Syntactical units with two and with more verbs

CONTENTS

Bibliography, supplementing the previous Bibliographies............xvii

SYNTACTICAL UNITS WITH TWO VERBS

CHAPTER TWELVE

DIRECT CONSECUTION

[B] THE SECOND VERB IS A FORM IN -ING

Introduction...............................1861

1 . No Subordination of the First Verb to the Second..............1863

Type ‘He desires departing’ § 1772....................1863Type ‘She detested shopping’ § 1773...................1864Type ‘He did not fear wetting his feet’ § 1774...............1868Type ‘I avoided introducing you’ § 1775..................1869Type ‘He mimed speaking into a telephone’ § 1776.............1874Type ‘He remembered wandering through dimly-lit streets’ § 1777......1875Type ‘I never could abide being stared at’ § 1778..............1876Type ‘We intend going to Rome’ § 1779..................1878Type ‘She tried shopping in the Berwick Market’ § 1780...........1880Type ‘He risked killing me’ § 1781....................1881Type ‘I couldn’t help overhearing’ § 1782.................1881Type ‘I confessed being not always attentive’ § 1783............1882Type ‘He practised waltzing’ § 1784....................1883Type ‘Do you hear singing?’ § 1785....................1884Type ‘What are you doing talking about our problems in front of them?’ § 1786 1885Type ‘He has somewhat to doing’ § 1787.................1885Type ‘Things that simply will not bear talking of’ § 1788..........1886

2 . Slight Subordination §1789.......................1888

(a) Verbs of inchoation, e.g. ‘he began talking’ § 1790............1888(b) Verbs of continuation, e.g. ‘he continued talking’ § 1791.........1897(c) Verbs of termination, e.g. ‘he ceased talking’ § 1792...........1900(d) Verbs of motion, e.g. ‘he came talking’ § 1793..............1906(e) Verbs of rest, e.g. ‘he sat talking’ § 1794-5...............1912(f) Verbs of modality, e.g. ‘he seemed moving’ § 1796............1916

3 . Distinct Subordination § 1797......................1918

Introduction § 1797...........................1918WEORPAN + Form in -ing §§ 1798-1799.................1918TO BE + Form in -ing: THE EXPANDED FORM §§ 1800-1889.......1920Definition of expanded form §§ 1801-1812.................1920

VI CONTENTS

The form in -ing is a noun §§ 1813-1814................ x 9 2 9The form in -ing is adjectival § 1815..................I93 1

The expanded form of ‘momentary’ verbs § 1816..............1934The expanded form expressing something happening at a point of time § 1817-8 . 1936

Type ‘What are you getting at?’ § 1819................ I 937Type ‘I was telling you the other day about acidity’ § 1820........1938Type ‘When he woke, the sun was streaming into the room’ § 1821 .... 1938Type ‘He was finishing breakfast, when he heard a knock’ § 1822.....*93°Type ‘While he was paying off his taxi, John suddenly appeared’ § 1823 . . 1939Type ‘While John was playing, Richard was writing’ § 1824.......194°

The expanded form in statements referring to customary events §§ 1825-1827 . 1940Type ‘Every evening we were organising meetings and debates’ § 1826 . . . 1940Type ‘You’re always spoiling company by leaving it’ § 1827.......1941

(Ibid, with non-expanded form § 1827)..............1941Type ‘She is at this time translating Chaucer into modern French’ § 1828 . 1945

No expanded form in units with inversion, e.g. ‘Hark, here goes the bugle’ § 1829 1946Expanded forms in units referring to the future..............1947

Type ‘I am leaving to-morrow’ § 1830.................1947Type ‘Can I take you anywhere, or are you lunching here?’ § 1831 .... 1950Type ‘You are coming to our party, aren’t you?’ § 1832-3........1951

Type ‘You are being naughty, (a bore)’.(a) With adjective § 1834....................... I 953(b) With noun § 1835.........................1957

