Syntactic mismatches between English and Catalan

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Syntactic mismatches between English and CatalanJaume Tió a , G. Vázquez a & Mariona Sabaté aa University of Lleida , SpainPublished online: 28 Apr 2010.

To cite this article: Jaume Tió , G. Vázquez & Mariona Sabaté (1998) Syntactic mismatches between English and Catalan,Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 6:2, 201-216, DOI: 10.1080/0907676X.1998.9961336

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201

SYNTACTIC MISMATCHES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND CATALAN

Jaume Tió. G. Vázquez, Mariona Sabaté, University of Lleida, Spain

AbstractThe aim of this article is to show some of the syntactic mismatches in translation of

original Catalan sentences into English. The methodology is based on a comparisonand classification of the syntactic realization of verbal arguments in both languages. Wefocus on the change in the number of arguments (additions or suppressions) and on thephenomena that cause these mismatches. At each match, we observe if there is anychange in the order of arguments, be it in the grammatical function or in the gram-matical category. We use examples extracted from an English-Catalan Lexicon Project,which is developed by the Research Croup on Computational Linguistics at the Univer-sity of Lleida.

IntroductionThis article presents a comparative study based on the project Lexico verbal

basic angles-catala (henceforth, the Project), which deals with the realization ofverbal arguments in the language pair English-Catalan.1 The classification usedin this article is based on examples from the Project. Although the Projectincludes information from semantically different types of arguments (selectionalrestrictions), this study focuses exclusively on the syntactic aspects of thearguments.

It is our tenet that verbal arguments in one language may not necessarily havea one-to-one translation into another language. However, we do not believe thatthese differences are caused by the internal rules of each language but rather thatthey pertain to specific linguistic areas. Accordingly, these differences have to bedefined in the verbal lexical entry since the features of the verbs determine therealization of arguments. The inclusion of such information in the Lexicon al-lows us to identify mismatches in the translation. When the argument is expres-sed as a constituent in both languages, we analyse the extent to which thesearguments match in English and Catalan both from the point of view of formand the grammatical function which these phrases have in either language andthe order in which they appear in the sentence.

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202 Tio, Vazquez and Sabate: Syntactic mismatches between English and Catalan

Lexico verbal basic angles-catalaThe project Lexico verbal basic angles-catala is a prototypical bilingual

dictionary intended as a research tool for computational linguistics.This study is based on theories formulated by Gazdar and Mellish (1989) on

the representation of lexical knowledge and implementation of Prolog lexica.One feature of this model is the diagrammatic representation of the lexicalentries in a tree structure with three branches for syntactic, morphological, andsemantic information, respectively. This study disregards the morphologicalaspects of verbs since these would require individual in-depth analysis for bothlanguages involved.2 Accordingly, the Project focuses on syntactic and semanticaspects.3

The forty verbs were selected from Vocabulari basic infantil i d'adults(1975):

abocarabracaracabaracompanyaracostaradonarafaitarafanyaragafaragenollar

agradaragrairaguantaraixafaraixecarajudarajuntaralcaramagaramanir

amolharanarapagarapartaraplaudiraprendreaprimaraprofitaraprovarapuntar

arreglararrencararribararrossegar

. assecarassegurarassemblarassenyalarasseureatacar

From each of the above verbs we have constructed a series of examples whichare relevant enough to be included in the different syntactic and semantic struc-tures. In order to perform this task systematically, we have departed fromdictionary definitions and, in some cases, from examples included in diction-aries, particularly Diccionari de la llengua catalana (1932). In general, sen-tences containing figurative meanings or idioms have been discarded becausethese cases would be more akin to other levels of linguistic description.

Most Catalan sentences offered a wide range of meanings of these forty verbsand they have been translated by a Catalan translator and double-checked by anative English translator, into one or several everyday English counterparts, withthe Collins Cobuild (1987) as the main English reference book. These Englishequivalents helped to disambiguate the Catalan verbs which might be rendered

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1998. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. Volume 6:2 203

by one English synonym. Usually, they required more since the syntactic struc-ture did not always follow a one-to-one pattern but rather one-to-two and one-to-many, even one-to-zero because both languages use different mechanisms inorder to express meaning.

The Project is to set up appropriate macros, which may function as a synthesisof the overall project. This, however, pressuposes that all the verbs included inthe Vocabulari basic infantil i d'adults (1975), 420 altogether, have beenanalysed.

