Synthesis of Year One Outcomes in the Smart Energy ...
Transcript of Synthesis of Year One Outcomes in the Smart Energy ...
SynthesisofYearOneOutcomesinthe
SmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaign
BuildingTechnologyandUrbanSystemsDivision
LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory
Preparedby:
HannahKramer,GuanjingLin,JessicaGranderson,ClaireCurtin,EliotCrowe
Preparedfor:
AmyJiron,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy
September2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ThisworkwassupportedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyunderContractNo.DE-AC02-05CH11231.ItwaspreparedbyHannahKramer,GuanjingLin,JessicaGranderson,ClaireCurtin,andEliotCroweofLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory(LBNL).TheauthorsthankNoraHarris(VirginiaTechUniversity)fordataanalysissupport,andAmyJiron(U.S.DepartmentofEnergy)forthoroughreportreviewandfeedback.WearealsogratefultoourpartnersintheSmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaignforprovidingdataandsharingdetailsoftheirenergymanagementandinformationsystemsandmonitoring-basedcommissioningpractices.
DISCLAIMER
ThisdocumentwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbytheUnitedStatesGovernment.Whilethisdocument isbelieved tocontaincorrect information,neither theUnitedStatesGovernmentnoranyagencythereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty,expressor implied,or assumesany legal responsibility for theaccuracy, completeness,orusefulnessof anyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresents that itsusewouldnot infringeprivatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name,trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereof,orTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia.TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereoforTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia.
TableofContents
ExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................................1
1.Introduction...............................................................................................................................................3
2.CampaignParticipants...............................................................................................................................52.1ParticipantActivities....................................................................................................................................52.2DataandTools.............................................................................................................................................62.3EnergyManagementProcess......................................................................................................................7
3.BenefitsandCosts......................................................................................................................................93.1MotivationtoImplementEMIS...................................................................................................................93.2TopMeasuresImplemented........................................................................................................................93.3EnergySavings...........................................................................................................................................103.4Costs..........................................................................................................................................................12
4.EMISProductsandMBCxServices............................................................................................................154.1TrendsinDeliveryofEMISProductsandServices.....................................................................................154.2EnablersandBarriers.................................................................................................................................17
5.IndustryNeeds.........................................................................................................................................19
6.Conclusions..............................................................................................................................................20
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ExecutiveSummary
Asbuildingenergyandsystem-levelmonitoringbecomescommonplace,facilitiesteamsarefacedwithanoverwhelmingamountofdata.Thisdatadoesnottypicallyleadtoinsightsorcorrectiveactionsunlessitisstored,organized,analyzed,andprioritizedinautomatedways.Buildingsarefullofhiddenenergysavingspotentialthatcanbeuncoveredwiththerightanalysis.Withsophisticatedanalyticsoftwareappliedtoeverydaybuildingoperations,buildingownersareusingtheirdatatotheiradvantageandrealizingcost-savingsthroughimprovedenergymanagement.
TheSmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaignisapublic-privatesectorpartnershipprogramfocusedonsupportingcommerciallyavailableEnergyManagementandInformationSystems(EMIS)andmonitoring-basedcommissioningpractices.TheCampaigncouplestechnicalassistancewithqualitativeandquantitativedatacollection.Partneringparticipantsareencouragedtosharetheirprogressandmayreceivenationalrecognitionforimplementationsthatachievesignificantenergysavings.
Thedatainthisreportshowsthatownersrepresentingover185millionsquarefeetoffloorareaarecost-effectivelyimplementingEMIS,andthereportpresentsapreliminarycharacterizationofEMISproducts,MBCxservices,andtrendsindeliverytoindustry.ThisinformationwillbeupdatedbasedoncontinueddatacollectionoverthecourseoftheCampaign.
Campaignparticipantshavemadeimprovementstotheirbuildings,achievingamedianenergysavingsof5percentfor400billionBtu/yearand$9M/year,basedon15participantsreporting.Withcostreportingfromnineparticipantsthusfar,themediancostforEMISsoftwareinstallationandconfigurationwas$0.04/sqft,andthemedianannuallaborcost(internalstafforcontracted)was$0.08/sqftresultinginatotalfirstyearcostof$0.12/sqft.Themedianannualrecurringsoftwarecostwas$0.01/sqft.Thesepreliminarysavingsandcostsleadtohighlypromisingcost-effectivenessfigures,withlessthana1-yearsimplepayback.
TableES-1belowsummarizesCampaignresultstodateusingdatacollectedfrom46participatingorganizations.WithrespecttotheEMISfamilyoftechnologies,partnersintheCampaignhaveimplemented20differentenergyinformationsystem(EIS)products,7faultdetectionanddiagnostics(FDD)products,and1automatedsystemoptimization(ASO)product.
ThehighlevelofparticipationintheSmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaignpointstoagrowingnationaltrendintheuseofanalyticsincommercialbuildings.TheCampaignsupportsanexpansionintheuseandacceptanceofEMIS,helpingorganizationsmovebeyonddataparalysistobuildingoperationsthatarecontinuouslyinformedandimprovedusinganalytics.Moreinformationaboutthecampaignisavailableathttps://smart-energy-analytics.org/.
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TableES-1.SummaryofEMISUsebySmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaignParticipants,throughJuly2017
EMISCategory: EnergyInformationSystems(EIS) FaultDetectionandDiagnostics(FDD)Usedby Energymanagers Facilityoperationsteams,energymanagers,andservice
providers
Usedfor Portfoliomanagement
• Portfoliokeyperformanceindicators(KPIs)/prioritizationofpropertiesforimprovements
• Energyusetrackingandopportunityidentification(mainlyheatmapsandloadprofiles)
• Emergingtoolforpublic/occupantcommunications
Detailedsystemanalysis
• ReducingPreventativeMaintenanceProgramcosts
• Improvingcomfortwithzone-leveldiagnostics
• Findinghiddenwasteandmaintainingsavings(participantssharedthatretrocommissioning[RCx])savingsdidnotpersistwithoutMBCx)
• ManyparticipantspullwholebuildingmeterdataintoFDDtoolsthroughthebuildingautomationsystem(BAS),butfewareactivelyusingthesedata.TheirfocushasbeenonusingtheBASdatawiththeFDDsoftware.
