, K •. Terzaghi.

ON SOME DUTCH ENGINEERING PROBLEMS ng of the gaps in the Walcheren dikes. Prof. Ir. P.Ph. Jansen ruction of the Rotterdam Harbour. Ir. D.H, de Herder lization of railroad embanlanents near Gouda •. rr. ·J .L.A. Cuperus ruction of the Maastunnel at Rotterdam. Ir, J ,p, van Bruggen truction on soft subsoils. Ir, H,A.M,C, Dibbits gy of the Netherlands in connection with Soil Mechanics. Ir. T.K, Huizinga

ECTION I 1 THEORIES, HYPOTHESES, CONSIDERATIONS OF A GENEHAL CHARACTER eport. H.F.X, Ri.ickli (Switzerland)

ub-section Ib: GEOLOGY AND SOIL ii'.ECHANICS

ritten discussion on sub-section Ib, J. Abollade y Aribau (Spain)

ub-section Id: STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS: CONSOLIDATION

iscussion. A,W, Koppejan (Netherlands)

ub-section Ie: SHEARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS

iscussion on paper Ie 11. A,J, Costa Nunes (Brasil) iscussion, J, Mandel (Prance) iscussion on sliding surfaces. J, Frontard (France) iscussion on paper ie 10 (by letter), P,A, Coenen (Netherlands) iscussion. J, Brinch Hansen (Denmark) lementary Study of the e~uilibrium of an iwmersed bank in case of sudden mptying of the basin, A, Conard (France)

ub-section Ig: STRESS DISTRIBUTION

iscussion on paper Ig 3, A,J, Costa Nunes (Brasil) nfluence scale and influence chart for the computation of stresses due, espectively, to surface point load and pile load. 0, Grillo (Brasil) iscussion, J.D.M,M, ten Brink (Netherlands)

emarks of the Reporter Mr. R,P.x'. Ri.ickli (Switzerland) iscussion. Prof, K. Terzaghi (U.S.A.)

ECTION II: LABORATORY INV~STIGATIONS

aport. W. Kj ell man (Sweden)

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IIa5 IIa6 na·7

Sub-section IIa: GENERAL

Discussion (by letter) of paper IIa 10. R.G. Hennes (U.S.A.) Discussion on characteristics of soils. A. Lazard (France) Standarizatio'n of conventional tests. W. Schaad and L. Bjerrum

Sub-section IIbl IDENTIFICATION TESTS

IIb 7 Discussion. J,J, Kolbuszewski (England) IIb 8 Written discussion on paper .Jib 4-. P. Baumann (U.S.A,)

Sub-section IIc: CONSOLIDATION TESTS

IIc 3 Written discussion on paper IIc 4-, R.G. Hennes (U.S.A,)

Sub-section IIdl TRIAXIAL TESTS

IId 16 Discussion, H,Q, Golder (England) IId 17 Discussion. A.W. Skempton (England) IId 18 Discussion. E.c.w.A, Geuze (Netherlands) IId 19 Discussion. D,W. Taylor (U,S,A,) IId 20 Discussion (by .letter) on paper IId 13. W.J •. Turnbull (U.S.A,)

Sub-section IIe: DIRECT SHEAR TESTS

IIe 7 Discussion (by letter) on paper IIe 8, \'I,J, Turnbull (U.S.A,)

Sub-section IIf 1 ELECTRO-OSMOSIS

·rrf 4 Electrical treatment of soils, W, Schaad (Switzerland) IIf 5 Written discussion on paper IIf 3. W,J. Turnbull (U.S.A,)

Sub-section IIg: MISCELLANEOUS

IIg 15 Discusdion, M. Buisson (Franca) IIg 16 Written discussion on paper IIg 13. R.G. Hennes (U.S.A,)

SECTION III: FIELD I1~ESTIGATIONS

General Report. W. Kjellman (Sweden)

Sub-section IIIb1 1~UREMENTS OF SPECIAL SOIL PROP~IE§

IIIb 9 Discussion. T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands)

Sub-section IIIc: MEASUREMENTS OF PRESSURJ\S AND DEFORMATIONS

IIIc 8 Discussion, D,\V, Taylor (U.S.A,) IIIc 9 Discussion, G. Plantema (Netherlands)

(Switzerland)

SECTION Iy 1 STABILITY AllD DEFORMATIONS OF EARTH CONiiTRUCTIO!IS

page

78 78 79

80 80

81

81 82 83 83 8~

84

85 86

87 87

88

89

89 90

General Report, A.E. Bretting (Denmark) 92


IVc 14 Discussion. J.D. Lewin (u.s.A. 95 IVc 15 'Discussion. F .L. Cassel (England) 95 IVc 16 Notes on the possibility of application of the methods of slope stability c~l·

culations on a ground non strictly homogeneous. J. Abollado y Aribau (Spain) 96 IVc 17 Discussion. \V,H, Ward (England) 99

Sub-section IVd: MISCELLANEOUS

IVd 5 Discussion. D,P, Krynine (U.S.A,) 99

SECTION V: EARTH PRESSURE; STABILITY AND DISPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING CONSTRUCTION§.

!General Report. A,E, Bretting (Denmark)

va?

Vb lO Vb ll

Vb 12

Vb 13

Sub-section Va: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL WALLS

Discussion, J,A, Rinkert (Sweden)

Sub-section Vb: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL WALLS

Discussion, G,P. Tschebotarioff (U,S,A,) A brief study of the thrust of an anchoring screen close to the wall it supports. A, Couard (France) Fresh comments on the coefficients of thrust and pressure of pulverulent soils as well as the length of anchoring stays, A, Couard (France) Written discussion on papers Vb 2 and Vb 7, J, Brinch Hansen (Denmark)

Sub-section Vc: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS

Vc 4 Written discussion on paper Vc }. G.P, Tschebotarioff (u.s.A.) Closing discussion. Prof. K, Terzaghi (U,S,A.)

SECTION VI: FOUNDATION PRESSURE AND SETTLEMENTS OF BUILDINGS ON FOOTINGS AND RAFTS

General Report, A. Caquot (France)

Sub-section VIa 1 MEASUREMENTS OF SETTLEMENTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY

VIa 23 Discussion. N, Carillo (Mexico)

Sub-section VId 1 SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

VId 16 Discussion. J.D. Lewin (U.S.A,) VId 1? Discussion, W,H, Ward (England) Closing discussion. Prof. K, Terzaghi (U,S,A,)

SECTION VII: PILE FOUNDATIONS, PILE LOADING TESTS

General Report. J,L, K6risel (France)

VIIa 24

VIIa 25 VIIa 26 VIIa 27 VIIa 28

Sub-section VIla: SETTLEMENTS AND BEARI!\G CAPACITY OF PILES

Discussion on paper VIIa 5· A.J, Costa Nunes (Brasil) Discussion on paper VIIa 3, G. Plantema (Netherlands)' Discussion, G,C, Boonstra (Netherlands) Writt<m answer to Mr. Plantema (paper VIla 25), T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) Discussion on pape~ VIIa 3, de Beer (Belgium)

Conclusion, J,L, K6risel (France)

SECTION VIII: PROBLEMS OF ROAD AND RUNWAY CONS'rRUCTIONS

General Report, G, Wilson (England)

Sub-section VIIIb: METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DB:SIGN

VIIIb 12 Discussion, O,J, Porter. (U,S,A,) VIIIb 13 Discussion, N,W, MacLeod (Canada)

315

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112

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115 117 118

119

122 123 125 127.

127 129

130

135 136

VII!b 14 Discussion, L,J,H, Weinberg (Netherlands) 157 VIIIb 15 Written discussion on paper VIIIb 4, E.H. Davis and J .A. Cauwood (England) 137

VIIIc 4

VIIIc 5

Sub-section VIIIc: METHODS OF RIGID PAVEt,IENT Di!BIGN

Discussion, ·N, Carillo (Mexico) Discussion, J,N. McFeeters (England)

138 139

. ~ i

... _,.

..

. ;116

.. VIIIc 6· Discussion •. !riP. O'Sullivan (England)·

Sub-section VIIIei. INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILURES, DRAINAGE·AND.FROST' ACTION·,.

vrne g Discussion,_ A; Mayer (France)

sub-~e~t~on VIIIi 1 l.uscimANrous · '

· VIIIf 9 . Additiolllll Reina;>k~· '(by·le;tter) 'on paper VIIIf 2. Closing discussion; Prof ; .. K. Terz~gl>i (U,S,A,[ ..

'.-·

A.JI. Toms (Eagl.;d) .

\

page 140

. . i4i. 14f

·-' ---· ~ . ~, ..

• • • • • • . ,..; • • ' • . • • '> ·~ : '

SECTION IX: ·.:._'IMPROVEMENT OF.·T!IE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Tllll SOIL_:: ,

' Gener9.1- Re:Pol"t~. ·a._· Wfl.~oh- (~glabd) .. >. · -.· _ -,: -c· · . . . . . . ,. ,. __ .. ' . . ·'."·,.

· .; · sub-tiectiol!<:i::ibl ., MECHANICAL JMHore , ·

. IXb is · Discussion/ f:i;-J) JJqchanan (u.s.A.) u.t~ 19 'Disctissl.on. ~:ai'ii~!l (India) . · .. ·.··. · .·. .· . . . · rxq .2o . Dieous'.i±oii o*:tli:e~ tsp: oi sand .. drains, .o.i •. Perter ·(u.s .A.)

. IXb 21 · ·. wri'tten di~ci.n!si(ln ~n paper r:xb 17. w•J• TU:rtibuJ,l (u;s~A.) · ·

~ub..~e~t~oxi :[i~; : . ~rtisioo~dHEMI6AL -~Ho~ :. .. . . . ,. ~ · .. ': ; ._,_.

IXc 17 · · · ii:i.sciussl.oii; ,\. !.i«l'er\(ifrance) Closi;.,g Re~ks; · G~ Wils6n 'rii:.i!iraha} · · · ' · ·

•.,. .. : '-·-· ..

'.-. .. . ; ·~

sEC!I!roN X1 · daoti!inviATER ;RoBLEMS General Report; A.E; Brett;U!i (Denmark)

Sub-section Xa1 · 'GE:NJiRAL GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS

Xa ll Xa 12 ·

xa. 13 Xa 14 Xa 15

Discussion, .R. Malcor (hance) ·Discussion, E,c.: Childs '(England).· · ..

Additional..remat'ks (by ·letter) on: paper Xa 10, · Discussion,· J, .. Mandel (France) · ·

Discussion •. G, D~ouhi;., (Algeria)

M• Sitz (Palestine)

. · .· Sub-se~tio~· in, 1 : SEEPAGE PROBLEMS OF DAMS AND LEvEES ·.---·. Xb5 Xb6

Written diScussion on paper Xb. 4.: D,p, KrYzune (U,S,A,) Written c,U~c\lssi.o'~ on pap~· Xb 2. R.G. Hennes (u.s.A.) .

.. : .'·:

. ·: · .. DISC\ISSIONS BY S.UJi¢0Mli~T!I!E~ OF THE U,S, NATIONAL COMMIT!J!EE .

. Discussion o:f pil.per'<i\lbmittec(th:c~il~ .mbcommittee,4, E.B, Eckel, H.M. Hiil,' · . c,A, Hogentogler1 · G.~~·Tschebotarioft (Chairman), W,J, Turnbull Discussion ~f ~pel' •au{,l!iftted.t'h:riougn .mbcommi.tten, S,J, Buchanan, R,E, Fad.um, D.M< B,urni~l>;ter, .E.J; Kilcawle;r (Chaii'man) · · · ·

. >

,.

·' .. •-'

; ... _.

. ' .....

f . . ·, ·.

. ·i42,

. :-..-'.·'·

144.· . 145 ·.·

. · .. m'.: . . l)H;

M

----. .. 148

o;'' .

i49 . .. -150 '.

. ,·· 153 .. :. :.1;>4.

. ·. ·;·i56.'

157 ·-1~7 .·

.· ,: : .- ..

._·, _·

160 Duscussiqn oJ; paper a>.~bln!tted tfu.~tigh s)!bc6mnrl.ttee 6, D.P. Krynine;

:' ..

R.R. PhUippe, .. T;A •. Mid.dlebrooks, lJ,M, -Burn;l.si;er (Chairmen) .. . . . . . . ·; .. ·~-- ·: •. . . . .· ,. . . . . . . .. ·.

XI 4 XI 5

XI6 XI 7 XI 8 XI 9 XI lO

,_._, . . ·~ ...

SECTION XI i' ::: . . ': SUOOEs'l!i:ONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION I EXCHANGE OF . .. · ·• : ·. nri;oRMATION . . .

..

Comments on paper· XI ·1. K; . Terzaghi (U,S,A,) Writt;;. answer :to t>r'o,:t •. T~~zaghi, Ir/T,K, Hulzinga (Netherlands) wRITTEN coiiMEN!I!s o!i.T!iE l'llOrosAL ol! ~ sTATUTEs (PAPER xi - 1) ·

' Institutiilli of civh Englneers (England). · · ·· · · National Ciomni±ttea o:f the tt.s.A; ... ·.· . Soil-Mechanics Ltd; London (England). statens Gecit~krlakB.· Institut (sweden) National Committee of Turkey,

.··-

. 1~7 l67

.i68 'i6a

. 168 i69

-169

XI 11 XI 12 XI 13 XI 14

National Committee of Canada. National Committee of Switzerland National Committee of Portugal_ l!ational Committee of Poland

317

Shorthand report of the meeting on international collaboration, June 24, 1948 Statutes International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Statuts Societe Internationals de Mechanique des Sols et de Travaux de Fondations

page 169 170 170 170 171 177

178

SECTIO!! XII: §UBJECTS OF A GENERAL CHARACTER

General report. E. de Beer (Belgium) 180

XIIb 1

XIIb 2

XIIb 3 XIIb 4 XIIb 5 XIIb 6

XIIb 7 XIIb 8

XIIb 9 XIIb 10 XIIb 11


XIIb 15 XIIb 16 XIIb 1?

