BIOSAFE MEDITECH AND INFORMATICS(I) PVT LTD.,

SYNOPSISMOUNTAINEERING INSTITUTEVAISHNAVI REDDY ARAGONDA1101042B.ARCH VII SEM A SECTIONSPA JNAFAU.

INTRODUCTIONThe termmountaineeringdescribes thesportofmountainclimbing, includingski mountaineering. While mountaineering began as attempts to reach the highest point of unclimbed big mountains it has branched into specializations that address different aspects of the mountain. All require experience, athletic ability, and technical knowledge to maintain safety. That is where the need of mountaineering institute comes to place. There are few mountaineering institutes in India all located in the northern part of India abutting the Himalayas. There has always been a need for more such institutes that cater to the need of mountaineering lovers.IMPORTANCEMountaineeringis quite popular inIndia, since the entire northern and north-eastern borders are theHimalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. It has now become an increasingly demanded sport. Increased access and facilities for mountaineering have made it more easier for everyone. However mountaineering attempt without proper training might be unsafe. Hence it is important to have mountaineering institutes.

AIM To design a Mountaineering Institute closer to the people of South India. To involve issues of earthquake resistant design in designing an integrated campus with all facilities,OBJECTIVE To establish relationship between various parts of the campus and integrate it into one unit. To provide recreation as a part of education. To consider functional efficiency of spaces and providing user friendly facilities not letting go the sole purpose of the institute. To keep in mind issues of circulation , pedestrian access and usage patterns as an integral part of design. To make sure the presence of natural security and integration of nature into the campus. To evolve and innovate new spaces that serve as a visual retreat and also as relaxation buffers. To consider simple aspects of earthquake resistant design to make the campus more durable and sustainable. SCOPE Design to suit the location and topography of the site. Design techniques and materials making it easier for construction on rocky terrain. Design with consideration to the psychological issues with reference to the users of the institute.

LIMITATIONS Location of the project has to satisfy not only the needs within the campus but also the needs of the course itself. Restricted spaces for each training stage making it partly limited as far as design is considered. Construction on rocky terrain. Maintenance of the institution when the courses are not subscribed is also a limitation.DESK STUDIES HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINEERING INSTITUTE, DARJEELING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MOUNTAINEERING AND ALLIED SPORTS, ARUNACHAL PRADESH NORWEGIAN MOUNTAINEERING CENTER, NORWAY AMERICAN MOUNTAINEERING CENTER, COLORADO, USA MAZAMA MOUNTAINEERING CENTER, PORTLAND PASANG LHAMU MOUNTAINEERING FOUNDATION , KATHMANDU, NEPAL GLENMORE LODGE- NATIONAL OUTDOOR TRAINING CENTER, UNITED KINGDOM.PROBABLE CASE STUDIES NEHRU INSTITUTE OF MOUNTAINEERING, UTTARKASHI JAWAHAR INSTITUTE OF MOUNTAINEERING AND WINTER SPORTS , PAHALGAM INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SKIING AND MOUNTAINEERING, GULMARG.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SKIING AND MOUNTAINEERINGNEHRU INSTITUTE OF MOUNTAINEERINGJAWAHAR INSTITUTEPROBABLE CASE STUDIES

METHODOLOGYLITERATURE STUDY AND DATA COLLECTIONDESKSTUDY AND CASE STUDIESSITE SURVEY AND ANALYSISStudy of campus design principlesStudy of byelaws and standards for the institutionStudy the statistics and climate analysis for integrated building designStudy the functionality and usage concerns of design.To evolve the spatial requirements from the data collected.AnalysisLocation and site featuresLayout and designActivities -Site level -Building levelLandscaping Design featuresAnalyzing the data Inferences for better designSite levelTopographyClimateContextSurroundingsParkingRoad layout and vehicular movementZoningLand use pattern

Critical appraisal of the facilities Comparative analysis and inferencesSite developmentArchitectural design programConceptual designPreliminary designProject appraisalDetailed design programStructural designPresentation drawingsFinal design proposalOBJECTIVESAIM

LITERATURE STUDY

SPECIAL QUALITIES OF INSTITUTE

It imparts training to all the adventure sport activity in a built environment.Organized outdoor spaces for training and team building of students.Multipurpose hall used for lectures, instant demo and other sports activities.Being close to nature and values for environmental protection play an important role.Motivation through museum displays and artificial climbing wallsThe institute nurtures the adventurous spirit amongst the students.It is a pioneer in evolving adventure sports education in the country.It is inspirational in nature.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INSTITUTE

To promote nature exploration and appreciation amongst the younger generation.To coordinate with organizations like scouts, guides, NCC for training campusTo promote adventure tourism