Typicalinstallation
Wholebuildingenergymetersbyfuelforlargebuildingsinaportfolio,eitherwithutility-providedintervaldataorowner-installedmeter.Submeteringislessprevalent.
InstallationfocusesonFDDforproblemHVACareas(centralplant,airhandlerunits(AHUs),orvariableairvolume(VAV)terminalboxes.
Commonanalytics
• Energyuseintensity(kBtu/sqft)
• Heatmap
• Loadprofile,filteredbydaytype
• Chillerplantoperationsandsetpointoptimization
• Airhandlers(simultaneousheatingandcooling,economizers,valveleak-by)
• Terminalunitoperation
• Detectingfailedsensors
TopmeasuresimplementedthroughtheMBCxprocess
n=33participants
Floorarea:74millionsqft
EISimplementationonly
ImprovedHVACscheduling
Shareenergyinformationwithoccupants
Adjustmentofspacetemperaturesetpoints
EIS+FDDimplementation
ImprovedHVACscheduling
Improveeconomizeroperation
Reduceoverventilation
Reducesimultaneousheatingandcooling
ReduceVAVboxminimumflow
Adjustmentofspacetempsetpoints
Supplyairtemperaturereset
Tunecontrolloopstoavoidhunting
EnergySavings*n=15participants
Floorarea:39millionsqft
Energysavings(wholebuilding,allfuels)sinceEMISinstalled:
Median:5%($0.20/sqft);range:-1.5%to32%
Mean:10%($0.39/sqft)Themeanislessrepresentativethanmedianduetothewiderangeinsavings.
*Preliminaryfiguresfor15participantsand414buildings;tobeupdatedannually.Thesesavingsarenotspecificallyattributedtooperationalimprovements,retrofits,orotherfactors.Therefore,savingsmaybeassociatedwithimprovementsnotrelatedtotheEMIS.
Cost*
n=9participantsFloorarea:
50millionsqft
MedianEMISbasecost(software+installation):$0.04/sqft;range:$0.004–$0.14/sqft
Medianannuallaborcost/sqft:$0.08/sqft;range:$0.01–$0.14/sqft
Mediantotalfirstyearcost:$0.12/sqft
MedianEMISsoftwarerecurringcost:$0.01/sqft;range:$0.0004–$0.03/sqft
*Preliminaryfiguresfor9participants;tobeupdatedannually.Costdatahavebeenprovidedin$andnormalizedbyfloorarea.Mostparticipantshavelargeportfolios;therefore,thenormalizedcostsreflecttheseeconomiesofscale.Smallerbuildingsmayhavehighercostpersquarefoot.
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1.Introduction
Buildingsarefullofhiddenenergysavingspotentialthatcanbeuncoveredwiththerightanalysis.Withsophisticatedsoftwaretoinformandassistinbuildingoperations,buildingownersnowarereducingenergyandimprovingoperationsusingbuildinganalytics.TheSmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaigntargetstheuseofawidevarietyofcommerciallyavailableEnergyManagementandInformationSystem(EMIS)technologiesandongoingmonitoringpracticestosupportdatacollectionandanalysisthatrevealsthemosteffectiveenergy-savingimplementationsandstrategiesaswellasresearchanddevelopmentneeds.
Table1.SmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaignQuickFacts
CampaignGoals DOEandLBNLworkwithprivatesectorpartnerstounderstand,advise,andtrackthefunctionality,use,costandbenefitsofexistingornewEMISincommercialbuildings.
ParticipatingPartners 46organizationsrepresenting2,300buildingsand185millionsquarefeet(sqft)grossfloorarea(asofJuly2017)
Participation Participatingpartnersanalyzehourlyintervaldata,performfaultdetectionusingbuildingautomationsystem(BAS)data,and/orimplementautomatedsystemoptimization
EnergyandCostSavings 400billionBtu/yearand$9M/yearsavingsacross15participants’buildingportfolioswithEMISinstalled
CampaignStartDate RecruitmentlaunchinMay2016,andfullCampaignlaunchinOctober2016
NewReportsAvailable MBCxPlanTemplate
UsingEMIStoIdentifyTopOpportunitiesforCommercialBuildingEfficiency
Spring2017Recognition • LargestPortfolioUsingEMIS-MGMResortsInternational
• EnergyPerformanceinaPortfolio-EmoryUniversity
• BestPracticeintheUseofEMIS-SprintinpartnershipwithCBRE|ESI
• EnergyPerformanceinaSingleSite-SaltLakeCity
• InnovationintheUseofEMIS-UniversityofCalifornia,Davis
EMISarethebroadandrapidlyevolvingfamilyoftoolsthatmonitor,analyze,andcontrolbuildingenergyuseandsystemperformance.TheSmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaignfocusesontheseEMIStechnologies:
• Energyinformationsystems(EIS):AnEISisbroadlydefinedasthesoftware,dataacquisitionhardware,andcommunicationsystemsusedtostore,analyze,anddisplaybuildingenergydata.EISareasubsetofEMISfocusedonmeter-levelmonitoring(hourlyormorefrequent).
• Faultdetectionanddiagnostic(FDD)software:FDDsoftwareautomatetheprocessofdetectingfaultswithphysicalbuildingsystemsandprocessesandhelptodiagnosetheirpotentialcauses.FDDareasubsetofEMIS,focusedonsystem-levelmonitoring(usingbuildingautomationsystem[BAS]data).
• Automatedsystemoptimization(ASO)software:ASOsoftwarecontinuouslyanalyzesandmodifiesBAScontrolsettingstooptimizeheating,ventilationandairconditioner(HVAC)systemenergyusagewhilemaintainingoccupantcomfort.ThesetoolsbothreaddatafromtheBASandautomaticallysend
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optimalsetpointsbacktotheBAStoadjustthecontrolparameters,basedondatasuchassubmeteredenergyuseandenergypricesignal.