XIIb 18 XIIb 19

XIIb 20


XIIb 24

XIIb 25

XIIb 26 XIIb 27

Sub-section XIIb: Il!FORMATIO!! 0!! EXISTING Il!STITUTIO!!il Al!D PERSO!!S VIORKING IN THE SPHERE OF SOIL MECJ!Al!ICS AND THEIR SPHERE OF ACTION

Statement of existing institutions handling soil mechanics work in South Africa The Belgian governmental Institute on Soil Mechanics at Gent, E. de Beer (Belgium) Geotechnics in Sweden - The Swedish l!ational Committee of Geotechnics T.G. Masnryk Institute- Czecho.Slovakia The Danish Institute of Soil Mechanics, A.F. Mogensen The Soil Mechanics Division of the Building Research Station, Great Britain. L.F, Cooling Soil Mechanics Limited, organisation and equipment. R. Glossop The Soil l!echanics Section of the Road Research Laboratory (Great Britain), D.J. MacleWl The Soils Laboratory at Imperial College, University of London

184

185 186 187 188

189 190

195 199

The Scott and Wilson Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Guthlac Wilson 200 The Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Cambridge University, England 202 University of Glasgow, James Watt Engineering Laboratories 203 The Soils Laboratory of R.H, Harry Stanger 204 Statement of organisation of soil mechanics and geophysics laboratory of Ground Explorations Ltd. 204 Soil m~chanics section of Le Grand, Sutcliff and Gell, Ltd. 205 Road and Runways (Engineers) Ltd, 205 Civil and Municipal Engineering Department University of London, University

·college. Report on soil mechanics courses and laboratory equipment. P.L. Capper 206 University of London, King's College 206 George Wimpey and Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory, Lancaster Road, Southall, Middle-sex, England 207 Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Division of the Chief Scientific Adviser, Ministry of Works, J,M, McFeeters 208 Soil Mechanics Laboratories in Switzerland 209 Soil Mechanics Laboratory. Technical University, Budapest, Hongary 210 The Soils and Foundations Division of .the "Institute de Pesquisas Technol6-gicas" in S!io Paulo .(Brazil) - Submitted by the Soils and Foundations Division of the I,P,T, (Brazil) . 210 Report from Soil Mechanics Laboratory of "Estacas Franki Ltda", Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - A.J. Costa Nunes, 212 Report on the Division of Soils and Foundations of the "Institute Tecnol6gico do Estado do R:l.o Grande do Sul"(Iters) Brazil, C,J, Munarski. 216 Soil Mechanics Laboratories in Australia 219 The "Laboratorio de Caminos" of the Escuela ffispecial de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos", Madrid (Spain). Jose Luis Escario 219

XIIb 28 The "Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Construction" 220 XIIb 29 The "Institute Espanol de Edafologia, Ecologia y Fisiologia Vegetal" of the

"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas 220

}18

page XIIb }0 Existing institutions and individuals working on soil mechanics in India

National Committee for India 221 XIIb }1 Soil Mechanics Laboratory. Delft, Holland. 222 XIIb }2 The activities of the American Society for Testing Materials in soil testing

and research. E.J. Kilcawley, VI.S. Housel 227 XIIb }} Soil Engineering at Princeton University. Gregory P. Tschebotarioff and Hans

F. Winterkorn 2}0 XIIb }4 Testing equipment and research activities of the Soil Mechanics Laboratory,

Northwestern University. J.o. Osterberg XIIb }5 Comprehensive report on the Earth Materials Laboratories in the United States

233

Subcommittees 3 of the u.s. National Committee 242 National committees 292 List of members 293 Abbreviated oontents of volumes I - VI arranged according to the sections }06 List of authors of volumes I - VI 310 Contents of volume VI 313

PRINTED Special HAARLEM

-o-o-o-o-o-o-

BY GEBR. KEE8:i~\AT I prin~~e1~;~~~~;;~~~

1



ON

SOIL MECHANICS AND


ROTTERDAM

JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948

VOLUME VII

Id 11

Id 12

Ie 27

Ie 28

Ig 13

Ig 14

Ig 15

IIa8

IIa 9 IIa 10 IIa 11

lib 9

IIb 10

SECTION I:

Sub-section Id:

T A B L E 0 F CONTENTS V 0 L U M E VII x)

Ti!EORIES, HYPOTHESES, CONSIDERATIONS OF A GENBRAL CliARACTb:R

STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONS; CONSOLIDATION

Soil reaction to slow deformation caused by consolidation and to strain caused by pile loads, H, Marcus (U,S,A,) · On consolidation of an underplaced clay layer 1 support of statically indeterminated constructions. I. da Silveira (Brazil)

Sub-section Ie; SHEARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS

Fundamental equations in the theory of limit equilibrium. P.A. Coenen (The Netherlands) Vertical and horizontal shearing stresses in earth masses, D.P. Krynine (U.S.A,)

Sub-section Ig1 STRESS DISTRIBUTION

An elastic treatice on circular footing slab resting on the surface of a semiindefinite soil and loaded with a rigid massive concentric with the slab. C, Benito (Spain) Influence of the rigidity of a rectangular slab on the settlement and on the distribution of elastic soil reactions, N, Carillo (Mexico) Soil pressures computation: A modification of the Newmark's method. J .s. Jimenez Salas (Spain)

SECTION II:

Sub-section IIa:

LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

GENERAL

Page

1

12

15 21

"'" '··' 28

30

Routine practice for soil tests in the road and road construction laboratory in Madrid. J,L, Escarion & J,A, Jimenez Salas (Spain) 35 The measurements of pore water pressures in cohesionless soils. T.w. Lambe (u.s.A.) 38 Methods and techniques for the preparation of soil test specimen, J,L, McRae (U,S,A,) 42 A possible relationship between true cohesion and the mineralogy of clays, A, W, Skempton (England) 45

Sub-section IIb: IDENTIFICATION TESTS

General investigations of the fundamental factors controlling loose packings of sands. J,J, Kolbuszewski (England) A graphical solution of Stoke's law. M,S, Youssef (Egypt)

Sub-section lie: CONSOLIDATION TESTS

47 50

IIc 4 An investigation of the factors affecting the laboratory consolidation of clay. Th,V/, van Zelst (U,S,_A,) 52

IIe8

Sub-section IIe1 DIRECT SHEAR TESTS

Construction an opperational details for a simple machine to test soils in double shear. R.R, Proctor (U.S.A,)

Sub-section IIf: ELECTRO-OSMOSIS

IIf 6 Contribution to the problems of the seepage pressure in electro-osmosis, w. Bernatzik (Austria)

SECTION III:

.Sub-section Ilia:

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

BORING AND SAMPLING

61

65

IIIa 6 Foundation Exploration. A review of methods and requirements, M,J, Hvorslev (U.S.A,) 67 Ilia 7 Pocket-size piston samplers and compression test apparatus. M,J, Hvorslev (U,S,A,) 76

x) The reports Id 9, Ie 19 1 Is 20 1 IId 141 IId 15, IIIc 7, IVd 4, VIb 21 VIla 22, VIIa 23, VIIIa 3, VIIIb 11, VIIIe 8, IXc 12, IXc 13, IXc 14 1 IXc 15 1 IXc 16, IXd 3, Xa 7, Xa 8 and Xa 9 are published in the June 1948-issue of the French magazine "Travaux". Bumm~ies of the above mentioned papers in English languS.ge ar·e published in Volume V of this Proceedings.

I

j I '

Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

Comptes Rendus du Troisieme Congres International de Mecanique des Sols et des Travaux de Fondations

Volume I Sessions 1-4

Switzerland 16th- 27th August 1953 Suisse 16-27 aout 1953

Organizing Committee Comite d'Organisation ICOSOMEF

Gloriastrasse 39, Zurich 6

Contents Table des Matieres Volume I

Session 1 Theories and Hypotheses of General Character, Classification, Engineering Geology

Theories et hypotheses de caractere g6n6ral, propri6t6s des sols, classificadon, g6ologie technique

No. Author Auteur

1 G. D. AITCHISON Australia

2 L.A. DuBosE U.S.A.

3 D. CRONEY England

4 W. DIBNEMANN Germany

5 E. J. FELT U.S.A.

6 P.HADID France

7 P. HABIB etA. Puvo France

8 B.JAKOBSON Sweden

9 R. GRAN OLSSON Norway

10 E. PICHLER Brazil

11 M.P. P. DOS SANTOS Portuguese East Africa

12 R. SELMER-OLSEN Norway

13 ICARAHY DA SILVEIRA Brazil

14 A. W. SKEMPTON England

15 C. K. SMITH and J. F. REDLINGER U.S.A.

16 M. VARGAS Brazil

17 M. VARGAS Brazil

Title Titre · Page

Soil Morphology and Foundation Engineering ... , ....... , ......... , ..... , ......... ,. 3 Morphologic du sol et construction de fondations

A Full Scale investigation of the Thermo-osmotic Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Etude complete de l'hypothCse thermo-osmotique

Soil Moisture Suction Properties and their Bearing on the Moisture Distribution in Soils Propric;:tes de succion des sols et leur influence sur Ia repartition de l'humidit6 dans Jes sols

13

Subsoil Maps on the Basis of Engineering Geology....................... . . .. .. .. .. . . 19 Cartes du sous-sol dressCes sur une base geotechnique

Influence of Vegetation on Soil Moistme Contents and Resulting Soil Volume Changes 24 lnnuence de Ia vCgCtation sur Ia teneur en eau du sol ct sur ses variations de volume

Etude de l'orientation du plan de rupture et de !'angle de frottement interne de certaines argiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 A Study of the Orientation of the Plane of Rupture and of the Angle of internal Friction in Certain Clays

Evaluation des contraintes transversales pendant la consolidation Evaluation of Transverse Stresses During Consolidation

32

"Origin Cohesion" of Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Cohesion d'origine de !'argile

Approximate Solution of the Progress of Consolidation in a Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Solution approximative du processus de consoHdation dans un sediment

The Expansion of Soils Due to the Presence of Clay Minerals, as Determined by the Ad-sorption Test ............... , ....... , ........................................... . 43 De I'e.xpansion des sols due U Ia prCsence de minerais d'argile dCterminCe par l'expCrience d'adsorption

A New Soil Constant and its Applications . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 47 Une nouvelle constante du sol et son application

About the Plastic Properties of the Norwegian Quaternary Clays.. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. 51 Sur les propriCtCs plastiques des argiles quaternaires de la Norvege

Consolidation of a Cylindrical Clay Sample with External Radial Flow of Water. . . . . . . . . 55 Consolidation d'un t!:chantillon d'argile cylindrique a mouvement d'eau radial divergent

The Colloidal "Activity" of Clays . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . . 57 L'activitC co\loidale des argiles

Soil Properties of Fort Union Clay Shale . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. 62 PropriCtes des argiles schisteuses de Fort Union

Some Engineering Properties of Residual Clay Soils Occurring in Southern Brazil Quelques P!Oprietes techniques des terrains argileux residuels du BrCsil mCridional

Correlation Between Angle of Internal Friction and Angle of Shearing Resistance in Con-

67

solidated Quick Triaxial Compression Tests on Residual Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Relation entre !'angle de frottement et !'angle de resistance au cisaillement dans les essnis de compression triaxiau.x rapides des argiles prCconsolidCes

X

No. Author Auteur

18 W.S.WANGand E.VEY U.S.A.

19 M.S. YOUSSEF Egypt

Session 2

Title Titre Page

Stresses in a Saturated Soil Mass During Electro-Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Contraintes exercees dans une masse de sol satur6 au cours de I' electro-osmose

Relation Between the Mean Grain Size, the Size Factor and the Optimum Moisture Con-tent of Compacted Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Relation entre Ia granulomCtrle moyenne. te fucteur dimension net et Ia teneur en eau maximale des sols compactes

Laboratory Investigation, Including Compaction Tests, Improvement of Soil Properties

Recherches de laboratoires, y compris essais de compaction, amelioration des proprietes des sols

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

R. BARBEDETIB et F.SABARLY France

H. K. S. BEGEMANN Indonesia

A. W.BISHOP and D.J.HENKEL England

A. W.BISHOP England. and A.K.GAMAL Egypt

A. CASAGRANDE U.S.A.

C. L. DHAWAN,

J.RAM, J. R. KHANNA and B.K.HANDA India

C.L.DHAWAN,

J. C. BAHRI,

J. R. KHANNA,

R.N. SHARMA and A.D.DHAND India

W.EASTWOOD Great Britain

R.GANDAHL Sweden

R.E.GIBSON England

P.HABIB France

R. HAEFELI and J. ZELLER Switzerland

W.G.HOLTZ U.S.A.

Etudes et utilisations recentes des cou1is d'injection argile-ciment ...................... . 85 Recent Studies and Applications of Clay-Cement Grouts

The Influence of a Direct Current Potential on the Adhesion Between Clay and Metal Objects. Laboratory and Full Scale Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 L'influence d'un courant continu sur l'adhCsion de I' argile et des objets metalliques. Essai de laboratoire et in situ

Pore Pressure Changes during Shear in Two Undisturbed Clays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Variations de la pression de l'eau interstitielle mesurees pendant le cisaillement dans deux argiles non remaniees

The Effect of Stress History on the Relation Between 'P and Porosity in Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 L'irHluence de l'historique des contralntes sur la relation entre rp et la porositC dans les sols sableux

Prestress Induced in Consolidated-quick Triaxial Tests................................ 106 Pr6contrainte induite au cours d'essais de compression triaxiale rapide

Torsion Hydrometer for Mechanical Analysis of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ill Hydrometre a torsion pour determiner Ia granulomCtrie des sols

Stable Density.................................................................... 114 Densite stable

The Factors which Affect the Natural Frequency of Vibration of Foundations, and the Effect of Vibration on the Bearing Power of Foundations on Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liS Facteurs qui affectent Ja frCquence naturelle des vibrations des fondations, et efret des vibrations sur la f~?rce portante des fondations sur sol sablonneux

Hydrometer Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Analyse par hydromiHre

Experimental Determination of the True Cohesion and True Angle of Internal Friction in Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Experiences pour determiner la cohesiOn rCeile et !'angle reel de frottement des argiles

Influence de Ia variation deJa contrainte principale moyenne sur Ia resistance au cisaillement des sols......................................................................... 131 Influence of the Variation of the Average Principal Stress Upon the Shearing Strength of Soils

Three-dimensional Seepage-tests with Viscous Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Bssais de permeabilitC a trois dimensions avec des Iiquides visqueux

Construction of Compacted Soil Linings for Canals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Construction de revetements en sol compacte pour canaux

No.

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Author.., Auteur

K.F. G.KEIL Germany

T. MooAMI and K.KUBO Japan

S. MURAYAMA and T. MISE Japan

K.L. NASH England

O.A.NoELL U.S.A.

R.M.PALIT India

R. PELTIER France

K.S.RAo and S.K.WADHAWAN India

F. RENGMARK and R. ERIKSSON Sweden

F. RENGMARK and R.ERIKSSON Sweden

K.H.RosCOE England

J. A. JIMENEZ SALAS and J.M.SERRATOSA Spain

K.P.SHUKLA India

W. G. SHOCKLEY and P.K. GARBER U.S.A.

G.P.TsCHEBOTARIOFF,

E. R. WARD and A. A. DE PHlLIPPE U.S.A.

Session 3

Title Titre Page

The "Hydra ton "-Method, a New Process of Stabilizing Soils by Inorganic Agents 147 La methode «Hydra ton», nouveau procede de stabilisation des sols a !'aide d'agents inorganiques

The Behaviour of Soil during Vibration. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . 152 Comportement de certains sols pendant Ia vibration

On the Electrochemical Consolidation of Soil Using Aluminium Electrodes La consolidation Ciectro·chimique du sol au moyen d'Clectrodes d'aluminium

156

The Shearing Resistance of a Fine Closely Graded Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 La resistance au cisail!ement d'un sable fin a grain unlforme

Triaxial Shear Equipment for Gravelly Soils......................................... 165 Appareil d'essai de cisaillement triaxial pour sols graveleux

Determination of Swelling Pressure of Black Cotton Soil-A Method ....... , , , , . . . . . . . 170 '< Methode pour determiner Ja pression de gonfiement dans le sol denomme «black cottom>

Mesure des caracteristiques capillaires des sols au Laboratoire central des Ponts et Chaussees 173 Measurements of the Capillary Characteristics of Soils at the Central Laboratory of" Pants et ChaussCes"·

The Effect of Heating the Soil on Permeability under Prolonged Submergence of Soil in Water 178 PermCabilit6 de sols prCalablement partes a diff6rentes temperatures puis immerges

Apparatus for Investigation of Swelling, Compression and Elastic Properties of Soils 180 Appareil pour recherches sur le gonflement, la compression ct les proprietes Clastiques des sols

An Investigation into Vapour Transport in Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Etude sur le transport de la vapeur dans le sol

An Apparatus for the Application of Simple Shear to Soil Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Appareil pour !'application de cisaillement pur a des Cchantillons de sol

Compressibility of Clays .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . 192 Compressibilite des argiles

Electro-Chemical Treatment of Clays .... :.. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . 199 Traitement 61ectro·chimique des argiles

Correlation of Some Physical Properties of Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Correlation de quelques proprietCs physiques du sable

The Tensile Strength of Disturbed and Recompacted Soils La resistance a la traction des sols remanies et compactes

207

Field Investigation, Technique of Field Observations Including Compaction Control, Soil Stabilisation

Recherches et essais du sol sur place, y compris contrOle de 1a compaction, stabilisation des sols, technique des observations sur le terrain

I H.K.S.PH.BEOB-MANN Indonesia

2 F.J.DAVIS U.S.A.

3 G. DROlJillN, F. DERVIBUX et M.GAUTIER France

Improved Method of Determining Resistance to Adhesion by Sounding Through a Loose Sleeve Placed Behind the Cone ................... .'. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 213 Procede amCliore pour determiner Ia resistance a !'adhesion au moyen d'un appareil de sondage a manchon mobile place derriere Ie cOne

Quality Control of Earth Embankments . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 218 ContrOle qualitatif de remblais en terre

Existence et formation de canalicules dans certains sols argileux Existence and Formation of Small Channels in Some Clayey Soils

225

t

r No.