Type ‘Be packing’; ‘Don’t be standing here prattling’ § 1836........ . 1958Inchoative function of the expanded form? § 1837-8.............1961The ‘modals’ [can, may, owe, will] in the expanded form § 1839........1963The copulas in the expanded form, e.g. ‘he is getting old’ § 1840.......1965The verb have in the expanded form § 1841................1966

Type (A) ‘I was having a good time’ § 1841..............1966Type (B) ‘I am having to fight’ § 1841.................1967Type (C) ‘I am having both poems set up at once’ § 1841........1967

Verbs often said to resist expansion, e.g. believe, forget, hope, think, etc. §§ 1842-51 1968(A) Verbs like live, dwell § 1845....................*97°(B) Verbs referring to mental processes or operations § 1846.......1973(C) Verbs of affection and disaffection, fearing, desiring § 1847......1978(D) Verbs of physical perception § 1848................1981(E) Verbs expressing automatical corporeal activities § 1849.......1982(F) The verbs hang, sit, lie and stand § 1850..............1983(G) The verb wear § 1851......................1986

Historical note on the expanded form §§ 1852-1864.............1988Type ‘He is on (a, in, at) hunting’ §§ 1865-1868...............*99°Types ‘He was (a, in) writing of a letter’; ‘What are you doing of?’ §§ 1869-71 . 2002Type ‘The house is building’ [Passival expanded form] §§ 1872-83.......2004

(Passival infinitives; passival quasi-infinitives in -ende {-ing ); passival presenttenses and preterites; passival forms in -ende and -ing not in colligation withto be\ passival forms in -ing as complements and adjuncts; passival forms in-ing after worth, worthy, etc.; passival parasynthetic formations in -ende and-ing opening with un- §§ 1873-4)....................2005

Instances of the pattern ‘the house is building’ §§ 1875-81..........2008

CONTENTS VU

in Old English § 1875-6; in Middle English § 1878; in Modem English §§ 1878-Si................................

Type ‘The house is on (a, at, in, under) building’ §§ 1883-7..........

Types (in Anglo-Irish) ‘Let you not be destroying yourself’; ‘Is it French you are

talking?’; ‘Be leaving that woman alone’ § 1888.............

Clipped expanded forms e.g. ‘A Enjoying yourself ?’; ‘A Be seeingyou to-morrow,’

§ 1889...............................

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

DIRECT CONSECUTION

[C] THE SECOND VERB IS A PAST PARTICIPLE

Method of classification § 1890.......................

The first verb is a ‘full’ or quasi-'full’ verb § 1891...............

Type ‘The two men sat fascinated’; ‘He felt let down’ § 1891.........

The first verb is a copula of aspect

(a) durative, e.g. ‘He continued excommunicated’ § 1892..........

(b) inchoative, e.g. ‘She became deceased during that period’ § 1893.....

(The past participle preceded by to, as in ‘Pompeius wished to had been borne a

poore mannes childe’ § 1893).....................

The first verb is a ‘copula’ of modality, e.g. ‘A light seemed switched on in the garden’

§1894.................................

The first verb is shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must or ought to.

Types ‘Scip sceal gensegled’; ‘he sholde not escaped’ § 1895.........

The first verb is did. Types ‘pe two kyngis did made a grete cite’; ‘Hissed at me he

did’ § 1896...............................

The first verb is weorban, with the past participle of an intransitive verb. Type ‘he

wearS gefeallen’ § 1897.........................

The first verb is be(on), wesan (> have) with the past participle of an intransitive verb

§§ 1898-1904..............................

with p.p. of verbs of motion § 1899....................

with p.p. of verbs of becoming, appearing, originating, etc. § 1900......

‘Is geworden’, ‘is made’, ‘is done’ as translations of Latin fact-um, -us, -a est

§ 1900..............................

with p.p. of verbs of happening, befalling, chancing, etc. § 1907........

with p.p. of verbs of coming, going, arriving, etc. § 1902...........

with p.p. of verbs of altering, changing, etc., e.g. ‘it is/has frozen’; ‘it is/has melted’

§1903

................ ;••••••; ......with p.p. of verbs of finishing, disappearing, dying, ending, perishing § 1904 . .