ThedatageneratedfromEMIStoolsenablesbuildingownerstooperatetheirbuildingsmoreefficientlyandwithimprovedoccupantcomfortbyprovidingvisibilityintoandanalysisoftheenergyconsumedbylighting,spaceconditioningandventilation,andotherenduses.EMIStoolsareusedinthemonitoring-basedcommissioning(MBCx)processtoorganize,present,visualizeandanalyzethedata.
MBCxisdefinedastheimplementationofanongoingcommissioningprocesswithfocusonmonitoringandanalyzinglargeamountsofdataonacontinuousbasis.MBCxmaybeusedduringandafteranexistingbuildingcommissioning(EBCx)projecttobesurethatenergysavingslast,andtolookforadditionalopportunities.BasedonanEBCxprocessaveragewholebuildingenergysavingsof16percent1,theMBCxprocesscansaveuptothislevelormoreovertime,mainlythroughlowcostoperationalimprovements.
Figure1illustratesthethreemainelementsofMBCx,showinghowtoolslikeFDDandEISareincorporatedintotheMBCxprocess.
Figure1.Monitoring-BasedCommissioningProcess
1Mills,E.2009."BuildingCommissioning:AGoldenOpportunityforReducingEnergyCostsandGreenhouse-gasEmissions"http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html
MBCxProcessCoreElements DataCollection:Collectenergy
meteringandoperationaldatafromenergy-consumingsystems
VerifiedImprovements:Investigaterootcauseandimplementimprovements
DataAnalytics:Useanalyticstohelpidentifyandprioritizeissues
andopportunities
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2.CampaignParticipants
Thissectionsummarizesdatacollectedthroughthecampaignbasedonreportingtodatefrom74percentofparticipants(22percentofparticipantshavenotyetimplementedtheirEMIS,and4percentofparticipantsdidnotreport).
2.1ParticipantActivities
CurrentCampaignparticipationincludes46privatesectororganizationsrepresentingatotalgrossfloorareaof184,885,000sqft,andabout2,300buildings.Participantsaremainlyintheofficeandhighereducationmarketsectors,withhospitalsandgovernmentlaboratoriesalsojoining(Figure2).Themostcommonportfoliosizeisbetween1millionand5millionsqft(Figure3).
Figure2.ParticipantsbyPrimaryMarketSector(n=46)
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Figure3.DistributionofGrossFloorAreaforPledgedParticipants(n=46)
LargeportfoliosfindbenefitsandeconomiesofscaleinimplementingEMISacrosstheirportfolio,includingtheabilitytouseEIStobenchmarktheirportfolio,manageenergyusefromasinglelocation,andsometimescontrolbuildingsystemsremotelyusinganoperationscenterstaffedwithanalysts.
2.2DataandTools
Almostallparticipantshaveaccessoraregainingaccesstowholebuildinghourlydatainadditiontotheirmonthlyutilitybilldata,andabout30percentofparticipantshavesubmeterdatafortenantsorotherenduses.ThemostcommonanalysistoolsusedaretheBAS,ENERGYSTARPortfolioManager,andspreadsheets.CampaigndatashowsthatwhereEISandFDDthathavebeenimplemented,operatorsbenefitfromexpandedanalysiscapabilities,wellbeyondthesecommonanalysistools.AboutaquarteroftheparticipantsareinstallingnewEMISduringtheCampaign,35percentareusinganexistingEMIS,and40percentareupgradingtheirEMIStodeployinmorebuildingsoraddadditionalfunctionality.OfthoseplanningtoinstallEMIS,one-thirdplantoinstallanEIS,one-thirdplantoinstallFDD,andone-thirdplantoinstallbothEISandFDDtechnologies.
ParticipantsimplementingEIS,eitheraloneorinconjunctionwithFDD,areanalyzinghourly(ormorefrequent)intervaldata,withatotalof63percentincorporatingintervalmeterdataintotheirEMIS(Figure4).FDDisgainingmomentumasintegrationofBASdataintotheFDDsoftwarehasimproved,with41percentofparticipantsimplementingFDDasanoverlaysoftwaretotheirBAS.OverhalfofthosewithFDDanalyzewholebuildingmeterdatainadditiontotheBASdata.TheseparticipantsmayuseFDDsoftwaretoanalyzetheBASdataandseparateEISsoftwaretoanalyzethemeterdata,ortheymaybringthemeterdataintotheBASandanalyzethisdatawithintheFDDsoftware.ParticipantswithbothFDDandEIStendedtousetheFDDfunctionalitymostoftenwithintheirbuildingoperationsduetoitsabilitytoprovidemoreactionableinformation.ASOisnotyetprevalentwithCampaignparticipants,eventhoughtheseparticipantsaregenerallyearlyadopters.OneparticipantisusingASO,andtheyalsohaveEISinstalled.
Figure4.TypeofEMISInstalledbyParticipants
EIS37%
EIS+FDD26%
FDD15%
EIS+ASO2%
NotInstalled20%
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MostparticipantsneededlessthansixmonthstoinstallandconfiguretheirEMIS.Afewparticipantsexperiencedsignificantchallengesgettingmetersconnectedandproperlycommunicating,withmultipleyearsrequiredtogetalltheissuesresolved.
2.3EnergyManagementProcess
TheuseofdataandsoftwareincombinationwithanoverarchingdefinedenergymanagementprocessiscriticalinrealizingthevalueofEMIS.Almostallparticipantshaveanenergymanagementteammostlymadeupoffacilityengineersortechniciansandenergymanagers(Figure5).Theenergymanagerstendtoleadtheanalysisprocessandaresometimessupportedbyaconsultantorservicecontractor.About30percentofparticipantscontractedwithaserviceprovidertosupporttheirMBCxprocess.
Figure5.EnergyManagementTeamMembers
Mostenergymanagementteamsareusingaperiodicperformancetrackingprocess(Figure6)thatmaynothavebeenasformalizedandcomprehensiveasthoseimplementingmonitoring-basedcommissioning.
Figure6.EnergyManagementProcessImplemented
AportionoftheparticipantsimplementingMBCxprovidedinformationontheirscopeofactivities.
