Systems of Systems & Emergent Systems of Systems & Emergent Properties: Systems & Control Properties: Systems & Control

ChallengesChallenges

Professor Nicos Karcanias

Engineering Systems Sustainability 2015 31 March 2015, City University London31 March 2015, City University London

Systems & Control Research CentreSchool of Mathematics, Computer Sciences & Engineering

EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS OF EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

What is a System of Systems ?

Air traffic

Freeways

Industrial Production

AircraftTransportation SoS: Roads +GPS+ ONSTAR

System System of of SystemsSystems

Empirical Characterisation

• SoS: A meta-system consisting of multiple autonomous embedded complex systems that can be diverse in:

Technology Technology Context Context Operation Operation Geography Geography Conceptual frameConceptual frame

Distinctions• An airplane is not SoS, but the design of a new airplane, or an

airport is an SoS.• A robot is not a SoS, but a robotic colony (a swarm) is an

SoS

Examples:

●The system of dance in the singing societies ●The system of the crew in a ship●The family (the household)

KALLICRATIDES NOTION OF THE SYSTEM

BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE DEFINITION

● BASIC ELEMENTS, OBJECTS

● RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OBJECTS

● PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM, GOALS

● SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

●The Lakonian, and Pythagorean Kallicratides:

(«Περί οίκων ευδαιμονίας» (Doric dialect in the Anthology of J. Stobaei, Economicos, 16, 485):

“Any system consists of contrary and dissimilar elements, which unite under one optimum and return to the common purpose”.

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

QUESTIONS: ● What is systems Complexity ?

● How can you characterise Sustainability as an

Emergent property in Complex Systems ?

● How do you formally define Systems of Systems

(SoS) ?

● What is the difference of SoS from the

notion of “composite systems” (CoS) ?

● How do we design, re-design complex systems

to improve emergent properties?

CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF COMPLEXITY

UNIT BEHAVIOURAL

COMPLEXITY (Subprocess Level)

LARGE- SCALE MULTICOMPONENT

COMPLEXITY (system Level)

COMPUTATIONAL

COMPLEXITY

(system Level)

TOTAL LOCAL COMPLEXITY

(System & subprocess Level) ENVIRONMENT INDUCED

COMPLEXITY

(Total Nature)

DESIGN PROCESS

COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level)

EVOLUTIONARY LIFE-CYCLE

COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level)

EVOLUTIONARY LIFE-CYCLE

COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level)

ORGANISATIONAL

COMPLEXITY (System Level)

HYBRID BEHAVIOURAL

COMPLEXITY (System Level)

INTERCONNECTION

TOPOLOGY COMPLEXITY (system Level)

Integrated Systems as SoS

Designer

Risk

SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

Systems Safety

Reliability, Maintenance

EMERGENT PROPERTIES

Logistics

Quality of Products, Services

Human Resources,Management,

Finance

PHYSICAL LAYER

COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION LAYER

Assurance Sustainability

OPERATIONS LAYER

THE INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT SYSTEM

THE INTELLIGENT SYSTEM: Signal Processing, Modelling, Estimation, Computations Decision Making and Control

INTERACTION WITH OTHER SYSTEMS

DECISION

IDENTIFICATION

PLANT

ESTIMATION

MODELLING

REALITY

d

u z

yCONTROL

SIGNAL PROCESSING

r'

OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS

OVERALL GOALS

r

Input Influences

Output Influences

INTEGRATED SYSTEMSUPERVISORY

ACTIVITIES

AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT AGENT

CONTROLLER

x̂

SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

A Collection of independent systems

interacting through an interconnection topology which are part of a central goal defining game.

▲ Composite Systems : Composite notion

● Subsystems are not necessarily integrated. ● An interconnection topology is defined on the information Structures of the subsystems.

▲ System of Systems : Composite notion

● Subsystems are integrated systems acting

as Independent intelligent agents.

+ ● The new notion of the “play” is introduced where the subsystems behave as “actors” and possibly lack of system boundaries between subsystems

+ ● A central Goal, frequently associated with a Game is defined where the subsystems participate as agents subject to the constraints of the play.

SYSTEM PLAY: A RULE, SENARIO DEFINING THE OPERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE INTEGRATED AND INTELLIGENT SUBSYSTEMS

APPROACHES FOR CHARACTERISATION OF THE SYSTEMS PLAY:

♦ CO-OPERATIVE CONTROL

♦ MARKET-ECONOMICS BASED COORDINATION

TECHNIQUES

♦ POPULATION CONTROL METHODS

♦ COALITION GAMES ● ● ●

SYSTEM SYSTEM PLAY AND ITS PLAY AND ITS DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION

Research AgendaResearch Agenda

♦ CLASSIFICATION OF SoS

♦ METHODS FOR FORMAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE SYSTEM PLAY ACCORDING TO SoS NATURE

♦ SYSTEM ORGANISATION, GOAL AND HOLONICS

♦ FORMAL DEFINITION OF EMERGENT PROPERTIES

♦ RE-ENGINEERING SoS

♦ DECISION AND CONTROL PROBLEMS ON SoS

CHALLENGING APPLICATIONS