TRAINING ACTIVITIES TRAINING ACTIVITIESBASIC MOUNTAINEERINGCOURSEADVENTURE COURSEADVANCEDMOUNTAINEERING COURSEMETHODS OF INSTRUCTION COURSEBASIC MOUNTAINEERING COURSE

The objectives of the basic course areTo teach the trainees both theoretical and practical mountaineering techniquesTo create attitude among the trainees so that they consider mountaineering as an art and not merely as a physical activityTo infuse in them, all the scientific aspects dealing with mountains and mountaineering.To teach them to sustained the varied environments in nature. ADVANCED MOUNTAINEERING COURSE

The objectives of the basic course areTo provide additional training and experience of climbing beyond the standards of a basic courseTo educate trainees in organizing expeditions To give them additional training in fields of mountaineering, bouldering, load carrying and trekking.

TREKKING

Trainees undertake exercises in Trekking, Climbing and Survival training.FIELD TRAINING

It includes advanced rock climbing, use of latest climbing equipment, skills of crevasse crossing, mountain rescue, camp setting and climbing peaks in the course of training.ADVENTURE COURSES

The main aim of the adventure course is to install the spirit of adventure among people.It provides a stimulating experience of physical outdoor pursuits such as rock climbing, trekking and various other events of leisure sports offered by the course.METHOD OF INSTRUCTION COURSE

The main aim of the course is to acquaint the trainee with the teaching methods of adventure sports.It also strives to obtain efficiency in instructing the basic mountaineering course and also undergo various strenuous exercises.

OBSTACLE TRAINING COURSE

This training is for military, police and armed force.Special facility is provided for this course in the built environment.RESCUE TRAINING COURSE

This is a special training given in which the procedures of rescue operations are taught.USER GROUP ANALYSISCAMPUS POPULATIONSTAFFVISITORSTRAINEESACADEMIC STAFFADMINISTRATIVE STAFFCLERICAL STAFFMAINTENANCE STAFFCLASS IV STAFF

Academic Block Lecture Hall Seminar Room Common Room Instructors Room ToiletAdministrative Block Principals Room Conference Room Accounts Office Administration Office Store Waiting Area ToiletIndoor Climbing Wall Instructor Room Equipment RoomClimbing Wall Area Medical Examination Room Outdoor Climbing Wall Obstacle Area Library Mountaineering Museum Display Area Souvenir Shop Ticket Counter Restaurant Kitchen Store Preparation Area Restaurant DeckSPACES IN THE INSTITUTE

The primary concerns while constructing on a hilly area could be grouped as under -GEOLOGICAL FACTORS- Slope Gradient- Slope Stability- Water LoggingCLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS- Rainfall- SnowfallNATURAL HAZARD FACTORS- Earthquake- Landslides- AvalancheBUILDING FEATURES DEPENDING ON CLIMATE- Fenestrations- RoofingSOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORSGROUPING OF CONCERN :

GEOLOGICAL

SLOPE GRADIENT :The grade (also called slope, incline, gradient,) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the inclination of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the gradient in calculus where zeroindicates gravitational level. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt". Often slope is calculated as a ratio of "rise" to "run", or as a fraction ("rise over run") in which run is the horizontal distanceand rise is the vertical distance. Grade, pitch, and slope are important components in landscape design, garden design, landscape architecture,and architecture; for engineering and aesthetic design factors. Drainage, slope stability, circulation of people and vehicles, complying with building codes, and design integration are aspects of slope considerationsin environmental design.SLOPE STABILITY :The field of slope stability encompasses the analysis of static and dynamic stability of slopes of earth and rock fill dams, slopes of other types of embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and soft rock slips often occur after a period of heavy rain, when the pore water pressure at the slip surface increases, reducing the effective normal stress and thus diminishing the restraining friction along the slip line. This is combined with increased soil weight due to the added groundwater. A 'shrinkage' crack (formed during prior dry weather) at the top of the slip may also fill with rain water, pushing the slip forward. At the other extreme, slab-shaped slips on hillsides can remove a layer of soil from the top of the underlying bedrock. Again, this is usually initiated by heavy rain, sometimes combined with increased loading from new buildings or removal of support at the toe (resulting from road widening or other construction work).

WATER LOGGING :The biggest problem with our drainage system is the high rate of sedimentation of silt carried by runoff water from the hills. First and foremost, the hills in and around the city need to be restored through ecological management practices so that the sediments can be restricted at the source itself. The carrying capacity of a drain depends on its slope velocity and sectional area. Simply increasing the size without maintaining the correct gradient will not help Stability can thus be significantly improved by installing drainage paths to reduce the destabilising forces. If the forces available to resist movement are greater than the forces driving movement, the slope is considered stable. A factor of safety is calculated by dividing the forces resisting movement by the forces driving movement. In earthquake-prone areas, the analysis is typically run for static conditions and pseudo-staticconditions, where the seismic forces from an earthquake are assumed to add static loads to the analysis.

