Systems Theory Modelling
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Transcript of Systems Theory Modelling
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Systems Theory
and Modelling
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David OSullivan, NUI Galway
Seminars
Introduction
Defining Innovation
Innovation Process
Understanding GoalsDefining Objectives
Managing Indicators
Systems Theory and Modelling
Creativity and Idea Generation
Managing Project PortfoliosLeading Innovation Teams
Managing Results and Knowledge
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This Lecture
Open Systems
General Systems Theory (GST)
GST Traits
System Classification
Systems Analysis and Modelling Activity Modelling (IDEFo)
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Reduction vs. Systems
1950s the main approach tounderstanding was reductionism
divide something into its parts Ludwig von Bertalnffy proposed
systems thinking discover how
something interacts with itsenvironment
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Open Systems
All living and many non-living thingsare open systems
Systems theory gives us a way to thinkabout open systems
Systems theory lays the foundation forthe analysis and modelling of systems
Systems theory provides an analytical
framework for comprehending dynamicinterrelated operating systems
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Open System
Sense Response
ENVIRONMENT
OPEN
SYSTEM
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University Open System
UNIVERSITY
Policy
Approved Funding
Industry Needs
Students
Funding Requests
New Knowledge
Graduates
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Systems Thinking
holistic approach to problemsolving
reflecting on how the organisationrelates to its business environmentand
how factors in the environmentcan affect the organisation
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Definition of System
... an identifiable, complex dynamicentity composed of discernibly
different parts or subsystems thatare interrelated to andinterdependent on each other andthe whole entity with an overall
capability to maintain stability andto adapt behaviour in response toexternal influences [Websters]
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General Systems Theory
Science of understanding open systemstheory
GST provides a framework to study open
systems GST is not too general nor too specific
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Bouldings Explanation
Somewhere between the specificthat has no meaning and the
general that has no content theremust be, for each purpose and ateach level of abstraction, an
optimum degree of generality
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Becketts explanation
"The trust of general systems .. is todraw attention to the study of
relationships of parts to oneanother within the wholes
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GST Traits
Systems are Goal Seeking
are Holistic
have Hierarchy
have Inputs and Outputs
transform inputs into outputs
consume and/or create Energy
are affected by Entropy
have Equifinality
have Feedback
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Goal Seeking
All open systems must have goals
There are two types
Inner directed goals
Outer directed goals
Design strategies are typically outerdirected goals
Maintenance strategies are an innerdirected goal
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Holistic SUBSYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEMSUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
Boundry
Fredrick Hagel (1770-1831)
The whole is more than thesum of the parts
The whole determines the sumof the parts
The parts cannot be
understood if considered inisolation from the whole
The parts are dynamicallyinterrelated andinterdependent
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Hierarchical
WHOLE
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SUB
SYSTEM
SYSTEMS
MORE GENERAL
MORE DETAIL
PLANT LEVEL
DEPARTMENT LEVEL
CELL LEVEL
PROCESS LEVEL
WORKSTATION LEVEL
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Transform Inputs into Outputs
TRANSFORM
INPUTS T O
OUTPUTS
TRANSFORM
INPUTS T O
OUTPUTS
ERROR
FEEDBACK
STATUS FEEDBACK
OUTPUT
INPUT
INPUT
OUTPUT
INPUT
OUTPUT
INPUT
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Entropy
A measure of the amount of disorder ina system
Everything disintegrates over time Negative entropy or centropy
Effects of entropy are offset by thesystem transforming itself continuously
Maintain order through such things asrepairs, maintenance and possiblygrowing by importing energy
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Energy, Equifinality and Feedback
Systems create/consume energy Physical
Emotional
Equifinality is the ability for systems toachieve goals in a number of ways
This flexibility allows systems avoid the
effects of entropy Systems have feedback - feedback can
allow a system to change its direction
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System Classification
Checkland's classification
Natural Systems (ecologicalsystems, human beings)
Physically Designed Systems(bridges, machines)
Abstract Design Systems(Languages, Mathematics)
Human Activity Systems(Politics, Banking)
Transcendental Systems(Beyond knowledge or
comprehension) Bouldings Classification
Transcendental
Social Oganisation
Human
Animal
Genetic-societ al
Open System
Cybernetics
Clockworks
Frameworks1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Bouldings Classification
Frameworks static structures (e.g. camshaft, skeleton, formal company organisations, rock)
Clockworks timing mechanisms (e.g. self winding clocks)
Cybernetics elementary closed systems with feedback (e.g. thermostats)
Open system elementary forms of life interact with their environment in order to change their
behaviour
Genetic-societal systems exchange information with other subsystems
Animal system mobility, self-awareness, and goal orientation-highly complex
Human system
intelligence gives the human system the ability to think about the future, itsgoals, and how to reach them.