In this article we report on the irregular syntactic patterns displayed by theforty initial verbs.4 Semantic features seem to have a higher level of variability,which explains why this is not part of the study.

Theoretical frameworkThis study is based on argumentation theory. We have focused on two com-

monly accepted facts about languages: namely that (i) a given language mayexpress arguments in different ways, and, that (ii) the linguistic strategies used intwo languages in order to express the same argument may not always coincide.

On the one hand, Talmy (1985) shows evidence of the fact that one semanticcomponent may often be expressed either within the same lexical piece (con-flation pattern) or as a constituent (argument). On the other hand, Levin (1993),Fillmore (1986) and Rice (1988) have dealt with verbs which do not expressarguments.

All languages use different mechanisms to express the meaning of verbs;sometimes an English verb may thus express one specific semantic component(conflation pattern) which, when translated into Catalan, must be expressed syn-tactically (that is, made explicit by means of arguments). This linguistic phenom-enon is here termed a 'mismatch in arguments'.

We have also considered examples whose formal constituents do not match,even if the number of arguments does coincide. This information is relevantfrom the point of view of translation. For example, when Catalan uses a prepos-itional phrase whereas English expresses the same idea by means of a nounphrase. The terminology used to account for those phenomena is based on thesyntactical terms found in traditional grammars.

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MethodologyAny language pair, including English and Catalan, contains a set of linguistic

peculiarities which would require individualised study. This is the reason whywe selected some sentences and discarded others.

We have chosen three representative and relevant samples from the Projectcorpus. The sentences in the Project have served as our starting point, and, there-fore, there may be phenomena which have not been identified or which have notoccurred as frequently in the Project as they do in so-called 'natural texts'. Thisstudy is therefore descriptive rather than quantitative and qualitative. Further-more, since the sentences have been selected with the aim of this study in mind,the source as well as the target sentences are not the only possibilities but merelythose that present differences between English and Catalan.5

In our classification, we have used the traditional division between subjectand complements; the latter have been sub-divided into non-prepositional andprepositional complements. These latter have been further divided into indirectobject and prepositional complements proper, which include the so-called cir-cumstantial complements - traditionally found in Romance Languages - whenthey are headed by one preposition.6

Catalan1. Reflexive verbs versus pronominal verbs

The Catalan reflexive pronoun es and the different forms of the reflexivepronouns in all Romance languages may be either (a) an argument, or (b) a par-ticle which accompanies the verbal grouping and which does not have any func-tion. In English, reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the directobject of a sentence coincide (a) and they are never part of the same lexicalgrouping (b).

The following sentences illustrate both types of pronouns:

Jo m'afaitoI shave myself

En Joan s'asseu a terraJohn is sitting on the floorD

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1998. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. Volume 6: 2 205

These examples show that, whereas the Catalan pronoun has one match in

English in the first example cited, the second one, the particle s' - a variety of the

es pronoun - does not have a target language match. However, due to that the

non-argumental status of the particle accompanying verbs such as asseure (b),

we have not considered them as Catalan-English mismatches since the pronoun

is an inseparable part of the lexical grouping (namely, a pronominal verb).7

2. Positioning of the unstressed pronouns before and after the verb

In Catalan, unstressed pronouns are usually positioned immediately before

whereas English verbs tend to be positioned immediately after the pronoun, as

can be seen in the following sentences:

En Joan es va assegurar un fiitur brillantJohn ensured himself a brilliant future

Therefore, we have not classified these cases under 'change of order' since

the rules governing word order of the sentences are among the internal and un-

changeable rules of both languages.

3. Word order in the sentence

The Subject-Verb-Object structure of most English sentences is again a spec-

ifically English feature which does not have a 100% match in Catalan. Although

it is the most frequent order in Catalan, there are sentences where the subject

must be positioned elsewhere. This, for example, applies to inaccusative verbs

with which the noun phrase is positioned after the verb rather than at the begin-

ning of the sentence:

Li apunten les dentsHis teeth are beginning to come out

We have classified this change of word order as a mismatch because it occurs

with a specific group of verbs. On the other hand, we have not considered it a

change of order, when the change is motivated by emphasis. Catalan is syntac-

tically more articulate and flexible than English and alterations of the normal

word order for specific communicative purposes is not unusual.8

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4. Suppression of subjectOne of the main syntactical differences between the two languages is that

English always has an explicit subject in a sentence, Catalan is a pro-droplanguage. For the purposes of this study, we have not considered the absence ofthe subject in Catalan an addition of arguments.