• CommonMBCxactivities:in-housereviewofEMISanalysisandreportingtoidentifyissues,commissioningtheEMIStoverifydataaccuracyandconfiguration,implementingamanagementprocessfortakingactiontocorrectissues,andusingtheEMIStodocumentenergyand/orcostsavings
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• LesscommonMBCxactivities:aprogramforstafforoccupantstorecognizeenergysavingsandanEMIStrainingprogramtomaintainongoingenergymanagementprocesses.
AnapproximatelyevendistributionofparticipantsreviewstheirEMISdaily,versusweeklyormonthly,showninFigure7.EMIStypedidnothavealargeimpactonfrequencyofEMISuse.ItissomewhatsurprisingthatFDDreportsarenotreviewedmorefrequentlythantheEISanalysis,sinceattendingtospecificfaultsmaybeamoreimmediateoperationalconcernthananalyzingenergyusedata.However,reviewingfaultstakestime,sothismaybedifficulttoperformdaily.Also,somefaultsneedtimetoaccrue.Thefaultisnotcriticalforasingleday,butovertimeenergywasteaddsuptoalevelworthinvestigation.MonthlyreviewoftheEISandFDDresultsmaybedrivenbypreparationsformonthlyenergyteammeetingsandreportingtomanagement.
Figure7.FrequencyofEMISReviewbyEMISType(n=25)
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3.BenefitsandCosts
ThissectionreportsontheresultsofdatacollectionaroundmotivationforEMIS,measuresimplementedusingtheEMIS,energysavings,andcosts.Theenergysavingsandcostsarepreliminaryfindingsfromtheparticipantsthathaveprovidedthisinformationtodate.
3.1MotivationtoImplementEMIS
EnergyandcostsavingsareoftenadrivingfactorinthedecisiontoimplementanEMIS,asshowninFigure8.
Figure8.FrequencyofbenefitsofimplementingEMIS(participantsmayselectmultiplebenefits)
EnergysavingsgenerallywerevalidatedbyexportingdataandanalyzingitoutsidetheEMIS,withtheEMISsupportingdataacquisitionandcentralstorage.ThewiderangeofbenefitsindicatedbyparticipantsprovidesmultiplemotivationstoinstallanEMIS,andastrongvaluepropositionfrommultipleperspectives:owners,energy/facilitymanagers,andbuildingoperators.
3.2TopMeasuresImplementedParticipantswereaskedtoindicateupto10mostfrequentlyimplementedmeasuresinwhichtheyutilizedtheEMIS,fromalistof26commonoperationalimprovementopportunitiesandnotedinFigure9.
Overalltopmeasuresincluded:
• HVACscheduling,
• Setpointandresetschedulechanges,
• Economizerimprovementsandoutsideairreduction,and
• Fixingcontrolproblemssuchassimultaneousheatingandcoolingandcontrolloophunting.
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Datatoinformretrofitstrategiesorvalidateenergysavings
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Peakdemandreducnon
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Figure9.MeasuresImplementedwithEMISSupport
Thesemeasureswereimplementedconsistentlyacrossallmarketsectorsrepresentedinthecurrentdataset(office,highereducation,andlaboratory).Thehighereducationsectorfocusedmorethanothermarketsectorsonoccupantbehaviorthroughsharingenergyinformationwithstaffandstudents,aswellasbyholdingenergysavingschallengesoncampus.
ThemeasuresreportedasmostcommontoMBCxarealsocommonlyimplementedthroughtraditionalexistingbuildingcommissioning,however,useoftheEMISsurfaceshiddenissuesandimprovespersistenceofmeasuresavings.Terminalunitmonitoringwasanexampleofbeingabletoevaluateperformancecost-effectivelyandproactivelyatabroadscalewithFDD.WithoutFDD,operatorsgenerallydonothavetimetoperformpreventativemaintenanceonterminalunits;operationsarecheckedwhentherearecomfortcomplaints.
3.3EnergySavings
TounderstandenergyandcostsavingsbenefitsassociatedwithuseofEMIStechnologies,participantsareaskedtoprovideyear-over-yeartrendsofenergyconsumptionbeforeandafterEMISimplementationandassociatedannualsavings,ifavailable.Fifteenparticipantssubmittedtheenergydataforallorasubsetoftheirbuildings(intotal414buildings,38millionsqft).Thenumberofbuildingsreportedbyeachparticipantrangedfrom1to335.
EnergysavingssinceEMISinstallationweredeterminedinthreeways(Figure10).Twoparticipantsreportedsavingsresultsgainedfromintervaldataanalysistools.2Fourparticipantsestimatedsavingsusingengineeringcalculations.3TheenergysavingsoftheothernineparticipantswerecalculatedbyLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory(LBNL)ortheparticipantsusingmonthlybillanalysis,4wherethepre-EMIS(baselineyear)energy
2Intervaldataanalysistool:M&VusingIntervaldataofferedasafunctionwithintheEMIS,oroutsideofanEMISusingothersoftwaretoolssuchasUniversalTranslator,ECAM+M&Vmodule,statisticalanalysissoftware,orExcel.3Engineeringcalculation:Spreadsheet-basedcalculationsbasedonengineeringequationsthatoftenutilizetemperatureorload-basedbinanalysis.4Monthlybillanalysis:Useofthemonthlyutilitybilldatatodetermineenergysavings.Weathernormalizedenergyusewasusedifitisreported.
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usewascomparedtothemostrecentfullyearofenergyuse(2016).Energycostsavingswerecalculatedusingnationalaverageenergyprices.5
Figure10.Distributionofenergysavingscalculationmethods(n=15)
Figure11showsthesavingsresults6foreachparticipantsincetheinstallationoftheEMIS,aswellasenergycostsavingsacrossthesame15participants.Theparticipantenergysavingsrangedfrom-1.5to31.8percent,themedianwas5percent,andthemeanwas10percent.Costsavingsrangedfrom-$0.06to$1.30/sqft.Themediancostsavingswas$0.20/sqftandthemeanwas$0.39/sqft.Themeansavingsislessrepresentativethanthemedianduetothewiderangeinsavings.
