SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL

“A EXPLORATORY STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS REGARDING OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND USE OF SAFETY DEVICES IN RUDRA CEMENT INDUSTRIES LTD. JAGDALPUR (C.G).

SUBMITTED BY,

Mrs. SHWETA SANKALP DUBEY

1ST YEAR M.SC. NURSING,

Smt. LAXMI DEVI COLLEGE OF NURSING,

128/1 SANTE CIRCLE,

CHINTAMANI ROAD HOSKORTE,

BANGALORE.

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCESBANGALORE, KARNATAKA

SYNOPSIS PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATEAND ADDRESS

: Mrs. SHWETA SANKALPDUBEY

1ST YEAR M.SC. NURSING,

Smt. LAXMI DEVI COLLEGE OF

NURSING, 128/1 SANTECIRCLE,

CHINTAMANI ROAD HOSKORTE, BANGALORE.

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION

: Smt. LAXMI DEVI COLLEGE OF

NURSING, 128/1 SANTE CIRCLE,

CHINTAMANI ROAD HOSKORTE, BANGALORE.

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT

: I YEAR M.Sc. NURSING COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

4. DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE

:

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC : “A EXPLORATORY STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS REGARDING OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND USE OF SAFETY DEVICES IN RUDRA CEMENT INDUSTRIES LTD. JAGDALPUR (C.G).

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6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION:

“Occupational Safety And Health Is Vital To The Dignity Of Work.”

Adler Josef

Now a day’s occupational health hazards are leading cause of deaths and

diseases among industrial worker worldwide. This hazards are various in types –

Physical hazards, Chemical hazards, Biological hazards, Mechanical hazards,

psychological and psychosocial hazards. This all type of health hazards affects

the industrial worker in many ways – physical damage to death. In factories and

industries most common type of health hazards are – Physical injuries, Burns,

hearing problem, respiratory problem and mental illness. Due to ignorance, lack

of knowledge, lack of use of safety measures and safety devices employees get

accidents and occupational health hazards. The aim of occupational health is to

provide a safe occupational environment, to promote and preserve the health of

workers and to step up their efficiency and productivity.

The cement industry provides direct employment for an estimated 850,000

workers wide (ERM). The cement manufacturing industry is labor intensive and

uses large scale and potentially hazardous manufacturing processes. The industry

experiences accident rates that are high compared with some other manufacturing

industries.

There are a number of hazards inherent to the cement production process.

Some examples for health are: exposure to dust and high temperatures, contact

with allergic substances; and noise exposure. And some examples for safety:

falling / impact with objects; hot surface burns; and transportation. These mainly

impact on those working within the industry, although health hazards can also

impact on communities. For quarrying operations there are also hazards associated

with blasting and rock handling. Working environments: general slips, trips and

falls, machinery hazards and electrical hazards.

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WHO Expert committee on occupational health suggested that the term

work related diseases may be more to describe not only recognized occupational

diseases, but other disorders to which the work environment and performance of

work contribute significantly as one of the several causative factors.1

Piyush Gupta People of all ages spend considerable time at work, and

therefore, they are likely to experiences exposures to chemical, biological agents,

physical factors and adverse ergonomic conditions, allergens, safety risks and

psychological factors.

K. K. Gulani A worker is usually exposed to these agents for about 6-8

hours daily. It is, therefore, essential that this environment should be wholesome

and free from any kind of harmful agents as far as possible. The aim of

occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment to promote and

preserve the health of workers and to step up their efficiency and productivity.

6.1. NEED FOR THE STUDY:

The cement industry is faced with unique safety and health problems that

require special attention. Industrial workers must perform work in an environment

containing a variety of hazardous energy sources.

Occupational diseases are caused by exposure to harmful chemical and

biological agents and physical hazards at the work place. Although they may

appear to occur less frequently than other major disability diseases, there is

evidence that they affect a considerable number of people, particularly in rapidly

industrializing countries. In many cases, occupational diseases are severe, and

disabling. However, two factors make them easily accessible and can be regularly

supervised and treated. Furthermore, the initial changes are often reversible if

treated promptly. The early detection of occupational diseases is consequently of

prime importance.