The verbs be(on), wesan + the past participle of a transitive verb. (THE PASSIVE

VOICE) §§ 1905-2000..........................

Introduction §§ 1905-1913.........................

Type ‘Ne hatte hys modor Maria?’ § 1914..................

Type ‘E»aer beop pa wanigendan welras gefylde’ (beop expressing futurity) § 1915. .

‘Wearp ofslaegen’ versus 'waes ofslsegen’ § 1916-1917..............

Type ‘To-morrow worp pe Mariage I-mad of Meede and of Fals’ [with reference

to the future] §1918.........................

2011

2020

2021

2025

2027

2027

2027

2029

2029

2030

2033

2034

2040

2041

2042

2044

2046

2051

2052

2054

2073

2075

2084

2084

2090

2091

2091

2093

viii CONTENTS

‘Wearp geworden’ as a translation of Latin fact-um, -us, -a est § 1919.....2094Type ‘A smell of floors being scrubbed’ § 1920................ 20 95Type ‘He wære worthy to be blamed’ § 1921.................2097Type ‘That never enough to be celebrated capture’ § 1922...........2099Type ‘Be ruled by me’ [Imperative] § 1923.................. 2100

Ibid, with weorpan, e.g. ‘Hanged worpe he on an hok’ § I9 2 4 .........2101Clipped Passive constructions, e.g. ‘Ho, Diomed, well met’ § 1925........2101Passive transforms of constructions with one or with two objects §§ 1926-81 . . . 2102Passive transforms of units with one direct object § 1927............2102

With to have, e.g. ‘Sleep could be had in the wash-house’ § 1928.......2104Type ‘Life, however, has to be lived’ § 1929................2107Type ‘It is said that John has had an accident’ § 1930............2108Type ‘There was quite a lot of fun poked at American scholars’ § 1931 .... 2109Type ‘Per was sobbing, siking and handwringing’ § 1932...........2111

Passive transforms of units with one sole indirect object §§ I933~35.......2112Types ‘Us bij> geborgen’, ‘Gode be pancod’ § 1933.............2112Types (Old English) ‘He wæs hrinen’, ‘hi wæron gederede’ § 1934.......2113Types (Middle & Mod. English) ‘he was helped’; ‘he was obeyed’ § 1935 .... 2113

Passive transforms of units with a direct object + objective complement/adjunct§1936.......................... ( ....... 2I1 5(A) Complement!adjunctis a noun, e.g. ‘he was dubbed a knyght’ § 1937 . . . .2115

Ibid, with to before complement/adjunct § 1938............2116Ibid, with for before complement/adjunct § 1939.......... . . 2117Ibid, with as before complement/adjunct § 1940...........2117Ibid, with as for before complement/adjunct § 1941..........2118

(B) Complement/adjunctis an adjective, e.g. ‘he is held wise’ § 1942......2118Ibid, with for before the adjective § 1943..............2119Ibid, with as before the adjective § 1944...............2119Ibid, with as for before the adjective § 1945.............2120

(C) Complement/adjunctis a prepositional phrase, e.g. ‘He was had in prise’ § 1946 2120Passive transform of units with one sole prepositional object §§ 1947-1958 .... 2120

Type ‘he was laughed at’ §§ 1947-1957...................2120Earliest occurrences of this type §§ 1950-1957 .............2122

Types ‘All the old machinery was done away with’; ‘His visit was looked forwardto with interest’ § 1958.......................2133

Passive transforms of units with an indirect object and a causative object § 1959 . 2135(Active type * ‘Mon him ofteah para clapa’) >

(1) ‘Him wæs oftohen para clapa’ § 1959................2136(2) * ‘He wæs oftohen para clapa’ § 1959................2136

Passive transform of units with a direct object and a causative object § i960 . . . 2137(Active type * ‘Mon geclænsap hine eallra synna’) >

