System and HMI Design of a Wake Encounter Avoidance and ... · System and HMI Design of a Wake...

System and HMI Design of a Wake Encounter Avoidance and Advisory System (WEAA)

Tobias Bauer, Dennis Vechtel, Christian RaabDLR Institute of Flight Systems

Final Colloquium, DLR Project Weather & FlyingMunich, March 14th, 2012

T. Bauer, D. Vechtel, C. Raab - Wake Encounter Avoidance & Advisory System Slide 2

Overview

Motivation and Objectives

System Design Constraints

WEAA Conceptual System Architecture

Existing System Components

Recent WorkTrajectory GenerationHuman Machine InterfaceIn-flight Component Test

Summary and Future Work

[Photo: Hahn]


Motivation: Wake Vortices and Capacity

currently procedural approach to mitigate wake vortex risk:wake vortex separation after ICAO PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), stemming from the 1970s

following aircraft

0 3 4 5 6ICAO instrument approach wake vortex separation [nm]

Do 228light 7 t

A 320medium

< 136 t> 7 t

heavy 136 t B 747 medium

light

(2,5)

super(A380-800) A380-800 heavy medium

7 8

lightheavy

light

min

imum

rada

r sep

arat

ion

preceding aircraft(especially) approach and departure capacities at most major airports already limited due to wake vortex separationincreasing traffic density and size of aircraft exacerbate capacity problems


Objectives: Wake Encounter Avoidance & Advisory (WEAA)

system for tactical small-scale evasion from wake vortices to avoid possibly hazardous wake encounters initially pure safety net function (no means of defining separation)

[Drawing: FLYSAFE / Airbus; Photo: airliners.net]

alternatively supports reductionof separation distances by providing mitigation measures

pilots’ situational awareness in case of a predicted, imminent or even current encounter is key issueNB: wake alleviation by F/CTL is not part of WEAA but can be integrated

DLR objectives:system proof-of-concept,in-depth investigation of selectedcomponents


WEAA Design ConstraintsSystem Design Constraints

stochastic nature of wake evolution and transport sufficiently accurate knowledge of actual wake position and strength requiredoperational concept: integration into today’s procedures evasion without ATC request (similar to TCAS)interoperability with other safety functions (TCAS, (E)GPWS/TAWS)

Manoeuvre Design Constraintsevasion without ATC requesti.e. within navigation limitsgenerally 4-D manoeuvre (adjustment ofspeed, track, flight path angle) possible but

ATC compatibility of speed changesmanoeuvre kept as simple as possible

no conflict with TCAS and/or(E)GPWS/TAWS generatedaircraft performancepassenger comfort (accelerations)

referenceflight path

referenceflight path


System Architecture: Functionspredict wake vortices from flight state and planned trajectories of surrounding aircraft using meteorological datadetect wake conflicts, using prediction of own trajectory, in connection with hazard assessment where requiredgenerate evasion trajectory, taking into account terrain data and surrounding trafficalert flight crewand guiderequired evasive manoeuvres(e.g. on PFDand VSI)

generate overview display to increase pilots’ situational awareness(e.g. on NDand VSD)


WEAA System Architecture

Modular architecture gives possibility toadapt single components without changing the whole systemcombine components for different architecture options

Two design optionsevasion purely based on wake prediction

predicted vortex habitation volumes grow significantly with vortex ageprediction based on all obtainable generator (weight?, span, airspeed) and meteorological (wind speed & direction, turbulence) parameters

evasion based on combined wake prediction and detectiondetection likely by LiDARmost LiDARs deliver only line-of-sight measurements vortex characterisation (e.g. parameter estimation) necessarylong-term perspective (sensor availability critical)


FMGS

4-D Trajectory Prediction

(surrounding traffic)

HMI (Information)

wake vortex and traffic situationincreased situational awareness

Defitnition and Generation of Evasion Trajectory

(type of manoeuvre,generation of trajectory)

Flight Performance Data (BADA ?)