Indian institute of safety management Workers constitute a large and

important sector of the world’s population. The global labor force is about 2600

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million with 75% of these working people in developing countries. The total labor

force in India is estimated to be 317 Million in which the organized sector

employees only 26.8 Million (8.5%) while the unorganized sector employs, as

many as 290.2 Million (91.5%). Indian industry remains labor intensive and often

employs relatively inexpensive and hazardous technology due to financial

constraints and is especially true for unorganized small scale sector.2

Amandus Studies the mortality of United States cement plant and quarry

and reported the vital status of a cohort of 5292 men who had been employed for

at least five year in a cement plant. The mortality experience was evaluated for

4231 white men for whom complete work histories and demographic information

were obtainable. He suggested that, the deaths from stomach cancer were

significantly increased during 1965-74 but not over the entire follow up period.

Marlowe and Mansfield The cement manufacturing industry is labor

intensive. This combined with the large scale and potentially hazardous nature of

the manufacturing process, means that the industry experiences accident rates that

are high compared with many other manufacturing industries.

Safety Institute of UK The lost workday case rate of 2.86 per 100 workers

for hydraulic cement manufacture may also be compared with the current average

annual injury rate for the UK manufacturing industry (include major and 3 day

lost time incident). In 2000 this was 1.2 per 100 employees for manufacturing and

0.7 per 100 employees averaged across all UK industry sectors.

World business for sustainable development the cement industry provides

direct employment for an estimated 850,000 workers Worldwide. The cement

manufacturing industry is labor intensive and uses large scale and potentially

hazardous manufacturing processes. The industry experiences accident rates that

are high compared with some other manufacturing industries. There are a number

of hazards inherent to the cement production process. Some examples for health

care are- exposure to dust and high temperature; contact with allergic substances;

and noise exposure. And some examples for safety: falling / impact with objects;

hot surface burns; and transportation injuries.

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6.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Literature review refers to the activities involved in identifying and

searching for information on a topic and developing a comprehensive picture of

the state of knowledge on the topic.

According to Polit and Hungler A review of literature is an essential aspect

of scientific research. It involves the systematic identification, location, security,

and the summary of the written material that contains information on a research

problem. A review of literature provides evidence to the researcher about what is

already known and what is still unknown and untested by providing useful

hypothesis and helpful suggestions for significant investigation3

Related literature, both research and non research was explored to broaden

the understanding and gain an insight into the selected problem under study. In

this study the review of literature is presented under the following headings.

Review of literature is divided into following parts:

›› Literature related to occupational health hazards.

›› Literature related to safety devices

A) LITERATURE RELATED TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS

1. Indian institute of safety management Workers constitute a large and

important sector of the world’s population. The global labour force is about

2600 million with 75% of these working people in developing countries.

The total labour force in India is estimated to be 317 Million in which the

organized sector employees only 26.8 Million (8.5%) while the

unorganised sector employs, as many as 290.2 Million (91.5%). Indian

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industry remains labour intensive and often employs relatively inexpensive

and hazardous technology due to financial constraints and is especially true

for unorganized small scale sectors.2

2. Vestbo Observed the relation between exposure to cement dust and

cancer and showed the increased risk of overall cancer among cement

workers and also observes 14 cases of respiratory cancer among men with

more than 20 years of exposure to cement dust.4,6

3. Amandus The mortality of United States cement plant and quarry and

reported the vital status of a cohort of 5292 men who had been employed

for at least five year in a cement plant. The mortality experience was

evaluated for 4231 white men for whom complete work histories and

demographic information were obtainable. He suggested that, the deaths

from stomach cancer were significantly increased but not over the entire

follow up period.5

4. World business for sustainable development the cement industry provides

direct employment for an estimated 850,000 workers Worldwide. The

cement manufacturing industry is labor intensive and uses large scale and

potentially hazardous manufacturing processes. The industry experiences

accident rates that are high compared with some other manufacturing

industries. There are a number of hazards inherent to the cement

production process. Some examples for health care are- exposure to dust

and high temperature; contact with allergic substances; and noise exposure.

And some examples for safety: falling / impact with objects; hot surface

burns; and transportation injuries.

