It refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without

appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meanings within the sentence.

The term syntax is from the ancient Greek “Syntaxis”, a verbal noun which literally

means “arrangement” or “setting out together”.

DSGFSDFG

Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences

are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the

language under analysisNoam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971)

for example…

Is the order and arrangement of the clauses in a sentence, which is

a group of words that express a complete thought.

It is also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb.Example:Some students like to study in the mornings.

It contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,Coordinators are always preceded by a comma.Example:I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

COMPOUND SENTENCE

A complex sentence has one independent clause joined together with a dependent

clause.It always has a subordinator such as

because, since, after, although, or when (and many others) or a relative pronoun.

Example: When he handed in his

homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammatically is called a synthetic category. It divides into twogroups.

Nouns

Verbs Prepositions

Adjetives

NOUN• Definition: A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals,

objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner. For example:

• Table

• Pencil

• The dog

• A white house

TYPES OF NOUNS• Proper nouns are the names of specific things, people, or places, such as

Jhon, France. They usually begin with a capital letter.

• Common nouns are general names such as person, mansion, and book. They can be either concrete or abstract.

• Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense such as clock and telephone.

• Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities such as liberty and truth.

• Countable nouns refer to things which can be counted (can be singular or plural)

• Uncountable nouns refer to some groups of countable nouns, substances, feelings and types of activity (can only be singular)

VERBThe part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.

DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB

Many verbs perform an action on something. This is called the direct object of the verb.

Terry kissed her hand.

• (her hand - direct object of the verb to kiss)Beverly will eat a whole chicken.

• (a whole chicken - direct object of the verb to eat)

• INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Some verbs cannot have a direct object. These verbs are said to be intransitive verbs.

The rain fell heavily.

• (The rain fell, but it did not perform an action on anything. In this example, the verb to fall is an intransitive verb.)Jack protested in the street.

• (Jack protested, but he did not perform an action on anything. In this example, the verb to protest is an intransitive verb.)

•

Verbs that can have a direct object (most of them) are called transitive verbs.Barney copied the answer.

• (the answer - direct object of the transitive verb to copy)

• Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. In the first sentence above, the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.

• Here are some more examples of transitive verbs:

• I baked some cookies.

• I rode the bicycle.

• I moved the chair.

• I stitched a quilt.

INDIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB

Some verbs have two objects, a direct object (see above) and an indirect object. The indirect object is the person or thing for whom the action was performed.Jamie read the children a story.

• (a story - direct object; the children - indirect object)I will bake him a cake.

• (a cake - direct object; him - indirect object)The postman gives Anne a letter every day.

• (a letter - direct object; Anne - indirect object)

ADJECTIVEWe use adjectives to describe nouns.

• Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun…:

• They have a beautiful house.We saw a very exciting film last night.

• or after a link verb like be, look or feel:

• Their house is beautiful.That film looks interesting.

PREPOSITIONS• Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns

(sometimes also in front of gerund verbs)

• It is divided into two groups

1-Prepositions – Time

For example

-Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

Determiner

Degreeword

Qualifier Auxialiary

Conjuction

•Determinersare words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase.

They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general.

Determiners are either specific or general

• Specific determiners:

• The specific determiners are:

-the definite article: the

-possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our, their, whose

-demonstratives: this, that, these, those

• In general determiner we find• A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used

before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity:'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.

• Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

-Examples:

• There are some books on the deskHe's got only a few dollars.

DEGRE WORDS• are words that modify adjectives or adverbs

and express a degree

- Very, rather, too

- For example:

-It is very funny -They are very expensive

QUALIFIER• Are word or phrase that follo an adjective or a

adverb. Qualifier do not modify verb, also itcan not be made in comparative or superlativeform.

• For example

-The baby is almost asleep

AUXILIARY• Can convey information about tense

number person and mood.

• For example

-Do you have a dictionary?