CLIMATOLOGICAL

RAINFALL :

Good design, selection of building components of suitable quality and sound construction are essential to the weather resistance of a building. Penetration of water into a structure may occur in a new or in-servicebuilding, of low or moderate cost, and occasionally may be observed in a high cost, monumental type structure. This article will discuss possible causes of intrusion of water, points of entry, determination of thesepoints, prevention of intrusion and possible cure of an existing problem.Some possible causes of intrusion of water are: Inadequate or improper design of the building Selection of building components unsuited to the project in terms of quality and integrity of design and construction, and Improper construction procedure.

Rain may enter buildings constructed of wood, steel, plaster, masonry or concrete if adequate precautions are not enforced when designing, building and sealing the structure. If moisture or a stain caused by water isobserved at any of the following locations, an investigation of possible points of intrusion must be initiated.The engineer or other person should look for moisture or stains on the ceilings of rooms at light fixtures as a line of dampness situated horizontally across the top of the window header dripping from the head of a window on the window sill on an interior wall surface, and on the floor at the base of exterior walls.

SNOWFALL :

Building in an area that has a snowy climate presents different challenges than constructing in other areas. The effects of building in these areas can be a greater cost for construction and necessary equipment but it can alsoadd to the enjoyment of the inhabitants. Because the snow presents unique challenges to the structure and owner, different things need to be considered when choosing to build a building in these areas.

Lay the Footings Below the Frost Line

In any area with heavy snowfall and a cold climate the footings for the building must be dropped below the frost line. Different areas have their own codes for what is acceptable for the footings for the foundation to be laid properly so they are protected from the weather. Make sure all codes are followed in the construction.

Extra Insulation Is Desirable

Going above and beyond on code requirements for insulation may cost a little more up front but will eventually pay for itself in lower utility bills and a more comfortable home environment. Extra foam or fibreglass insulation is a cheap alternative to costly heating bills or the extra wood needed to heat ahome with a fireplace or wood burning stove.

GEOGRAPHICAL -

EARTHQUAKE :Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complexcombination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicentre, and the local geological and geomorphologic conditions.

Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several meters in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as dams, bridges and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any which are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.

Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, and coastal wave attack, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.

GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES

(i) SYMMETRY: The building as a whole or its various blocks should be kept symmetrical about both the axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is dangerous. Symmetry is also desirable in theplacing and sizing of door and window openings, as far as possible.

(ii) REGULARITY: Simple rectangular shapes, behave better in an earthquake than shapes with many projections. Torsional effects of ground motion are pronounced in long narrow rectangular blocks. Therefore, itis desirable to restrict the length of a block to three times its width. If longer lengths are required two separate blocks with sufficient separation in between should be provided.

(iii) SEPARATION OF BLOCKS: Separation of a large building into several blocks may be required so as to obtain symmetry and regularity of each block.

(iv) SIMPLICITY: Ornamentation invo1ving large cornices, vertical or horizontal cantilever projections, facia stones and the like are dangerous and undesirable from a seismic viewpoint. Simplicity is the best approach.Where ornamentation is insisted upon, it must be reinforced with steel, which should be properly embedded or tied into the main structure of the building.

(v) ENCLOSED AREA: A small building enclosure with properly interconnected walls acts like a rigid box since the earthquake strength which long walls derive from transverse walls increases as their length decreases. Therefore structurally it will be advisable to have separately enclosed rooms rather than one long room.

LANDSLIDE

The effectiveness of mitigating landslide hazards must be evaluated by the structural engineer in the context ofthe global building system performance. A number of schemes are available for reducing potential impacts forearthquake-induced landslides, including: Regrading Drainage Buttressing Structural Improvements Gravity walls Tieback/soil nail wallsMechanically stabilized earth walls Barriers for debris torrents or rock fall Building strengthening to resist deformation Grade beams Shear walls Soil Modification/Replacement Grouting Densification Foundation typespread footings, mat foundation, piles, drilled shafts. Foundation dimensionsplan dimensions and locations. For piles, tip elevations, vertical variations (tapered sections of piles or belled caissons). Material composition/construction. For piles, type(concrete/steel/wood), and installation method.

DATA COLLECTION

HOSTELSHostel is a meeting place where young people of different nationalities, social backgrounds and opinions, meet and come to know each other.Each youth hostel is in the charge of adult house parents or wardens, who have an educational as well as an administrative function, their task is to weld the group of young strangers under their roof into a friendly and happy community for the brief period of two or three days.Single bed 9 15 sq.mtDouble bed 13 19 sq.mtTOILETSWC for every 6 studentsBath for every 6 studentsShower for every 12 studentsWash basin for every 3 studentsDINING AREAFull services with utility space to allow 1.2 to 1.6 sq.mt per studentsWith full services allowed 1.7 to 2 sq.mtFood preparation 20% of kitchenService area for cafeteria service up to 20% kitchen areaKitchen should be big enough for work in un-interrupted sequence without opposing traffic flows from store to service.Store at start of circulation followed by food preparation tables, sink and equipment including area for cookers, ovens ,boiler and then to cupboardsGood ventilation system required to draw air from dining area and kitchen,Avoiding flow of air from kitchen to dining area.