English1. Phrasal verbs

In our view, particles which accompany English verbs are part of the samelexical grouping provided. In this we follow Talmy (1985), who says that theparticles constitute 'satellites' of the verb, i. e. new information in the sourcelanguage, which needs to be translated accordingly into the target language. Inthe English sentence, the first particle is therefore classified as the first particleand as part of the verbal grouping and the preposition of as part of thesubsequent constituent In the case below, then, the Catalan sentence and itsEnglish translation have two entirely different complements (Direct Object andPrepositional Object, respectively):

En Joan ha acabat el vinagreJohn has run out of vinegar

2. PossessiveUnlike most Romance languages, including Catalan, English refers to parts of

the body and personal belongings with possessives:'

El malalt aixeca el cap del coixiThe patient is lifting his head from the pillow

El menjar li ha aprofitatHe has enjoyed his dinner

We have limited ourselves to cases in which the number of arguments ischanged, as in the second pair, where English includes the dative complement lifound in the Catalan semantic content in the possessive adjective. Conversely,the first pair of sentences has the same number. It is only the internal structure ofD

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the noun phrase which is different. Catalan has a determinate article accom-

panying the nucleus, whereas English uses a possessive adjective.

3. Dative alternation

English ditransitive complementation may be expressed in two ways: either

the direct object follows the indirect object as a prepositional phrase, (e.g. 'His

father has promised his independence to him'), or the order is reversed and both

complements become Noun Phrases, (e.g. 'His father has promised him his

independence'). Since the latter English type has no match in Catalan,10 we have

not considered this type a mismatch.

Syntactic classification

i. Syntactic mismatches

This category comprises translations into English in which the number of

arguments is changed. The grammatical category of the argument (such as Noun

Phrases, Prepositional Phrases, and so on) may be either added or deleted.

Added arguments may take the form of:

1. Conflation: lexical meaning in the Catalan verb is expressed in English

syntactically, that is by another constituent of an indefinite nature (Noun Phrase,

Prepositional Phrase, adverb...).

El temps s'acabaThe time is coming to an end

Els nens van aplaudirThe children clapped their hands

En Joan ha aprofitat el tempsJohn has used his time profitably

2. Implication: in which the context or a generic interpretation provides the

argument in the Catalan sentence. This may also be the case in English sentences

but often the two languages do not match.

Aquestes columnes no aguantaranThese columns won't be able to withstand the weight

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208 Tid, Vazquez and Sabate: Syntactic mismatches between English and Catalan

En Joan no aguantaraJohn won't be able to put up with itEls companys van aplaudir el seu nomenamentHis colleagues applauded him on his nomination

3. Zero matching: the English verb is empty and uses an argument for the predi-

cation whereas Catalan uses only one verb for the same information.

Aquest color s'acosta al taronjaThis colour is similar/like to orange

El nen no s'atipaThe boy is not full up

Aquesta taula ballaThis table is wobbly/shaky

4. Verbal.paraphrases in which two Catalan verbs correspond to one verb and itsmeaning in English.

El nen ha arrencat a plorarThe boy has burst into tears

5. Suppression of arguments comprises conflation, verbal paraphrases, posses-

sive and understood arguments.

5a. In conflation patterns Catalan has a verb phrase to give the information,

which in English is expressed by the verb.

En Joan va alcar la vistaJohn looked up

En Joan ha apuntat el seu fill a la HistaJohn has listed his son

En Joan va arab bicicletaJohn is cycling

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5b. In verbal paraphrases two English verbs correspond to one verb and its

argument in Catalan.

La llet ha arrencat el bullThe milk has begun to boil

5c. Possessive meaning is rendered by different means in the two languages:

sentences in Catalan have a direct object as an argument and another argument

which functions as an indirect object shows who owns it; in English the direct

object of the sentence has an adjective possessive pronoun to show ownership

and there is no indirect object.

En Joan va afaitar-li tots els dinersJohn pinched all his money

En Joan va aixafar-li el peuJohn trod on his foot

El dentista li ha arrencat una dentThe dentist has extracted his tooth

5d. Understood arguments: arguments may be unexpressed in the English sen-

tence, when generic interpretation or the context provide the necessary informa-

tion. Although this situation does occur in Catalan sentences, both languages do

not always match.

