Systematic reviewing oct2011

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

Systematic Literature Reviews:A 'How To' Guide

Isla Kuhn

Reader Services Librarian

Medical Library


• how to clarify the question(s)

• selecting the databases and other resources to search

• devising the most comprehensive literature search strategy so you know you’ve not missed any relevant studies

• keeping up to date with new information appearing between the initial search and write-up

• issues around documentation of process and results

• management of references, and getting hold of the full text article


1 clinical trial.pt.2 randomized.ab,ti.3 placebo.ab,ti.4 dt.fs.5 randomly.ab,ti.6 trial.ab,ti.7 groups.ab,ti.8 or/1-79 Animals/10 Humans/11 9 not (9 and 10)12 8 not 1113 dorsalgia.ab,ti.14 exp Back Pain/15 exp Low Back Pain/16 backache.ab,ti.17 (lumbar adj pain).ab,ti.18 coccyx.ab,ti.19 coccydynia.ab,ti.20 exp Sciatica/21 sciatica.ab,ti.22 spondylosis.ab,ti.23 lumbago.ab,ti.

24 or/13-2325 exp Spine/26 discitis.ab,ti.27 exp Spinal Diseases/28 (disc adj degeneration).ab,ti.29 (disc adj prolapse).ab,ti.30 (disc adj herniation).ab,ti.31 spinal fusion.sh.32 spinal neoplasms.sh.33 (facet adj joints).ab,ti.34 intervertebral disk.sh.35 postlaminectomy.ab,ti.36 arachnoiditis.ab,ti.37 (failed adj back).ab,ti.38 or/25-3739 exp activities of daily living/40 activities of daily living.tw.41 day to day activ$.ti,ab.42 daily activit$.ti,ab.43 ordinary activit$.ti,ab.44 normal activit$.ti,ab.45 stay$ active.ti,ab.

46 exp Bed Rest/47 bed rest.mp.48 or/39-4749 24 or 3850 12 and 4951 48 and 50

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYFrom topic to search

introducing the research topic

• clarifying the question

• setting parameters (inclusion/exclusion criteria not built into search?)

lose marks through sloppy referencesQuestionKeywordsSynonyms MeSH / sub headingsBoolean LogicTruncation / wildcardsLimits


• Topic -> question -> keywords/synonyms

Diabetes, especially the impact of patient education …..

”Is patient education effecting in improving blood sugar control in teenage diabetics?”

…………………keywords???.... synonyms???........................Themes?



1 – teenagers

2 – patient education

3 – blood sugar

From topic to search

Synonyms?



1 – teenagers teens adolescents

2– patient education patient information

3 – blood sugar blood glucose hypoglycaemia hyperglycaemia


CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBoolean Logic

AND – to narrow the search by combining different topics

eg

“physiotherapy” and “stroke”

Both terms must be present in the results.

StrokePhysiotherapy


OR – to broaden your search, by combining similar terms

eg

“exercise” or “physical activity”

Either term can be present in the resulting set of articles.

Cerebral-vascular Accident

Stroke


NOT – to restrict your search so that it does not contain a particular term

eg

“physical therapy” not “manual therapy”

The first, but not the second, term must be present.

Manual Therapy

Physical Therapy



1 – teenagers OR teens OR adolescents

AND

2 – patient education OR patient information

AND

3 – blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglycaemia OR hyperglycaemia


CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYQuestion:

1st theme OR OR OR

AND

2nd theme OR OR OR

AND

3rd theme OR OR OR

AND

4th theme? OR OR OR

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYTruncation

treat

treats

treating

treated

treater

treatment

treatments

• Treat*

• Treat?

• Treat$

Treatment


Truncation / wildcards?

1 – teenagers OR teens OR adolescents

AND


AND

3 – blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglycaemia OR hyperglycaemia



Truncation / wildcards?

1 – teen* OR adolesce*

AND


AND

3 – blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglyc* OR hyperglyc*


CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYTask

• Go to http://wok.mimas.ac.uk

• Open Web of Science

• Type a key word, and search by “topic”

• How many hits?

