Sys Admin Pocket Survival Guide - AIX

Sys Admin Pocket Survival Guide - AIX

Sys Admin Pocket Survival Guide - AIX Home AIX CD catalog HP-UX

HOW-TOAIX Admin 101PMR - Problem Management Record. PTF - Program Temporary Fix eg Unnnnnn APAR - Authorized Program Analysis Report, specific release of PTF. eg IYnnnnn, IXnnnnn ML - Maintenance Level, grouping of APAR. eg 5300-04 is ML 4 SP - Service Pack (starting aix 5.3 ML 3) eg 5300-03-01 is SP 1 on ML3 TL Fileset - group of files, eg bos.adt.libm VRMF - Version, Release, Modification/Maintenance level, and Fix. eg 5.2.0.60

smitA lot of the sys admin task in AIX can be done thru smit (or smitty for TUI version). It can accept a parameter to get to a specific menu section right away. Here are some example: smit mktcpip smit chfs smit lsprt long menu) smit installp smit update smit update_all patch is not relevant smitty fastpath: Action -----(add) Prefix -----mk Device -----(printer) Abbreviation -----------prt # configure network parameters # change file system, eg grow/extend it. # list printers (don't list all, may need to go thru # Add new software # add patches # automatic add patches to existing sw, no complain if

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(change) (list) (remove)

ch ls rm

(tty) (pty) (disk) (cdrom) (diskette) (tape) (adapter)

tty pty dsk cdr dskt tpe adp lang

Keystrokes: F3 or ESC, F4 or ESC, F6 or ESC, F10 or ESC,

3 4 6 10

Cancel, go back Provide list of items to choose from Show command that smit will actually run Exit smitty

Linux AffinityAIX is affectionally known as It Ain't uniX. With version 5L that added Linux Affinity, it maybe called Ain't It linuX? The linux toolkit does add lot of open source utilities for AIX, it even provides an rpm package manager to manipulate these open source tools. However, it is stuck in the past, circa 2002, and so many of the newer Linux updates are not available. For example, there is no rpmbuild but use the old rpm --recompile. There is no automatic patch to update the source codes from Source RPM. These deficiencies makes development in AIX extremely painful.

AIX IdiosyncrasiesIf a file is held open by the OS with a running program, it will not allowed to be overwritten (think Windows). For example, /lib/security/NSS_LDAP and /usr/lib/netsvc/dynload/nss_ldap.so are modules loaded by the authentication subsystem, and these files are locked and cannot be upgraded.

Initial System Setupsmitty assist /usr/sbin/install_assist install reboot # init os setup assistant to config basic system param. # what get launched automatically after init

FS LayoutAIX uses a pretty good volume manager out of the box. Every FS can be expanded on the fly, so no special workhttp://users.cs.fiu.edu/~tho01/psg/aix.html (2 of 33) [12/10/2010 11:33:36 PM]


is really needed on initial setup. If you use /home as NFS mounted home dir, you may wish to update /etc/filesystems so that the the local disk is mounted as /localhoome or something.

Bundle InstallAIX that comes with the machine often don't have all the desired software packages installed. It maybe good to add some bundles before releasing the machine for general use. eg: Add the Application Development bundle :: /usr/lib/instl/sm_inst installp_cmd -a -Q -d '/nfshome/sa/aix53/cd1' -b 'App-Dev' -f 'all' '-c' '-N' '-g' '-X' '-G' Other bundles that can be installed are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. AllDevicesKernels Alt_Disk_Install App-Dev CC_EVAL.Graphics CDE GNOME Graphics KDE Kerberos_5 (Expansion Pack) Media-Defined Mozilla (AIX Toolbox for Linux Applications, Mozilla CD) PerfTools Server

Note that not everything is in the first CD. Time for IBM to get with DVD media, no? :) See also Config Files