Social organisation organisations which have their own combined goals, needs
Transcendental, all other systems not yet comprehended
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Conclusions
Views of GST are universal GST combats isolationist tendencies among
engineers, systems analysts, businessanalysts, IT specialists, etc. etc.
GST offers a framework for understanding allsystems
Benefits of GST to design of systems aresignificant
Theory of GST lays at the foundation of much
new thinking in - including LearningOrganisations, Structured Analysis,Sociotechnical Design and Strategic Planning
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5 minute break!
Open Systems
General Systems Theory (GST)
GST Traits
System Classification
Systems Analysis and Modelling
Activity Modelling (IDEFo)
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Systems Analysis
and Modelling
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Modelling
Represent existingand futuresystems
Models are in-complete Various models represent different
perspectives and levels of abstraction
Modelling techniques should be selectedto enhance communications betweendesigners and users
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Perspectives
Managing Director
ManufacturingEngineer
SoftwareEngineerSupervisor
ManufacturingManager
Accountant
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Techniques
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IDEFo
Background
Activity Modelling
Cell Modelling
Hierarchical Decomposition
Principles of IDEFo
IDEFo Approach
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Background
IDEFo is an activityor processmodellingtechnique
Developed through US AirForce R&D
Basic idea: Adopt a common language for alldesigners
Original ideas by Ross and his SADT technique
Sister languages IDEF1x used for data structure modelling IDEF2 used for dynamic modelling (simulation)
Etc.
http://www.idef.com
http://www.idef.org/http://www.idef.org/ -
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Cell Modelling
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Cell Modelling
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Cell Modelling
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Hierarchical Decomposition
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Arrows
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ICOM Codes
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Boundary Arrow Correspondence
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Tunnelled Arrows
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Modelling Demonstration
Choose an activity!
Choose purpose and viewpoint!
Creating the A-0 diagram
Creating the A0 diagram
Creating the A-1 diagram
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Node Index and Tree
A0 Manufacture Product A1 Plan For Manufacture
A11 Identify Manufacturing Methods
A12 Estimate Requirements, Time, Cost to
A13 Develop Production Plans
A14 Develop Support Activities Plan A2 Make and Administer Schedules and Budgets A21 Develop Master Schedule
A22 Develop Coordinating Schedule
A23 Estimate Costs & Make Budgets
A24 Monitor Performance To Schedule & Budget
A3 Plan Production
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Principles of IDEFo
Cell Modelling Graphic Representation Boxes-and-arrows show graphically all activities in a
system
Conciseness
Two dimensional structured diagrams and text provideconcise detail
Communication Simple boxes and arrows, limitation of detail, structured
presentation of information
Rigor and Precision
Methodology Step-by-step approach
Organisation versus Function Separation of organisation from function
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Rigor and Precision
Detail exposition control (no more than six boxes)
Limited context (no omissions or unnecessary detail)
Diagram interface inter-connectivity
Data structure connectivity (through parenthesis) Uniqueness of labels and titles
Syntax rules for graphics
Inputs are separate from controls
Data arrow labelling requirements
Minimum control of function
Purpose and viewpoint
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IDEFo Methodology
Select a viewpoint and purpose Limit the subject matter Create a top level diagram (A-0, one box only) Create a context diagram (A-1, if necessary)
Create AO diagram (A0, two to six boxes) Create subsequent diagrams, text and glossary Review material and check for purpose and viewpoint Additional pointers
Avoid trivial activities and flows Limit necessary detail at each level
Group related arrows and activities to simplify detail Be clear, precise and consistent Think control and not flow Delay the addition of detail If in doubt incoming flows should be controls Annotate as you develop each diagram
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Sample
See course notes on 'EnterpriseModelling'
http://www.owl.ie/dos.nsf/5cd40849b78e5ad3802570730036c359/5230fc88a6c72c5680257074002f6086/$FILE/Enterprise+Modelling.pdfhttp://www.owl.ie/dos.nsf/5cd40849b78e5ad3802570730036c359/5230fc88a6c72c5680257074002f6086/$FILE/Enterprise+Modelling.pdfhttp://www.owl.ie/dos.nsf/5cd40849b78e5ad3802570730036c359/5230fc88a6c72c5680257074002f6086/$FILE/Enterprise+Modelling.pdfhttp://www.owl.ie/dos.nsf/5cd40849b78e5ad3802570730036c359/5230fc88a6c72c5680257074002f6086/$FILE/Enterprise+Modelling.pdf -
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Summary
Open Systems
General Systems Theory (GST)
GST Traits
System Classification
Systems Analysis and Modelling
Activity Modelling (IDEFo)
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Online Assignment
Develop an IDEFo model for yourorganisation
Produce A-0, A0, and A-1diagrams
Graphics plus Description Text
Upload model into Models webpart