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Course code:-RAWE

Course title:-Rural

Agriculture Work Experience

Credit hour:-(0+4)

B.Sc.(Ag.) 4th Yr., INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCES, BHU 25-10-20162

Contents:

Introduction

System of crop intensification

System of wheat intensification (SWI)

Principles of SWI

Aims of SWI

Improved practices for SWI

Experimental responses to SWI:

1.Water use & productivity responses

2. Weeding responses

3. Yield responses

4. Economic responses

Conclusion.25-10-2016

3

INTRODUCTION:-

Botanical name: Triticum aestivum

Family- Poaceae

Chromosome no.- 42 (2n)

Origin- Middle east

Global production -682 million tonnes (2010-11)

693 million tonnes (2011-12)

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YEAR 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

PRODUCTION

(MT)80.8 86.9 93.5 93.5 95.8 88.9

AREA

(M. Ha)28.5 23.5 29.9 30.0 30.5 31.0

YIELD

(kg/ha)2839 2989 3178 3117 3145 2872

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Source: Economic survey (2015-16), GOI.

Production, Area & Yield of Wheat in India for different periods

State Production % share to All India

Uttar Pradesh 30.3 31.5

Punjab 17.0 17.8

Madhya Pradesh 13.9 14.5

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Production of Wheat in Three Largest Producing States in 2013-14.

Source: Economic survey (2015-16), GOI.

• Highest productivity- Punjab (5017 kg/ha)

•All India productivity - 2416 kg/ha.(2013-14)

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Common name Botanical name Chromosome no. (2n)

Mexican dwarf wheat Triticum aestivum

42 (Hexaploid wheat)

Club wheat Triticum compactum

Bread wheat Triticum vulgare

Spelta wheat Triticum spelta

Macha wheat Triticum macha

Macaroni/ Durum wheat Triticum durum

28 (Tetraploid wheat)Emmer wheat Triticum dicoccum

Persian wheat Triticum persicum

Poulard wheat Triticum turgidum

Eincorn wheat Triticum monococcum

14 (Diploid wheat)- Triticum aegiloploids

CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT

Calories- 20% .

Protein -10-12 %.

Also contains manganese, phosphorus, magnesium andselenium in very large quantities.

Along with vitamin B, Vitamin E and vitamin K in smallamounts.

Wheat proteins also provide a characteristic substance,“GLUTEN”, which provides the structural framework for thespongy, cellular texture of bread and other baked products.

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Nutritional status

ELEMENTS OF

SYSTEM OF CROP INTENSIFICATION

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Establishment of healthy plants.

Significant reductions in crop density.

Organic matter enrichment.

Controlled application of water.

Breaking up of the soil surface.

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WHAT IS SWI ?

• A SET OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES:

Modified Practices Lower seed rate Seed treatment Sowing of seeds at

proper spacing Control of water in the

crop field Weeding / hoeing

Outputs / Results Higher ratio of tillers to mother seedlings

Increased number of effective tillers / hill

Enhanced panicle length & bolder grains

Enhanced yield

Principles of SWI

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Principle of root development.

Principle of intensive care.

Efficient water management.

Weeding by mechanical weeder (cono weeder).

Use of organic matter / manure.

Wider & sufficient spacing.

Better crop residue management.

Crop rotation with green manuring crops.

Aims of basic principles:

Modified practices for SWI

Improved Seeds.

Seed Rate: 25-30 kg per ha.

Seed Treatment- to control seed borne fungal diseases along

with for higher germination % & improved microbial activity

in soil.

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….

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• Land Preparation and application of Organic Manure-

1. Organic manure is applied @ 5 tonnes FYM/ 1 tonne

vermi-compost / ha. & well incorporated immediately.

2. Field was prepared with two disking followed by use

of cultivator twice. Planking was done after each

cultivation.

3. If the soil does not have appropriate moisture, irrigate

before ploughing.

…. Line Sowing: Two seeds are sown per hill and spacing is

maintained at 20 cm x 20 cm. Seeds are sown at a depth of

2.5 – 3 cm.

Gap Filling: Wherever the seeds have not germinated, the

gap should be filled with germinated seeds within a week of

sowing.

Irrigation:

1st- 15 days after sowing.