Firmware/BIOSWhen upgrading an older machine to new version of AIX, be sure to check the AIX release notes to ensure the machine in question is still supported, and whether any firmware update maybe needed. RS/6000 / pSeries machine firmware is typically updated when AIX is still running. Many older machines does not support firmware update in SMS. Old hardware or firmware have tendency to crap out in a boot process giving error 20EE000B (unable to find boot device), even when boot from the CD for the initial install works fine. The saving grace is that one can boot and reinstall the old OS should machine become unbootable. # show firmware version, sample output included # the last 6 digit of the firmware is a date code YYMMDDhttp://users.cs.fiu.edu/~tho01/psg/aix.html (3 of 33) [12/10/2010 11:33:36 PM]


lscfg -vp | grep -p Platform Platform Firmware: ROM Level.(alterable).......3R040323 Version.....................RS6K System Info Specific.(YL)...U0.1-P1/Y1 Physical Location: U0.1-P1/Y1 # copy new firmware from CDROM into a new dir /tmp/fwupdate # inside the microcode dir in the CDROM are subdir for each machine type # refer to the doc inside this dir for full details on firware upgrade. cp /mnt/cdrom/microcode/... /tmp/fwupdate # run checksum on the firmware image. sum vvYYMMDD.img # perform the update, it will reboot the machine automatically when done cd /usr/lpp/diagnostics/bin ./update_flash -f /tmp/fwupdate/3R041029.img

Boot Time TroubleshootingRC scripts executed at startup: /etc/rc.d/rcN.d/ same as solaris, Snn--- script, but there is nothing in here from basic OS. normal run level is 2. Placed S74autofs and S89sshd in rc2.d . /etc/rc.d/rc script is the one that source all the rcN.d, but this script doesn't seems to exist by default, had to be copied from another 4.3.3 machine and then it was fine. For some unknown reason, init script for AIX 5.3 doesn't seems to run correctly!! (eg, opensshd script will create log, but fail to start)

AIX default system config is to have a few named rc scripts, they are all started by init as per /etc/inittab: /etc/rc.tcpip # tcp config, but could not start sshd from here at boot, so placed in rc2.d/S89sshd. /etc/rc.nfs # includes NIS, rcp /etc/rc.emcpower # emc added their own startup script here, which ishttp://users.cs.fiu.edu/~tho01/psg/aix.html (4 of 33) [12/10/2010 11:33:36 PM]


called form /etc/inittab.

Single User/Maintenance ModeFor servers with Service Processor: 1. Power off machine Navigate the Service Processor menu (avail only when machine is off, from serial console): 2. go to (2) system power control menu 3. go to (7) Boot Mode Menu (some system list it as AIX/Linux mode config) 4. go to (2) Service Mode boot from Saved List (to enable Maintenance Mode, diff than SMS mode). Power on machine. Kernel will boot, then ask which options to boot to, choose single user mode (maintenance mode has less capability). To install new OS to system, change system to get into System Management Service (SMS) mode. Then choose to boot from cdrom (first CD for OS install). A note about the old desktop machines (eg 43P-140 604e-332 PowerPC 760): 1. When machine first boot, it will display various number on the various terminal. eg. 0 for ASCII console (dumb terminal), 1 on first graphics video, 2 on second graphics video. Press the number corresponding to the video that you wish to use. This setting is "memorized" by the system, prompt again only when a there is hardware config change. 2. To get into the graphical System Management Service (SMS) mode, press F1 as soon as the double beep "dirip-dirip" chirps happens (and the keyboard icons is displayed). You better be quick, do it before the long chime of the speaker test happens (the fifth/last icon in startup: speaker icon). If using ASCII console, F-keys are simulated via ESC+Number keys. The graphical icons won't appear, but the equivalent text will be displayed progressively across the screen: memory keyboard network scsi speaker

3. Pressing F8 will go to the open firmware OK prompt. There are only a few commands accepted: devalias printenv setenv boot [DEVICE]http://users.cs.fiu.edu/~tho01/psg/aix.html (5 of 33) [12/10/2010 11:33:36 PM]


boot disk will do a normal boot from hard drive. This is the default action if open firmware is not explicitly invoked. boot cd will boot from the cdrom and run the installer program, whereby it will prompt for install config info. There is also option to get into maintenance mode (?? It is NOT boot -s !!) More info about open firmware: IEEE 1275. 4. SMS has entry to define boot device scan sequence, which is based on SCSI (lowest ID first). However, actual boot is according to Open Firmware boot command, so which device is booted depends on what the alias for disk is defined as. In summary, ignore the SCSI id boot sequence in SMS. 5. Some system require pressing F5 instead of F1 to get into SMS mode. If you are lucky, some will display what key to press to get into what mode right before the hardware scan progress, eg: 1 = SMS Menu 6 = Stored Boot List 5 = Default Boot List 8 = Open Firmware Prompt

