Synergies Between Mitigation and Adaptation Through Agroforestry and Community Forestry
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Transcript of Synergies Between Mitigation and Adaptation Through Agroforestry and Community Forestry
SYNERGIES BETWEEN MITIGATION AND
ADAPTATION THROUGH AGROFORESTRY AND
COMMUNITY FORESTRYLouis Verchot
Climate Change is Here
Lake Tanganyika:Steady increase in rainfall over last century
Steady increase in rainfall intensity (erosivity) over last century
Year
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Tota
l Rai
nfal
l
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800KigomaMbala
Year
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Four
nier
Inde
x of
rain
fall
agre
ssiv
ity
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000KigomaMbala
Climate Change is Here
Observed Changes 1950-1995
Green = wetterOrange = drier
(Source: Goddard and Graham, 1999) (Source: Goddard and Graham, 1999)
What can we expect from climate in the
future?Short answer: more of the same!
Maize yield Change in Maize yield Change in yieldsyields
<-2000
-1000
-250
+250
+1000
>2000
Jones and Thornton (2003)
Jones and Thornton (2003)
Despite the efforts of scientific and development organizations increase in agricultural
productivity in SSA is slow.
All cereals (5.2 hg ha-1 over 33 years)Year
1970 1980 1990 2000M
aize
pro
duct
ivity
(t h
a-1 )
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Maize (6.8 kg ha-1 over 33 years)
Year1970 1980 1990 2000
Prod
uctiv
ity (t
ha-
1 )
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Source: FAOSTAT
Since 1985 cereal yields have stagnated.
Year1985 1990 1995 2000
Mai
ze p
rodu
ctiv
ity (t
ha-
1 )
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Source: FAOSTAT
Year1970 1980 1990 2000
Har
vest
ed a
rea
(x 1
06 h
a)
40
50
60
70
80
90
Increases in agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa have been largely through the
extensification of agriculture.
Source: FAOSTAT
The result is increasing food insecurity in SSA
How does all this relate to regional development
aspirations?The combination of population growth, expansion of farming to marginal land,
inappropriate agricultural practices, and climate change leads to some dramatic land
degradation, which compromises future sustainable development.
We need to consider ‘adaptation’ for agricultural productivity because
• The primary drivers of Clim are not going to stop
• Global conventions are not sufficiently effective to stop the increase of GHG concentrations
• Mitigation effects will only provide a partial ‘softening’ of the effects of CC
• Therefore, local climates and terrestrial ecosystems will change, threatening biota and human livelihood,
Yet, we hope that food & fibre production, ‘environmental services’ and ‘rural livelihoods’ can
improve, not just maintained
Farm level sustainability challenges
Land accessMarkets (inputs, outputs; access, prices)Knowledge (basic principles, innovative cap.)Technologies (strategic & tactical interventions)Water (drought, flooding, irrigation, drainage)Soil fertilityPest & diseaseOn-farm labour (HH size, off-farm act., illness)WeedsPotential production of germplasm usedAngry neighboursDissatisfied customers
C signal
**
*
**
*
*
Agroforestry and community forestry can help reduce the
pressure on forests by raising the productivity of
land
In addition to C sequestration
Short and Long duration fallows
Senna siamea (Chipata, Zambia)
Single species fallows of Crotalaria and sesbania (Mutumbu, w.Kenya)
Improved fallows can contribute to increased grain yield
Data: Msekera, Zambia P. Mafongoya
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Gra
in y
ield
(t h
a-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ControlFertilizerGlircidia fallow
Year(Annual rainfall (mm))
(580) (1158) (927) (1077) (1209) (789) (1342) (832) (1402)
SED
Biological Nitrogen fixation (kg ha-1) by coppicing fallow species across sites in eastern Zambia.
Species/provenances Kalicero Kalunga Acacia angustisma-34/88 158 374
Calliandra.calothyrsus-Embu 69 187
Grilicidia. Sepium-Retalhuleu 190 464 Leucaena collinsii-45/88 301 331
Leucaena pallida 91 119
Improved fallows decrease soil erosion losses
TephrosiaMinimum tillage
TephrosiaConventional tillage
Crotalaria Minimum tillage
Crotalaria Conventional tillage
Continuous maizeMinimum tillage
Continuous maize conventional tillage
Soil loss (kg ha-1)0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
0
10
20
30
40
Sesbania sesban Tephrosia vogelii Natural fallow Maize withfertilizer
Siratro
Treatments
Infil
trat
ion
rate
(m
m h
r -1
)
October 2000 October 2001
Infiltration rates are higher under fallows (Msekera, eastern Zambia)
Source; Nyamadzowo et al 2002
There are significant mitigation potentials through forestry sinks
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Cropland management
Rice management
Grazingland management
Forest management
Agroforestry
Restoration degraded lands
Wetland restoration
Gt CO2e
Source: IPCC LULUCF Report
C sequestration in AF and CF
100
200
300
400Primary Forest
Managed forest
Tree-based systems
Crops, Pastures, Grasslands
Veg
etat
ion
Car
bon
(Mg
ha-1)
From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm et al.
Costs of enhancing sinks using CF and AF
Back of the envelope calculation
IPCC LULUCF report suggested that within 10 years:
• 10% of land could be under improved pasture management
• 20 % of available land could be under improved agroforestry
By 2040, 40% of the available land could be under improved agroforestry
Multistory systems with tree crops
Examples:
Pine, coffee, banana system, Indonesia
Peach Palm, Peru
Jungle rubber system, Indonesia
Cacao systems, Cameroon
Agroforest Production Systems
C accumulation in a model woodlot system in W.
Kenya
Time (Years)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Net
bio
mas
s an
d ca
rbon
sto
cks
(tonn
es p
er h
ecta
re)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
SOIL CARBON DEAD WOOD MASSLITTER MASS BELOW GROUND BIOMASS ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS
Scenarios of C sequestration
Permanent agroforestry
(IPCC)
Community forestry
(ENCOFOR)
Time(years)
Land area (M ha)
conversion of area(%)
Rate of C gain(tC ha-1
y-1)
C (Mt y-1)
Rate of C gain
(tC ha-1 y-1)
Carbon (Mt
y-1)Agroforestry
10 630 20 3.1 391 1.26 159 20 27 521 212 30 33 651 265
Costs over two rotations• Plantation establishment – $780 • Operational costs – $440• C monitoring – $190• C documentation – $60 • Total costs – $1470 per ha• Equivalent of $10.04 per tCO2e
Applying the concept of additionality, C finance only has to overcome the financial barrier in
years 1-3
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Year
Cas
h flo
w ($
)
Rotation agroforestry $4.36 per tCO2ePermanent agroforestry $1.77 per tCO2e
IRR = 22% w/o C finance
Recommendations• Need to make C finance work for multiple
benefits including poverty reduction.
• Need to make C finance work in countries that do not necessarily have high deforestation emissions levels
• Need for demonstration projects that generate real benefits in rural communities
Some first steps to accomplish this
• Overcome the technical constraints of measurement and monitoring
• Address institutional constraints in developing countries (CDM and JI are bureaucratic)
• Address the thorny issue of permanence within the context of sustainable development
• Establish standards of meeting the sustainable development goals
• We need project development tools for partners in these countries