It is an auxilar of the verb that is in present simple

CONJUCTION• It serves to connect words, phrases, caluses or sentences.

• for ,and, but, yet

• For example:

-Most children like cookies and milk

- What you said and what you do are two different

word to word

clause to clause

-Noun phrases often function as

verb subjects and objects, as

predicative expressions , and as

the complements

of prepositions.

-A noun

phrase or nominal

phrase (abbreviated NP) is

a phrase which has a noun

as its head word.

• Often a noun phrase is just a noun or a pronoun:

-People like to have money.-I am tired.-It is getting late.

• or a determiner and a noun …:

-Our friends have bought a house in the village.-Those houses are very expensive.

• … perhaps with an adjective:

-Our closest friends have just bought a new house in the village.

• So the noun phrase is built up in this way:

-Noun: people; money

-Determiner + noun: the village, a house, our friends; those houses

-Quantifier + noun: some people; a lot of money

-Determiner + adjective + noun: our closest friends; a new house.

-Quantifier + determiner + noun: all those children;

-Quantifier + determiner + adjective + noun: both of my younger brothers

In simple words, a verb of more than one word is called a verb

phrase. It is a phrase consisting of a verb, its auxiliaries (helping

verbs), its complements, and other modifiers. Auxiliary verbs always

come before the main verb.

Examples

She has taken the job. (Auxiliary has + main verb taken)Mom is making the room. (auxiliary is + main verb make)

An adjectival phrase is a group of words that describe a noun or

pronoun in a sentence. The adjective phrase can be placed before, or

after, the noun or pronoun in the sentence.

Examples:

The movie was not too terribly long.

Mom said the cost of a car is way too high.

A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing

a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and

any modifiers of the object.

Example:

After several minutes we located the key for the door.

We drove to the store

They are called constituent stuctureones . They are graphic

representations of a speaker’sknowledge of the sentence structure

in their language.

• PST show three aspects of the sentence structure

1.The linear order of the words in the sentence

2. The grouping of words into syntactic categories

3.The hierarchical structure of the syntactic categories

•Besides, the simple English sentence consists of two principal constituents:

-.Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb phrase (VP)

2. Analyzing the phrase structure of English sentences

The child found the puppy in the garden.

Step 1

set down the basic pair of branches for two principal constituents - the

Subject NP and the predicate VP - at the top of the phrase structure

S

NP VP

• The child put the puppy in the garden

• (The child) noun phrase

• (put the puppy in the garden) verb phrase

-PSR are the onesthat determine what goes in a

sentence(constituents)

-How theconstituentsare ordered.

- Constituent: It is a word or group of

words that functionas a unit and can

make up largergrammatical ones.

Syntax and morphology are both important to the way that people derive meaning from language, but they are different in that syntax refers to the order and use of words, and morphology refers to the parts of words that create meaning. For example, it is possible to

create a sentence that is grammatically correct, but that makes no sense to a speaker of the language.

-(QuickBooks, 2010)

QuickBooks. (01 de November de 2010). Obtenido de QuickBooks:

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/21773473/Noam-Chomsky-on-Syntax---Syntactic-

Structures-_1957__-Aspects-Of

(Science, 2001)

Science, E. o. (22 de March de 2001). Macmillan Reference Ltd. Obtenido de

Macmillan Reference Ltd:

http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/jxyj/xslw/readings%20in%20syntax/amsa-18-

0900.pdf

-(The University of Sheffield, 2012)

Lightfoot, D. W. (2002). Syntactic Structures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

The University of Sheffield. (03 de 06 de 2012). Obtenido de The University of

Sheffield: https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-

linguistics/branches/syntax/what-is-syntax

-Chomsky, N. (1988). Syntax. En N. Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(pág. 251 pg). MIT Press.

GROUP-Brigitte Cruz Rojas.

-Leslie Chavarría Quiroz.

-Karolayn Gomez Blanco.

-Carolina Gutiérrez Castillón.

-Marleni Ortiz Vilca.

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