6. IBM RS/6000 hardware is pretty finiky and OS support may not be available for some machines. AIX 5.2 will no support any machines with ISA bus. Some 43P have such bus and thus can only run AIX 5.1 as latest OS. Other 43P that don't have ISA bus can run the newer AIX. If you wish to install Linux, expect even more finickyness, as there are lot of small modifications between motherboards of different serial numbers. Linux may run on one 43P, but not another that looks the same. ie: don't install Linux on these putters!

Random Daily Sys Admin TasksSee if system has ASync IO feature installed: lslpp -l | grep -i asyn lppchk -c lsdev -C -t aio smitty chgaio --smitty chtz date -u will see till reboot. --http://users.cs.fiu.edu/~tho01/psg/aix.html (6 of 33) [12/10/2010 11:33:36 PM]

# # # #

list bos.rte.aio package installation check to ensure all fileset are installed correctly list whether async io is avail as device smit interface to activate aio, reboot req.

# # # #

change timezone info /etc/environments TZ=PST8PDT display internal system clock (in CUT/GMT). reboot was recomended, but all future login cron and stuff may not update

# corect TZ.


AIX WebSM, default port is 9090 (/etc/services) To disable, use /usr/websm/bin/wsmserver -disable; -enable will re-enable it. HTTP server, started in /etc/inittab ! So it will respawn if it is just killed, edit inittab to free up port 80! EMC navisphere agent also started in inittab, I guess it is the AIX way. it calls /etc/rc.agent ---ibm option number for universal (oem) cabinet rack mount rail part. OEM means 3rd party cabinet. IBM cabinet rails are fixed length! p5 9113-550 :: 7162 IBM/OEM RACK-MOUNT DR.RAIL KIT 1 168.00 p5 510 :: 7166 IBM/OEM RACK-MOUNT DR.RAIL KIT 1 150.00

StorageDisk/Volume Management/FilesystemAIX has probably the most admin-friendly Logical Volume Manager and Filesystem of all the major Unices out there. It use a single LVM for every FS. Every FS is extendable online without the need to unmount. It does have lot of commands that are needed to manipulate the system though. But if you just need to get more space on a given FS/partition, just use smit chfs. TLA --PP LP PV VG LV FS name ------------physical part logical part physical vol volume group logical vol filesystem eg -----------------------sample cmd --------------

hdisk0 hdisk1 rootvg appvg /dev/hd0 /dev/hd9var / /var

lspv lsvg mkvg extendvg lslv mklv lsfs mount

hdiskN are physical hard drives (or RAID device?) /dev/hdN are FS level mountable device, these are created by the LVM. /dev/hdN are subcomponents of VG such as rootvg. smit vg # display and set logical volume group info



lsdev -Cc adapter # list many adapters, include fc, scsi, ide, pci, LPAR virtual, usb, graphics lsdev -Cc disk # list hard disks. eg hdisk0 hdisk1 rmdev -dl hdisk2 # remove a named disk from config, often needed when san disk has been # changed on the storage server side. after rm, rescan the bus. lsvg lsvg rootvg lsvg -l rootvg lsvg -p rootvg extendvg -f rootvg hdisk8 smitty vg mklv -y'appvol00' appvg 1 defined via mkvg) be assigned. create generic vol as needed. mkvg -f -y'appvg' hdisk2 hdisk3 mkvg mkvg -B mkvg -S smit fs reorgvg lsfs chfs -a size=+1 /dev/hd2 # # # # # list all VG present in system VG space usage and free, PP size, etc list LP content of rootvg list PP used and free for a VG when LV/FS need to be extended.