2nd- 25 days after sowing.

3rd- 35- 40 days after sowing.

Subsequent irrigations are given at 60, 80 and 100 DAS.25-10-201614

….

25-10-201615 Conno weeder

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Weeding: After the 1st, 2nd & 3rd irrigations, hoeing and

weeding should be done using cono weeder to loosen the soil

and to make the wheat field free from weed.

Crop Rotation with legumes for increased productivity:

helps to fix nitrogen in soil and improve soil fertility & soil

properties.

17

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Management of Organic manure/FYM & Fertilizers:

1. Use of chemical fertilizers should be minimum.

2. After the 1st irrigation, 4 quintals of vermi-compost & 40

kg of Urea are applied.

3. While after 3rd irrigation, 15 kg Urea & 13 kg MOP are

applied.

….

Water use and productivity

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SWI CONVENTIONAL

No. of irrigations 6 5

Amount of

irrigation water

240 mm 300 mm

Irrigation depth 4 cm 6 cm

19

Source: Anil kumar et al. (2015)

Effect of different sowing methods on irrigation water use and its saving

Treatment Grain yield

(t ha-1)

Total water

saving over

conventional (%)

Irrigation water

saving over

conventional (%)

Irrigation water

Productivity

(kg ha mm-1)

2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13

Sowing method/ Spacing

Conventional

sowing

(22.5cm line)

6.05 4.74 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.2 15.8

SWI

(10 cm × 10 cm)6.60 5.14 17.3 17.8 20.0 20.0 27.5 21.4

SWI

(15 cm × 15 cm)6.22 5.07 17.0 17.8 20.0 20.0 25.9 21.1

SWI

(20 cm × 20 cm)6.25 4.50 17.0 17.8 20.0 20.0 26.0 18.8

25-10-201620 Source: Anil kumar et al. (2015)

Weeding operations

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Most effective with the use of mechanical weeders,

predominantly Cono weeder, which is operated which the soil

is soft.

Increases grain yields in comparison to conventional

weeding.

Also increases the plant height.

21

Treatment Effective tillers m-2 Grains spike-1 1000 grain wt (g) Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1)

2011-12 2012-13 2011-

12

2012-

13

2011-

12

2012-13 2011-12 2012-

13

2011-12 2012-13

Sowing method/ Spacing

Conventional

sowing

(22.5 cm

line)

325.8 383.0 45.1 44.4 43.4 34.8 6.1 4.7 7.6 8.1

SWI

(10 cm × 10 cm)345.7 405.8 52.5 45.9 44.5 35.7 6.6 5.1 8.2 8.0

SWI

(15 cm × 15 cm)293.7 352.0 48.4 47.7 45.5 36.9 6.2 5.1 8.0 8.1

SWI

(20 cm × 20 cm)287.8 303.8 49.8 48.9 46.9 37.1 6.3 4.5 7.9 7.8

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Yield and yield attributes

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Conventional methodSWI method

Why are yields better with SWI methods?

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Economics of wheat cultivation as influenced by different

methods of sowing

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Treatment Cost of cultivation

(000× Rs. ha-1)

Gross returns

(000× Rs. ha-1)

Net returns

(000× Rs. ha-1)

B:C ratio

2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13 2011-12 2012-13

Sowing method/ Spacing

Conventional

sowing

(22.5 cm line)

30.5 30.8 108.1 96.6 77.5 65.7 2.54 2.13

SWI

(10 cm × 10

cm)

46.5 47.4 117.4 101.4 70.9 54.1 1.53 1.14

SWI

(15 cm × 15

cm)

44.4 44.8 111.9 100.9 67.5 56.0 1.52 1.25

SWI

(20 cm × 20

cm)

42.3 42.7 111.8 92.0 69.6 49.3 1.65 1.15

26 Source: Anil kumar et al. (2015)

CONCLUSION

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SWI can enhance grain yield as much as 25 per cent sustaining the

ever burgeoning population.

Tediousness of line sowing can be minimized by introducing simple,

manually-operated, women-friendly seed-drill machines.

Seed treatment with mixture of jaggery, cow urine & vermi-compost,

fungicides, and biofertilizers in an order enhances soil fertility and soil

quality.

Minimum chemical use sustains soil ecology.

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