SinceinstallingtheirEMIS,15participantshavesavedatotalof400billionBtu/yearand$9million/year.Theseenergysavingsachievementsareattributabletoseveralenergyefficiencyactivitiesincluding,butnotlimitedto,useoftheEMIS.Section3.2reportsthetopenergysavingmeasuresimplementedinwhichtheparticipantsutilizedtheEMIS;additionalmeasuresbeyondtheoperationalimprovementsrelatedtoEMISmayalsohavebeenimplemented.
Figure11.Participantenergysavings(left)andcostsavings(right)for15CampaignparticipantssinceEMISinstallation
5Participantcostsavings=Participantenergysavings*nationalaveragefuelprice;thenationalaveragefuelpriceis0.023$/kBtu,assuming65percentofenergyconsumptioninthebuildingiselectricityandtherestisnaturalgas.6Participantenergysavings=totalenergysavingsofbuildingsassociatedwiththeparticipant/totalbaselineenergyofbuildingsassociated.
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Inadditiontototalsavings,thesavingsforeachyearcanbeplotted,asinFigure12.Here,eachlinerepresentsabuilding,andthey-axisrepresentspercentsavingsrelativetotheyearbeforetheEMISinstallation;the“baselineyear.”Thex-axisrepresentssavingsrelativetothebaselineyear,foreachyearthattheEMISwasinplace.Theredlineindicatesthemedianforthecohort.TwoparticipantsinstalledEMISforthreeyearsandtherestinstalledEMISforoneyear.ThisplotshowsthatforthethreeparticipantsthatusedEMISforthreeyears,savingsincreasedovertime.Themedianfirstyearsavingswas5percent,or$0.18/sqft,andthemeanfirstyearsavingswas8percent,or$0.27/sqft.
Figure12.Percentchangeinparticipantenergyuse,relativetotheyearbeforeEMISinstallation;graylinesindicate
savingsforeachof15participants,andtheredlinerepresentsmediansavingsacrossallparticipants.AnLBNLstudyonEIScostsandenergysavingsin20167reported8percentmediansavingsfornineportfolios,or$0.40/sqft.Thisisslightlyhigherbutconsistentwiththe5percentmediansavingsforCampaignparticipants.ManymoreoftheEISportfoliosinthestudyhadimplementedEISforatleastthreeyears,comparedtoonlythreeparticipantstodateintheCampaign.ThroughCampaignengagement,changeinenergyuserelativetoapre-EMISbaselinewillbetracked.Weexpecttheoverallsavingstoincreaseovertime,andsincemanyoftheCampaignparticipantshaveinstalledFDDsoftwareinadditiontoEIS,theenergysavingsfromparticipantsmayultimatelybehigherthantheEISstudy.
3.4Costs
CoststoimplementanEMISandperformMBCxhavebeengatheredfromparticipantsinthefollowingcategories:
• Basecost:Upfrontcostforsoftwareinstallationandconfiguration
• Annualsoftwarecost:Recurringannualcostforsoftwarelicenseorsoftware-as-a-servicefees
• Annuallaborcost:Approximatetimespentbyin-housestaff,consultants,orservicecontractorsreviewingEMISreports,identifyingopportunitiesforimprovement,andimplementingmeasures.ReportedtoCampaigninaveragehoursspentpermonth.Costisdeterminedusing$125/hourasaveragelaborrate.
7Granderson,J,Lin,G.2016.Buildingenergyinformationsystems:Synthesisofcosts,savings,andbest-practiceuses.EnergyEfficiency9(6):1369-1384.http://eis.lbl.gov/pubs/eis-synth-EE.pdf
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Costdatawereprovidedbyparticipantsindollarsforbasecostandannualsoftwarecost,andhavebeennormalizedbyfloorarea.Mostparticipantshavelargeportfolios;therefore,thenormalizedcostsreflecttheseeconomiesofscale,withlowercostpersquarefootthanwouldtypicallybefoundforasinglebuilding.Themediancostsfromnineparticipantsareasfollows(datashownforeachparticipantinfigures13and14):
• Basecost:$0.04/sqft;Annuallaborcost:$0.08/sqft
• Firstyearcost=basecost+annuallaborcost=$0.12/sqft
• Annualrecurringsoftwarecost:$0.01/sqft
Figure13.ParticipantBaseCostandLaborCosttoImplementandUseEMIS
Figure14.ParticipantRecurringSoftwareCosttoUseEMIS
Whilethiscostdataispreliminaryandcurrentlyrepresentsasmallsamplesizeofnineparticipants,weobservethatrecurringEMISsoftwarefeesarelow.Thelargerongoingcostisthetimeittakestoutilizethe
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EMIS,whichisreflectedintheannuallaborcost.ThehighendofthelaborcostisreportedfromsitesintheirfirstyearofFDDinstallation,duringwhichtimemanyone-timeintegrationandconnectivityissuesaredetectedandresolved,aswellasthefirstsetoffaultswhichmayhaveexistedforsometime.
Levelsofsupportfromtheintegratorsandvendorsininstallationandconfigurationvariedwidely,frommostlyin-houseinstallationbyoperationsstaffwithalowlevelofvendorsupporttofullserviceinstallationwithvendorsupporttoanalyzefindings.Thevaryinglevelofsupportispartofwhatisdrivingthewiderangeofbasecost.Thelargestinstallationshadthelowercostspersquarefoot,whichreflectstheeconomiesofscaleachievablethroughbroadEMISimplementation.
TheEIScost-benefitstudy7reported$0.01/sqftbasesoftwarecostand$0.01/sqftongoingsoftwarecost;however,thisstudyfocusedonthecostofEISanddidnotincludeFDDcosts.SinceFDDimplementationshavemoredatastreamsandcomplexityinimplementingdiagnostics,itisexpectedthatthecostsreportedthroughtheCampaignwillbehigher.DataintegrationacrosstheBASandmanydevicesdrivesthehigherbasecost.
Gatheringcostdataacrossallparticipantswillbeafocusfornextyear’sreportandwillallowforcostanalysisbymarketsectorandEMIStype.ThisadditionalcostdatawillprovidemoreconclusivefindingsonEMIScosts.