• Type the keyword with some truncation (use *)

• How many hits?


• Where in the article record do you want the terms/keywords to appear?

• Title?

• Abstract?

• All/any field?

• Impact on sensitivity/specificity?

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYTask

• Go to http://wok.mimas.ac.uk

• Open Web of Science

• Type a key word, and search by “topic”

• How many hits?

• Type a keyword and search by “title”

• How many hits?


MeSH

“MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) is the NLM controlled vocabulary thesaurus used for indexing articles for PubMed.”



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20440928

MeSH


MeSH


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007003

MeSH & Subheadings


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=epidemiology

MeSH & Subheadings


MeSH

1 – teen* OR adolesce* OR "Adolescent"[Mesh]

AND

2 – patient education OR patient information OR "Patient Education as Topic"[Mesh]

AND

3 – blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglyc* OR hyperglyc* OR "Blood Glucose"[Mesh] OR "Hypoglycemia"[Mesh]



Limits?

teen* OR adolesce* OR "Adolescent"[Mesh]

AND

patient education OR patient information OR "Patient Education as Topic"[Mesh]

AND

blood sugar OR blood glucose OR hypoglycae* OR hyperglyca* OR "Blood Glucose"[Mesh] OR "Hypoglycemia"[Mesh]


Year of publication? Humans vs Animals? Type of publication? Language of publication?


From topic to search: same strategy, different words

Moving from one database to another…..



• http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/filters.html Observational Study Filters

Medline (via OVID)1 Epidemiologic studies/ 2 Exp case control studies/ 3 Exp cohort studies/ 4 Case control.tw. 5 (cohort adj (study or studies)).tw. 6 Cohort analy$.tw. 7 (Follow up adj (study or studies)).tw. 8 (observational adj (study or studies)).tw. 9 Longitudinal.tw. 10 Retrospective.tw. 11 Cross sectional.tw. 12 Cross-sectional studies/ 13 Or/1-12

Embase (via OVID)1 Clinical study/ 2 Case control study 3 Family study/ 4 Longitudinal study/ 5 Retrospective study/ 6 Prospective study/ 7 Randomized controlled trials/ 8 6 not 7 9 Cohort analysis/ 10 (Cohort adj (study or studies)).mp. 11 (Case control adj (study or studies)).tw. 12 (follow up adj (study or studies)).tw. 13 (observational adj (study or studies)).tw. 14 (epidemiologic$ adj (study or studies)).tw. 15 (cross sectional adj (study or studies)).tw. 16 Or/1-5,8-15



• http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/filters.html Observational Study Filters

Medline (via OVID)1 Epidemiologic studies/ 2 Exp case control studies/ 3 Exp cohort studies/ 4 Case control.tw. 5 (cohort adj (study or studies)).tw. 6 Cohort analy$.tw. 7 (Follow up adj (study or studies)).tw. 8 (observational adj (study or studies)).tw. 9 Longitudinal.tw. 10 Retrospective.tw. 11 Cross sectional.tw. 12 Cross-sectional studies/ 13 Or/1-12

Medline (via Pubmed)#1 “Epidemiologic studies”[Mesh]#2 “case control studies”[Mesh]#3 “cohort studies”[Mesh]#4 Case control[Text Word] #5 (cohort stud*))[Text Word] #6 Cohort analy*[Text Word]#7 (Follow up AND (study or studies))[Text Word] #8 (observational AND (study or studies))[Text Word]#9 Longitudinal[Text Word]#10 Retrospective[Text Word]#11 Cross sectional[Text Word]#12 “Cross-sectional studies”[Mesh]#13 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12


1 clinical trial.pt.2 randomized.ab,ti.3 placebo.ab,ti.4 dt.fs.5 randomly.ab,ti.6 trial.ab,ti.7 groups.ab,ti.8 or/1-79 Animals/10 Humans/11 9 not (9 and 10)12 8 not 1113 dorsalgia.ab,ti.14 exp Back Pain/15 exp Low Back Pain/16 backache.ab,ti.17 (lumbar adj pain).ab,ti.18 coccyx.ab,ti.19 coccydynia.ab,ti.20 exp Sciatica/21 sciatica.ab,ti.22 spondylosis.ab,ti.23 lumbago.ab,ti.