4-D Wake Vortex Evolution Prediction

4-D Prediction ofown Trajectory

Safety Zone Traffic

(for definition of evasion trajectory)

Flight Performance(flight phase dependent;

passenger comfort)

Flight Phase Dependent Restraints

(width of corridor;ground proximity)

Command generation

implementation of evasive manoeuvrescontroller target values

Range FilterDecodingADS-BTIS-B

ADIRU(WIMS ?)

FMGC

FMS

Traffic datatypeconfigurationtraffic intentflight path vector

Weather/wind?

wind vectorfurther meteodata?

flight planA/P modeconfigurationmass

RNPXTK error

G/S, LOC where necessary

Wake Vortex Detection and

Characterisation(PEst / Observer)

LIDAR Signal Conditioning

wind vectorown flight state

EGPWS / TAWS

Terrain Data(data base;

ground proximity)

Safety Zone Terrain


Sensors Data Preparation Conflict Detection and EvaluationDetection/Prediction Conflict Resolution

Information / Warning(Wake Vortex Advisory)

WEAA System Boundary

AudioDisplay

N/DVSIPFDFMA

velocity field(possibly LoS)

Conflict Detection Wake Vortex

Hazard Assessment(e.g. hazard area, SHAPe)

WEAA Functional System Breakdown (with LiDAR option)

WV measurement


FMGS

4-D Trajectory Prediction

(surrounding traffic)

HMI (Information)


Defitnition and Generation of Evasion Trajectory

(type of manoeuvre,generation of trajectory)

Flight Performance Data (BADA ?)


4-D Prediction ofown Trajectory

Safety Zone Traffic


Flight Performance(flight phase dependent;

passenger comfort)

Flight Phase Dependent Restraints

(width of corridor;ground proximity)

Command generation

implementation of evasive manoeuvrescontroller target values

Range FilterDecodingADS-BTIS-B

ADIRU(WIMS ?)

FMGC

FMS

Traffic datatypeconfigurationtraffic intentflight path vector

Weather/wind?

wind vectorfurther meteodata?

flight planA/P modeconfigurationmass

RNPXTK error

G/S, LOC where necessary



LIDAR Signal Conditioning

wind vectorown flight state

EGPWS / TAWS

Terrain Data(data base;

ground proximity)

Safety Zone Terrain


Sensors Data Preparation Conflict Detection and EvaluationDetection/Prediction Conflict Resolution

Information / Warning(Wake Vortex Advisory)

WEAA System Boundary

AudioDisplay

N/DVSIPFDFMA

velocity field(possibly LoS)

Conflict Detection Wake Vortex


WEAA Functional System Breakdown

Sens

ors

/ Dat

a So

urce

s

Dat

a Pr

epar

atio

n

WV

Det

ectio

n an

d Pr

edic

tion

Con

flict

Det

ectio

n an

d Ev

alua

tion

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion


WEAA FBS: Existing Functions






WEAA: Exploitation of Existing DLR KnowledgeVortex Prediction Model: P2P(HOLZÄPFEL)

probabilistic two-phase modeleffects of a/c configuration, wind,wind shear, turbulence,stratification and ground proximityreal-time capabilityextensively validated on LIDAR measurements and LES

Hazard Assessment: SHAPe(HAHN, SCHWARZ)

simplified hazard areas(rectangular or elliptical)hazard rating by meansof roll control ratio RCR

Wake Parameter Estimation: Online-ID(FISCHENBERG)