SERVICESELECTRICAL For lighting purpose, for operating when relating and polling or heating, communication equipment and water fire alarm system.

WATER Water falling on the ground has to be disposed off to avoid flooding, erosion , stagnation and the weakening of structural foundations

SANITARY DRAINAGE The disposal of waste should be taken care of by closed system off pipes which carry waste. Sometimes septic tanks may be needed in the absence of sewage system.CATERS FOR RECREATION AND RESTThere is a need for special non- instructional building to be used for recreation.Typical being CanteensClubs or outdoor areas for sportsThey are also to be integrated with landscape which functions as rest and recreational areas for students and staff. They can be plazas, courtyard, stepped seating, pergola areas, playgrounds etc.All these areas are essential part of the institute and have to be taken into count by planning. Setting of these areas should be taken into consideration.Canteens and club buildings should be away from the main instructional or silent zone in the campus yet not too far. Canteens should also have rest areas and toilet facilities nearby..Play ground and student extracurricular activity areas should be near to canteen.Open air theatre on a small scale could be very useful for informal gatheringsVisual rest is largely brought by landscape, design to sooth the eye.

ROPE COURSESThey are installed above the ground and strung between poles.Materials - tress, would poles or steel framework

Rope courses are a combined of both vertical challenge and horizontal challengesThey are constructed using wood, cable and ropes.Types of courses to be providedMAZE COURSE : State belay or maze courses for either a whole group or a portion of the group to experience the rope course together. All the elements are linked together. Participants have options at each transition point.DYNAMIC COURSE : With dynamic belay elements one participant at a time goes up and completes the activity which allows the group to focus on that person.LIBRARY The area and planning for the library will depend on number and types of books it houses.The main area in the library consists of - stacking area-reading and study area.- maintenance and binding rooms - staff areasThere are few types of stacking system and open and close spacesThe bookstore which opens storage width of the section of levellling is 1 m and shelving length is 3 m.The minimum shelf reach is to be 1.8 m as the maximum reach is 1 m.The spacing between shelves depends upon the design requirement and in no case should be less than 0.91 m, the depth of the shelves.

READING LOUNGEShould be able to accommodate at least one tenth of the students making it an alliance of three meters per person thus taking amount space for tables, chairs, stacks and suppression.There is a requirement of simple reading space of 2.5 sq.mt and 4 sq.mt for workplace.The type of seating provided can be of multiple or individual type in the form of carrels.AUDIO VISUAL FACILITIESThis facility is an integral part of instructional facility, i.e. through films, slides etc.This would mainly governed by sight lines and acousticsProjections can be of two types - front projection - rear projectionScreen visibilityMinimum distance to view the screen should be 2w from the screen where w is the width of the screen.6w is the maximum viewing distanceThe maximum viewing angle between the projection axis of sight of person of person is 30 degreesThe entrances and exists of these should lead to naturally flat landing surface.The glare can be avoided from ground by encouraging grass and foliage outside classroom.

MUSEUMThe main concerns of a museum are- collecting-documenting-exhibitionNormal human angle of visionMinimum 27 degrees up from eye level

STANDING VIEWERWell lit picture should be hung 10 m away and front , not more than 4.9 m above eye level and 70 cms from below.

CIRCULATIONShould follow sequential schemes

CEILINGShould be darker side

WALL FINISHESShould not reflect light

LIGHTINGSunlight is not desirable as UV light effects the specimenArtificial yellow light is preferable which comes from top as natural lighting.

SAFETYSafety is a common to friction free circulation, including adequate road capacities good turning radii etc.The roads should be asphalted or concreted and have sufficient width of 3 meters minimum to accommodate vehiclesServices roads need to be 8-12 m wideService pathways 4 meters, 12 meters maximumTurn around curve 8m for cars and 15m for trucksStep down parking area can be providedSloping groundsAESTHETICSAesthetics imply a coupling of functional requirement with design opportunitiesCirculation can be designed as a pleasant experienceSite ,landscape , building, space, channels of moments can be organized to please sensesPathways may be in a variety of patternsPARKINGThree kinds of parking is to be provided- staff and faculty- students- visitorsThree kinds of parking angles are comfortable45 degrees90 degrees60 degreesOf which 60 degree and 30 degree are comfortable