Synoptic: Bridging the Development Gap East Africa
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Synoptic: Bridging the Development GapEast Africa
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Wordle of advance info whole text
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Wordle of advance info edited text
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East Africa: The key ideas
Development….
Conflict…
Threats…
Players….
Actions….
Futures….
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East Asia: Geographical overview
Physical factors:- Relief- Climate- Natural resources (water / energy / food)
Human factors:- Population density- HDI- Colonial legacy and political allies / groupings- Development- Population structure / change- Agriculture
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Physical factors: Relief, water and tectonics
Much of E.Africa’s western interior is highland, but wet
and fertile> Tectonics/ horst
and graben/ volcanic activity
> High population density
Not many of the region’s rivers/lakes connect the coast to its interior
> Barrier to development?> Expensive to create/use land links
E.African coast is low
but dry> Low
population density
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Physical factors: Tectonics
http://geology.com/articles/east-africa-rift.shtml
E. African Rift:- Early stage constructive
(divergent) plate boundary
- Continental plate being thinned by mantle plume
- Horst and graben topography
> fertile valleys from basalt eruptions and erosion of valley sides with wet highlands)- Leads to wide altitudinal
range > biodiversity
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Physical factors: Climate
http://www.grida.no/publications/other/aeo/?src=/aeo/032.htmhttp://en.climate-data.org/location/541/
What broad summary can you
make about rainfall levels in Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania?
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Physical factors: Climate and ITCZ
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n5/fig_tab/ncomms2897_F2.html
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Physical factors: Climate zones and food
http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m19/activity2.php
What is the link between climate, food production,
population density and natural hazards
in the region?
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Physical factors: Climate zones and food
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j8227e/j8227e06.htm#TopOfPage
What is the link between climate, food production,
population density and natural hazards
in the region?
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Physical factors: Energy resources
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/interactive/2012/jun/14/bp-world-energy-statistics-production-consumption-reserves
http://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics.cfm?fips=eeae
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Physical factors: Energy resources
http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/Kenya-targets-green-energy-invests-in-geothermal-production-/-/539550/1474724/-/14j1594z/-/index.html
Kenya Tanzania Uganda
Thermal (Oil, coal, gas) 22% 11% 1%
Hydro 6% 1% -
Geothermal 1% - -
Wind 0.5% - -
Biomass (Wood, Charcoal etc.) 70% 88% 99%
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Physical factors: Water resources
http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml
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Human factors: Population density
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3283664_pone.0031743.g001.jpg
Average pop. densities:
Kenya: 69 people/km2
Tanzania: 46 people/km2
Uganda: 136 people/km2
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Human factors: Development contrasts (HDI)
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Human factors: Colonial legacy
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Human factors: Cold War allegiances
Further research and definitions of Cold War / WWII:http://www.history.com/topics/cold-warhttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii
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Themes/ideas: Sustainable development
Sustainable development
Environmental safeguarding/ improvement
Economic needs
Social needs
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Development: Rostow’s model
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Development: Frank’s dependency theory
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/oct/22/resource-extraction-colonialism-legacy-poor-countries
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Development: Myrdal and cumulative causation
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Topic map of overall theme
Development Gap: East Africa
Futures
Physical / human
features
Players
Actions
Issues
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EnergyRift
Topic map of overall theme
Development Gap:
East AfricaFutures
Features/ Characteristics
Players
Actions
Issues
Physical features
Water
Conflict
Climate
Human features
IGOs TNCs
Local
Population
Regional
Global
HIPC Aid
Urbanisation Developme
nt
Trade blocs
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How can I be
“synoptic”?