* ‘He is (wyrp) eallra synna geclænsed’ § i960.............2137Passive transform of units with a direct object and an ablative object § 1961 . . . 2138

(Active type * ‘Mon hine heafde becearf’) >‘He wæs heafde becorfen’ § 1961...................2138

Passive transform of units with two direct objects § 1962............2138(Active type * ‘Silvestre lærde hine pis’) >

‘He wæs lærde pis fram Silvestre’ § 1962................2138Passive transforms of units with an indirect and a direct object §§ 1963-1985 . . . 2139

CONTENTS IX

(Active type * ‘Mon sceal him lætan blod’) >

(1) ‘Him sceal beon læten blod’ § 1963.................2139

(2) ‘He sceal beon læten blod’ § 1963.................2139

(3) ‘Ter sceal him beon læten blod’ § 1963...............2139

(Active type * ‘Mon strake him (hine) off Ids leg’) >

(1) ‘Him (J)e man) was stricken off his leg’ § 1964............2140

(2) ‘He was stricken off his leg’ § 1964.................2140

(3) ‘He had his leg stricken off' § 1964.................2140

(Active type ‘They banished him the realm') >

(1) ‘The earl was banished the realm’ § 1965..............2141

(2) ‘He was banished the realm’ § 1965................2141

(Active type ‘Ic geaf him a boc’) >

(1) ‘Him (the king) was given a book’ § 1966..............2142

(2) ‘He was given a book’ § 1967...................2143

in Old English § 1967......................2143

in Middle English § 1968....................2144

in Modern English §§ 1969-1973.................2146

(grammarians’ comments) § 1974.................2149

(3) ‘The book was given (to) him’ §§ 1976-1977.............2152

(4) ‘It was told him that ... ’ § ig78

.................2155

(5) ‘He had a book given (to) him’ § 1979...............2155

(Active type ‘Mon him benam feorh’) >

(1) ‘Him (8am kinge) wæs benomen feorh’ § 1980............2158

(ia) ‘The king was benomen feorh’ § 1981...............2158

(2) ‘He was benomen feorh’ § 1982..................2159

(2a) ‘He was benomen of (from, æt) feorh’ § 1983............2160

(4) ‘He hadde feorh benomen him’ § 1984...............2161

(Active type ‘Mon timbrede him ane ceastre’) >

(1) ‘Him wæs ane ceastre timbred’ § 1985...............2162

(2) ‘He had a castle built (him)’ § 1985.................2162

Passive transforms of units with a direct object and a prepositional object § 1986 . 2163

(Active type T took notice of this suggestion’) >

(a) ‘(no) notice was taken of this suggestion’ § 1986...........2163

(b) ‘this suggestion was taken (no) notice of’ § 1986...........2163

The agent in the passive construction §§ 1987-2000..............2176

(a) without preposition (in Old English) § 1988...............2177

(b) with among § 1989 ; at § 1990 ; between/betwixt § 1991 ; by ¡be § 1992 ; for § 1993 ;

fram}from § 1994; mid § 1995; of § 1996; on § 1997; to § 1998; purhjthrough

§ 1999 ; with § 2000.........................2179

The Perfect

Have -f past participle of transitive verb

(a) with object expressed § 2001.....................2189

(b) without object expressed § 2002....................2191

Have + past participle of intransitive verb § 2003...............2191

The opposition preterite/perfect § 2004....................2192

The perfect (a) without any temporal adjuncts and relation to past time § 2005 . 2193

