System & contengency approach
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Transcript of System & contengency approach
System Approach and Contingency Approach
Presented by,Ambarish Biswas (EEE120200188)Md. Aktaruzzaman (EEE120100169)Farhad Hossain (EEE120100180)Salman Bin Muzib (CSE 100200619)
System• A system is a set of interrelated but
separate parts working towards a common purpose.
• The arrangement must be orderly and there must be proper communication facilitating interaction between the elements and finally this interaction should lead to achieve a common goal.
System Approach• System approach to management views
the organization as a unified, purposeful system composed of interrelated parts.
• This approach also gives the manager to see the organization as a whole and as a part of the larger external environment.
Contd…• System oriented manager would make
decisions only after they have identified impact of these decisions on all other departments and the entire organization.
• They must intertwine their department with the total organization and communicate with all other departments, employees and with each other.
Example
Production Department
Marketing Department
Human Resource
Department
Finance Department
Key Concepts
Subsystem
Feedback
FlowsSystem Boundary
Closed System
Synergy Open System
Managerial Knowledge, Goals,
Inputs
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Leading
Controlling
Output
REENGINEER ING
COMMUNICAT ION
External Environment
External Environment
External
Environment:
Opportunities
Threats
Characteristics• Systems have structure, defined by parts and their
composition;
• Systems have behavior, which involves inputs, processing and outputs of material, energy or information;
• Systems have interconnectivity : the various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships between each other.
• System(s) have by itself function(s) or group of functions .
Features of System approach
Features
Advantages• It aims at meaningful analysis of
organizations and their management.
• It facilitates the interaction between organization and its environment.
• It guide manager to avoid analyzing problems in isolation and to develop an integrated approach.
Disadvantages• The approach does not recognize the
differences in systems.• Over-conceptual• Systems philosophy does not specify the
nature of interactions and interdependencies.
• Unpractical: It cannot be easily and directly applied to practical problems.
• Lack of Universality• Complex System
CONTINGENCY APPRAOACH
Contingency approach states that there is “no one best way” to manage an organisation.It is also known as situational approach.
• In 1970s, it is recognized as a key to effective management.
• CONTRIBUTORS: L.W. Lorsch Joan Woodward Burns George Stalker Paul R.Lawrence
What you do “depends” on the “situation”.
-internal contingency factors-external contingency factors
Internal Contingency Factors
Tasks
Technology
People
Purpose Structure
External Contingency Factors
Socio-cultural Factors
Economic Factors
Technological Factors
Legal/PoliticalFactors
General Environment of Coca Cola
Socio cultural•Concerns about health•Easier access to refrigeration•Baby boomers drinking less•Immigrants drink less•Concerns about recycling•Increased acceptance in China and India
Government•Increased health standards for bottling •Stricter liability legislation
Economic•Slow economic growth•Prospect of economic recovery
Technological•New recycle friendly canning tech.•New promotional opportunities via the internet•Threat of substitute drinks
Coca Cola
Instead of propagating universally applicable organisation-management principles, this theory tries to demonstrate that different circumstances require different organisational structures
What works for one organisation may not work for the other.
Managers need to understand the key contingencies that effect the management practice for a given situation.
Difficulty in determining all relevant contingency factors and showing relationship between them may be complex.
It is totally practical approach without support of theoretical and conceptual frame work.
Sometimes manager finds difficulties in analyzing the situation and discovering appropriate management technique in absence of proper research and lack of proper understanding of the situation.
Limitations of Contingency Approach:
Questions:1.What is system approach? Give example and write the
key concepts of system approach.2.Write the block diagram of system approach external
environment and features of system approach.3.What is contingency approach? Write the internal and
external contingency factors. 4.Discribe the external contingency factors of general
environment of Coca Cola.
True-False:1.Feedback is a part of key concept of system approach. T2.External contingency factors are to types. F3.Technological factor is a part of external contingency factor. T
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