SYNTACTICAL ELEMENTS

SYNTAX

The study of how words combine to make sentences.

The organization of words in sentences: the ordering of and relationship between the words and other structural elements in phrases and sentences

SYNTACTICAL ELEMENTS

PHRASESCLAUSESSENTENCES

PHRASE

Refers to a group of words which does not have a subject and a predicate but functions in a sentence as one part of speech

KINDS OF PHRASES

Prepositional Phrase

Participial Phrase

Gerund Phrase

Infinitive Phrase

Kinds of Phrases

Prepositional Phrase- a group of words made up of a

preposition and a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition

Examples:in the shopover the counter

Kinds of Phrases

Participial Phrase- a group of words acting as an

adjective and modifying a noun or pronoun - a participle is the –ed or the –ing

form of a verb

Example:

broken partsmachining operationreported incidents

Kinds of Phrases

Gerund Phrases- Gerund is a single word with –ing

used as a noun.- functions as a modifier or

complement as a gerund phraseExample:

Instructing technicians properly Making decisions in a job

Kinds of Phrases

Infinitive Phrases- consists of an infinitive and any

modifiers or complements associated with it.- act as adjectives, adverbs, and nounsExamples:

to work on a projectto layout a planto present reports

Main Classification of Phrases Nouns Phrases

- a phrase whose head is noun

Example: All graduates of TUP Visayas had

undergone training in various industries. Verb Phrases

- a phrase whose head is a verb

Example:The foreman instructs a number of

mechanical trainees.

Main Classification of Phrases Adjectival Phrase

- a phrase with adjectives as head

ExampleA box full of tools were provided to

the trainees. The box is full of tools.

Main Classification of Phrases Adverbial Phrases

- a linguistic term for a phrase with an adverb as a head. Example:

The supervisor modestly introduced the president of the company.

CLAUSE

A group of words consisting of a subject and a predicate, although, in non-infinite clauses, the subject is often not explicitly given.

It can either be a whole sentence or in effect a sentence within a sentence

KINDS

Independent Clause- can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Example:

The supervisor directs his foreman, who function as his eyes and ears in the job.

KINDS

Dependent Clause- aka Subordinate Clause

- cannot stand alone as a sentence- begins with a subordinating conjuction- does not express a complete idea. Example:

His tools were made of hardened alloys that gave me confidence in my shop work.

Classification

Adjectival Clause Introduced by an adjective Example:

I kept the hammer, which I borrowed from the stock room officer.

Adverbial Clause Introduced by an adverb Example:

I worked overtime when my quota had to be met.

SENTENCE

A word or group of words that present a complete idea and contains a subject and a predicate

Kinds of Sentence According to Function Declarative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Imperative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences

Kinds of Sentences (Structure) Simple Sentence

Operating the lathe machine is quite difficult. Compound Sentence

Doing new assignment is challenging but it must be performed.

Complex Sentence Whether he likes it or not, the recruit must

carry on the work. Compound-complex Sentence

If the evaluation team comes, we are prepared and we are ready.

Basic Sentence Patterns

S + IV (Adverb) S + LV + SC S + TV + DO S + TV + IO + DO S + TV + DO + OC

VOICE

Indicates whether the subject of the sentence is the doer or the receiver of the action

Kinds of Voice Active Voice ( Subject is the doer)

The lineman lectures Safety First to the interns. Passive Voice (Subject is the receiver)

The students were lectured by the linesman on Safety First.