0.1 < RCR 0.2

0.2 < RCR 0.3

0.3 < RCR 0.5

0.5 < RCR 1.0

1.0 < RCR


optimization

LIDARLoS-velocities

Online Identification

+

trafo intowake

system

sensormodel

x-component

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wakeorientation

ψ, θ

reconstructedLoS-velocities

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Xg Xwv

Vwv

Vg

VLOS

VWg

_

trafo intogeodeticsystem

trafo intoLoS-system

wake vortex modelwake system

Comparator

AutonomousWV-Approximator

VLOS

cost function

wakestrength

wakeposition

(y,z)le (y,z)ri

LoS-Selector

Initia-liser

optimization

LIDARLoS-velocities

Online Identification

+

trafo intowake

system

sensormodel

x-component

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wakeorientation

ψ, θ


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Xg Xwv

Vwv

Vg

VLOS

VWg

_

trafo intogeodeticsystem

trafo intoLoS-system



Comparator

AutonomousWV-Approximator

VLOS

cost function

wakestrength

wakeposition

(y,z)le (y,z)ri

LoS-Selector

Initia-liser

Wake Vortex Characterisation from LoS LiDAR Data Online Identification (O-ID) with Stand-Alone Initialisation

[Fischenberg]


WEAA FBS: Recent Work

HMI (Information)



trajectory generation using potential field based methodobstacles, boundaries surrounded by potential fieldmodelled by penalty barrier functionsintended flight path as attracting potential “automatic” return to cleared flight path

trajectory smoothingpurely lateral or vertical evasion decision algorithm using

encounter geometrystatus:

tested offline with A/Pin cruisesimulator implementation in progress

next step: TCAS and (E)GPWS interoperability

Recent WorkTrajectory Generation

Trajectory Smoothing

DecisionAlgorithm

2-D TrajectoryGeneration

initial smoothedtrajectory


Recent WorkHuman Machine Interface

simulator study conducted with display concept similar to FLYSAFEproject (Airbus development, PFD + ND)

simplified evasion algorithmguidance using F/D / PFD

display concept refined w.r.t. depiction of avoidance areasstatus:positively evaluatedin fixed-basedsimulationwake visualisationextended to verticalsituation display(VSD) for enhancedsituational awareness

visual and aural alertssupporting callouts


WEAA components support flight tests for advanced FMS enabling closely spaced approaches (DLR Institute of Flight Guidance)VFW614 ATTAS 10 s behindand 250 m lateral of A320 ATRAduring final approach

integration of WEAA wakeprediction into experimentalnavigation displayno conflict detection / resolutionflight test conductedanalysis of increased situationalawareness of pilots duringapproach in progress

Recent WorkIn-Flight Component Test

ATTAS

ATRA


Summary: Objectives, Work So FarDLR is developing a Wake Encounter Avoidance and Advisory System (WEAA)

tactical small-scale evasion to avoid possibly hazardous wake encounters pure safety net functioninteroperability with TCAS and (E)GPWS / TAWS assured

two design optionspure wake predictionprediction + wake detection/characterisation (long term)

existing DLR knowledge exploited:WV prediction modelwake characterisation from forward-looking measurementshazard assessment

on-going development of new system functions:wake conflict detectionevasion trajectory generation using potential field based methodground and traffic collision avoidance interoperabilitypilot displays for situational awareness

well-testedkey system components available


additional safety margin

Future Work: Where Do We Want to Go?

Component Function Development / Improvementconflict detection algorithmsrefinement of conflict resolution algorithms taking into account

(E)GPWS & TCAS interoperabilitypassenger comfortaircraft performance

ConOps for additional flight phasesanalysis of different concepts for pilot assistancew.r.t. work load and situational awarenessenhanced severity assessmentenhanced wake characterisation with (LiDAR) measurement

System Proof of Conceptimplementation in engineering flight simulatorperspective: motion based simulator and flight test

Benefit Analysis


Your questions, remarks, suggestions are welcome…

Dipl.-Ing. Dennis Vechtel

[email protected]

phone: +49 531 295-2606[Photo: DLR]

Dipl.-Ing. Tobias Bauer

[email protected]

phone: +49 531 295-3258

AcknowledgementsJobst H. Diekmann, Christian Gall, Frank Holzäpfel, Helge Lenz, Carsten Schwarz

System and HMI Design of a Wake Encounter Avoidance and ... · System and HMI Design of a Wake...

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