5. Vyskocil J. A study was conducted by the emergency department

surveillance to identify the injuries among construction workers in cement

industry. The sample consisted of 1843 employed patients. The result

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showed that 20.28 injuries per 100 construction workers per year which is

more than 2.5 times that of all other employed people. The work related

injury rate was 7.63 per 100 construction workers, more than 4 times that

of all other employed people. The injuries of construction workers seen in

the emergency department were primarily open wounds, fractures and

dislocations, and contusions, injuries similar to those of other workers.7

6. Mc Dowall A cohort study was conducted in Health Insurance society of

Mie prefecture in Japan, to verify the relation between occupations and

mortality status. The sample consisted of 17668 members of gypsum

industry workers. A standardized mortality ratio (SMR) were used and

calculated for all members and each job classification. The results showed

that 98.7% of the members were traced successfully until the date when the

follow-up terminated. Significant excess mortality was observe for

“accidents and adverse effect” and also observe for lungs cancers among

scaffold men and iron workers, for cancer of the esophagus among

plumbers, and for “Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis” among scaffold

men and painters. The study concluded that detailed investigations and

timely treatment should be undertaken to prevent occupational hazard.8

7. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Administration A

study was conducted by to examine fatal injury reports of youth, adult

workers, and to determine risk factors for injury. The fatal work injury

reports from 1984 to 1998 were reviewed with respect to type of event,

employer characteristics. The result showed that the fatality rate for

teenage workers (age 19 and younger) was 12.1 per 100,000 per year,

which was slightly less than adult workers. Teenage workers who were

fatally injured were more likely than (odds ratio (OR) = 4.96, P<0.005),

firms with fewer than 11 employees (OR=1.72, P < 0.05), and their

employers were more likely to have been cited by OSHA for safety

violations (OR = 1.66, P < 0.05), than for firms which were investigated

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because of a fatality in an adult worker. Among fatalities in workers less

than 18 years of age, approximately one-half (49%) of the 76 fatal injuries

were in apparent violation of exiting child labor regulations. The study

highlighted the need for safety programs at small, non union construction

firms for young construction workers.

8. Bureau of labor statistics An evaluator study was conducted to evaluate

injury severity in a group of Cement industry workers in California. The

sample consisted of 225 adults who were identified from Doctor’s First

Reports (DRFS). The result showed that among 195 workers who fell from

heights, the mean height of fall was 9.2 feet (SD=7.1). The mean number

of lost work days was 44.3 days (SD=58.6) and the median was 10 days.

17 participants (7%; 95% CI, 4-10%) were deemed permanently disabled.

The study concluded that injury severity and permanent disability

associated with falls in heights are notable, and identifying key target areas

helps for intervention and prevention.9

B) LITERATURE RELATED TO SAFETY DEVICES

1. Brindha V. Quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess the

effectiveness of health education on prevention of occupational health

hazards among lime stone workers in Coimbatore. The sample comprised

of 60 stone workers selected by using convenient sampling technique. A

structured interview schedule was prepared to test the knowledge on

occupational health hazard. The study revealed that the knowledge of the

lime stone workers regarding occupational health hazards and its prevention

significantly improved after health education program. The study also

revealed a significant association between the duration of exposure to stone

work and respiratory illness. Hence the investigator concluded saying that

health education on the preventive aspects of occupational health hazards

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will help the stone workers to have awareness about health hazards, safe

practices and way of preventing the hazards.10

2. Lam CS A descriptive study was conducted in TI Cycles of Indian (Tube

Investment of India) to assess knowledge and utilization of safety measures

among workers regarding occupational health hazards. The sample

comprised of 60 workers, selected by using the non-probability

convenience sample technique. A structured knowledge questionnaire and

4-point rating scale were used to elicit knowledge and utilization of safety

measures. The study revealed that overall mean knowledge of workers was

49.02% with a standard deviation of 11.64. Overall mean utilization of

safety measures was 65.44 with a standard deviation of 11.88. The findings

indicate inadequate knowledge on occupational hazards and utilization of

safety measures among workers.11

3. Foster D A study was conducted to assess the safety behaviour and safety

management: its influence on the attitudes of construction industry workers

in the UK. The sample comprised of 126 directly employed construction

workers in 10 companies. The data was collected by using a research model

that links three themes; safety management implementation strategies,

attitudes of workers about safety behavioural factors displayed by

construction workers. The result shows that some 56 variable were

identified as having a potential influence upon attitudes to safety. The

initial data analysis found that 12 technical factors significantly correlated

to the development of strong positive attitude towards safety management.