Use of broad geographical
themes
Links to areas of AS and A2
course
Use ‘new’ information from
researchParallel
examples
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Globalisation
Inequality
UpdatesMercosur/Caricom
East AfricaUse of broad geographical
themes
Use ‘new’ information
from research
Parallel examples
Aral Sea
Sustainability
Going Global
Water Conflict
Links to areas of AS
and A2 courseEnergy
Security
StatisticsR.Nile
Geopolitics
Superpowers Tech Fix
N.Africa
Biodiversity
Climate change
Sand damsNabucc
o
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Parallel examplesGeopolitical tension/conflict over resources (development + water):
> Aral Sea> Nile
Regional inequalities and conflicts (link to weak governance):> Middle East> N.Africa (Maghreb)
Trade blocs> Mercosur> Caricom
Major infrastructure project (top-down)> Nabucco pipeline
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Further research / updatesUN / World Bank classification of countries as HIC, MIC, LIC etc..www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2012country_class.pdfwww.data.worldbank.org
UN OCHA country info:http://www.unocha.org/eastern-africa/about-us/about-ocha-eastern-africa/kenya
UN Millennium Development Goals:http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/http://www.mdgtrack.org/index.php?tab=c&c=KEN
World Bank data on the countries:http://data.worldbank.org/country/tanzania
HIPC factsheet (IMF – with good links to other sites):https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:20260411~menuPK:528655~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html
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Further research / updatesPopulation growth:http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2013/2013-world-population-data-sheet/world-map.aspx#map/world/population/2013http://ilri.org/infoserv/Webpub/fulldocs/Critical/resource.htm
Somalia 2010 (drought/conflict/refugees):http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22380352http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DR-2011-000029-KEN_0720.pdfhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=51411
Malaria:Page from EAC (East African Community) websitehttp://www.eac.int/health/index.php?option=com_content&id=95%3Amalaria-prevention-and-control&Itemid=32http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/56351
Africa outlook:http://www.grida.no/publications/other/aeo/
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Further research / updatesEAF and background:http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Can-the-East-African-federation-beat-history-/-/689364/2056238/-/t9jtk1z/-/index.hamlet
Conflict over Lake Victoria:http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-08-19-uganda-and-kenya-primed-to-draw-arms-over-tiny-lake-victoria-island/#.U47g0l7iltE
Chinese investment:New railway in Kenyahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27368877
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/interactive/2013/apr/29/china-commits-billions-aid-africa-interactive
Imports/exports:http://atlas.media.mit.edu/explore/tree_map/hs/export/tza/all/show/2010/
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Further research /notable gapsNGOs / Appropriate technology/ sustainable development - Sand dams:http://www.excellentdevelopment.com/articles/people-amp-communities/sand-dams-explained-in-film
Role of TNCs in development – Camellia plc / tea plantations:http://www.camellia.plc.uk/our-customers/tea
Tourism and link to development/environment:- Kenya (safari and marine) e.g. Masai Mara (safari) and coastal tourism)http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/12/tourism-turtles-kenya-populationhttp://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/east_african_coast/- Uganda (Gorillas)http://www.albertinerift.org/Wildlife/Apes/MountainGorillas.aspxhttp://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/economic-impacts-of-gorilla-tourism-in-uganda_b996- Tanzania (Kilimanjaro, Udzungwa NP) http://www.tanzaniaparks.comUdzungwa: http://www.udzungwa.org/default.asp?pagesID=1 (home)
http://www.udzungwa.org/default.asp?pagesID=47 (info on management)Ngorongoro: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39
http://www.craterlodge.com
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Some ideas for questions #1
1. Explain the variations in current levels of development in East Africa.
2. Explain how the physical, economic and political factors of the region have limited development to date.
3. Examine the factors that have led to uneven development in the region of East Africa.
4. Account for the recent changes in levels of development in the East African region.
5. Examine the factors that have led geopolitical tension in East Africa.
6. Evaluate the contribution that globalisation has made to development and quality of life in East Africa.
7. To what extent will trade be important in the development of the East Africa region?
8. To what extent does political tension threaten the future development of East Africa?
…continued on the next slide.
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Some ideas for questions #2
1. Assess the severity of potential sources of conflict in East Africa in future.
2. To what extent is conflict in East Africa a threat to the stability and continuing development of the region?
3. Assess the role of governance in the past and future development of the East African region.
4. Evaluate the sustainability of the LAPSSET project
5. Examine the roles that a range of Players and Actions could take in helping East African countries to develop further.
6. Assess the sustainability of continued development in East Africa.
7. Evaluate the social, political and economic threats to further development in East Africa.
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