Presented by : Name : Al Imran Roll : 27 Reg. : 225487 Sem. : 5th

Dhaka International University Department of PharmacyPresentation On Synthesis of Drug

Making drug

Considerations:

Drug must be able to be absorbed into the body(A)

Drug must be distributed to the right target(D)

We must know how the drug is metabolized(M)

We must know how the drug get excreted(E)

We must understand the toxicities of the drug(T)

Drug synthesis*Involves the use of organic synthesis

*Conversation of existing molecules into other useful molecules*A series of steps that lead from one or more

starting materials. Culminating in a finished product*Drug chemistry 1. conversion of little molecules (leads) into bigger molecules 2. synthesis of unnatural product from natural product 3. modification of existing structures

ExamplePaclitaxel (taxol): anti-cancer drug and rare natural product

Example

Indynaprost(Experimental aggregation

inhibitor)Cylopentadien

e

Formation of C-C bond ( or removal of bonds, ex: alkenes to alkanes)

oMethods and strategies

Skeletal rearrangement

Functional groups inter conversion (FGI) *oxidation *reduction *substitution *elimination *addition *others

General guidelines

Synthesis of Aspirinacetylsalicylic acid, ASA

1.Phenolate ion reaction with CO2 under pressure to form o-hydroxy benzoic acid (salicylic acid).

2. Salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydrite to form ASA.

Synthesis of paracetamol from phenol

(acetaminophen)

In a small-scale laboratory, paracetamol is prepared by a three-reaction sequence. First, nitration of phenol with sodium nitrate gives a mixture of two isomers, from which the wanted 4-nitrophenol (bp 279 °C) can easily be separated by steam distillation. In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, phenol's oxygen is strongly activating, thus the reaction requires only mild conditions as compared to nitration of benzene itself. The nitro group is then reduced to an amine, giving 4-aminophenol. This reaction can be accomplished using sodium borohydride. Finally, the amine is acetylated with acetic anhydride.The industrial process is analogous, but hydrogenation is used instead of the sodium borohydride reduction

Any question