# allocate physical hd to VG rootvg # smitty for Vol Grp, allow remove vg # create logical volume (after volume group # if -y is not given, a generic volume name will # This step isn't strictly needed, mkfs will # # # # create a VG appvg from 2 physical hd original Vol Grp (Max 32 PV, 255 LV) Big Volume Group (Max 128 PV, 512 LV, 4.3.1+) Scalable Vol Group (Max 1024 PV, 256 LV, 5.2+)

# best to use smit to create a fs, many parameters. # it typically call cffs -v jfs2 # reorganize PP w/in vol grp # list fs on machine, kinda like mount, # diff output, only list fs in /etc/filesystems. # # # # # # # # grow a file system, size mult of 512 bytes, but always rounded up to integer number of PP 8 mb, 64 mb, etc (see lsvg rootvg pp size) to add 256mb, use size=+524288 256 * 1024*1024 / 512 = 524288 blocks ie, use size val of [ X MB * 2048 (constant) ] /dev/hd2 can be substituted by the fs mount pt. will see SIZE for more accurate resizing.

chfs -a size=+1 /tmp smitty chfs



tested in 5.3) lslv hd1 cplv chlv lspv lspv -l hdisk0

# count is # of 512 bytes block, # value is absolute num only. # Can also strink fs while mounted (at least # info of LV hd1 (find from mount # what fs it belongs to). # copy LV # change LV, # cplv + chlv = move Log Vol b/w Vol Grp. # # # # # list PVID (physical volume id) and vg on disk list what fs are on a given disk good to check to ensure fs does not span more than one disk unecessarily, to reduce disk crash damage. # move a fs w/in same vol grp, but diff # migrate pagin, can take a while!

migratepv -l LVname oldPV newPV hd. eg migratepv -l paging00 hdisk1 hdisk2

varyonvg

VGname

varyoffvg VGname exportvg VGname

# vary on a vol grp, needed before VG is accessible, # typically automatica with most commands now # vary off, ie, make vol grp offline. # disociate /etc/filesystems etc from the computer, # making the VG available for mount by # reimport the VG. Remember the vary cmd.

another computer importvg -y VGname hdiskN lqueryvg -p hdisk0 -v lqueryvg -p hdisk0 -L lqueryvg -p hdisk0 -P getlvodm -u rootvg (in sync)

# Determine the VG ID# on hdisk0 # Show all the LV ID#/names in the VG on hdisk0 # Show all the PV ID# that reside in the VG on hdisk0 # Determine if ODM and VGDA data are correct



chvg -u rootvg getlvodm/putlvodm smitty mklvcopy

# unlick rootvg (maybe locked during crash, ODM problems) # disk ODM repair related.

# smitty fastPath for making mirrors # work on each logical volume, eg hd1 # Lot of menu options then, but don't like it much, # not obvious how to make 2 disk mirror identically. # maybe one don't have to, as it will be mapped blocks anyway # not like solaris that match cylinder allocation, but solaris maybe more resilient # aix wants to find where to place vol (center of disk, etc). # Maybe multiple copies of a logical vol inside same volume group (and potnetially # same disk! # aix book p 210 mirrorvg rootvg istat /opt ipl_varyon -i # mirror whole volume group, simple one command does it. # aix book p 202 # show inode status # Determine which disk(PV) is the boot drive

Other ref: Advanced Horizons AIX File Info

swap / paging/etc/swpaspaces swapon -a swapon /dev/paging00 swapoff /dev/paging00 chps -s16 hd6 chps -d8 hd6 mkps -s16 rootvg -a -n # # # # # # # # # # # # # # config file activate all swap spaces activate additional device deactivate change attrib of paging space add 16 PP to existing paging space in /dev/hd6 PP size determined by lslv hd6", eg 256, 512 MB remove 8 PP to existing paging space in LV hd6 add new paging space worth 16 PP to vg called rootvg, -a = activate at once, -n = active on reboot. add new paging space on diff vg, specifying which disk to put it on.

mkps -s32 datavg hdisk1



rmps paginig00 lsps -a shrinkps svmon

# # # #

remove the whole paging space from sys list paging space stat 5L, shrink paging space (script) not sure why need this?? Need perfagent.tools

# view current vm usage.

Connectivity (Network)Serial/Console PortDB9 connector wiring is slightly different than Sun. Use a real null modem cable. "Psseudo" cable from sun DB9-RJ45 adaptors and ribbon cable don't work. One will see text and be able to type text, but it won't accept the login, even when password is right. can't loging!! Terminal is VT100, none of the flow control stuff, but that probably don't matter. Also, for running system, when NULL modem is connected to serial, it should automatically display new text and prompt for login. ribbon cable probably don't work at all here. P4 and older machines use standard 9600 for serial port. But new POWER5 machines, they changed serial port to use 19200!! All other settings are same as before.

