Systematics

Kingdom

GenusSpecies

FamilyOrderClassPhylum

Plant

ZeaZ. mays

PoaceaePoalesMonocotyledonae Anthophyta

Plant

VanillaV. planifolia

OrchidaceaeAsparagalesMonocotyledonaeAnthophyta

Animal

MuscaM. domestica

MuscidaeDipteraInsectaArthropoda

Animal

HomoH. sapiens

HominidaePrimatesMammaliaChordata

corn vanilla orchid housefly human

Biological System of Taxonomy

Fig. 26-3Species:Pantherapardus

Genus: Panthera

Family: Felidae

Order: Carnivora

Class: Mammalia

Phylum: Chordata

Kingdom: Animalia

ArchaeaDomain: EukaryaBacteria

Fig. 26-3a

Class: Mammalia

Phylum: Chordata

Kingdom: Animalia

ArchaeaDomain: EukaryaBacteria

Fig. 26-3b

Species:Pantherapardus

Genus: Panthera

Family: Felidae

Order: Carnivora

Systematics: forming groups showing evolutionary relationship.• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum• Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species• Name: Genus species : Homo sapiens

How to remember?• D• K• P• C• O• F• G• S

How to remember?• Did Do Dumb• King Kings Kids• Philip Play Playing• Come Chess Catch• Over On On• For Fine Freeways• Good Grained Get• Spaghetti? Sand? Squished

Fig. 26-4Species

Canislupus

Pantherapardus

Taxideataxus

Lutra lutra

Canislatrans

Order Family Genus

Carnivora

FelidaeM

ustelidaeC

anidae

Canis

LutraTaxidea

Panthera

Fig. 26-21c

Fungi

EUKARYA

Trypanosomes

Green algaeLand plants

Red algae

ForamsCiliates

Dinoflagellates

Diatoms

Animals

AmoebasCellular slime molds

Leishmania

Euglena

Universal Common Ancestor ?

Our group

Fig. 26-22

3

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya

Billions of years ago4 2 1 0

Fig. 26-23

ArchaeaBacteria

Eukarya

Fig. 26-23

ArchaeaBacteria

Eukarya

Phylogenies:Ancestral trees showing relatednessAlong a lineage for a group or species

A Common ancestor for mammals

What is a species?

• Species, simply means a “kind” or “appearance”in Latin.– Still used this way in chemistry

• In Taxonomy, species is the most unique grouping in the hierarchy.

Species

• Based on Herbals, full page lists of characters.

• Binomial system: Homo sapiens,– Linnaeus (1700's) based on a type specimen,

called the Holotype, with a complete description in Latin.

Herbal

Holotypes

Biological Species Concept

• Not a definition proper • Based the ability to sexually reproduce

thus sharing a common genepool and evolution.– “Species are groups of interbreeding natural

populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups”.

Scientific names:

• Always in Latin, italicized• Genus capitalized, species not• Underline names only for handwritten

work, not print.• In publications, author is include to

distinguish form older, or other names

• Umbellularia californica (Hook & Arn)Nutt

Fig. 26-5

Sistertaxa

ANCESTRALLINEAGE

Taxon A

PolytomyCommon ancestor oftaxa A–F

Branch point(node)

Taxon B

Taxon C

Taxon D

Taxon E

Taxon F

Applications of phylogenies:

• What whale meat is being consumed in Japan?

• 13 samples of whale meat taken from Japanese fish markets.

• Used Mitochondrial DNA comparisons from meat to known published species samples

• Lines in red show relations to illegal whale meat.

Fig. 26-6

Fin(Mediterranean)Fin (Iceland)

RESULTS

Unknown #10,11, 12Unknown #13

Blue(North Pacific)

Blue(North Atlantic)

Gray

Unknown #1b

Humpback(North Atlantic)Humpback(North Pacific)

Unknown #9

Minke(North Atlantic)

Minke(Antarctica)Minke(Australia)Unknown #1a,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Fig. 26-16

Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds

Birds

Lizardsand snakes

Crocodilians

Ornithischiandinosaurs

Saurischiandinosaurs

Fig. 26-17

Eggs

Front limb

Hind limb

(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs

(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

Fig. 26-17a

Eggs

Front limb

Hind limb

(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs

Fig. 26-17b

(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

Fig. 26-19• Molecular clock in mammals based on seven proteins

Divergence time (millions of years)

Num

ber o

f mut

atio

ns

120

90

90

60

60

30

300

0

Green dots 3 primate species (slower to change)

Fig. 26-20

Year

Inde

x of

bas

e ch

ange

s be

twee

n H

IV s

eque

nces

1960

0.20

1940192019000

1980 2000

0.15

0.10

0.05

Range

Computer modelof HIV