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Author Auteur

R. HAEFELI and H.B.FEHLMANN Switzerland

M. J. HVORSLEV U.S.A.

B.A.KANTEY Union of South Africa

P. L. KHANNA,

P. C. VARGHESE and R.C.HooN India

T.W.LAMBE U.S.A.

W.A.LEWJS England

D. J. MACLEAN England

S.MATSUO,

Y. HoNMACHI and K. AKA! Japan

S.R.MEHRA India

G.PLANTEMA Netherlands

G.PLANTEMA Netherlands

G, PLANTEMA Netherlands

F. PACHECO SILVA Brazil

A. w. SKEMPTON England

A. SOSSTRUNK Suisse

W.J.TURNBULL and w. G. SHOCKLEY U.S.A.

Session 4

Title Titre Page

A Combined Penetration Process for the Exploration of the Foundation Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Procecte combine de penetration pour l'cxploration des sols de fondations

Cone Penetrometer Operated by Rotary Drilling Rig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Sandage au pCnCtrometre a cOne exCcutC au moyen d'une foreuse rotative type «Rotary»

Field and Laboratory Determinations of Strength Characteristics of a Normally Consolidated Clay in the Durban Bayhead Area, South Africa. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . 241 Determination, en Iaboratoire et «in situ», des caracteristiques mecaniques d'une argile normalement consolid~e de la region de Durban, Union Sud-Africaine

Bearing Pressure and Penetration Tests on Typical Soil Strata in the Region ofthe.Hirakud Dam Project ................................................................... . Essais de force portante et de penetration sur des sols typiqucs avoisinunt l'emplncement du barrage projete de Hirakud, Inde

The Effect of Polymers on Soil Properties ......................................... .. Effet des polymeres sur les proprletes des sols

The Compaction of Soil for Earthworks and the Performance of Plant ................. . Le compactage des sols pour les travaux de terrassement, le comportement et l'cfficacite du materiel

Investigation of Some Problems in Soil Stabilization .............. , .................. . Recherches touchant certains probUlmes de stabilisation des sols

A Field Determination of Permeability Determination sur place de Ia permCabilite

Soil Stabilization in Tropical Areas, for Mass Construction of Cheap Permanent Housing -. Stabilisation du sol dans les regions tropicales pour Ia construction en masse d'habitations durables et a bas prix de revient

Electrical Pore Water Pressure Cells: Some Designs and Experiences .......... , .. , .... . Cellules etectriques pour l'enregistrement de Ia pression de l'eau interstitielle - dessins ct experiences

A Soil Pressure Cell and Calibration Equipment .................................... . Cellule de pression et 6quipement d'6talonnage

Soil Pressure Measurements During Loading Tests on a Rtmway .................... , . Mesure de Ia pression du sol au cours d'essais de charge sur une pistc d'envol

Controlling the Stability of a Foundation Through Neutral Pressure Measurements ContrOie de Ia stabilit6 d'une fondation par Ia mesure des surpressions hydrostatiques

The Post-Glacial Clays of the Thames Estuary at Tilbury and Shellhaven .............. . Les argiles post·glaciaires de l'estuaire de Ia Tamise a Tillbury ~t a Shellhaven

Les precedes sismiques appliques a 1'6tude du SOUS·SOl en Suisse ..... ' ................ . Application of Seismic Methods to Subsoil Investigation in Switzerland

Field Compaction Tests on Lean Clay Soil ......................................... . Essais de compactage d'un sol argileux maigre

246

253

258

263

268

272

279

283

289

299

302

309

313

Foundation of Buildings and Dams, Bearing Capacity, Settlement Observations, Regiona_l Subsidences

Fondations des constructions et des barrages, charge admissible, observation des tassements, affaissements rCgionaux

2

J. BELLIER,

J.P. FREY et R.MARCHAND France

P.BOUYON,

M. BAcHELlER et A. PUYO France

CompressibilitC du rocher sous les appuis des barrages............................ . . . . 319 Compressibility of the Foundation Rock under Supports of Dami

Stabilit6 d'une tour de 80 mCtres reposant sur 4 appuis Stability of a Tower 80 Metres High Resting on Four Piers

327

o. Author Auteur

S. J.BUTTON England

A.CAQUOTet J. KERISEL France

c. B. CRAWFORD Canada

R.F.DAWSON u.s.A.

J. DELARUE,

M. V. MARIOTTI et R. L. BERTHIER Maroc

T.EDBLMANN Netherlands

0. K. FROHLICH Austria

W.S.HANNA Egypt

K. v. HELENELUND Finland

G.W.HOLCOMB U.S.A.

G,HOLMSBN Norway

K.HOSHINO Japan

J. E. JENNINGS Union of South Africa

J. M.KYLE U.S.A.

K. S. LANE and s. J. OCClllPINTI u.s.A.

H. LoRENZ

Germany

H. LUNDGREN and K. MORTENSEN Denmark

J. MANDEL France

L. MARIVOET Belgique

L. MARIVOET Belgique

H.MATUO, T. MIZUNO,

I. UcmDA and S. MORITA Japan

G. G. MEYERHOF England

Title Titre

The Bearing Capacity of Footings on a Two-layer Cohesive Subsoil , .... , .. , . , , , .. , .... La capacit6 portante des empattements dans un sous-sol coh€sif a deux couches

Sur le terme de surface dans le calcul des fondations en milieu pulverulent ............. . Ultimate Bearing Capacity of a Foundation Lying on the Surface of a Cohesionless SoH

Settlement Studies on the National Museum Building, Ottawa, Canada , , ........... , .. . Etudes sur le tassemcnt du Musee du Canada A Ottawa

Movement of Small Houses Erected on an Expansive Clay Soil ....................... . Mouvement de maisons basses bilties sur un sol argileux expansif

Caracteristiques rnecaniques des argiles preconsolidees Marocaines .................... . Mechanical Characteristics of Preconsolidated ivforoccan Clays

Page

332

336

338

346

351

The Consolidation of a Layer, which Modulus of Elasticity is Proportional to the Depth . . 358 Le tassement d'une couche dont Ia compressibilite diminue lineairement avec la profondeur

On the Settling ofBuildings Combined with Deviation from their Originally Vertical Position 362 Tassement d'ouvrages et deviations de leur position verticale primitive-

Settlements of Buildings on Preconsolidated Clay Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Tassements de batiments sur couche d'argile pn!consolid6e

Settlement Observations in Finland . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 370 Observations de tasscments en Finlande

Building Settlement Measurements--Dregon State College Mesure des tassements d'un biltiment: Oregon State College

377

Regional Settlements Caused by a Subway Tunnel in Oslo ............. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 I Tassements regionaux provoques par le percement d'un tunnel a Oslo

Site Exploration for Founding a Building by Sinking Method of a Large-Scale Caisson 384 Investigation du sous-sol pour le fom;age d'un grand caisson a air comprim6

The Heaving of Buildings on Dessicated Clay ...................................... . 390 Soulevement de b!timents fondes sur argile dessechee

The Use of Sand Drains Under Buildings at Port Newark............................. 397 L'utilisation de drains verticaux de sable sous les batiments de Port Newark

Rebound Gages Check Movement Analysis at Garrison Dam Calculs et mesures de sou!evements du Barrage de Garrison

The Determination of the Dynamical Characteristics of Soils, a Good Help in the

402

Calculation of Dynamically Excited Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Determination des caracteristiques dynamiques des sols considerce comme un auxiliaire pour le calcul de fondations sollicitees par des efforts dynamiques

Determination by the Theory of Plasticity of the Bearing Capacity of Continuous Footings on Sand .................... , ................ , . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . 409 Determination de Ja force portante d'empattements sur sable par Ja theorie de plasticite

Tassernent d'une couche d'argile saturee d'eau sous l'effet d'une force concentree a la sur-face du sol ...................... , ............................................... ·413 Settlement of a Saturated Layer of Clay Under the Effect of a Point Load Acting on the Surface of the Soil

Observation des tassements de ponts a fondation directe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Settlement Observation on Bridges Built on Shallow Foundations

Observation des tassements de reservoirs a p6trole dans le port d'Anvers................ 431 Observations of Settlements of Oil Tanks in the Harbour of Antwerp

Field Test and Observation on the Soft Soil in the Coast of the Ariake Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Essais sur place et observations .faits sur le sol mou de Ia c6te de Ia mer d'Ariake, Japan

The Bearing Capacity of Foundations Under Eccentric and Inclined Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Capacite portante des sols de fondation sous charges excentrees et obliques

I X I

I

No. Author Auteur

25 T.!viiZUNO Japan

26 M. PLEITHNER et W. BERNATZIK Allemagne

27 E. SCHULTZE Germany

28 W. TETIINEK and F. MATL Austria

29 M.J.ToMLINSON and J.B.HOLT England

30 G.P.TscHEBOTARIOFF u.s.A.

31 W.H.WARD England

Title Titre Page

On the Bearing Power of Soil under a Uniformly Distributed Circular Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 De Ia force portante du sol sous une charge circulairc uniforme

Nouveau procCdC de remise a niveau de batiments affaisses au moyen d'injcctions de ciment 450 \ A New Method of Compensating Settlement of Buildings by Injections of Cement Grout

Settlements and Permissible :Bearing Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Tasscments et contraintes admissibles

A Contribution to Calculating the Inclination of Eccentrically Loaded Foundations . . . . . . 461 Contribution au calcul de l'inclinaison des fondations a charge excentree

The Foundation of the Bank of China Building, Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Les fondations de la Banque de Chine a Hong Kong

A Case of Structural Damages Sustained by One-Storey High Houses Founded on Swelling Clays . . ... ... . ..... .... . ..... . ... .. . ... ... . .. .................... ..... . ... . ... . 473 Un cas de fissuration de maisons basses construites sur des argiles gonnantes

Soil Movement and Weather . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . 477 Mouvement du sol et influences climatiques

2ontents Table des Matieres Volume II

Session 5

Piles and Pile Foundations, Settlements of PHe Foundations

Pieux et fondations Sur pieux, tassement de ce genre de fondations

No. Author Auteur

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

J. ANTOINE,

R. L'HERMINIER et M. BACHELlER France

L. BENDEL Switzerland

PH. P. BROWN u.s.A.

M. BurssoN et M. CHAPON France

H. CAMBEFORT France

H. CAMBEFORT France

S.MONTAGUT

CUADRAT Espagne

H.Q. GoLDER England

H. GRASSHOFF Germany

W. G. HoLTZ and H. J. GIBBS U.S.A.

H. LUMPERT Switzerland

A. MAYER et R. L'HERMrNIBR France

G. G. MEYERHOF England

N. NANNINGA Netherlands

Title Titre

Force portante de pieux de grand diambtre fondes sur un bane calcaire de faible epaisseur Bearing Capacity of Large Diameter Piles Resting on a Low Limestone Bank

Stresses in Piles and \Valls During Pile Driving ..................................... . Contraintes sollicitant les pieux pendant leur font;age, ainsi que les rnurs avoisinants

Grouting Piles in Soft Soil ....................................................... . Pieux realises par injection dans des sols mous

Relations entre les resistances statiques et dynamiques des picux Relation Between the Static and Dynamic Resistance of Piles

La force portante des groupes de pieux ............ , ..... , ......................... . The Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups

Le comportement des pieux fores et les essais de penetration The Behaviour of Bored Piles and Penetration Tests

Construction de pieux «inMsit.u» par air comprim6 Piles Driven In-Situ Under Compressed Air

Some Loading Tests to Failure on Piles ............................................ . Quelques essals de charge de pieux pousses jusqu'a la charge limite

Investigations of Values of the Dynamic Penetration Resistance to Model Piles in Sand and Clay, Obtained from Tests ................................................... . Essais sur les valeurs de !51 resistance a la penetration dynamique rencontree dans le sable et l'argile par des pieux modeles

Field Tests to Determine the Behavior of Piles in Loess ............................. . Essais sur place pour determiner le comportement de pieux enfonc6s dans du loess

Description of a Pile Loading Test and of Settlement-Observations Over a Period of Time on a Completed Building ................................................... . Description d'un essai de charge et observations de tassement pendant une periode donnee sur un bil.ti~ ment acheve

Le p_ouvoir portant des pieux en milieu coherent The Bearing Capacity of Pites in Cohesive Soils

An Investigation for the Foundations of a Bridge on Dense Sand Recherches concernant tes fondations d'un pont sur sable dense

The Problem of Pile Driving Le battage des pieux

Page

3

7

10

16

22

29

37

41

47

51

57

60

66

71

No. Author Auteur Title Titre Page

15

16

17

18

A.J.DA CosTA NuNES Computed Bearing Capacity of Piles in Residual Soil Compared with Laboratory and Load and Tests ......................................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · M. VARGAS Estimation de Ia force portante de pieux enfoncCs dans un sol residuel comparee avec des essais en Ia bora~ Brazil toire et des essais de charge

u. G. PETER Switzerland

C, VANDERVEEN Netherlands

CH. VEDER Ita lie

Measurement of Vibrations Originating in Constructing Cast~in~Place Concrete PHes According to the Express System ............................................. , , .. . Mesure des ebranlements au cours de la construction de pieux moults sur place selon le systeme Express

The Bearing Capacity of a Pile ................................................... . La force portante d'un pieu

Precede de construction de diaphragmes impermeables a grande profondeur au moYen de boues thixotropiques ......................................................... . Method for the Construction of Impermeable Diaphragms at Gre~i Depth by Means ofThixotropic Muds

75

80

84

91

Session 6

Roads, Runways, Airports (Flexible and Rigid Pavements) and Their Foundations

Routes, autostrades, aerodromes (revetements rigides et flexibles) et leurs fondations