24 or/13-2325 exp Spine/26 discitis.ab,ti.27 exp Spinal Diseases/28 (disc adj degeneration).ab,ti.29 (disc adj prolapse).ab,ti.30 (disc adj herniation).ab,ti.31 spinal fusion.sh.32 spinal neoplasms.sh.33 (facet adj joints).ab,ti.34 intervertebral disk.sh.35 postlaminectomy.ab,ti.36 arachnoiditis.ab,ti.37 (failed adj back).ab,ti.38 or/25-3739 exp activities of daily living/40 activities of daily living.tw.41 day to day activ$.ti,ab.42 daily activit$.ti,ab.43 ordinary activit$.ti,ab.44 normal activit$.ti,ab.45 stay$ active.ti,ab.

46 exp Bed Rest/47 bed rest.mp.48 or/39-4749 24 or 3850 12 and 4951 48 and 50


Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acutelow-back pain and sciatica

The objective of this review is to determine the effects of advice to rest in bed or stay active for patients with acute low-back pain or sciatica.

The following comparisons will be made:

• Bed rest versus staying active

• Bed rest versus other treatments (besides staying active)

• Shorter periods of bed rest versus longer periods of bed rest

• Staying active versus other treatments (besides bed rest)

• Comparison between different forms of advice to stay active (e.g. avoiding bedrest, staying active)

http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007612/pdf_fs.html

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYKeywords


reviewing relevant literature

• identifying keywords and synonyms and MeSH

• structuring your search strategy with boolean logic

References

• DON’T plagiarise!

• Don’t lose marks through sloppy references

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSensitivity vs Specificity




Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)

databases?

websites?

hand searching?

snowballing?

books?

grey literature?

ongoing trials?

• http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/electronicresources/

• Google? Search by Organisation

• Which journals are key to your work?

• WoK or Scopus

• LibrarySearch or COPAC or GoogleBooks

• Google: blog search; SIGLE; conference proceedings

• Trials registers





References & PDFs

• Critically appraising

• managing refs & pdfs

• de-duplicating

• storing & accessing

• using them (cite while you write)

CASP http://www.casp-uk.net

“How to read a paper” Trish Greenhalgh WB 18.343 – in the Medical Library or http://tinyurl.com/bmj-trish

ZoteroMendeleyEndnoteWebEndnoteReference ManagerRefWorksPapers

Pdf xchange





References

Keeping up to Date

• alerts

• journal TOCs

• citation tracking

Email alertsRSS fees





References

Keeping up to Date

Writing Up

• what did you actually do?

• and where did you do it? (750 words?)

• Search log/diary• Results matrix• Tidying up your strategy• What did you find, where? • Explicit criterion = reproducable methodology


http://jech.bmj.com/content/61/12/1069.full.pdf

http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7446/991.full.pdf


introducing the research topicreviewing relevant literatureIdentify relevant sources (and then search them!)ReferencesKeeping up to DateWriting Up

Stopping

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSearching – Do’s & Don’ts

• Don’t try to do the whole search in one line

• Don’t imagine that your first attempt will get all the articles you need

• Don’t imagine it’s something that can be rattled off quickly

• Don’t give up!

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSearching – Do’s & Don’ts

• Do think of alternative ways of talking about your topic

• Do consider the various types of information that might be relevant

• Do learn from your hits and your misses

• Do remember that you still have to critically appraise each article

• Do ask for help

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYHelp!

Isla Kuhn

Reader Services Librarian

Medical Library

Box 111

Addenbrooke’s Hospital

email: [email protected]

phone: (01223) (3)36750

web: http://library.medschl.cam.ac.uk

Thank you.

Systematic reviewing oct2011

Health & Medicine

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