(b) with temporal adjunct not referring to a point of time in the past

§ 2006...........................2195

X CONTENTS

(c) with temporal adjunct referring to a period stretching from past to

the present moment § 2007................. 2196

(d) with temporal adjunct referring to a point in the past § 2008 . . . 2197

Epic (= ‘historical’) Perfect instead of Preterite § 2008b............2198

The ‘perfect of experience’ § 2009......................2198

‘Till he will have + p.p.’ > ‘Till he has + P-P-’ § 2010.............2201

The types T have got two eyes’ and T have got to obey’ § 2011..........2202

T have got’ = T have’ :

in positive units § 2012.........................2203

in negative units with not (versus T don’t have’) § 2013...........2204

in positive and negative questions § 2014.................2205

Type ‘You got to decide now’ § 2015.....................2205

Type ‘He had got to be a slave’ § 2016....................2206

Type T have done’ (= T have come to an end’); ‘Have done’ (imperative) § 2017-8 . 2206

Variants of the perfect

(a) Type 'We’ve been and gone and done it’ § 2019..............2207

(b) Type ‘The highways have a been unoccupied heretofore’ § 2020......2208

(c) Type T havejam done speaking’ § 2021.................2208

(d) Type T have done tell you’ § 2022...................2209

(e) Type T (have) done told you’ § 2023..................2210

(f) Type (in Anglo-Irish) T am after speaking’ § 2024............2211

( g ) Type T am through speaking’ § 2025..................2211

(h) Type ‘We are making this discovery only this morning’ § 2026 ..... 2211

Type ‘He is a has-been’ § 2027.......................2212

The Pluperfect

Had + past participle...........................2212

Type ‘The child had broken the crystal vase’ § 2028.............2212

Resultati ve pluperfect § 2029.......................2213

Continuative pluperfect § 2030......................2214

The Modal Pluperfect

Type ‘Had he been here, he would have helped me’ § 2031...........2214

Type ‘If we had missed the train, it would have been awkward’ § 2032......2215

Type ‘Might she have yfounde a knijf, She had yspilt her lijf ’ § 2033.......2216

Type ‘If he had lived a little longer, he had broke all their Schemes’ § 2034 .... 2216

Type ‘Had I yielded, how different had been my present situation’ § 2035.....2217

Type ‘Thei were ledde to the Comptere, as though thei had be felons’ § 2036 .... 2218

Type ‘From him whose kiss had been pollution’ § 2037.............2218

Type T wish some ravenous wolf had eaten thee’ § 2038............2218

Type ‘Oh\ had I but followed the arts!’ § 2038.................2218

Type T thought you had beene sicke’ § 2039.................2219

Type ‘What helpip pin hadde-y-wist’ § 2040.................. 2220

Types ‘Many had not dared to doe that euill’ ; ‘By day this deed of darkness had not

been’ ; T had almost spoken ’, etc. § 2041..................2220

Had would, had could, had might and had ought § 2042.............2221

CONTENTS XI

(To) Have [infinitive] + Past Participle

Types ‘He was loth to have killed him’; ‘he would have killed him’ § 2043.....2222

(To) have past participle

(1) as subject § 2044..........................2222

ibid, after heralding it § 2044.....................2222

(2) after a copula § 2045........................2224

(3) as an adjunct to an adjective § 2046..................2225

(4) as an adjunct to a noun § 2047....................2225

(5) as direct object § 2048........................2226

(6) after he (I, etc.) had like § 2049....................2226

(7) as an adverbial adjunct

of purpose § 2050..........................2226

of cause, reason, etc. § 2050.....................2226

of condition § 2050.........................2226

of consequence § 2050........................2226

of concession § 2050.........................2226

in the pattern ‘I expected (supposed, etc.) him to have done it’ § 2050 . . . 2226

Having + Past Participle

Types ‘Having seen so much, should he not go back?’, ‘He apologised for having dared

to take so important a step’ § 2051....................2228

Having gone and being gone compared § 2052.................2229

Functions of having + p.p. in the sentence § 2053...............2230

The Clipped Perfect

Types ‘You ever been to the Riviera?’ § 2054.................2232

‘Ever tried reading old newspapers?’ § 2054...............2232

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

INDIRECT CONSECUTION

[A] THE SECOND VERB IS AN INFINITIVE

Introduction § 2055-7........................... 2234

(a) Type ‘I saw that he fell’ § 2058....................2236

(b) Type ‘I made him that he fell’ § 2059.................2237

(c) Type ‘I commanded him that (he) to go’ § 2060.............2239

(d) Type ‘I commanded Jim to come and that he should stay here’ § 2061 . . . 2240