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

R, A. BRZESOWSKY

and C. VAN DER VEBN

Netherlands

R. M. HARDY Canada

R. DE L'HORTET et 0. DREYFUSS France

H. T. LOXTON,

M.D. McNICHOLL and H. c. WILLIAMS Australia

D. C. MACLEAN and M. D. ARMSTRONG England

N. W. McLEoD Canada

R. PELTIER France

C. VAN DER VEEN

Netherlands

Session 7

An Investigation on the Bearing Capacity of Some Flexible Runways at Schiphol Airport Recherches sur la portance de quelques pistes ftexibles de l'AC.roport de Schiphol, Hollande

97

Prevention of Frost Heaving by Injection of Spent Sulphite Liquor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Precede d'injections de solution de sulfite pour prCvenir Je gonftemcnt dO au gel

Capacite portante des pistes souples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Bearing Capacity of Flexible Runways

Soil Moisture and Density Measurements at Australian Aerodromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Mesures de teneur en eau et de densite effectuCes sur des pistes d'atterrissage en AustraHe

The Design of Road Foundations Le projet des fondations routiCres

118

Airport Runway Design and Evaluation in Canada ................ , ............... , . 122 Dessin et calcul de pistes d'atterrissage au Canada

Contribution a I't!laboration d'une theorie capillaire Ou gel des sols routiers . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Contribution to a Theory on Capillary Action in the Freezing of Road Soils

Loading Tests on Concrete Slabs at Schiphol Airport .............................. ·-. 133 Essais de chargement sur dalles en bCton a l'aeroport de Schiphol, Pays~ Bas

Earth Pressure, Retaining Walls, Tunnels and Phs in Soils

Poussee des terres, murs de soutenement, tunnels et puits dans les sols

2

P. BERNARD France

J. CAILLE et R. BARBEDETIE France

Mesure des modules eiastiques et application au calcul des galeries en charge .. , ... , . . . . 145 Measurements of Moduli of Elasticity and their Application to the Design of Pressure Tunnels

La methode d'injection des terrains a ravancement dans les cas difficiles de percement d'ouvrages souterrains ................ , ... , ........... , ... , ..... , . , ............ , . 157 Preliminary Grouting Method for Difficult Cases of Tunnel Driving

Author Auteur

L. F. COOLING and W.H. WARD England

J. FELD u.s.A.

J. BRINCH HANSEN

Denmark

R. HAEFELI,

CH. ScHAERER and G. AMBERG Switzerland

N.D. LEA Canada

A. MAYER France

J. VERDEYEN et V. ROISIN Belgique

;sion 8

Title Titre Page

Measurements of Loads and Strains in Earth Supporting Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Mesure des charges et des deformations dans les constructions soumises a une poussec de terres argileuses

Arrested Steel Sheetpilc Bulkhead Failure-Cause and Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Suppression de l'instabilit6 d'une cloison etanche de palplanches. Cause et reconstruction

A General Earth Pressure Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 One thCorie generate de la poussee de terre

The Behaviour of the Concrete Bridge Built at Klosters by the Rhretian Railway Company, Switzerland Under the Influence of Soil Creep Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Comportement sous !'action du fluage des terres du pont en Mton construit a Klosters par la Cie des Chemins de Fer RMtiques, Suisse

Performance or a Steel Sheet Piling Bulkhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Le comportement d'un quai en palplanches metalliqucs

Essais en place de terrains rocheux et mise en compression des revetements de galeries 185 ln·Situ Tests on Rocky Soils and Prestressing on Tunnel·Linnings

Soutenement des excavations: propositions pour le calcul des rideaux etastiques.......... 188 Shutting of Excavations: Methods of Calculating Flexible Bulkheads

Ji!ity and Deformation of Slopes and Earth Dams. Research on Pore Pressure Measurements, Groundwater Problems

Jilite des talus et des digues en terre, pression de l'eau interstitielle. probl6mes se rattachant aux nappes phreatiques

R, A. BARRON U.S.A.

z. BAZANT, JR., Czechoslovakia

H. CAMBEFORT France

R. CHADEISSON France

The Efficacy of Toe Drains in Controlling Seepage Uplift in Layered Pervious Foundations 195 L'efficucitC des drains de pied pour Ie contrOle de Ia filtration au travers des fondations permCables et stratifiCes

Stability of a Non-Cohesive Soil Under Elliptic Upward Seepage StabilitC d'un sol pulverulent dans le cas d'infiltration e!Uptique ascendante

198

L'alimentation des nappes d'eau par les rivieres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 The Effect of Rivers on Groundwater Levels

Utilisation de la cuve a analogie 6Iectrique pour interpreter un pompage pr6sentant de nombreuses conditions aux limites ............................................... ; . 208 Use of the Electrolytic·Tank Method to Represent any Pumping Test Including Many Boundary Con· ditions

V. H. CoLLING RIDGE Further Notes on Ground Water Lowering by Means of Filter Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 and De plus amples details sur le rabattement de Ia nappe aquifere au moyen de puits filtrants _ L. F. OFFER England

T. EDELMAN Netherlands

E. E. EsMIOL U.S.A.

0. K. FROHLICH Austria

MASAMI FUKUOKA Japan

J.P. GOULD U.S.A.

E. and G. GRUNER Switzerland

The Influence of the Compressibility of Soil on Some Problems of Ground Water Flow 219 L'influence de Ia compressibilite du sol sur certain problCmes de l'Ccoulement des eaux souterraines

The Diversity of Impervious Soils Used in Bureau of Reclamation Earth Dams . . . . . . . . . . 224 Diversit6 des sols imperm6ables employes par le «Bureau of Reclamation>> pour la construction des bar-rages en tei're

The Factor of Safety with Respect to Sliding of a Mass of Soil Along the Arc of a Loga-rithmic Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Le coefficient de securite par rapport au glissement d'un massif de terre coherente le long d'un arc d'une spirale logarithmique ·

Landslides in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Eboulements au Japan

The Compressibility of Rolled Fill Materials Determined from Field Observations 239 Compressibilite des matCriaux routes de remblais determinee par des observations sur le terrain

Muran and Decomposed Rock as Construction Materials for Earth Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Emploi du «Muram» et des roches 06composCes dans Ia construction de barrages en terre

/.

No. Author Auteur

12 P. HABIB et F. SADARLY France

13 V.D. HARTY England

14 S. lRMAY Israel

15 J. L. JASPAR and A, S. RINGHEIM Canada

16 ERWIN NONVEILLER Yugoslavia

17 R. PETERSON and N. L. IvERSON Canada

18 K. L. RAo India

19 Y. TCHENG France

20 A. H. TOMS England

21 F. c. WALKER U.S.A.

22 L. ZEEVAERT Mexico

·Title Titre Page

Etude de la circulation de l'eau dans un sol permeable par analogie eJectrique a trois di-mensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Study of Water Circulation in a Permeable Soil by Means of Three Dimensional Electrical Analogy

Slide in Fort Henry Embankment River Shannon, Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Le glissement du Barrage Fort Henry sur le Shannon, Irlande

Saturated Steady Flow in Non-Homogeneous Media and its Applications to Earth Embank-ments, Wells, Drains . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . 259 Ecoulement permanent en milieux: saturCs het6rog€mes avec application aux barrages en terre, puits et drains

Steel Sheet Piling Studies ...................................................... , .. Recherches sur les palplanches en acier

The Stability of Slopes of Dams Composed of Heterogeneous Materials Stabilit6 des talus dans les barrages h6tCrogCnes

264

268

Study of Several Low Earth Dams Failures . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. 273 Recherches sur les causes de rupture de plusieurs barrages en terre de faible hauteur

Applications of Soil Mechanics .in River Structures (India) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Application de la mecanique des sols aux travaux de riviCre

Etude de la stabilit6 d'un d6p0t de minerai sur une couchc d'argilc molle d'Cpaisseur limitCe 283 A Study of the Stability of a Mineral Deposit on a Thin Layer of Soft Clay

Recent Research into the Coastal Landslides at Folkestonc Warren, Kent, England . , . . . 288 Recherches sur les glissements de terre de Folkes tone Warren, sur Ia cOte de !a P..hmche, Gnmde-Bretagne

The Design of Earth Dams for Pervious Foundations ......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Pr'ojets de barrages en terre sur terrains d'assise permeables

Pore Pressure Measmcmcnts to Investigate the Main Source of Surface Subsidence in Mexico City .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 299 Etude de Ia pression interstitielle dans Je but de conm1ltre Ia cause principalc du tusscmcnt supcrficiel particulier a Ia viUe de Mexico

General Reports Rapports Generaux

Session General Reporter Rapporteur general

A, CASAGRANDE u.s.A.

2 E. C. W. A. GEUZE Netherlands

3 W. J. TURNBULL U.S.A.

4 M. BurssoN France

5 R. B. PecK U.S.A.

6 SP. J. BUCHANAN U.S.A.

7 A. w. SKEMPTON England

8 L. BJERRUM Norway

Title Titre Page

Theories and Hypotheses of General Character, Soil Properties, Classification, Engineering Geology ................................... : . ............... :.. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. 307 Theories et hypotheses de caractCre general, proprietCs des sols, classification, gCologie technique

Laboratory Investigations, Including Compaction Tests, Improvement of Soil Properties 313 Recherches de laboratoires, y compris cssnis de compactton, amelioration des proprietes des sols

Field Investigations, Technique of Field Observations Including Compaction Control, Soil Stabilisation . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. 319 Recherches et essais du sol sur pluce, y compris contrOle de Ia compaction, stubilisation dCs sols, technique des observations sur le terrain

Fondations des constructions et des barrages, charge admissible, observations des tassements, affaissements regionaux ...................................... ' ........... ' . . . . . . . 334 Foundations of Buildings and Dams, Bearing Capacity, Settlement Observations, Regional Subsidences

Piles and Pile Foundations, Settlements of Pile Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Pieux et fondations sur pieux, tassements de ce genre de fondations

Roads, Runways, Airports (Flexible and Rigid Pavement) and their Foundations Routes, nutostrades, aerodromes (rev8tements rigides et flexibles) et leurs fondations

349

Earth Pressure, Retaining Walls) Tunnels and Strutted Excavations . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Poussee des terres, murs de sou tenement, tunnels et puits dans les sols

Stability and Deformation of Slopes, Earth Dams and Groundwater Problems . . . . . . . . . . 362 Stabilit6 des talus et des digues en terre, pression de l'eau interstitielle, prob!Cmes se rattnchant aux nappes phreatiques

:ontents Table des math~res Volume III

atronage, Guests of Honour, Committees atronage, Liste des hOtes d'honneur, Comites

Patronage- Patronage ........ , ..................................................... , ..

Page

Guests of Honour ... , ... , . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 2

Hates d'honneur . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . 3

Committees- Comites . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 National Committees and their Representatives on the Executive Committee ................. , 5 Comites nationaux et leurs repr6sentants au Comit6 exCcutif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 List of Members - Liste des Congressistes . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. 7

•rogramme of the Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 •rogramme du Congres 19

nformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 nformations . ........... , ........................ , ............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Jst of Donors- Liste des donateurs ........ , ................... , ................................... , . . . . . . . . 64

lxhibitors - Exposants ................... , .. , , , . , , ............ , , ....... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\.ddresses Delivered at the Conference

)iscours prononces pendant le Congres

M. E. G. CHOISY 69 Prof. E. MEYER·l'ETBR , .. , .. , .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . 70 Dr PH. ETIER, President de Ia Confederation Suisse . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. 72

Prof. H. FAVRE ................................ , ......................... -.. .. .. .. . .. . .. 75

Prof. K. TERZAGHL .... , ... , .. , ............ , .. , ..................................... , .. 76 Prof. A. W. SKEMPTON .. , ..... , .......................... , , , , .............. , . .. . . .. .. .. 77

Prof. A. CASAGRANDE , ..................... , , , .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . 77 Prof. K. TERZAGHL .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. 78

Prof. K. TERZAGHI ... , ....... : . ..... , ..... , :.. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . 80

Dr. G. RoDio .......... , .. , ............... , .. . • .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. • . . 80

Prof. A. STUCKY....................................................................... 81

Prof. K. TERZAGH! ...................... , ... , ........ , .. , , , ........... ,.., ............ , , 82

Prof. K. TERZAGHL .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . 83

Minutes of the Meetings of the Executive Committee , , , , , , , .. , , ...... , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

2ompte rendu des S<\ances du Comite executif.. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. 87

Statutes of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Statuts de Ia Societe internationale de mecanique des sols et des travaux de fondations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

1

Discussion

Session 1

Session 2

Session 3

Session 4

Page

Chairman - President: E. de BEER .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . Ill General Reporter- Rapporteur general: A. CASAGRANDE.............................. 111,112 L. BJERRUM........................................................................... 112 L, ZEEVAERT .. , ............ , .. , ....... , ............................ , , .......... , , , .. , . 113 L. WoLPERT .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . 114 A. B. A. BRINK........................................................................ 114 U. NASCIMENTO .. , .... , .. , ..... , ............................................... , . .. .. . 115 P. P. DOS SANTOS , ..... , .................................................. , . .. .. . . .. . .. 115 A. \V, SKEMPTON ................... , . .... . . . . . .... . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. .... ..... . . . .... .. 115 A. MAYER ........ , ................................................ , ........ ,......... 117 M. R()CHA.......................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

H. H. von EssECK-PLATEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

General Reporter- Rapporteur general: E. C. W. A. GEuzE . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . 119, 122, 125, 126 w. G. SHOCKLEY .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 122 M. J. HVORSLEV .. , ............................. , ....................... , . .. .. . .. .. .. .. 122 J, KERISBL ...... , ............... , , .... , .................... , , .............. , . , ....... , 124 JIMENEZ SALAS .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . 125 S, STEUERMAN , ........................... , , , ................... , ...... , , ........... , . . 126 C. L.DHAWAN ... , ........ , ........... ,., ................... , ....... ,,., ..... ,,....... 127 H. PETERMANN ....................... , ...... , , .............................. , , ...... , , 127 TAN TJONG-KIE .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 129 L. ZEEVAERT and H. VOGEL ........................................... , , ........... , .. , , 129

General Reporter- Rapporteur general: W. J. TURNBULL.............................. 113, 143 C. VANDERVEEN .. , , ..................... , ..... , ............................ , ........ , 135 M. BUISSON, .... , ....... , .............. , ........... , ............. , .................. ,. 136 0, GODSKESEN ............. , ................................... , ....... , ....... , .. .. .. 137

G. F. SOWERS , ..... , ....... , , ..... , , ....... , .................. , ............. , .. , . . . . . . 138 N. D. LEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

D. J. MACLEAN ......... , ....... ,, ..... ,, ........... , ...... , ...... ,, ....... , ..... ,.,,.. 139 M. PELEG............................................................................. 140 A. A. MAXWELL and R. A. FoRD . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . 141 D. CRONEY , .. , .... , , .............. , .... , , , ........... , .... , ............. , ..... , , . , , . . 142 J. M. PAPPAERT .. , .................. , ............... : .......................... , ..... , 142 L, BENDEL............................................................................ 143 R. CEBERTOWICZ .. , .... , ...... , ............. , ........... , ...... , ..... ,·, ...... ,, .... ,,. 144

C. L. DHAWAN , ............... , ...... , , .............................. , ...... , . . . . . . . . . 144 W. FISCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 K. F. G. KBIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 R. NIEDER .. , , , ...... , , .... , , ........... , , , , ....................... , . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. 147 S. STUMP , .. , ........... , ................. , . , ................. , .... , ....... , . , .. ; .. .. . 148 W. J. TURNBULL and R. G. AHLVIN . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . 148

General Reporter- Rapporteur general: M. BUJssoN...................... 151, 152, 154, 155, 157 N. CHEBIE............................................................................ 152 L. BJERRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 H. LUNDGREN ....................................................... , , . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . 153 E. SCHULTZE .. ,.,, .... ,,, ...... ,, ...... ,, .. , .. ,., ......... , ......... , ... , .... ,,~ .. ,... 154 S, J. BUTTON ............................ , ...... ,, .............. ,., ...... , ..... , .... ,.. 155

ssion 5

ssion 6

P. RABID et F. A. SoEIRo .............................................................. . J. E. JENNINGS •..........................................•............................ G. P, TSCHEBOTARIOFF •. , ••........•. , , . , , .. , , ...••••• , • , • , •• , , • , , , .....•..•........ , , ..