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4.EMISProductsandMBCxServices
ThissectionofferstrendsinEMISproductandservicesdelivery,enablersandbarrierstoimplementation,andindustryneedsgatheredthroughreportingandinteractionwithparticipantsandsupportingpartners.
4.1TrendsinDeliveryofEMISProductsandServices
EMISSelection
Giventhewidevarietyofavailablefeatures,selectinganEMIScanbechallengingtask.MostCampaignparticipantsknewwhethertheywantedtostartwithimplementingEISorFDD.WhethertheystartwithEISorFDD,almostallparticipantswanttodesignanEMISthatisflexibleforfutureadditions.Someparticipantswantedasmanyenergymanagementfeaturesinonetoolaspossible,toavoidmultiplesoftwareinterfaces.
Participantseitherwentthrougharequestforproposals(RFP)processorchoseanEMISbasedonvendordemos.Ineithercase,therewereavarietyofdifferentreasonsforchoosingtheirvendor;forexample,thedesiretoprogramthesoftwareusingin-houselabor,easeofimplementationwithinexistingmaintenanceprocesses,andknownusebypeers.Todate,Campaignparticipantshaveimplemented20EISproducts,7FDDproducts,and1ASOproduct.
EMISProductsandServiceList
TheCampaignteamdevelopedaFindaProductorServiceListwhichcurrentlycontains44EISproducts,20FDDproducts,and6ASOproducts(8vendorsofferbothanEISproductandanFDDproduct,withmultipleproductsincorporatingSkySparkastheirFDDengine).Thislistisarepresentativesnapshotofvendorsandprovidersandisnotcomprehensive;inclusiondoesnotindicateendorsementbyDOE,LBNL,ortheUniversityofCalifornia.ThroughtheprocessofdevelopingandmaintainingtheEMISProductsandServicesList,severalinsightsemerged.
• NewEMIStoolsarecontinuallybeingdeveloped,withafewvendorsconsolidatingproducts.
• Complementarydatamanagementproductsareemerging.Formanyowners,theabilitytogather,manage,andstoredataisachallenge,sodatamanagementproductsthatarefront-endagnosticareemergingtomeetthisneed.Theseproductsmayincludebasicanalyticsbutgenerallycanbethoughtofasadataplatformthatincludesdataacquisition,communications,andstorage.Oncedataarecentralizedandofconsistentquality,ownerscanutilizethevisualizationandanalyticcapabilityofthedatamanagementproduct,exportthedataforanalysis,oroverlayanEMISasananalyticslayer.
• SomeEMISproductsarebeingwhitelabeledorembeddedinotherEMISproducts.Forexample,SkySparkistheanalyticengineforanumberofotherFDDproducts.ThewhitelabeledproductsaregenerallycombinedwiththeEMISserviceprovider’songoinganalyticsupport.
• Someserviceprovidershelpusersproject-manageandprioritizediagnostics,usingdashboardstocommunicateandprioritizethetopfaultsaftertheserviceproviderreviewsthecompletefaultoutputs.Wherebuildingoperationsteamsareparticularlyshortstaffed,theEMISserviceprovidermayactasanextensionoftheoperationsteam.
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UseofEMISAnalytics
ThemostcommonlyusedmetricsavailableinEISinstallationsareenergyuseintensity(EUI,measuredinkBtu/sqft),heatmaps,andloadprofileswithfilteringbydaytype.ThesemetricsaregenerallyusedtoidentifyhighEUI,schedulingimprovements,baselinereductionopportunities,anddemandpeaks.Almostallparticipantshavewholebuildingenergyusemeteredbyfueltype,withhourlyelectricdataavailablethroughintervalmeters.Theuseofadvancedmeter-dataanalyticsisemerging.Oneparticipanthasimplementedautomatedloadshapeanalysis,andfourparticipantsusemultivariateregressionmodelsdevelopedoutsideoftheirEMISforM&V(usinghourlyordailyintervaldata).WhileatleasttenEMISproductsinthemarketcurrentlyhaveautomatedmeasurementandverification(M&V)capabilitybuilt-intotheirproducts,theuseofthisfeaturehasnotbeenwidespreadbyCampaignparticipants.
InFDDsystems,welookedfortrendsinhoworganizationsprioritizedimplementationacrosstheirHVACsystems.SomeFDDinstallationsfocusedfirstonassessingcentralplants,thenbranchedouttoairhandlersandVAVovertime.OtherparticipantsfocusedtheirFDDsystemsonVAVsystemstomonitorhundredsofVAVboxesthattheyotherwisecouldnotmonitormanually.Similarly,someparticipantsimplementedasmallsetofcoreFDDrulesatmanybuildingsandothersimplementedallpossiblerules.Thosethatimplementedtheentiresetofavailablerulesgenerallyworkedwithaserviceprovidertohelpfilterthetoppriorityfaults.Also,ownerswithexperiencedin-houseteamsoftenreceivedtrainingfromtheFDDvendortoprogramandtunetheFDDrulesontheirown.
MBCxProcess
OrganizationsthathaveinstalledFDDandareregularlyusingithaveimplementedanMBCxprocess.FDDusersweremostactiveinimplementingfindingswhentheyhadsupportfromMBCxserviceprovidersinanalyzingandprioritizingfaults,andaroutineprocesswasinplaceforfollowinguponfaultswithoperationsteams.WhilemostFDDsoftwarehasbuilt-inestimationoftheenergycostwasteofeachfaulttouseasameansofprioritization,manyparticipantsvaluedtheroleofMBCxserviceprovidersindiagnosingtherootcauseoffaultsandprovidingatop5-10measuresforaction.
Mostcommonly,oncetheEMISwasinplaceandprovidingbenefits,organizationsreceivedstablefundingfortheirMBCxprocesswithtopmanagementbuy-in.Inotherorganizations,eventhosewithrobustsavings,thecostofMBCxandtheEMISsoftwarehadtobejustifiedannually.OneparticipantcreatedadetailedbusinesscasedocumentingthedegradationofsavingsfromRCxandtheresultingbenefitsofMBCx.8
MBCxServiceProviders
Currently33EMISserviceprovidersareincludedintheFindaProductorServicelistontheCampaignwebsite,withabout40percentofthesecompaniesoperatinginoneregionofthecountry.Whilethislistislongandgrowing,itisrepresentativeandnotcomprehensive;liketheproductlistings,inclusiondoesnotindicateendorsementbyDOE,LBNL,ortheUniversityofCalifornia.