Els diners no ens arribaran per a totThe money won't last out for everything

ii. Syntactic matches in the number of arguments •

In this category English translations have the same number of arguments as

Catalan. The difference is in the order of arguments, their syntactic function or

the grammatical category in which they are expressed.

1. Change in the order of arguments

English and Catalan share the sentence order Subject-Verb-Object. However,

Catalan is more flexible than English. The following sentences illustrate how the

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subject(s) in Catalan may be at the end, whereas English maintains the standard

sentence order.

Li apunten les dents,His teeth, are beginning to come out

Li canten els peus,Hisfeet,smell/stink

Li bull la sang,His blood, is up

2. Change in the grammatical function of the arguments

Subject (s) / Direct object (do): a conversion from subject to direct object

requires a change in the word order.

En Joan, agrada a tothomEverybody likes John^

El menjar.li ha aprofitatHe has enjoyed his dinner^

Els diners, no li arriben

He doesn't have enough moneyj,

Subject(s) / Prepositional object (po):" This is another frequent occurrence.

El cotxe, va aixafar tin home

The man was run into by a carp,,La gent, no cabia en aquella salaThat room was not big enough for all those people^Sobre aixo, no hi caben discussions,There is no room for argument^about it

Indirect object (io) / Subject (s): Catalan pronouns with the value of indirectobjects are found in such instances.

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En Joan agrada a tothom^Everybody, likes John

El menjar lii,ha aprofitatHe, has enjoyed his dinner

Els diners no lijoHe, doesn 't have enough money

Direct object (do) / Subject (s): This is the opposite of the first casementioned above.

En Joan acaba els estudis^John's studies,are coming to an end

La tempesta va atrapar els excursionistes^The excursionists, were caught in a storm

L'onada de calor ens,,,, va atrapar a FrancaWe,were caught by the heat wave in France

Indirect object (io) / Direct object (do): English transitive verbs tend to be

more frequent than in Catalan, as the examples below show:

En Joan s'abraca a la seva donaio

John is holding/embracing his wite^

Direct object (do) / Prepositional object (po)

En Joan acompanya la soMicitud^amb documentsJohn is enclosing some documents with the application^

En Joan li agraeix la visita^John is thanking him for his visit^

El pare va aprovar el meu comportament^My father approved/agreed of my behaviour^

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Prepositional object (po) / Subject (s): The subject-verb-object structure ofEnglish seems to be more frequent in English than in Catalan.

La gent no cabia en aquella sala^That room, was not big enough for all those people

Prepositional object (po) / Direct object (do): There is a higher number oftransitive verbs in English than in Catalan, as can be seen in these examples.

En Joan es va adonar dels avions^John noticed/saw the planes&,

En Joan es va ajuntar amb la Maria,,John joined Ma

En Joan es va assenyalar pel seu coratge,,,John exhibited/demonstrated/showed/displayed great bravery &

Indirect object (io) / Direct object (do): There is a higher number of transitiveverbs in English than in Catalan.

Un pobre es va acostar al meu pare ,̂A beggar approached my father^

En Joan agrada a tothom^John pleases everybody &

En Joan M,, agraeix la visitaJohn is thanking him&, for his visit

Indirect object (io) / Prepositional object (po): pronominalised indirect objectsin Catalan are translated with the help of a preposition which precedes the Eng-lish pronoun.

El pare li*, va amagar les clausThe father hid/concealed the keys from him^D

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Aquesta camisa Ii^ va petitaHis shirt is too small for him^

En Joan lijia arrencat una respostaJohn has forced an answer out ofhim^

Direct object (do) / Predicative (p): the multi-value verb 'get' has to befollowed by a predicative.

En Joan va agafar ganado

John was getting hungryp

Prepositional object (po) / Predicative (p): as in the verb 'become'

En Joan ha arribat a president^John has becomepresidentf

Change in the grammatical category of the arguments without change in the

grammatical function

Prepositional phrase (pp) /Nominal phrase (np)

En Joan acompanya l'Enric fins a casa seva,,,John is walking/taking Henry homev

Nominal phrase (np) / Prepositional phrase (pp): Time clauses in English areoften preceded by prepositions such as 'for' and 'since'.