E. lNDRI" . " ....... " .... " . " . " . " . " . " " " " .. " . " " " " " " " " " " " . " .. " .. . K. TERZAGHI. . " . " . " " . " " " " " " " " " " . " " . " ....... " " ... " " " " " " . " ... . M. BACHELlER ......... , , ... , ........ , ..... , , .... , , , . , . , .. , , .... , ........... , , , , ...... .

L. BENDEL ............. , , , .............. , . , , .. , .. , , .... , , , ....... , .. , ...... , ........ , , C. L. DHAWAN .. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

D. HABBR·SCHA1M .. , . , ............ , , . , ....... , , . , , . , , ........... , .. , , , ............... ,

G. JossELIN DEJoNG ...............• , . , •......•.. , , ..............•..... , ....... , ...... .

J. KERISEL et A. CAQUOT ............................................................. ..

Page

155 156 157 157 158 159 160 161 161 161 161

H. LoRENZ "•' " " .. " ... " ...... " " .. " " .. " . " . " . " .. " " . " . " . " " " " " " " . . . 162 J. MANDEL .. , .. , , , , .. , , , , .. , , , , .. , , , .... ., , ........ , .. , , .. , .. , .......... , . , ... , . 162, 163

G. G. MEYERHOF . "."."."." .... """ "."" .. ". " .. ". ". ""."" ...... " ... ". 163 M. MIKASA ....... , , ..... , . , .......... , , , ... , .. , ...... , , , . , .......... , , .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . 163 R. S. PULIDO y MoRALES ...................................... :.. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. 166 E. ROBERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 M. RocHA, J. LAGINHA SERAFIM and A. F. SILVEIRA , .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . 167

L. SUKLJE . "."." .. :." "" .. "" .... "." " .. "."." .. ". "". " .. " ". ".... 167, 168 TAN TJONG·KIE , , . , , .. , ............ , .......... , , .. , ............ , .... , .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . 169

w. H. WARD .. " . " " .... " ...... " " .... " . " . " .. " . " . " . " .. " " . " " " " " " " . . . 169

General Reporter- Rapporteur general: R. B. PECK .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. 171, 176

A. w. SKEMPTON ... " ... " " ... " " ... " " " .. " " . " " ... " . " . " ..... " . " " . " . " . . 172 F. L. CASSEL " " . " . " ... " " ..... " ... " " " " . " " . " .. " ..... " " " ........ " .. " . . 173

M.A. SHAARAWI .... "."." .... " ... ""."."."""" "." "." " .. ". """ ""." 173 B. FELLENIUS .... , , , ... , , , .... , , .... , .......... , , .. , ............ , , , , , , . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 175

R. B. LUNDSTRO>l " .... " " " .. " ... " ... " .. " . " ........ " . " :" . " . " " . " .. " .. " . 175 M. BmssoN .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . 176 A. J. DA CoSTA NUNES ........ , ..... , , , .. , , .. , .. , .. , .... , , .. , ......................... , 177 M. PBLEG .. , .......... , ...... , .. , , .......... , .. , .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . 178

E. c. w. A. GEUZE . " .. " " " . " . " .... " . " . " . " " " ....... " " " " " " .... " " " . . . 178 C. VANDER VBEN, ... ,,.,,,, .... , .. , .. ,,, .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,, ..... , .... ,, .............. ,, 179 D. HABER·SCHAIM .... , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ....... , , , , , , , , . , , ........... , , , , , , .............. , . 180

Chairman- President: T. K. HuiZINGA................................................... 181 General Reporter- Rapporteur general: S. J. BucHANAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 193 M. PELEG .. , ....................... , .......... , , .. , , .. , ................... , , ........ , , 182 R. MITCHELL , .. , .... , , , .... , , ........ , , .... , .. , .. , , , .. , , .. , .. , .................. , , ., , 182

R. PELTIER." .. ""."."." ... ".""""""."" .. """ .. """"."."""" .. ". 183 D. J. MACLEAN " .. " . " .. " " .... " " .. " . " . " . " . " " .. " .... " " " .. " " " " " .. " . 184 G. PLANTEMA ........ , , ..... , ....... , . , ......................... , .. , , ............ , .. . . 185 G. MORALDI ........... , ........... , ............... , .. , . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . 185 CH. R. FoSTER .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . 185 J. CANTO MONIZ ..... , , .............. , , , .............. , . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . 187 A. CASAGRANDE ..... , ....... , . , ........... , , ....... , .. , , .......... , .. , . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. 187

N. w. MCLEOD ... ".". ""."" ".". ".". "."." ..... ". " .. " ". """ .... ".". 187 G. MORALDI "" ... " .. " ... "." ... """." .. "". " .... " .... ". " .. " """ .... ". 190 W. J. TURNBULL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ... ,,,,.,,,,,,,,,, .. ,,.,, 191

0. J. PORTER .... , .... , , , , .... , .. , .. , .. , , , , , .. , .... , , , , , , ....... , , , , .. , ............. , . . 192

·•

I

I . I

I

I I

Session 7

Session 8

Page

H. CAMBEFORT .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. 193 C. L. DHAWAN .. , ..... , .............. , .. , ..... , , , ..... , .............................. , !93

CH. R. FosTER .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . 194

General Reporter- Rapporteur general: A. W. SKEMPTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,200 G. P. TSCHEBOTARIOFF.................................................................. 197 K. MORTENSEN ... , , , .. , ... , , , ............ , ........ , , . , ........ , .... , , ...... , . . . . .. .. .. 199 J, BRINCH HANSEN , ........ , ............. , ......... , .......... , ..... , . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. 200 R. BRISKE , .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. 201 P. W. RowE . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . 202 S. PACKSHAW .. , , .... , , .. , ..... , , .. ; ..... , ..... , ..... , , .............................. , 203

P. s. COCKLE. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . 203 L. F. COOLING .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. 204 K. TERZAGHI. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . 205 R. HAEFELI ..... , ..... , ......... , , .... , .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . 206 M. RocHA, J. LAOINHA SERAFIM and A. F. SILVEIRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20~

CH. ScHAERER ............................................................ : .. . . . . .. .. . . 207 c. F. TRIGG . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . 208

General Reporter -Rapporteur generar: L. BJERRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 217 A. MAYER, R. L'HERMINIER et P. HABIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 R. PETERSON ........... , ........... , .. , ....... , , , .... , ... , , ......................... , . 211

L. SUKUE ......... "."............................................................... 211 w. G. HOLTZ .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . 212 T. MIDDLEBROOKS ... , .. , ......... , ' ... , ....... ,,, ... ,, ............... ,,,, .. , , ....... , , 212 B. LOFQUIST . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . . . . • • . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 A. L. LITTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 A. PENMAN , , , ......... , .. , .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . 215 F. c. WALKER......................................................................... 215 CH. I. MANSUR........................................................................ 216 K. TERZAGHI. ......... ,., .. ,, ........ , .......... , ........ , ............... ,.,,......... 217 J. ABOLLADO .................. , ..... , .. , .... , , ........... , ........ , .. , .......... , . .. .. 218 Z. BAZANT, Jr ....... , , ........ , .... , .... , ............................................ , 220 T. EDELMAN . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. 221 A. LAZARD ........................................ .'. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . 221 C. I. MANSUR and J. R. CoMPTON .. .'.. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. 222 U. NASCIMENTO .......... , ........... , ........ , ............................. , .. .. .. . .. 223 B. M. RAJCEVIC . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. 223 A. WACKERNAGBL .. , ..... , ..... , , , ......... , , ...... , .......... , ....... , , , .. , , ...... , , , 224

ectures - Conferences Page

~. 'fERZAGID

~. HAEFELI

~.VON Moos

, KILLER

1, GYSEL

~. RUCKLI

'i/, EGGENBERGER

:. MEYER-PETER

~.PELTIER

•· STUCKY

:. MEYER·PBTER

nd A. voN Moos

Fifty Years of Subsoil Exploration................................. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . 227 Cinquante ans d'exploration du sous-sol

Creep Problems in Soils, Snow and Ice .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 238 Probtemes de fluage (rampement) dans les sols, la neige et la glace

The Subsoil of Switzerland Le sous-sot de Ia Suisse

252

Fondations economiques des pylones de !ignes aeriennes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Economical Foundations of Towers for High Voltage Transmission Lines

Experiences g6otechniques acquises au cours dela construction des amenagements hydro-electriques

du Lentsch, de !'Etzel, de Rupperswil-Auenstein et de Wildegg-Brugg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Geotechnical Experience Gained During the Construction of the Hydroelectric Plants at LOntsch, Etzel, Rupperswil-Auenstein and Wildegg-Brugg

L'application de la mecanique des sol.s dans le domaine de la construction des routes en Suisse . . . 288 Application of Soil Mechanics to Road Construction in Switzerland

The Goeschenenalp Rock-Fill Dam Project, Switzerland........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Le projet du barrage en enrochement du Greschenenalp

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Problems of the Marmorera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 M6canique des sols et fondations de la digue en terre de Marmorera (Suisse)

Considerations gOOtechniques sur la portance des sols routiers............................... 312 Geotech~ical Considerations on the Bearing Capacity of Roads

Problemes relatifs a la fondation de grands barrages Problems in the Foundation of Large Dams

326

Final Report .............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Rapport final .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . 342

odex of Authors, Volumes I, II, III . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. 353 odice des auteurs, volumes I, II, III . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. 353

I .. I '

I I

J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on 1 Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

t Comptes Rendus du Quatrieme Congres International de Mecanique des Sols et des Travaux de Fondations

' ' ',

I' ; .. II .· ······· lc~t

Volume I Divisions 1-3a

London 12- 24 August 1957 Londres 12- 24 Aout 1957

LONDON

BUTTERWORTHS SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

1957

Contents Table des Matieres Volume I

Division l

Soil Properties and their Measurement

Mesure et Proprietes des Sols

a Fundamental and Natural Properties-Proprietes Fondamentales ct Naturelles

No. Author Auteur

1 I. ALP AN Jsraet

2 L. BiERRUM and J. RUDER Norway.

3 A. J. L. BOLOGNESI and O:MORETTO Argentina

4 H. CAMBEFORT et C. CARON France

5 N. J. DENrsov and B. F. RELTOV U.S.S.R.

6 W. J. EDEN and c. B. CRAWFORD Canada

7 J. FLORENTrN, G. L'HERrTEAU et M. FARHr France

8 R. GANDAHL and W. BERGAU Sweden

H. J. GraBS and W. G. HOLTZ U.S.A.

10 P. HABrB et F. SOEIRO France

11 P. B. HEIDEMA U.S.A.

12 J. A. JANIK, W. PoGANY, M. ZUKOWSKI and A. SZKATULA Poland

13 G. DE JOSSELIN DE JONG and E. C. W. A. GEUZE Netherlands

Title Titre

An Apparatus for Measuring the Swelling Pressure in Expansive Soils Une Appareil pour Mesurer Ia Pression de Gonflement dans Jes Sols Expansifs

Measurement of the Permeability of Compacted Clays Permeabilit6 des Argiles Compactees

Properties and Behaviour o(Silty Soils Originated from Loess Formations Propri6tes et Comportement des Sols Silteux d6rivis de Fonnations Lressiques

Le Delavage des Gels de Silicate de Soude The Leaching of Sodium Silicate Gels

Elastic and S~ructural Deformations of Clayey Soils Deformations Elastiques ct Structurelles des Sols Argiteux

Geotechnical Properties of Leda Clay in the Ottawa Area . Lcs Propr16tes GOOtechniques de l'Argile Leda dans Ia RCgion d'Ottawa

Etude de Quelques Proprietes Physico-mecaniques d'Echantillons Eluviales . . . . . . . . . Study of Physico-mechanical-Properties of Samples of Eluvial Laterites

Two Methods for Measuring the Frozen Zone in Soil Deux M6thodes de Mesure de Ia Zone Gelee dans le Sol

....,. .. l

de Laterites

Research on Determining the Density of Sands by Spoon Penetration Testing Determination de Ia DensitC du Sable au moyen du Carottier a Fente

Migrations d'Eau dans les Sols provoquees par une Difference de Temperature Water Movement in Soils promoted by a Thermal Gradient

The Bar-linear Shrinkage Test and the Practical Importance of Bar·linear Shrinkage as an Identifier of Soils . . . . . . . . L'Essai de Retrait LinCaire et son Importance Pratique pour Identifier les Sols

Experimental Application of the Phenomenon of Neutrons Scattering for Deter· mining the Soil Porosity . . , . . . . . . . · . Application Exp6rimentale du PhenomCne de Ia Dispersion des Neutrons a Ia Determination de Ia Porosite des Sols

A Capacitive Cell Apparatus L'Appareil a Cellule Capacitive .

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I 14 G. KASSIFF Compaction and Shear Characteristics of Remoulded Negev Loess . 56

Israel La Compaction et Ies Caracteristiques de Cisaillement d'un Lcess du Neguev remoule

15 G. M. Lo~nzli, Eiectric-osmotic Processes in Clayey Soils and Dewatering during Exeavations 62 A. V. NETUSHIL and L'Electro·osmose dans les Sols Argileux et !'Evacuation de l'Eau en cours d'Excavation B. A. RZHANITZIN U.S.S.R.