(e) Type ‘Let we go’ § 2062.......................2240

(f) Type ‘I depended on him to come’

‘I waved at Ivonne to halt’ § 2063................2241

(g) Type ‘I wanted for him to go’

‘I longed for her to finish’ § 2064.................2244

(h) Type ‘Look at her enter’

‘Listen to her talk’ § 2065....................2248

THE VERB + OBJECT/SUBJECT + INFINITIVE PATTERN =

THE VOSI § 2066............................2250

XU CONTENTS

In syntactical Units with

I. Verbs of physical perception § 2067.................. 225

°

II. Verbs of causing § 2068.......................22 55

III. The verb To Have ..........................2265

(a) Have is preceded by will, would § 2069-70..............2266

(b) Have is preceded by will not, would not § 2071............2267

(c) Other cases § 2072-3.......................2268

IV. Verbs of inducing, forcing, compelling, praying, etc. § 2074........2270

V. Verbs of allowing, permitting, suffering, etc. and their antonyms § 2075 . . 2290

VI. Verbs of wishing, desiring, hoping, etc. § 2076..............2298

VII. Verbs of liking, loving, hating, etc. § 2077...............2300

VIII. Verbs of ordering, commanding, forbidding, prohibiting, etc. § 2078 .... 2302

IX. Verbs of mental perception or affection § 2079..............2307

X. Verbs of teaching, helping, showing, etc. § 2080.............2318

XI. Verbs of saying and declaring § 2081..................2323Kindred Constructions

Type ‘A hope of gode hap to come’

‘A presage of the business to be performed’ § 2082...........2337

CHAPTER FIFTEEN


[B] THE SECOND VERB IS A FORM IN -ING

THE VERB + OBJECT/SUBJECT + -ING PATTERN =

THE VOSING § 2083 2339

In sentences with

I. Verbs of physical perception § 2084..................2340

II. Verbs of causing § 2085.......................2346III. The verb To Have

(a) preceded by will not, would not § 2087...............2348

(b) have = to experience § 2088....................2348

(c) have == to cause § 2089......................2348

(d) have got, or got instead of have § 2090................2349

IV. Verbs of inducing, praying, etc. § 2091.................2349

V. Verbs of allowing, keeping, suffering, preventing, hindering, leaving, etc.

§2092...............................2350

VI. Verbs of wishing, wanting, etc. § 2093.................2353

Via. Verbs of risking, jeopardising, etc. § 2094................2354

VII. Verbs of liking, hating, etc. § 2095...................2355

VIII. Verbs of forbidding, commanding, etc. § 2096..............2355

IX. Verbs of mental perception and affection § 2097.............2355

X. Verbs of teaching, helping, etc. § 2098.................2358

XI. Verbs of saying and declaring § 2099..................2358

Kindred constructions...........................2360

(a) Type ‘I saw the church building’ § 2101- § 2101.............2361

(b) Type ‘I couldn’t imagine his ever being afraid’ § 2102-3.........2362

‘I must prevent this knight’s coming’ § 2104............2366

CONTENTS Xlii

(c) Type ‘I insist on Miss Sharp appearing’ § 2105.............2367

‘I disapprove of schoolgirls using cosmetics’ § 2105.........2367

(d) Type ‘I saw him a(-)coming’ § 2106..................2368

(e) Type ‘He flattered me into concealing my misgivings’

‘He drives me to weeping’ § 2107....... ! ..........2369

(f) Type ‘She could not stop herself from crying’

‘This did not prevent him from marrying’ § 2108..........2370

‘If you mean to save yourself from whipping’ (-ing is passive) § 2109 . 2374

(g) Type ‘The improbability of it(s) happening’ § 2110...........2375

CHAPTER SIXTEEN


[C] THE SECOND VERB IS A PAST PARTICIPLE

THE VERB + OBJECT/ (PASSIVE) SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE PATTERN =