En Joan s' aturara una estonanpen una ombraJohn will stop under a shade for a while^

En Joan aturara tres diesnp a ParisJohn will stay in Paris for three days^

Conclusion and future research

The systematical research in the Lexicd verbal basic Angles-Catala Project

highlighted some differences between English and Catalan from the point of

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view of the syntactic realization of arguments. The study has been our first

attempt to classify that casuistry, based on translations in the project The clas-

sification has been two-fold. One group includes those cases in which English

and Catalan do not match because of a difference in the number of arguments in

their syntactic expression. The other group contains examples where, in spite of

a one-to-one match in the number of arguments, there are formal differences

relating to the order of the constituents, the grammatical categories or the

syntactic functions.

This research must be supplemented with more examples and more verbs in

order to establish more categories and, consequently, a better comparison

between the languages.

The Project will also include a comparative study of the semantic aspects of

Catalan and English in order to explain some of the translated examples we have

come across and which do not only involve syntactic aspects, such as the change

of active into passive sentences. The Project has guided us to question the tra-

ditionally clean division between syntax and semantics. For example, the differ-

ent translations of one verb depend on the semantic aspects of the argument: En

Joan acaba els estudis as John's studies are coming to an end; En Joan ha

acabat el vinagre as John has run out of vinegar. In this particular instance, it is

the argument (direct object) '(non-)exhaustible' which determines the choice of

the target verb 'come to an end' or 'run out of.

Other projects may combine our results with the processing paradigm of

Connectionism. This might be a step towards better explanations on how the

brain assimilates information and consequently the imitation of its architecture

and computational processes.

Notes1. This article has been funded by la Paeria for the Acalex project (29.12.95), the Uni-versity of Lleida for the Lvbac project (1996-97) and a predoctoral scholarship from theComissionat per a Universitats i Recerca from the Generalitat de Catalunya (ref. FI 96/6.008 PG).2. The research team has conducted a thorough study of the verbal morphology ofCatalan. (Tio and Manyà (1993)).3. See Lenders (1989) or Klavans (1994) for more information on semantic aspects.4. In addition to the verbs used in the first stage of the Project, we have included a fewother pertinent examples from the second stage of the Project (University of Lleida(29.07.95)). This stage started in September 1997 and comprises forty more basicCatalan verbs.

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5. Although one source language sentence can often be rendered in several ways thusleading to translations comprising either one or two sentences, and the same ordering ofthe arguments, we are interested only in the differences.6. This taxonomy excludes adverbs and noun-phrases which are not direct objects suchas 'La Maria tornarà la setmana vinent' ('Mary is going to come back next week'). Thisexclusion is legitimate since this article does not suggest a new classification of verbalcomplements and the examples analysed do not pose any match-related problems withsuch constituents.7. Even when Catalan verbs do not have a pronoun without grammatical function, theEnglish verb may need an extra complement to convey the original meaning: En Joans'asseu a terra, John is seating himself on the floor. In such circumstances, there is anempty constituent in the source language. One proof that such Catalan pronouns do nothave any grammatical function is that, unlike English, these Catalan sentences cannot betransformed into the passive voice.8. This is the reason why the previous sentence may well be re-written as a Subject-Verb-Object structure; therefore, 'Les dents li apunten' is also possible in some contextsand circumstances. However, further research into these aspects is needed to find thecircumstances which trigger off these alterations.9. More on possessive pronouns in English. Quirk and Greenbaum (1973).9. In Catalan the Direct Object-Indirect Object order is the most common, apart frominstances of pronominalization and emphasis.10. The classification proposed has been set up using Catalan as the source language andEnglish as the target language.11. In the following sentences there are changes in the voice-typology (active in Catalanvs. passive in English) and, therefore, we have associated this particular type tosemantics (change of perspective or viewpoint) rather than to syntax.

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Quirk, R. & S. Greenbaum. 1973. Universal Grammar of English. Essex: LongmanGroup Ltd.

Rice, S. 1988. Unlikely lexical entries. Berkeley Linguistics Society 14. 202-212.Sinclair, J.M. 1987. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. Glasgow: Collins.Talmy, L. 1985. Lexicalization patterns: semantic structure in lexical forms. In: Shopen,

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Syntactic mismatches between English and Catalan

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Transcript of Syntactic mismatches between English and Catalan