Second order analysis, using factor analysis, isolated 5 variables that had a

major influence on safety attitudes. Hence the investigator highlighted the

influence of five factor i.e. supervision, equipments management, industry

norms, attitudes to risk talking and management behaviour on workers

attitude about safety behavior.

4. Ainosh GM A study was conducted to find out safety practices in

construction industry in Baltimore. The study included a survey among 348

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workers, 88 foremen and 9 superintendents employed at 9 nonresidential

construction sites as well as one time observations of safety practices at

each site. Most workers displayed a high compliance with safety rules.

Attitude toward safety performance and age were the most powerful

predictors of safety performance. No relationship was found between

workers attitude and exposure to safety training or safety meeting, and

between worker’s knowledge of safety performance and safety

interventions. The findings recommended further consideration of the

training needs of younger workers, foremen and evaluation of safety

interventions.

5. Safety institute of United Kingdom The lost workday case rate of 2.86 per

100 workers for hydraulic cement manufacture may also be compared with

the current average annual injury rate for the UK manufacturing industry

(includes major and 3 day lost time incidents). In 2000 this was 1.2 per 100

employees for manufacturing and 0.7 per 100 employees averaged across

all UK industry sectors.

6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the knowledge of worker regarding occupational hazards and use

of safety devices.

2. To assess the attitude of worker regarding occupational health hazards and

use of safety devices.

3. To correlate the knowledge and attitude of workers regarding occupational

health hazards and use of safety devices.

4. To associate the knowledge of workers with selected variable regarding

occupational health hazards and use of safety device.

5. To associate the attitude of workers with selected variable regarding

occupational health hazards and use of safety device.

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6.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1–There is a significant association between knowledge of industrial workers

regarding occupational health hazards and use of safety device.

H2-There is a significant association between knowledge of industrial workers

regarding occupational health hazards and year of experience

H3-There is a significant association of attitude of industrial workers

regarding occupational health hazards and use of safety device.

H4-There is a significant correlation between knowledge and attitude of

industrial workers regarding occupational health hazards and use of safety

devices.

6.5 ASSUMPTIONS

The study assumes that the industrial workers have good knowledge and attitude

regarding occupational health hazards and use of safety devices.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Knowledge – It is the per existing ides (or) learning thoughts in mind of

industrial workers regarding occupational health hazards and use of safety

devices.

Attitude – It is the way that you think, feel, and behave of industrial

workers regarding occupational health hazard and use of safety devices.

Industrial worker – They are the workers, working in a factory and

industry of Rudra cement industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).

Occupational health hazards – Occupational health hazards are the

variety of hazards to which workers may be exposed and which may cause

various diseases to the industrial workers.

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Safety devices – It is a protective device that prevents and minimizes the

chance of health hazards of industrial workers.

6.7 PILOT STUDY

The aim of pilot study was to find out practicability, feasibility and

reliability of the study. Sample consist of 10 employees who are working in Rudra

cement industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).12

7. MATERIAL AND METHOD OF STUDY (METHODOLOGY)

Methodology of research indicates a general pattern for organizing the procedure

of gathering valid and reliable data for an investigation. In this methodology

adopted to assess the knowledge and attitude of industrial worker regarding

Occupational health hazards and use of safety devices working in Rudra cement

industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).

7.1 SOURCES OF DATA

The data will be collected from the cement industrial workers in selected area.

7:1.1 RESEARCH APPROACH

“Quantitative research approach is used in a present study. It is the traditional

approach to scientific approach. It is routed in the philosophical assumption of

positivism and determinism.”

7: 1.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Non experimental Exploratory Research Design was considered appropriate

for the present study.

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7:1.3STUDY SETTING:

The study will be conducted in Rudra cement industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).