THE VOSP §2111 ............................2376

Introductory

constructions with the past participle of intransitive verbs § 2111.......2376

constructions with to he past participle instead of past participle § 2112-3 . . 2377The VOSP in sentences with

I. Verbs of physical perception § 2113-4.................2379

II. Verbs of causing § 2115.......................2383

III. The verb To Have §§ 2116-8......................2387

Type ‘Have me excused’ § 2119..................2388

Type ‘Now tell me quhat ye will haif done’ § 2120..........2389

Type ‘Dr. D’Avenant would have had me gone’ § 2121........2390

Type ‘You would have had me told what it was I expected’ § 2122 . . . 2391

IV. Verbs of suffering, allowing, forbidding, leaving, etc. § 2123........2391

V. Verbs of commanding, ordering, etc. § 2124...............2392

VI. Verbs of liking and lamenting § 2125..................2393

VII. Verbs of wishing, desiring, wanting, etc. § 2126.............2393

VIII. Verbs of mental perception and affection § 2127.............2394

IX. Verbs of saying and declaring § 2128..................2399

The past participle is preceded by as or for in the VOSP § 2129.........2401

Type ‘This record of Father’s vast trials overcome’ § 2130...........2401

SYNTACTICAL UNITS WITH THREE VERBS

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

DIRECT CONSECUTION

[I] The Last Verb is an Infinitive

(a) The verb in the middle is an infinitive

Type ‘I shal fonde distorben him’ § 2131-2...............2403

Type T sal do bren it’ § 2133.....................2403

XIV CONTENTS

Types ‘Husal

ani man &emujen deren

? ’; ‘Heshal

neuerconne trotte’

§ 2134. 2404

Type ‘You will be to visit me in prison’ § 2135.............2405

(b) The verb in the middle is a form in -ing

Type ‘She is pretending to read a novel’ § 2136.............2405

(c) The verb in the middle is a past participle

Type ‘Hewas

seldomseen to smile’

§ 2137...............2406

Type ‘Heogesegene beod eahtan’

§ 2138................2408

Type ‘The carre was made stonde’ § 2139................2409

Type ‘Us was alyfed to farene’ § 2140.................2410

Type ‘It was laboured to suppresse the faith’ § 2141...........2410

Types ‘Hehas ceased to grow’;

‘Hehad intended to come’

§ 2142......2411

[II] . The Last Verb is a Form in -ing


Type ‘You will be giving Isabella a false idea of us all’ § 2143......2412

Types ‘Hewill stop talking

’; ‘hewants to lie reading

’; ‘hecannot help weeping’

§ 2144............................2412


Type ‘He was sitting typing’ § 2x45..................2413

(c) The verb in the middle is a past participle

Types ‘He was used to suffering’; ‘He was given to weeping’; ‘Devereux wasnever done sulking’ § 2146....................2414

Types ‘He was heard talking ; ‘He was prevented from going’ § 2147.....2414

Types ‘He has been crying ’; ‘He had been crying’ § 2148.......... 2415

Types ‘He had sat yawning’; ‘After she had done deliberating ’; ‘He had begundigging’ § 2149........................2417

[III] . The Last Verb is a Past Participle


Types ‘I must be answered ’; ‘I feared to be overheard ’; ‘This had to be circumvent¬ed' § 2150...........................2418