Dumb TerminalThe tip command exist on AIX, but it is slightly different than Solaris. # aix tip host spec, typically placed in /etc/remote-file # with a /etc/remote file defining its location # alternatively, env var REMOTE can define location of this remote-file # # aix tip escape sequence is same as solaris. # ~? produces full list. # ~^D terminate the connection. # # tty0 is the system console, like Solaris Serial A, not usually usable as dumb terminal emulator # tty1 is the serial port labeled T2, the equi of serial B in Solaris. # # IBM AIX serial connection is slightly diff than Sun, req NULL modem cable. # This emulated TIP does not fully act as dumb terminal :( # Depending on the state of the machine, and whether tip session is established first, # or the cable is connected first, text may or may not be visible :( # So, tip in aix can probably only work as dumb terminal for sun and hp machines, # and the most reliable console is still a dumb terminal. # # eg usage, runnable as normal user:http://users.cs.fiu.edu/~tho01/psg/aix.html (11 of 33) [12/10/2010 11:33:36 PM]


# export REMOTE=$HOME/etc/remote-file # tip dumb19200 # tip -9600 serial1 # # dumb9600|direct connect at 9600 bps,br#9600:dv=/dev/tty1 dumb19200|direct connect at 19200 bps,br#19200:dv=/dev/tty1 serial0|dumbterminal:dv=/dev/tty0 serial1|tty1|dumbterminal:dv=/dev/tty1 tty|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/tty # # The serial ports ttyp0...ttyp9,ttypa...ttypf do not usually exist # ttyp0|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttyp0 ttyp1|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttyp1 ttyp2|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttyp2 ttyp3|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttyp3 ttyp9|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttyp9 ttypa|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttypa ttypb|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttypb ttypc|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttypc ttypf|dumbterminal:br#19200:dv=/dev/ttypf cu Connect Unix. Opening a serial line may need some file config, cli below get error :( I guess need to get minicom/telix or some other similar program from the Linux world. cu -s9600 -l/dev/ttyp1 -s speed -l device line cu commands: ~%b ~%! ~.

send a break give shell end session, logout user.

NICifconfig netstat -i lsdev | grep -i ether # see Ethernet devices and drirver. # entX = h/w card.



# enX # etX

= ethernet (DIX II framing) for IP = ethernet (IEEE 802.3) for SNA, don't bother :) # show capabilities of ent0 # show current settings # show all def val for Eth dev. # change to forced full 100 # change to auto negotiate # effective after reboot !!!

lsattr -R -l ent0 -a media_speed lsattr -EH -l ent0 -a media_speed lsattr -D -l ent0

chdev -P -l ent0 -a media_speed=100_Full_Duplex chdev -P -l ent0 -a media_speed=Auto_Negotiation for speed duplex

smitty mktcpip

/usr/sbin/mktcpip -h'HOSTNAME' -a'HOST.IP' -m'HOST.IP.NETMASK' -i'NIC' # eg en0, "standard network interface" -n'DNS.SERVER.IP' # may want to add more to /etc/resolv.conf -d'DNS.DOMAIN.NAME' # eg titaniumleg.com -g'DEF.GATEWAY.IP' -A'no' # Start now? no or yes # just omit it. eg: mktcpip -h'aix01' -a'10.215.11.101' -m'255.255.255.0' -i'en0' -n'10.215.2.1' -d'titaniumleg.com' -g'10.215.11.1'

# configure/change ip of interface, default route, netmask # permanently set ip option for interface # smitty just run mktcpip cmd:

Network Serviceslssrc -a startsrc stopsrc -g -s -a -D startsrc -g nis startsrc -s rcp.mountd startsrc -s xntpd # # # # # list all services and their status start network service stop network service group subsystem, g or s is largely how AIX define the service. # # Debug

# start NIS service group # rpc/mount service # start ntp daemon



from /etc/rc.tcpip startsrc -s sendmail -a -bd

# init script starts it # start mail server to allow inbound mail. # essentially, do sendmail -bd, makes it a # daemon listening on port 25 for mail services. # start ip tracing facility, # -a = stor in file (binary). # stop tracing after problem

startsrc -s iptrace -a stopsrc -s iptrace is reproduced.