16 A. C. MEIGH and Some Physical and Engineering Properties of Chalk 68 K. R. EARLY Quelques Proprietes Physiques et MCcaniques de Ia Craie England

17 D. MOHAN Consolidation and Strength Characteristics of Indian Black Cotton Soils 74 lndia Consolidation et Caracteristiques de resistance des 'Black Cotton Soils' de l'Indc

18 J. MouMand On the Weathering of Young Marine Clay . 77 I. TH. RosENQUIST Le Vicillissement des Argiles Maritimes de Formation RCcente Norway

19 S. MURAYAMA and On the Effect of Remoulding Clay 80 S. RATA Sur l'Effet du Remaniernent de I' Argile Japan

20 P. L. NEWLAND and ~ Study of the Sensitivity Resulting from Consolidation of a Remoulded Clay 83

~ B. H. ALLELY Etude de la Sensibilite d'une Argile Remaniee Resultant de la Consolidation New Zealand

21 R. M. PALIT and Determination of Effective Shrinkage Pressure of Soil 87 S. S. JOSHI Determination de Ia Pression de Retrait Effective des Sols India

22 A. PIASKOWSKI Investigations on Electro-osmotic Flow in Soils in Relation to Different Character-Poland istics 89

\~. Etude sur .Ie Rap.port e~tre r:E"coule~ent Et~ctroo;motiq~e et 1~ Diffirentes 'caract~ristiq~es des. Sols ·

23 N. W. RADFORTH and Correlation of Palaeobotanical and Engineering Studies of Muskeg (Peat) in Canada 93 I. C. MACFARLANE La Correlation d'Etudes Pa{eobotaniques et de Mecanique des Sols sur le Muskeg (La Tour be) au Canada Canada

24 F. RENGMARK and Apparatus for Determining the Rate of Diffusion of Water in Soil 98 S. FREDEN AppareU pour Detenniner Ia Vitesse de Ia Diffusion de l'Eau dans les Sols Sweden

25 A. W. SKEMPTON Tests on London Clay from Deep Borings at Paddington, Victoria and the South and D. J. HENKEL Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 England Essais sur l'Ar~ile Londonienne Provellant de Forages Profonds a Paddington, Victoria et Ia Rive

I Sud de Ia Tamtse

26 J. SKOPEK Sand Density Determination Using Gamma Radiation 107 Czechoslovakia Mesure de Ia Densite des Sables au Moyen de Rayo~s Gamma

27 R. SODERBLOM Some Investigations Concerning Salt in Clay 111 Sweden Quelques Etudes sur Ia Salinite de !'Argile

28 N. A. TSYTOVICH The Fundamentals of Frozen Ground Mechanics (New Investigations) ll6 U.S.S.R. Les Principes Fondamentaux des Sols Ge!es

29 S. S. VIALOV and Rheological Processes ·in Frozen Soils and Dense Clays 120 A. M. SKIB!TSKY Proces Rheologiqu~s dans Jes Sols Ge!es et les Argiles Denses U.S.S.R.

30 A. A. WAGNER The Use of the Unified Soil Classification System by the Bureau of Reclamation 125 U.S.A. L'emploi du Systeme Uniforme de Classification des Sols par Je Bureau de Rl:clamation

b Mechanical Properties-Proprietes Mecaniques I

I! 1 G. D. AITCHISON The Strength of Quasi-saturated and Unsaturated Soils in Relation to the Pressure

Australia Deficiency in the Pore Water . . . . . . . . . . 135 La Rtsistance des Sols Quasi·saturts ct Non-saturl:s par Rapport a l'lnsuffisance de Ia Pression

I Jnterstitielle I 2 A. BALLA Stress Conditions in the Triaxial Compression Test . 140

Hungary La Condition des Tensions dans l'Essai de Compression Triaxialc

3 P. DANTU Contribution a !'Etude Mecanique et Geometrique des Milieux Pulverulents 144 France A Contribution to the Mechanical and Geometrical Study of Non-cohesive Masses

viii

\Uthor Auteur

;, L. DHAWAN and . C. BAHRI ndia

1f. FUKUOKA a pan

. W. HILF and L J. GIBBS I.S.A.

~. HOSHINO a pan

I, JAKOBSON weden

V. M. KIRKPATRICK cot land

•f. R. PELTIER 'ranee

•f. ROCHA ·ortugal

'. W. ROWE 'ngland

:. ScHULTZE iermany

"SUKLJE 'ugoslavia

:. v. WHITMAN r.s.A.

;ion 2

Title Titre

Stable Density Densit6 Stable

Testing of Gravelly Soils with Large-scale Apparatus . Les Essais sur les Sols de Gravier avec des Appareils de Grandes Dimensions

Triaxial Shear Tests Holding Effective Lateral Stress Constant Essai de Cisaillement Triaxial Tenant Constante Ia Tension Laterale Efficace

A General Theory of Mechanics of Soils ThCorie Generate de Ia Micanique des Sols

Some Fundamental Properties of Sand Quelques Proprietes Fondamentales du Sable

The Condition of Failure for Sands . La Condition de Rupture des Sables

Recherches Experimentales sur Ia Courbe Jntrinseque de Rupture des Sols Pulverulents Experimental Investigations on the Intrinsic Rupture Curve of Cohesion less Soils

The Possibility of Solving Soil Mechanics Problems by the us~ of Models La Possibilite de Resoudre les Problemes de Mecanique des Sols par les Etudes sur Modetes

c, = 0 Hypothesis for Normally Loaded Clays at Equilibrium L'Hypothese Ct = 0 pour les Argiles Norrnalement ConsolidCes en :Equilibre

Large Scale Shear Tests . . . Essais de Cisaillement a Grande Echelle

The Analysis of the Consolidation Process by the !so taches Method L'analyse du Processus de Consolidation par Ia MCthode des Isotaches

The Behaviour of Soils under Transient Loadings Le Comportement des Sols sous des Charges Momentanees

liques of Field Measurement and Sampling

odes pour Mesures sur Place et Prelevement d'Echantillons

[. CAMBEFORT ranee

·. A. DURANTE, L. KOGAN,

·. I. FERRONSKY and . J. NOSAL 1.S.S.R.

.. DvoiUK zechoslovakin

.. HAEFELI and I. B. FEHLMANN .vitzerland

I, J. PALMER ngtand 1d J. G. STUART 'orthem Ireland

i, PLANTEMA ·etherlands

l. ROCHA, I, NASCIMENTO and . DE CASTRO :>rtugal

La Mesure in situ de Ia Parasite des Sables Measurement in siltt of the Porosity of Sand

Field Investigations of Soil Densities and Moisture Contents Mesure sur Chantier de Ia Compacite et de Ja Teneur eri Eau des Sols

Field Tests of Rocks on Dam Sites . . . Essais sur Jes Roches A !'Emplacement des Appuis de Barrages

Measurements of Soil Compressibility In situ by means of the Model Pile Test Mesure de Ia Compressibilite du Sol en Place A l'Aide d'un P6n6trornCtre

Some Observations on the Standard Penetration Test and a Correlation of the Test with a New Penetrometer . . . . . . . . Remarques sur l'Essai Standard de Penetration et son Rapport avec un Essai Employant un Pene. trornetre Nouveau Modele

Influence of Density on Sounding Results in Dry, Moist and Saturated Sands . Influence de 1a Densite sur les RCsultats de Sondage dans le Sable Sec, Humide et Sature

Determination of Moisture Content in Porous Materials by means of the Relative Humidity inside a Cavity . . . . . . . . .. DCtennination de la Teneur en Eau des Materiaux Poreux par Ia Mesure de l'Humidite Relative d'une Cavite

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172

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183

189

193

200

207

213

216

221

225

231

237

241

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No. Author Auteur

8 S. SEROTA and R. A. JENNINGS England

l( 9 E. SCHULTZE and H. KNAUSENBERGER Germany

Division 3

Title Titre

Undisturbed Sampling Techniques for Sands and Very Soft Clays . . Methodes pour Ie PrCU:vement d'Echantillons intacts dans Je Sable et Jes Argiles tres Tendres

Experiences with Penetrometers Experiences avec Penetrometres

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249

Foundations of Structures

Fondations de Construction

a General Subjects and Foundations other than Piled Foundations-Sujets Generaux et Fondations autres que Fondalions sur Pieux

1 Y. M. ABELEV and V. V. ASKALONOY U.S.S.R.

2 A. BARACOS and M. BOZOZUK Canada

' 3 E. DE BEER Belgium

4 E. DE BEER and A. MARTENS Belgium

'5 V. G. BEREZA:\TZEV and V. A. YAROSHE~KO U.S.S.R.

··6 L. BJERRUM and A. 6VERLAND Norway

· 7 K. E. EGO ROY, P. G. KUZMI!< and B. P. POPOV U.S.S.R.

8 R. E. GIBSON and J. McNAMEE England

9 H. GRASSHOFF Germany

!0 R. L'HERMINIER. M. BACHELlER et F. SOEIRO France

The Stabilization of Foundations of Structures on Loess Soils 259 Stabilisation des Fondations de Constructions sur Terres Lcessiques

Seasonal Movements in Some Canadian Clays . · 264 Mouvements Saisonniers de quelques Argiles Canadiennes

The Influence of the Width of a Foundation Raft on the Longitudinal Distribution ofthe Soil Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . 269 lnfluence de Ia Largeur d'un Radier de Repartition Fondation sur Ia Longitudinale des Reactions du Sol

Method of Computation of an Upper Limit for the Influence of the Heterogeneity of Sand Layers on the Settlements of Bridges . . . . . . . 275. Methode du Calcul pour 6tablir Ia Limite Sup6rieure de l'Influence de l'H6t6rog6m~it6 des Couches Sablonneuses sur le Tassement

The Bearing Capacity of Sands under Deep Foundations Capacite Portante des Fondntions Profondes dans le Sable

Foundation Failure of an Oil Tank in Fredrikstad, Norway Rupture des Fondntions d'un Reservoir R Fredrikstad, en Norvege

The Observed Settlements of Buildings as compared with Preliminary Calculation Les Tassements Observes et PrCvus des Bfitiments

The Consolidation Settlement of a Load Uniformly Distributed over a Rectangular Area . . . . . . . . . . . Tassement de Consolidation sous Charge Uniformement Rl!partie sur une Surface Rectangulairc

Influence of Flexural Rigidity of Superstructure on the Distribution of Contact Pressure and Bending Moments of an Elastic Combined Footing . . . . L'Influence de Ia Rigidit6 du Biltiment sur Ja Repartition de la Pression et le Moment FlCchissant Agissant sur une Semelle de .F?ndation Elastique

Etude et Observations Concernant le Radier de Fondation du Premier Reacteur Atomique au Centre de Marcoule . . . . . . Investigation on the Foundation Raft for the First Atomic Reactor at Marcoule

283

287

291

297

300

307

11 Y ASUMARU IsHII, Estimation of m,. and c, Values for the Design of Sand Drains 312 TOMJO SHINOHARA, Estimation des Valeurs mv et Ct' pour Je Calcul des Drains de Sable

. TETSURO TATEISHI and ·~"' •. -suwMu KURA TA

· ~: .. ·JaPan . · 12 ·J. E. JENNINGS and

K. KNIGHT South Africa

X

... -· .. The Additional Settlement of Foundations due to a Collapse of Structure of Sandy Subsoils on Wetting . . . . . . . . . . Tassement Additionel des Fondations, dti a J'Effondrement sous l'Action de l'Eau de Ia Structure de Sous-sols Sablonneux

316

1thor Auteur

DE JOSSELIN DE NG Jtherlands

KARAFIATH mgary

KERISEL a nee

KONING therlands

KOPACSY mgary

KRsMANOVITCH 1goslavia

LAZARD :mce

LousBERG !gium

MANDEL mce.

N. MASLO\' S.S.R.

MAYER et HABIB 3.nce

Thle Titre Page

Application of Stress Functions to Consolidation Problems 320 Application des Fonctions d'Airy aux ProblCmes de Consolidation

Foundation of a Blast Furnace constructed on Loess Soil and the Computation of Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 324 Fondations pour Haut Fourneau Construit sur un Terrain Lcessique- Calcul du Tassement

Contribution a Ia Determination Experimentale des Reactions d'un Milieu Pul· verulent sur une Fondation Profonde . . . . 328 Experimental Determination of Cohesion less Soil Reactions on a Deep Foundation

Stress Distribution in a Homogeneous, Anisotropic, Elastic Semi-infinite Solid 335 Repartition des Contraintes dans un Massif Semi-ind6fini HomogCne, Elastique et Anisotrope

Three-dimensional Stress Distribution and Slip Surfaces in Earth Works at Rupture 339 La Repartition Tridimensionelle des Con~raintes et les Surfaces de Glissement dans les Massifs en Terre, ii Ia Rupture

Contribution au Calcul des Constructions Rigides Appuyees sur le Sol 343 Contribution to Computation of Rigid Structures Resting on the Ground

Moment Limite de Renversement de Fondations Isotees 349 Limit of the Overturning Moment of Isolated Foundations

Calculation of the Distribution of Soil Reactions Underneath Eccentrically Loaded Footings . . . . . . . . . . 355 Le Calcul de Ia Repartition des Reactions du Sol sous des Fondations Chargl!es Excentriquement

Consolidation des Couches d'Argiles 360 Consolidation of Clay Layers

Questions of Seismic Stability of Submerged Sandy Foundations and Structures . 368 Probleme de Ia Stabitite aux S6ismes des Constructions et Fondations sur les Sables Envahis par l'Eau ·

Gonflement du Sol so us les F ondations d'un Bl\timent Industriel 373 Swelling of the Soil under the Foundations of an Industrial Building

F. B. DE MELLO Case History of an Unusual Foundation in Steep Slor.ing Ground in Sao Paulo . 376 d S. A. GEOTECNICA Un Cas de Pro jet et Construction de Ia Fondation d'un Grand Edifice sur des Terrains assez inclines azil ii Silo Paulo

MENCL and KAZDA echosiovakia

G. MEYERHOF nada

A. NITCHIPORO· :H S.S.R.

0. OSTERBERG S.A.

A. PALMER and P.BROWN S.A.

PIETKOWSKI land

E. PoLSHIN and A. TOKAR

S.S.R.

, RAEDSCHELDERS d M. WALLAYS lgium

E.RAES lgium

Strength of Sand During Vibration . La Resistance deS Sables Pendant Ia Vibration

The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes La Force Portante des Fondations sur Talus

382

384

Results of Field Observations of Settlements of Large Hydraulic Structures . 387 RCsultats des Observations sur ~hantier du Tassement d~ Grandes Constructions Hydrauliques

Influence Values for Vertical Stresses in a Semi-infinite Mass due to an Embankment Loading . . . . . . . . . 393 Lignes d'Influence des Contraintes Verticales dans une Massif Semi~infini, Charge par un Remblai

Settlement Analyses for Areas of Continuing Subsidence 395 Etudes sur les Emplacements oU Jes Tassements sont Continus

Danger of Frost Heaving of Skating-rink Foundations . . . 399 Le Danger de Gonfl~ment des Fondations des Pistes de Patinage so us I' Action du Gel

Maximum Allowable Non-uniform Settlement of Structures 402 Tassement In6gal Maximum Admissible pour les Constructions

Some Sliding Phenomena Underneath Buildings Adjacent to the Albertine Library in Brussels and Measures taken to Stabilize the Construction . . . . 406 Quelques Phenomenes de Glissement sous les BS.timents avoisinant Ia Bibliotheque Albertine a Bruxelles et les Mesures Prises pour Stabi!iser Ia Construction

Sur Ia Validite des Formules de Fondation 412 The Validity of Bearing Capacity Formulae

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No. Author Auteur

34 E. RECORDON Switzerland

35 K. H. ROSCOE England

36 J. A. J. SALAS and J. M. SERRATOSA Spain

37 I. DA SILVEIRA Brazil

38 N. SIMONS Norway

39 S. STEUERMAN and G. J. MURPHY U.S.A.

40 SHUNSUKE TAKAGI Japan

41 YUAN TCHENG France

42 A. A. B. WILLIAMS SouthMrica

43 G. ]vi. J. WILLIAMS England

44 M. S. YOUSSEF, A. A. SABRY and M. M. TEWFIK Egypt

xii

Title Titre Page

Determination des Caracteristiques des Terres Necessaires au Calcul des Fondations sur Sols Elastiques . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Determination of Soil Characteristics Necessary for Foundation Calc~ lations on Elastic Soils

A Comparison of Tied and Free Pier Foundations . . • . . 419 Comparaison Entre Pieux de Fan dation Libres au Soumis a une Rotation au Niveau du Sol

Foundations on Swelling Clays 424 Fondations sur Argiles Gonfiantes

Consolidation under Special Load Condition 429 Consolidation sous Condition de Charge Sp6ciale

fiettlement Studies on two Structures in Norway 431 Etude sur Je Tassement de deux B§timents en Norvege

Foundation of the Hampton Roads Tunnel 437 Les Fondations du Tunnel de Hampton Roads

Determination of the Process of Consolidation by Sand Drains under Variable Loading . . . . . . . . . . 444 Methode pour D6tenniner le Mode de Consolidation par Drains de Sable sous !'Influence d'une Charge Variable

Fondations Superficielles en Milieu. Stratifie 449 Shallow Foundations on a Stratified Soil

fitudies of Shear Strength and Bearing Capacity of some Partially Saturated Sands 453 Etudes de la Resistance au Cisaillement et de Ia Capacite Portante de Certains Sables Partiellement SaturCs

Design of the Foundations of the Shell Building, London 457 Projet de Fondations pour le Shell BUilding a Londres

Substantial Consolidation and Swelling of Clay Cause Two Interesting Cases of Serious Damage to Hospital Buildings in Egypt . . . . . . . 462 Deux: cas de Dt!gats causes par Ia Consolidation et le Gonflement de !'Argile .