7:1.4 POPULATIONS:

The present study population comprises of permanent employees of Rudra

cement industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).

7.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The tool was self structured questionnaire which consist of socio

demographic variable and 60 question related to occupational health

hazards and use of safety devices. Pilot study was conducted in Rudra

cement industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).

7: 2.1 SAMPLE SIZE:

The sample of the study will consist of 60 employees of cement industries

workers.

7:2.2 CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION:

1) INCLUSION CRITERIA:

a) Permanent workers of Rudra cement industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).

b) Workers who are direct working in cement industries area, department’s

are- Laboratory, Production, Mechanical, Electrical, other department.

c) The workers who are willing to participate in the study.

.

2) EXCLUSION CRITERIA

a)Workers who are working in department of Personal, Marketing

b) Daily wages workers of Rudra cement industries ltd. Jagdalpur (C.G).

c)The person who are not willing to participate in the study.

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7.2.3 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Descriptive and inferential statistics is planned for analysis of data. The

plan is to analyze the data in term of –

Section-1

Frequency and percentage to describe the sample characteristics.

Section-2

Question wise mean and mean % again of knowledge score and

Mean median and standard deviation to describe the industrial workers over

all knowledge score.

Section-3

Question wise mean and mean % again of attitude score and Mean

median and standard deviation to describe the industrial workers over all

knowledge score.

Section-4

Computing co – efficient correlation between knowledge and

attitude score.

Section-5

Chi – Square is to find out the association significant between

knowledge of industrial worker with socio demographic variable.

Section-6

Chi – Square is to find out the association significant between

attitudes of industrial worker with socio demographic variable.

7:2.4 VARIABLES:

Independent variable include in this study were – age, educational status,

professional qualification, year of experience, department of work.

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Dependent variable include were knowledge and attitude of industrial

worker regarding occupational health hazards and use of safety devices.

7:2.5 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Subjects of the study are industrial workers of Rudra cement industries ltd.

Jagdalpur (C.G).

Workers who are direct working in cement industry area, departments are –

Laboratory, production, Mechanical, Electrical, other department.

Those workers who are willing to participate in the study.

7:2.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

In this study subject were selected by using Random sampling technique.

7:3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENT OR OTHER

HUMAN OR ANIMALS?

-No-

7:4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION IN CASE OF 7.3?

The main study will be conducted after the approval of research committee of the college.

Permission will be obtained from the head of the institution. The purpose and detail of the

study will be explained to the study subjects and assurance will be given regarding the

confidentiality of the data collected.

8. LIST OF REFERENCE

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(VANCOUVER STYLE FOLLOWED)

1) WHO.www.healthnet.org.na/documents/report/kap%20study.

2) India Council of industrial Research- occupational health hzards in india-

A National sample Survey: ICMR Special Report Series No.34,New Delhi.

3) Polit D.F., Hungler B.P. nursing research principles and methods. 2nd

edition, mosbt publication Toranto 1975. Pp.135-145.

4) Black m. joy see, Hawks Hokinson. Medical surgical nursing, 7th edition,

Saunders publication,2005.Pp.1178-1186.

5) Brenda M Nevidjon, Kevin W Sowers. A nurse guide to cancer risk. 1st

edition Philadelphia: lippincot:2000:P.63-71.

6) Izycki J, Gielec L, Sulkowski W, Kowalska S. Respiratory tract in workers

chronically exposed to cement dust. Med. Pr.1979; 30(4):241-6

7) Vykocil J. The Problem of chronic brondhitis in cement workers. Rev.

Czech. med.1962;8:38-50)

8) Mc Dowall ME. Mortality study of cement workers. Br. J. Ind. Med.

1984;41 Pp:179-182.

9) Bureau of labor statistics (US) career guide to industries, United Status;

Department of labor:2006

10) Brindha V.Prevention of Occupational health hazards and utilization of

safety devices among industrial workers. Nightingale Nursing times, Pp:17-9.

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11) Lam C S. Unsafe behaviour can be changed; Hong Kong occupational safety

and health association safrty bulletin 1999 Aug; Pp:280-88.

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