"/tmp/iptrc.bin"

DNS/etc/resolv.conf # main config file, like other Unix. accept up to 3 name servers change server after TimeOut (def of 5 sec), retry (def = 3), so 5+10+20+40=75 sec. domain nameserver nameserver nameserver search search search hybridauto.com 10.210.2.11 10.210.2.12 165.87.201.244 hybridauto.com titaniumleg.com titaniumlegcorp.com

eg:

namerslv -s

# run cmd to see settings are understood by system.

DNS resolution depends on file /etc/netsvc.conf hosts=local,nis,bind and env var NSORDER=local,bind AIX 4.3 accepts bind4 and bind8

NISchypdom -B titaniumleg.com domainname smitty yp # # # # set the NIS domain for the machine it proabably edit /etc/rc.nfs to run cmd domainname show the NIS domain general YP NIS config



smitty mkclient # rmyp -c # lssrc -s ypbind # stopsrc -s ypbind # startsrc -s ypbind # /etc/rc.nfs is where the ypbind startsrc -g nis stopsrc -g nis

configure machine as NIS client remove yp client config display active vs inoperative NIS nis client process is set to use specific server (if not broadbcast)

# start nis server daemon

CD AIX does not have a /etc/nsswitch.conf, instead use /etc/netsvc.conf and /etc/irs.conf (Information Retrieval System, bind 8 code base, used in FreeBSD also). Also, changes to irs.conf doesn't seems to be effective till next reboot. At least that seems to be the case with automount entry, restarting autofs a/o secldapclntd didn't refresh it. May want to try these commands in /usr/sbin flush-secldapclntd restart-secldapclntd stop-secldapclntd start-secldapclntd ls-secldapclntd eg of irs.conf



Okay, here a real sample of /etc/irs.conf from an AIX 5.3 machine: hosts dns continue hosts nss_ldap continue hosts nis continue hosts local services nss_ldap continue services nis continue services local networks dns continue networks nss_ldap continue networks nis continue networks local netgroup nss_ldap continue netgroup nis continue netgroup local protocols nss_ldap continue protocols nis continue protocols local ### ### http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.doc/cmds/aixcmds1/autom ount.htm ### automount nis_ldap ##automount nis ##automount files ##automount nis_ldap nis files

eg of /etc/netsvc.conf # bind Uses BIND/DNS services for resolving names # local Searches the local /etc/hosts file for resolving names # nis Uses NIS services for resolving names. NIS must be running if you specify this option # nis+ Uses NIS plus services for resolving names. NIS plus must be running if you specify this option # ldap Uses LDAP services for resolving names # ldap_nis Uses LDAP NIS services for resolving names # bind4 Uses BIND/DNS services for resolving only IPv4 addresseshttp://users.cs.fiu.edu/~tho01/psg/aix.html (16 of 33) [12/10/2010 11:33:36 PM]


# # # # # # # # # #

bind6 local4 local6 nis4 nis6 nis+4 nis+6 ldap4 ldap6 ldap_nis4

Uses BIND/DNS services for resolving only IPv6 addresses Searches the local /etc/hosts file for resolving only IPv4 addresses Searches the local /etc/hosts file for resolving only IPv6 addresses Uses NIS services for resolving only IPv4 addresses Uses NIS services for resolving only IPv6 addresses Uses NIS plus services for resolving only IPv4 addresses Uses NIS plus services for resolving only IPv6 addresses Uses LDAP services for resolving only IPv4 addresses Uses LDAP services for resolving only IPv6 addresses Uses NIS LDAP services for resolving only IPv4 addresses

hosts = nis_ldap, nis, bind, local

NFSnfso -a # show all nfs options and current value nfso -o varname[=val] # display/set nfs option. nfso -o nfs_use_reserved_ports=1 # AIX default does not use port

Sys Admin Pocket Survival Guide - AIX

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