Not to be reprinted without written authority

The Organizing Committee are not responsible either for the statements made or for the .opinions expressed in this volume

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

Comptes Rendus du Quatrieme Congres International de Mecanique des Sols et des Travaux de Fondations

Volume II Divisions 3b-6 and Reports

~ondon 12- 24 August 1957 Londres 12- 24 Aout 1957

LONDON


1951

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. ! I

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Contents Table des Matieres Volume II

Division 3

Foundations of Structures

Fondations de Constructions

b Piling and Piled Foundations-Los Pieux et Fondations sur Pieux

No. Author Auteur

1 D. D. BARKAN U.S.S.R.

2 A. BERGFELT Sweden

3 L. BJERRUM, W. JONSON and C. 0STENFELD Norway and Denmark

4 A. BRANDTZAEG and E. HARBOE Norway

5 A. J. DACOSTA NUNES Brazil

6 M.P. P. DosSANTOS and N. A. GOMES Mozambique

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

H. Q. GOLDER and B. 0. SKIPP England

N. B. HoBBS South Africa

H. 0. IRELAND U.S.A.

A. KEZDI Hungary

G. PLANTE~!A and C. A. NOLET Netherlands

Z. RADOSA VIJEVIC Yugoslavia

T. SORENSEN and B. HANSEN Denmark

M. J. TOMLINSON England

C. VANDERVEEN and L. BOERSMA Netherlands

Title Titre-

Foundation Engineering and Drilling by the Vibration Method La Construction de Fondations et le Forage par la Methode de Vibration

The Axial and Lateral Load Bea>ing Capacity, and Failure by Buckling of Piles in Soft Clay .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.La Force Portante Axiale et Laterale et Ia Rupture par Flambage de Pieux Battus en Argile Tendre

The Settlement of a Bridge Abutment on Friction Piles Le Tassement de Ia Culee d'un Pont sur Pieux

Buckling Tests of Slender Steel Piles in Soft, Quick Clay . . Essai de Flambement de Pieux Minces en Acier dans de !'Argile Molle et Fluide

Pieux de Fondations avec Grande Hauteur Libre Foundation Piles with Great Free Length

Experiences with Piled Foundations of Maritime Structures in Portuguese East Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . Experience Relative aux Fondations sur Pieux d'Ouvrages Maritimes en Afrique Orientale Portugaise

The Buckling of Piles in Soft Clay . Le Flambage des P1eux dans Ies Argiles Tendres

Unusual Necking of Cast-in-situ Concrete Piles . . R6tr&:issement Peu Commun de Pieux de Beton Moules dans le Sol

Pulling Tests on Piles in Sand . . . Essais d'Arrachement sur Pieux Battus dans le Sable

Bearing Capacity of Piles and Pile Groups Le Pouvoir Portant des Pieux et des Groupes de Pieux

Influence of Pile Driving on the Sounding Resistances in a Deep Sand Layer . Influence du Battage de Pieux sur Ies Resistances de Penetration dans Ia Couche Profonde du Sable

Calcul et Essais des Pieux en Groupe . Theoretical Considerations and Tests on Pile Groups

Pile Driving Formulae-An Investigation based on Dimensional Considerations and a Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . Fonnules de Battage-Un Examen fonde sur Ies Considerations des Dimensions et une Analyse Statistique

The Adhesion of Piles Driven in Clay Soils L'Adh6rence des Pieux Battus dans des Sols Argileux

The Bearing Capacity of a Pile, Pre-determined by a Cone Penetration Test La Force Portante d'un Pieu Pr6-d6terminee par l'Essai de Penetration (Appareil A COne)

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66

72

v

Author Auteur

A. F. VAN WEELE Netherlands

L. ZEEVAERT Mexico

vision 4

Title Titre

A Method of Separating the Bearing Capacity of a Test Pile into Skin-friction and Point~resistance . . . . . . . . . . . Methode pour Decomposer la Charge Portante d'un Pieu d'Essai en Resistance due au Frottement Lat6ralle long du FUt et en Resistance de la Pointe du Pieu

Compensated Friction-pile Foundation to Reduce the Settlement of Buildings on the Highly Compressible Volcanic Clay of Mexico City . . . . . Fondations Compensees avec Pieux a Frottement pour Diminuer le Tassement des B§.timents Construits sur l'Argile Tres Compressible de Mexico City

Page

,/ 76J

81

utes, Pistes d'Envol et Voies Ferrees

ads, Runways and Rail-tracks

W. AICHHORN and W. STEINBRENNER Austria

W. P. M. BLACK and D. CRONEY England

E. EGOLF, F. GERMANN and W. SCHAAD Switzerland

F. J. GRIMER and N. F. Ross England

L. W. HATHERLY and M. WooD England

N. N. IvANOV, A. K. BIRULYA, V. F. BABKOV and N. A. PUZAKOV U.S.S.R.

K. F. KEIL Germany

K. H. KING and L. C. PITT England

G. KUNO and T. MOGAMI Japan

T. W. LAMBE U.S.A.

W. A. LEWIS England

N. W. McLEOD Canada

S. R. MEHRA India ·

Stabilization of Disintegrated Granite for Base Courses of Highways Exposed to Severe Frost Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . Stabilisation de Granit Db:ompose pour des Couches de Base Soumises a des Conditions severes de Gelee

Pore Water Pressure and Moisture Content Studies under Experimental Pavements Etudes de la Pression d'Eau Interstitielle et de Ia Teneur en Eau sous des Revetements Expl:rimentaux

The Behaviour of Pavements in Relation to the Base and Subsoil of Roads . Le Comportement des Revetements en Fonction des Fondations et des Sous-sols des Routes

The Effect of Pulverization on the Quality of Clay-cement . Influence du Degrl: de Pulvl:risation de !'Argile sur Ia QualitC du Sol·ciment

Seasonal Variations in Subgrade Soil Moisture Content and Temperature with Depth in Baghdad, Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . Les Variations saisonnieres, en Profondeur, de Teneur en Eau et de Temperature, du Sol de Fondation, a Bagdad

Flexible Pavement Design Calculs des Revetements Flexibles

Classification and Importance of Frost-susceptible Rocks in Road Construction . Sensibilite au Gel des Roches Employees dans la ConStruction des Routes, et Classification des Ro.ches a ce Sujet

Tests to Determine the Behaviour of Rail-track Formations on Various Soil Subgrades with Particular Reference to Clays . . . . . . . . Essais pour Determiner le Comportement des Voies Ferrees sur divers Sols de Fondations et Notamment sur des Argiles

A Method of Estimating Settlement by Roller Compaction . MCthode de Calcul du Tassement a Attendre d'un Compactage au Rouleau

89

94

104

109

114

120

126

128

134

Soil Stabilization Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 139 Recherche sur Ia Stabilisation des Sols a l'Institut de Tecbnologie du Massachusett

A Study of Some of the Factors Likely to Affect the Performance of Impact Com-P.actors on Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Etude de Quelques Facteurs qui Semblent Devoir Influer sur l'EfficacitC d'un Compacteur par Chocs

Relationships between Deflection, Settlement and Elastic Deformation for Sub grades and Flexible Pavements Provided by Plate Bearing Tests at Canadian Airports . 151 Relations Expfrimentales entre la Deflection Totale, le Tassement et la Dfflection :Elastique, des Sols de Fondation et des Revetements Souples, Lors d'Essais de Chargement a Ia Plaque sur des Al:roports Canadiens

Cheap All-weather Roads from Soil and Soft Aggregates 158 Routes fconomiques Construits avec des Sols et des Agrfgats Tendres

I

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14 G. MORALDI Italy

Determination de Ia Force Portante des Pistes 161 Detennination of the Bearing Capacity of Runways

15 U. NASCIMENTO and A. SIMOES

Relation between CBR and Modulus of Strength . !66 Relation Exp6rimentale entre Ie CBR et le Module de Resistance

Portugal

16 R. L. SCHIFFMAN U.S.A.

The Numerical Solution for Stresses and Displacements in a Three-layer Soil System 169 Solution Num6rique des Contraintes et des DCplacements dans un Sol A Trois Couches

17 H. TAKESHITA Japan

The Stability of Gravel Roads in Volcanic Ash-soil Regions 174 Stabilite des Routes en Gravier dans les Regions de Cendres Volcaniques

18 W. J. TURNBULL and R. G. Aru.VIN

Mathematical Expression of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) Relations 178 Expression Mathematique des Abaques CBR

U.S.A.

19 W. J. TURNBULL and Compaction of a Graded Crushed-stone Base Course . . . 181 C. R. FOSTER Compactage d'une Couche de Base en Pierre ConcassCe de Bonne Granulom6trie U.S.A.

20 c. VAN DER VEEN Netherlands

Loading Tests on the Airfield at Beek 186 Essais de Portance sur l'ACrodrome de Beek

Division 5

P0ussee des Terres sur les Ouvrages et Tunnels

Earth Pressure on Structures and Tunnels

A. CAQUOT La Pression dans les Silos 191 France Pressure in Sitos

Earth Pressure Measurements in a Trench Excavated in Stiff Marine Clay 196 Mesure des Poussees du Sol dans une TranchCe Creusee dans une Argile Marine Rigide

2 E. DIBIAGIO and L. BJERRUM Nonvay

3 S. HUECKEL Poland

Model Tests on Anchoring Capacity of Vertical and Inclined Plates . . 203 Essais sur Modeles pour Determiner Ia Capacit6 d'Ancrage de Dalles Verticales ou Inclin6es

4 N. JANBU Nonvay

Earth Pressures and Bearing Capacity Calculations by Generalized Procedure of Slices 207 Les Poussees et Ia Force Portante des Sols-CalcuJs et M6thode G6n6ralisee des Tranches

5 B. KUJUNDib6 Yugoslavia

Anisotropie des Massifs Rocheux 213 Anisotropy in Rock Masses

6 J. M. KYLE and A Flexible Bulkhead for the New York Harbour 218 M.S. KAPP Un Quai en Palplanches Flexibles pour le Port de New-York U.S.A.

7 K. S. LANE U.S.A.

Effect of Lining Stiffness on Tunnel Loading . . . 223 Influence de la Rigidite des Revetements sur Je Chargement des Tunnels

8 G. SCHNEBBELI France

U!'e An.alogie Mecanique pour !'Etude de Ia Stabilite des Ouvrages en Terre a Deux Dtmenswns . . . . . . . . . . . 228 A Meohanical Analogy for the Study of the Stability ofTwo·dimensional Earth Structures

9 G. ScHNEEBELI et R. CAVAILLE·COLL

Contribution au Calcul de Ia Stabilite des Bil.tardeaux a Double Paroi de Palplanches 233 Contribution to the Stability Analysis of Double-wall Sheet Pile Cofferdams

France

10 V. V. SOKOLOVSKY Some Problems of Soil Pressure 239 U.S.S.R. Quelques Problemes de la Pression du Sol

II G. F. SOWERS, A. D. ROBB,

The Residual Lateral Pressures Produced by Compacting Soils 243 Les Pressions R6iiduelles Laterales Causees par les Sols Compactes

C. H. MULLIS and A. J. GLENN U.S.A.

12 G. P. TscHEBOTARIOFF Measurements with Wiegmann Inclinometer on Five Sheet Pile Bulkheads and E. R. W AJID Mesures avec rinclinometre Wiegmann sur Cinq Quais en Paiplanches

248

U.S.A.

13 W. H. WARD and T. K. CHAPLIN England

Existing Stresses in Several Old London Underground Tunnels . . . 256 Les Efforts en Peripherie des Revetements de Quelques Tunnels Anciens du Metro de Londres

vii

Author Auteur Title Titre Page

'ision 6

th Dams, Slopes and Open Excavations

rages en Terre, Talus et Tranchees Ouvertes

B. AISENSTEIN, A. YEVNIN and I. SAIDOFF Israel

G. BARONCINI and A. CROCE Italy

M. BAR-SHANY, G. KORLATH and J. G. ZEITLEN Israel

Z. BAZANT, Jr. Czechoslovakia

P. T. BENNEIT and R. A. BARRON U.S.A.

L. BERNELL Sweden

L. BERNELL and R. NILSSON Sweden·

A. W. BISHOP England

H. H. BURKE and W. L. DAVIS U.S.A.

D. FINZI and c. N!CCOLAI Italy

M. GOLDSTEIN and G. TER-STEPANIAN U.S.S.R.

D. J. HENKEL England

R. HIL TSCHER and B. PANT India

J. E. HURTUBISE, N. R. GADD and G. G. MEYERHOF Canada

S. MATSUO Japan

G. MEARDI Italy

Reducing Water Losses from Storage Reservoirs in Israel: Blanketing of Tel-y eruham Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Reduction des Pertes dans les R6servoirs en Jsra~l: Couche Protectrice pour le Reservoir de Tel· Yeruham

Present Soil Properties and Performance of the Arvo Dam During 25 years of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Propriet~!s du Sol et Comportement du Barrage de l'Arvo au cours de Vingt-Cinq Annees d'Opera-tion

The Use of Fat Clay in Dam Construction in Israel . . 273 L 'Emploi des Argiles Grasses dans Ja Construction des Barrages en Israel

Influence of Vibration and Seepage on Stability of Cohesionless Soil . 278 Influence des Vibrations et de l'Eau de Percolation sur la Stabilite des Massifs Pulverutents

Design Data for Partially Penetrating Relief Wells 282 Donnees de Calcul des Puits Filtrants

The Properties of Moraines 286 Les Proprietes des Moraines

Electrical Analogy Equipment for solving Non-stationary Two-dimensional Flow Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Equipement pour Essais par Analogie Electrique pour Ia ·Resolution des Problefl'\es Relatifs aux Courants Non-stationnaires a Deux Dimensions-

Some Factors Controlling the Pore Pressures set up during the Construction of Earth Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 De Cert~ins Facteurs Gouvernant Jes Pressions Interstitielles au cours de la Construction de Barrages en Terre

Physical Properties of Marine Clay and their Effect on the Grass River Lock Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Proprietes Physiques d'une Argile Marine. Consequences dans les Travaux d'Excavation de t'Ecluse 'Grass River' .