8Gregory,E,CommissioningandEmory’sSustainablePerformanceProgram.FacilitiesManager,January/February2015.http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/38-431.pdf
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MBCxserviceproviderstendtobecommissioningfirmsexpandingintoMBCx,controlsvendorswithMBCxserviceofferings,orEMISsoftwarevendorsthatalsoprovideservices.AcompellingevolutionintheindustryistheexpansionofmarketdeliveryofFDDthroughserviceprovidersusingthetoolstoprovideaddedvaluetotheircustomers.Thiscontrastswithearliermodelsthatreliedonin-housedirectorganizationaluse,andfromanalysis-as-a-serviceprovidedbytheFDDvendor.Figure15belowillustratesthedifferentwaystoimplementEMIS.Themostlimitedsupportforin-housestaffisinstallationsupportfromEMISvendorsorserviceproviders.AdditionalsupportinprioritizingandreviewingtheoutputoftheEMIScanbeprovidedbyEMISvendorsorMBCxserviceproviders.Thehighestlevelofassistanceincludeson-the-groundimplementationsupportfromanMBCxserviceprovider.
Figure15.SupportoptionsfortheongoinguseofEMIS
Thisexpansioninservicesofferspotentialtoincreaseaccesstothetechnologyanditsassociatedbenefitsforanewclassofownerswhootherwisemaynotbeusingitduetothelackofin-housestafftimeorexpertisetoimplementanMBCxprocess.
4.2EnablersandBarriers
ThroughthecourseoftechnicalassistanceandqualitativedatacollectionfromCampaignpartners,wehaveevaluatedandsummarizedenablersandbarrierstosuccessfulEMISsoftwareandMBCxprocessimplementation.TheseareprovidedinTable2.ThreeofthemostsignificantbarrierstosuccessfulEMISsoftwareandMBCxprocessimplementationincludethefollowing:
• Limitedinformationonthetruecostsandpotentialsavingsfromusingvaryingdegreesofanalytics
• ProblemsintegratingdataintotheEMIS
• LackofstafftimetoreviewtheEMISdashboardsandreports,andtoinvestigateandimplementfindings
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MostCampaignparticipantshavesuccessfullymadethebusinesscaseforEMISandtheinstalledsystemsthathelpthemimprovebuildingoperations.ParticipantsthathaveinstitutionalizedtheuseofdataanalyticsintheirstandardmeetingandreportingprocessesarefindingtheirMBCxprocesstobevaluablebothfromacostsavingsandbuildingcomfortperspective.
Table2.EnablersandBarrierstoImplementingEMISandMBCxbyCampaignParticipants
Category Enablers BarriersEMISSpecificationandSelection
• ParticipantshaveusedDOE’sEMISProcurementSpecificationasastartingpointforanRFP.
• FocusRFPswherethereisthemostinterestinusingthedata(i.e.,operationsstaffmaydesireFDDforspecificfaultswhileenergymanagersmaydesireEIStosimplifyenergytrackingandreporting).
• FindaProductorServicelistontheCampaignwebsite.
• LimitedinformationavailableonfullcostsandsavingspotentialhindersthebusinesscaseforimplementinganEMIS.
• UsersarenotclearonwhichEMISproductfeaturestheyneed.
• LackofclarityondifferencesbetweenEMISproducts
• ProcurementtakesalongtimeandincludeseitherwritinganRFPfromscratchorinterviewingmanyvendors.
EMISInstallationandConfiguration
• UtilityincentivesoffsetcostsandsupportinstallationanduseofEMIS
• EMISserviceproviderssupportdataintegrationandset-up,thensometimesserveasanextensionoftheoperationsteamtoprovidefocusontheFDDprocess.
• CommissioningtheEMISinstallation,includingdataqualitychecksandcriticalsensorcalibration.
• Datawarehousingtoprovideasinglelocationforallrelevantdatastreams
• DataintegrationproblemsincludedifficultyextractingdatafromolderBAS,disparatedatacollectionsystems/namingconventions,anddifficultybringingallthedataintoasingledataarchitecture.
• Dataqualityproblems(gapsindata,incorrectmeterreadings)
• Lackofexistingmeteringinplace(costofaddingmetering;forinstance,whenthereisasinglemeterservingacampus).
AnalyticProcess • Metricsanddiagnosticchartsthatsummarizeperformanceataglanceratherthanrequiringtime-intensemanualanalysis
• Analyticsareimplementedtoaddressspecificoperationalchallenges,ratherthanimplementingallavailableanalytics.
• EMISserviceprovidersorEMISvendorsimplementanexistingFDDruleslibrary
• Usersexperiencedataoverloadinsteadofgainingactionableinsights(thiscanpointtoanEMISconfigurationproblemoranissuewiththelevelofanalyticsprovided)
• Difficultyinpinpointingmeasures/opportunitiesinthedata(especiallyusingmeter-leveldata)
• Difficultyfindingrootcausesofproblems(i.e.,thepumpsmaybeoperatingat100%speedallthetimebutoperatorsneedtodeterminewhatiscausingthisfaultcondition)
• LackofM&Vprocessinplacetoverifysavings
MBCxOrganizationalProcess
• StaffthatroutinelyuseEMIStendtofindvalue;withuseacrossmanylevelsofstaff(managerstotechnicians)
• Anorganization’senergysavingsgoalspinpointtheuseofEMISandreportingfeatures;theneedtoshowpersistenceofsavingsdrivesMBCx.
• Standardprocessforimplementingfindings;mayincludeintegrationofEMISwithworkorderprocess
• Abilitytoreinvestenergycostsavings
• DifficultymaintainingpersistenceofwithoutrobustMBCxprocess(turnsintoperiodicEBCxwheresavingsdegradeafterEBCx)
• StaffoverridesofBASanddesiretooperateinmanualmodeoftenleadstoenergywaste.