Type ‘His Lordship was not to be caught in this snare’ § 2151.......2418

Types ‘Hu majj f)iss wurrpenn don?’\ ‘Seah he oferwunnen weorban sceolde

§2152............................2419

Types ‘I will be returned forthwith’; ‘I won’t be gone long’ § 2153......2420

Types ‘I can have finished this work before breakfast’; ‘I thought thy bride-bedto have deck’d ’; ‘I remember to have seen him’; ‘We were to have sailed the

next morning’ (With have) § 2154................2420

Types ‘A thefe could have slypped out here’; ‘Thrice he attempted headlong to

have fallen Full on his foes’ (idem with have) § 2155........2423

Type ‘Forget the could-have-beens’ § 2156...............2423

Types ‘If you’d have left your address, I could have forwarded it on’; ‘Cleantes

might well have failed, had not accident have helped him’ (with ‘redun¬

dant’ have) § 2157.......................2423


Type ‘The house is being built’ § 2158.................2426

Type ‘Idislike being asked

so many questions’ § 2159..........2430

Types ‘Hewas getting dressed

’; ‘hestarted getting dressed’

(withgetting

instead

of being) § 2160........................2430

CONTENTS XV

(c) The verb in the middle is a past participleTypes ‘Ic hcebbe been gefulled '; ‘Ne had he so ycome, J)e kyng had beon sleyn’

§2161............................2430Type ‘Her fellow has not been long enough arrived’ § 2162-3.......2431Type ‘. without a word having been spoken § 2164..........2432Type ‘I have herd told of your lyuynge’ § 2164.............2432Type ‘The hurting hadde mougt destroyed them’ § 2165..........2432Types ‘Martin was presumed lost ’; ‘The car was seen parked by the side of the

road’ § 2166.........................2432Type ‘The Duke is concluded gone over sea’ § 2167...........2434Type ‘]>ai wald him J>an had numen’ § 2168..............2435

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN


[I] . The Last Verb is an Infinitive(a) With the nun-phrase after the second verb

Types ‘I shall see him do it’; ‘I hope to see him do it’; ‘I have seen him do it’;‘I am watching him do it’ § 2169-70................2436

(b) With the noun-phrase after the first verbTypes ‘I bad him (to) go try it’; ‘Let the law go whistle ’; ‘I saw him begin to

rise’ § 2171..........................2436

[II] . The Last Verb is a Form in -ing(a) With the noun-phrase after the first verb

Types ‘He believed us to be sleeping ’; ‘He supposed us to like doing it’; ‘He letus go hopping ’; ‘I saw him lying gaping’ § 2172..........2337

(b) With the noun-phrase after the second verbTypes ‘I will see him writing’) ‘I hope to see him writing ’; ‘I had seen him

writing ’; ‘I was watching him writing’ § 2173...........2437

[III] . The Last Verb is a Past Participle(a) With the noun-phrase after the first verb

Types ‘I saw it to be done ’; ‘I ordered it to be done ’; 'Do a kirc be raised’ § 2174 2438Type ‘I watched the hampers being unpacked’ § 2175...........2440Types ‘I suppose him to have done it’; ‘I suppose it to have happened here’

§ 2176............................2441(b) With the noun-phrase after the second verb

Types ‘All that she loves to hear read is good books’; ‘He would have themagician kept prisoner’ § 2177..................2441

Types ‘I had never heard my mamma spoken of') ‘The box which he had hadmade to emigrate withal’; ‘You have got me beaten ’; ‘I have done itexamined’ § 2178.......................2442

Type ‘What have you heard her toldV § 2179..............2443Type ‘They are making their influence felt' § 2180............2444

XVI CONTENTS

SYNTACTICAL UNITS WITH FOUR OR MORE VERBS

CHAPTER NINETEEN

Types of four-verb units § 2181.......................2445Type ‘I shall he being pushed away’ § 2182..................2446Type 'What has been being done to me?’ § 2182................2446Units with two passive constructions

Type ‘These books are not suffered to be read’ § 2183.............2447Type 'The king was attempted to be killed’ § 2184..............2448Type 'When the tour of Babel was begonnen to ben made’ § 2185.......2449Type ‘Tribute was woned {used, accustomed) to be paid’ § 2186.........2450

Types of five-verb and six-verb units § 2187.................2451Five-verb units with the verb have used twice § 2188.............2452

Alphabetical Index 2455

Syntactical units with two and with more verbs

Documents

Transcript of Syntactical units with two and with more verbs