Foundation Settlement and Pore Pressure Observations at San Valentino Earth Dam during the First Five Years of Operation . . . . . . . . 305 Observations des Pressions Interstitielles et du Tassement du Barrage de Terre de San Valentino au cours des Cinq Premieres Annees

The Long-term Strength of Clays and Depth Creep of Slopes . 311 La R6sistance a longue :Echeance des Argiles et le Fluage en Profondeur des Pentes

Investigations of Two Long-term Failures in London Clay Slopes at Wood Green and Northolt . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Analyse de Deux Glissements a Longterme de Talus dans !'Argile de Londres a Wood Green et Northolt

Stresses in Foundations of High Dams with Particular Reference to Bhakra Dam (India) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Les Contraintes dans les Fondations des Hauts Barrages et plus Particulierement de Celui de Bhakara (lnde)

Les Eboulements de Terrain dans l'Est du Canada 325 Landslides in Eastern Canada

A Study of the Effect of Cation Exchange on the Stability of Slopes 330 Etude de l'Effet d'un Echange de Cations sur Ia Stabilite des Talus

Consolidation with Sand Piles of Soft Clays in Levee Foundation . 334 Consolidation d'Argi\e Tendre dans Ja Fondation d'une Digue au Moyen de Puits de Sable

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No. Author Auteur Title Titre

17 A. MYSLIVEC czecboslovakta

The Degree of Compaction of Soil according to the Proctor and Dornii Tests Le Degre de compactage des Sols d'Apres les Methodes Proctor et Domii

18 E. NONVEILLER Pore Pressure in the Lokvarka Dam . . Yugoslavia Pressions Interstitielles dans le Barrage de Lokvarka

19 R. PETERSON, N. L. IVERSON and

Studies of Several Dam Failures on Clay Foundations . Etudes de Plusieurs Cas de Rupture de Barrages sur Fondations d'Argile

P. J. RIVARD Canada

20 H. PEYNIRC!OGLU Earth Movement Investigations in a Landslide Area on the Bosporus Turkey Etude d'un Glissement de Terrain au Bosphore

Behaviour of Recent Earth Dams and Levees in India. 21 K. L. RAo India Le Comportement des Barrages et Digues de Construction Recente dans l'Inde

22 S. A. RosA, The Building of Earth Structures by Dumping of Clayey Soils into Water . D. M. TARTAKOVSKY, La Construction d'Ouvrages en Terre par Ia Methode du D6versernent dans l'Eau de Terres V. K. REMIZNIKOV Argileuses

and P. D. LOBASOV U.S.S.R.

23 · R. ScHILTKNECHT Control Measurements at the Castiletto Earth Dam and H. BICKEL Mesures de Verification au Barrage en Terre de Castiletto Switzerland

24 A. W. SKEMPTON and Stability of Natural Slopes in L.ondon Clay F: A. DELORY Stabilite des Talus Naturelles en Argile Londonienne England

25 D. H. TROLLOPE The Systematic Arching Theory Applied to the Stability Analysis of Embankments Australia Application de Ia Theorie de Ia Mise en VoUte Systematique A l'Analyse dela Stabilite des RembJais

26 N.H. TWELKER Analysis of Seepage in Pervious Abutments of Dams . . . . . . U.S.A. Calcul des Infiltrations dans les Massifs d'Ancrage Lat6raux des Barrages Lorsque ces Terrains

sont Permeables

27 M. VARGAS and Residual Soil and Rock Slides in Santos (Brazil) . . E. Pichler Glissements de Pentes en Sols Detritiques Recouvrant le Roche A Santos, Brt!sil Brazil

28 J. ZELLER and The Shear Strength of the Shell Materials for the Goschenenalp Dam, Switzerland R. WULL!MANN Resistance au Cisp.illement des Mat6riaux pour le Barrage de GOschenenalp Switzerland

29 J. ZELLER and Test Fills with Coarse Shell Materials for Goschenenalp Dam H. ZEINDLER Remblais d'essai pour le Barrage de GOschenenalp Switzerland

30 H. ZWECKand Etude Experimentale des Filtres de Granulometrie Uniforme R. DAVIDENKOFF Experiments on Uniformly Graded Filters Germany

Addendum la/31 U. NASCIMENTO Contribution on the Physical Interpretation of Soil Properties

Portugal L'InterprCtation Physique des Propri6tes des Sols

General Reports Rapports Generaux General Reporter

Rapporteur General

1 I. TH. ROSENQUIST Norway

N. JANBU Norway

Title Titre

Soil Properties and their Measurement Mesure et Ptopri6t6s des Sols a Fundamental and Natural Properties

Propri6t6s Fondamentales et Naturelles b Mechanical Properties

PropriCtes M&aniques

Page

338

341

348

353

361

368

373

378

382

389

394

399

405

410

417

Page

427

ix

General Reporter Rapporteur General

2 MILTON VARGAS Jlrazil

3 J, BRINCH HANSEN and BENT HANSEN Denmark

P. C. RUTLEDGE U.S.A.

4 M. R. PELTIER France

5 J. KERISEL France

6 F. C. WALKER U.S.A.

X

Title Titre

Techniques of Field Measurement and Sampling . Methodes pour Mesures sur Place et Prelevement d'Echantillons

Foundations of Structures Fondations de Constructions a General Subjects and Foundations other than Piled Foundations

Sujets G6n6raux et Fondations autres que Fondations sur Pieux

b Piling and Piled Foundations Les Pieux et Fondations sur Pieux

Routes, Pistes d'Envol et Voies Ferrees Roads, Runways and Rail·tracks

Poussee des Terres sur les Ouvrages et Tunnels Earth Pressure on Structures and Tunnels

Earth Dams, Slopes and Open Excavations Barrages en Terre, Talus et Trancbees Ouvertes


The Organizing Committee are not responsible either for the statements made or for the opinions expressed in this volume

Page

436

441

448

453

457

463

I l l Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

Comptes Rendus du Quatrieme Congres International de Mecanique des Sols et des Travaux de Fondations

London 12-24 August 1957 Londres 12-24 Aout 1957

LONDON


1958

Volume III

Contents Table des Matieres Volume Ill

Patrons, Committees and Members Patrons, Comites et Membres Page

Patrons. 3 Organizing Committees Comites d'Organisation 5 Executive Committee, National Committees and Representatives on Executive Committee

Comite executif, Comites nationaux et leurs representants au comite executif. 7 List of Members Liste des Congressistes 10

Information, Programme and Tours Information Programme . Tours •

Informations, Programme et Tours

Donors and Guarantors Donateurs et Garants Exhibitors Exposants

Addresses delivered at the Conference Discours prononces pendant le Congres Opening Session Sir Arthur Whitaker . '

Professor Karl Terzaghi . Closing Session Professor Karl Terzaghi .

Professor A. W. Skempton Banquet The Rt. Hon. Hugh Molson, M.P.

M. E. Buisson . Professor Karl Terzaghi. Dr. L. F. Cooling . Dr. A. von Moos .

23 26 39 49 51

55 55

. 59, 60 60 61 62 62 63 63

Minutes of the Meetings of the Executive Committee Comptes rendus des Seances du Comite executif 67

Statutes of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Internationale de mecanique des sols et des travaux de fondations . .

Discussion

Session 1 Chairman I President A. Mayer . General Reporter I Rapporteur General I. Th. Rosenquist H. B. Seed T-K. Tan T. W. Lambe J. A. J. Salas. . E. C. W. A. Geuze. R. Parry . . H. M. Raedschelders N. A. Tsytovich D. M. Milovic B. Aisenstein . F. L. Cassel . T. K. Chaplin A. G. Strmac J. K. Alderman . A. J. da Costa Nunes D. Croney G. Stefanoff K. Terzaghi

Statuts de la Societe 79

85 ' 85, 98

86 87 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 94 94 95 96 96 97 97 97 98

v

I

Discussion-( con/d.)

Session 1-(contd.) A. Belluigi .

Session 2

Session 3

Session 4

vi

M. E. Buisson . . . A. J. L. Bolognesi and 0. Moretto W. Schaad P. Sliwa

Chairman I President G. P. Tschebotarioff Assistant Reporter I Assistant Rapporteur N. Janbu A. W. Bishop D. J. Henkel . R. Parry . M. J. Hvorslev D. H. Trollope H. U. Smoltczyk P. Habib T. J. Osterman

· B. Jakobsen . T. K. Chaplin G. G. Meyerhof T-K. Tan . . E. C. W. A. Geuze. J. E. Jennings K. S. Bawa . T. W. Lambe P. W. Rowe. . T. K. E. Kallstenius S. J. Buchanan E. T. Hanrahan A. Kezdi . J. Kolbuszewski R. V. Whitman P. J. Alley . M. E. Buisson . W. M. Kirkpatrick. L. Suklje . .

Chairman I President A. von Moos General Reporter I Rapporteur General M. Vargas R. Jones . . . J. L. Serafim and J. B. Folque W. H. Ward. J. Kerisel . D. J. Palmer . C. van der Veen J. Kolbuszewski . E. C. W. A. Geuze. H. Zweck . . M. P. P. dos Santos B. 0. Skipp . J. Vuorinen . I. M. Litvinov . T. K. E. Kallstenius T. K. Chaplin U. B. Rajcevic W. Aichhorn . L. Menard A. Dvorak . J. Florentin . K. Terzaghi . G. Meardi . H. U. Smoltczyk

Chairman I President R. B. Peck

General Reporter I Rapporteur General J. Brinch Hansen V. Mencl . D. Lazarevic.

Page

98 99 99 99

101

102 102, 115

103 104 104 105 107 107 108 108 109 109 110 110 112 112 113 113 113 114 114 114 114 115 115 115 115 116 119 120

120, 135 121 121 122 124 125 125 126 128 128 129 129 129 130 131 132 133 134 134 134 134 135 137 137

138 138, 154

139 139


Session 4-(contd.) B. 0. Pramborg T-K. Tan .

Session 5

Session 6

G. G. Meyerhof 0. D. Zetterho1m T. K. Chaplin K. H. Roscoe Y. Tcheng A. Lazard J. Kerisel . . G. de Josselin de Jong J. Feld . E. de Beer . G. F. Sowers. R. Pietkowski R. H. G. Parry P. W. Rowe A. Vesic . K. Terzaghi . N. Janbu

Chairman 1 President H. Peynircioglu General Reporter I Rapporteur General Bent Hansen A. Kezdi . A. W. Skempton J. K. Alderman H. Grasshoff. S. Chamecki . D. Krsmanovic G. F. Sowers. 0. Moretto . H. B. Sutherland L. Menard . J. E. Jennings L. E. Collins . I. M. Litvinov I. Ordemir A. Beles . A. R. Jumikis B. J. Prugh . P. J. Alley . . V. G. Berezantzev . R. V. Whitman 0. Moretto E. de Beer P. Habib A. Dvorak P. E. Raes . J. A. J. Salas. . . E. de Beer and J. Wallays

Chairman 1 President J. E. Jennings General Reporter I Rapporteur General P. C. Rutledge G. G. Meyerhof Bent Hansen . R. L'Herminier D. Lazarevi6 . J. Feld. . L. van der Veen . E. C. W. A. Geuze. H. Petermann H. Zweck A. Kezdi . J. G. Stuart . T. Whitaker . L. Zeevaert . J. W. Alexander

I

Page

140 140, 154

141 142 142 142 144

144, 153 147 148 149 ISO 152 153 153 153 154 154 155 157

157, 175 158 159 160

. 160 162 164 166 166 167 167 168 169 169 169

169, 174 171 171 172 173 173 173 173 174 174 174 175 175 176

176, 198 177 177 178 179 180 181 181 182 184 185 187 I> 187 188 189 vii

I

I I

:1 l'

. '


Session 6-{contd.) K. V. Helenelund

Session 7

Session 8

viii

A. Lazard B. 0. Skipp . A. J. da Costa Nunes T. E. Mao . F. R. Bullen . C. Szechy A. Vesic . M. Buisson . R. Pietkowski K. Terzaghi . N. Janbu . R. P. Milner . R. A. Simpson

Chairman I President B. Fellenius General Reporter I Rapporteur General M. R. Peltier W. A. Lewis. P. P. Brown . I. Haber-Schaim M. Jeuffroy . J. A. J. Salas. A. Kezdi . . H. Novais-Ferreira. J .. G. Zeitlen . P. L. Capper. J. Reichert . G. Moraldi . L. Erlenbach . D. J. Maclean D. Croney . K. Russam . A. R. Jumikis N. V. Ornatskij G. D. Aitchison F. A. Sharman L. W. Hatherly N. R. Srinivasan M.P. P. dos Santos W. Aichhorn. P. J. Alley . . A. P. J. Verheyden. K. Arulunandan C. van der Veen

Chairman I President R. F. Legget ·. General Reporter I Rapporteur General J. Kerisel . H. B. Sutherland V. Mencl . J. L. Serafim . D. Lazarevic . . F. J. M. de Reeper. T. R. M. Wakeling W. H. Ward. P. W. Rowe . M.S. Kapp . M. Buisson . S. M. Hueckel J. Brinch Hansen A. R. Jumikis Bent Hansen . A. Lazard . . G. P. Tschebotarioff W. E. Schmid A. W. Bishop L. Bjerrum .

Page

190 191 191 191 192 193 194 196 198 198 199 199 201 202 203

203,224 204 205 205 206 208 209 211 211 212 212 213 213 215 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 221 221 222 223 223 223 224 225

225, 245 226 226 227

' 229 230. 230 231 231 232 232 235 235 235 238 238 239 241 242 243


Session 8-{contd.) D. H. Trollope N. Janbu . K. Terzaghi .

Session 9

B. Kujundzic. C. Lotti

Chairman I President L. Bjerrum . General Reporter I Rapporteur General F. C. Walker T. K. Huizinga R. V. Whitman . A. J. da Costa Nunes B. Fellenius . A. Kezdi . . . . . D.P. Krynine and R. J. Woodward. A. W. Skempton A. C. Meigh. D. J. Henkel . G. Ter-Stepanian A. Marsland . I. Th. Rosenquist A. L. Little . . 0. de Schnakenbourg A. Casagrande F. A. Sharman B. Lofquist . A. W. Bishop A. Mayer . . Mrs. M. Troitskaya K. Terzaghi . B. Aisenstein . Z. Bazant . A. A. Beles . . . . D. Krsmanovic and B. Jovanovic B. Ladanyi .

. E. Nonveil!er. R. Peterson B. Rajcevic· K. L. Rao P. Sliwa T-K. Tan . J. G. Zeitlen .

Corrigenda and Errata Corrigenda et Errata

Final Report Rapport Final

Index of Authors and Contributors to the Discussions Index des Auteurs et Participants aux Discussions


Tire Organizing Committee are not responsible either for the statements made or for the opinions expressed in this volume

. 244 245,247

246 248 248

249 249, 263

251 252 252 253 253 255 255 255 256 256 257 257 258 258 259 260 261 262 263 263 263 265 265 266 267 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279

281

285

289

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