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5.IndustryNeeds
Throughunderstandingwhatenabledsuccessfulanalyticsimplementationandthebarriersthathinderedparticipants(seeTable2),itbecomesclearthatthereareindustryneedsinthefollowingkeyareas:
IndustryAdvancement
• Dataqualityanddatamanagement:Accuratelyandefficientlygathering,communicating,andstoringdatafromvarioussystems,devices,andmultipleformatsisacommonchallengetoownersimplementingEMIS,andoftenresultsinlongimplementationtimeframes.Thesensordatapointsineachbuildingaregenerallycreatedwithnamesthatdescribedifferentperspectivesofthedatapoints,likethedatatype,content,unit,location,andrelationshipstootherequipment.Thesenamesareusuallyinconsistentamongcommercialvendors,buildings,andevensubsystemsinthesamebuilding.Thus,interpretingthenamesofdatapointstoaunitedformatthatisreadableforFDDtoolsinvolveslaborintensiveefforts.TheprocessofinstallingFDDsoftwareisstreamlinedwhendatapointsarenamedandtaggedinastandardizedway.Aunitedmetadataschematounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenpoints,aswellasestablishingstandard,consistentnamingconventions,arekeystepstowardsstreamliningtheimplementationofFDDtools.
• BroadfunctionalityforEMIS:Meetingdiverseuserneeds(i.e.,datamanagement,benchmarking,utilitybillmanagement,energyanalytics,systemanalytics,automatedsystemoptimization,faultprioritization,andprojecttracking)withoneEMISvendorisachallenge.Thereisthepotentialfortoolpartnershipstomeetthisneed,ortheindustrymayexpandtoolcapabilityorconsolidatetoolstoprovidemorecomprehensivesolutions.
• Incentivestospurmarketgrowth:UtilityincentiveprogramscanoffsetthebasecostsofEMISandsetupareportingstreamthatallowstheprogramtodocumentpersistenceofsavings.UtilitiesareinapositiontouseMBCxprogramstoengagewithcustomersonanongoingbasisandsupportoperationalimprovementsovertime,howeverthereareveryfewsuchprogramscurrentlyavailabletoowners.
OwnerSupport
• EIS/meterdataanalytics:Organizationsneedmoreguidanceinhowtousemeterdatatogaindiagnosticvalue.Campaignparticipantshavesharedthatitisdifficulttocreateenergydashboardsthatmeetneedsofvaryingusergroupsbecausetheyarenotsurewhattoputonthedashboardsorhowsetuptheanalyticstodirectusergroupstosavingsopportunities.TheCampaignisprovidingtechnicalsupporttoparticipantsthatwishtotailortheirEISdashboardstomeetspecificneeds.
• EMISreviewandselection:DeterminingwhichEMISvendorswillmeetorganizationalneedsandwhatfunctionalityexistswithinthevendors’productshasbeendifficultforCampaignparticipants.ThereisahesitancytobroadlydistributeEMISRFPstomanyvendorssincereviewingresponsesistimeconsuming,soorganizationstendtoselectafewvendorstosendtheRFP.Withsuchalargefieldofproductsavailable,itisdifficulttoidentifythis“shortlist.”TheCampaignhascategorizedEMISvendorsatthehighestleveloffunctionality(EIS,FDD,ASO)andintentionallyhasnotprovidedadetailedcatalogueofcapabilities,asitisdifficulttokeepanassessmentcurrentforsomanyEMISvendorsthatareupdatingtheirproductsovertime.Currently,Campaignstaffprovideguidanceabout
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toolfunctionality,howeverthereisnotastandardizedwayforparticipantstoreviewEMISfeaturesacrossallproducts.
• Bestpracticesandpeerconnections:CampaignparticipantsoftennotethattheydonotknowhowothersareimplementingEMIStoolsandMBCxprocesses.TheyhavesharedaneedforsupportinmakingthebusinesscaseforMBCx,developingRFPsforEMISand/orMBCx,configuringtheirEMIS,andverifyingenergysavings.TheCampaign’sconsultationwithparticipantsanddevelopmentofaFDDpeernetworkhasproventobebeneficialinsharinglessonslearnedamongthoseimplementingMBCx,withsupportformakingasolidbusinesscaseandimplementingbestpractices.
MBCxiscurrentlyintheearlyadopterphase,withthemostsignificantgrowthsupportedbycampusEMISinstallationsinthehighereducationmarketsectorandafewMBCx-focusedutilityprograms.AddressingtheindustryneedsoutlinedabovewillhelpexpandtheindustrytowardsongoingMBCxprocessesthatachievelastingoperationalbenefits.
6.Conclusions
Withover185millionsqftengaged,thehighlevelofparticipationintheSmartEnergyAnalyticsCampaignpointstoagrowingnationaltrendintheuseofanalyticsincommercialbuildings.EISarebecomingcommonforportfolioownersthatwanttotrackenergyusecentrallyandprioritizesites,andFDDisgainingtractionasithelpsfacilityteamstracktheperformanceofsystems.Initialfindingsfrom15participantswithanEMISinstalledshowmediancostsavingsof$0.20/sqftand5percentannually.Participantshavemadethebusinesscasetoinstallanalytics,oftenwithoutoutsidefundingandincentivesbecauseitmakesgoodfinancialsense.
ThedatacollectedshowthatCampaignpartnersareutilizingtheirEMIStofindandfixoperationalmeasuresattheirbuildingsandportfolios.However,thereisaneedtoimprovedataintegrationandmanagement,navigatethemanyEMISvendoroptions,andimproveprioritizationoffaultfindings.PartnersmustdedicateadequatestafftimetoreviewtheanalyticsandaddresstheopportunitiesfoundwiththesupportofagrowinginfrastructureofEMISvendorsandserviceproviders.TechnicalassistanceprovidedthroughtheCampaigncontinuestofocusonhelpingorganizationsmovebeyonddataparalysistobuildingoperationsthatarecontinuouslyinformedbyanalytics.